This document discusses methods for detecting, monitoring, and prosecuting unauthorized developments in Hong Kong's rural areas. It begins by introducing the Town Planning Ordinance and defining unauthorized developments. Remote sensing techniques like land use change detection and post-classification analysis of satellite images can be used to detect unauthorized developments. The Planning Department and Lands Department monitor developments through site patrols and aerial photos. Citizens can also report suspected unauthorized developments to help monitoring efforts.
RISK-SENSITIVE MITIGATION PLANNING IN SEISMICALLY VULNERABLE URBAN AREAScivej
Ā
Over the past decade, several number of commercial and non-commercial catastrophe risk models havebeen developed to assess the financial losses caused by natural catastrophes including earthquakes. Theoutput of such models are in different sectors such as disaster risks management, financial institutions and
also research centers. Generally, due to great amount of inherent uncertainty in these models the direct
deployment of the results by the user is a tough process. As an example, in disaster risk reduction sector a
common missing link in this context is a decision-support medium that interprets the risk analysis outputs
to the non-technical stakeholders. To overcome this problem, user-friendly analytical tools can be
employed to translate the disaster risk analysis results into an understandable language for the potential
stakeholder user. Presenting two models, attempts to address two different examples of such decisionsupport
tools. The first model, UERI, is structured to incorporate several urban risk components (hazard,physical vulnerability, disaster management facilities and human exposure) based on a number earthquake
risk indicators. The second tooles the use of a mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model to
finds an opt spatil land-use allocation patter a given urban environment area.
Both models are capable of assisting decision-makers in using the output results of existing damage and
loss estimation methodologies and also facilitating the process of risk reduction planning by providing
basic solutions for stakeholders. The proposed models have been applied to a vulnerable urban area in
Tehran, Iran and their performances have been examined.
Assessment, Monitoring and Managing SOC for Climate Change Mitigation and Ada...ExternalEvents
Ā
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. K. Suresh Chaudhari, from ICAR - India, in FAO Hq, Rome
Application of Remote Sensing Techniques for Change Detection in Land Use/ La...iosrjce
Ā
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
RISK-SENSITIVE MITIGATION PLANNING IN SEISMICALLY VULNERABLE URBAN AREAScivej
Ā
Over the past decade, several number of commercial and non-commercial catastrophe risk models havebeen developed to assess the financial losses caused by natural catastrophes including earthquakes. Theoutput of such models are in different sectors such as disaster risks management, financial institutions and
also research centers. Generally, due to great amount of inherent uncertainty in these models the direct
deployment of the results by the user is a tough process. As an example, in disaster risk reduction sector a
common missing link in this context is a decision-support medium that interprets the risk analysis outputs
to the non-technical stakeholders. To overcome this problem, user-friendly analytical tools can be
employed to translate the disaster risk analysis results into an understandable language for the potential
stakeholder user. Presenting two models, attempts to address two different examples of such decisionsupport
tools. The first model, UERI, is structured to incorporate several urban risk components (hazard,physical vulnerability, disaster management facilities and human exposure) based on a number earthquake
risk indicators. The second tooles the use of a mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model to
finds an opt spatil land-use allocation patter a given urban environment area.
Both models are capable of assisting decision-makers in using the output results of existing damage and
loss estimation methodologies and also facilitating the process of risk reduction planning by providing
basic solutions for stakeholders. The proposed models have been applied to a vulnerable urban area in
Tehran, Iran and their performances have been examined.
Assessment, Monitoring and Managing SOC for Climate Change Mitigation and Ada...ExternalEvents
Ā
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. K. Suresh Chaudhari, from ICAR - India, in FAO Hq, Rome
Application of Remote Sensing Techniques for Change Detection in Land Use/ La...iosrjce
Ā
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
You are instructed by Lands Department to review their web-based GeoInfo Map applications. Please critically review the strength and limitations of the technologies employed, and suggest improvements.
Topic 3 - It has been argued that photorealistic 3D simulation is just pretty gimmicks with limited value. Critically review the validity of this statement.
Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Of Allahabad City by Using Remote Sensing & GIS IJMER
Ā
The present study was carried out to produce and evaluate the land use/land cover maps by on
screen visual interpretation. The studies of land cover of Allahabad city (study area) consist of 87517.47 ha
out of which 5500.35 ha is build up land (Urban / Rural) Area. In this respect, the Build up land (Urban /
Rural) area scorers 6.28% of the total area. It has also been found that about 17155.001ha (19.60 %) of
area is covered by current fallow land. The double/triple crop land of 30178.44ha (34.84%). The area
covered by gullied / ravines is 1539.20 ha (1.75 %) and that of the kharif crop land is 2828.00 ha (3.23 %).
The area covered by other wasteland is 2551.05ha (2.91%). Table 4.1 shows the area distribution of the
various land use and land cover of Allahabad city.
Use of GPS in survey data error control and managementNishanta Khanal
Ā
Paper titled "Use of GPS in survey data error control and management" explaining how GPS data is used to identify and help address errors in data survey. The paper was presented on United Nations/Nepal Workshop on the Applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems
KATHMANDU, NEPAL, 12 - 16 DECEMBER 2016
DRONES IN GEOSPATIAL WORLD The term āGeospatialā indicates information that has geographical components in it. A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that is designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data. It is not possible to address tomorrowās problems using todayās tools. As we are moving forward in time, we are facing new growing complexity including social, economic, and environmental challenges.
Future Development of NSDI Based on the European INSPIRE Directive ā a Case S...Maksim Sestic
Ā
(...) Without spatial data and services, it would be impossible to manage space effectively, plan city development, monitor the situation on the ground, or carry out many other activities. This paper gives an overview of different initiatives and efforts in establishing SDI in Bosnia and Herzegovina. State bodies such as the government and the State Geodetic Administration have the main role in collaborating with the public and commercial sectors and also with the academic community. As the main factor in creating a future SDI, the State Geodetic Administration has launched several initiatives the goal of which is the installation of new technologies, equipment and procedures in map production and the establishment of digital topographic and cadastre databases. In the next few years Bosnia and Herzegovina must accomplish numerous tasks to arrange spatial records. These tasks must be accomplished very conscientiously and in a reasonable period of time. It is very important for Bosnia and Herzegovinaās prosperity and for the fulfillment of the conditions established for the process of entering European and international integrations. (...)
The placement of outdoor advertising is a crucial task where people identify those are as intrusive elements of the built environment. Thus, there is a need of finding, why outdoor advertisements are considered as intrusive elements. In this background, this research aims to examine an association between the level of intrusiveness (a negative visual quality) and the level of visual information. The methodology of this research includes Shannonās Information Theory based entropy values to measure the level of visual information and the level of intrusiveness is evaluated by conducting a perception survey. The result of the level of visual information is correlated with the road usersā perception to see the association. The findings of the research are, the t-test result shows the outdoor advertising add visual information to the built environment and the correlation analysis depicts a positive correlation between the level of visual information and intrusiveness. Moreover, this research introduces a widely applicable methodology that proves the possibility of employing entropy to measure the visual information and permits advertisers and planners to objectively decide the placement or elimination of outdoor advertising.
A one decade survey of autonomous mobile robot systems IJECEIAES
Ā
Recently, autonomous mobile robots have gained popularity in the modern world due to their relevance technology and application in real world situations. The global market for mobile robots will grow significantly over the next 20 years. Autonomous mobile robots are found in many fields including institutions, industry, business, hospitals, agriculture as well as private households for the purpose of improving day-to-day activities and services. The development of technology has increased in the requirements for mobile robots because of the services and tasks provided by them, like rescue and research operations, surveillance, carry heavy objects and so on. Researchers have conducted many works on the importance of robots, their uses, and problems. This article aims to analyze the control system of mobile robots and the way robots have the ability of moving in real-world to achieve their goals. It should be noted that there are several technological directions in a mobile robot industry. It must be observed and integrated so that the robot functions properly: Navigation systems, localization systems, detection systems (sensors) along with motion and kinematics and dynamics systems. All such systems should be united through a control unit; thus, the mission or work of mobile robots are conducted with reliability.
Topographic Information System as a Tool for Environmental Management, a Case...iosrjce
Ā
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
A Critical Review of High and Very High-Resolution Remote Sensing Approaches ...rsmahabir
Ā
Slums are a global urban challenge, with less developed countries being particularly impacted. To adequately detect and map them, data is needed on their location, spatial extent and evolution. High- and very high-resolution remote sensing imagery has emerged as an important source of data in this regard. The purpose of this paper is to critically review studies that have used such data to detect and map slums. Our analysis shows that while such studies have been increasing over time, they tend to be concentrated to a few geographical areas and often focus on the use of a single approach (e.g., image texture and object-based image analysis), thus limiting generalizability to understand slums, their population, and evolution within the global context. We argue that to develop a more comprehensive framework that can be used to detect and map slums, other emerging sourcing of geospatial data should be considered (e.g., volunteer geographic information) in conjunction with growing trends and advancements in technology (e.g., geosensor networks). Through such data integration and analysis we can then create a benchmark for determining the most suitable methods for mapping slums in a given locality, thus fostering the creation of new approaches to address this challenge.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
Ā
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
You are instructed by Lands Department to review their web-based GeoInfo Map applications. Please critically review the strength and limitations of the technologies employed, and suggest improvements.
Topic 3 - It has been argued that photorealistic 3D simulation is just pretty gimmicks with limited value. Critically review the validity of this statement.
Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Of Allahabad City by Using Remote Sensing & GIS IJMER
Ā
The present study was carried out to produce and evaluate the land use/land cover maps by on
screen visual interpretation. The studies of land cover of Allahabad city (study area) consist of 87517.47 ha
out of which 5500.35 ha is build up land (Urban / Rural) Area. In this respect, the Build up land (Urban /
Rural) area scorers 6.28% of the total area. It has also been found that about 17155.001ha (19.60 %) of
area is covered by current fallow land. The double/triple crop land of 30178.44ha (34.84%). The area
covered by gullied / ravines is 1539.20 ha (1.75 %) and that of the kharif crop land is 2828.00 ha (3.23 %).
The area covered by other wasteland is 2551.05ha (2.91%). Table 4.1 shows the area distribution of the
various land use and land cover of Allahabad city.
Use of GPS in survey data error control and managementNishanta Khanal
Ā
Paper titled "Use of GPS in survey data error control and management" explaining how GPS data is used to identify and help address errors in data survey. The paper was presented on United Nations/Nepal Workshop on the Applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems
KATHMANDU, NEPAL, 12 - 16 DECEMBER 2016
DRONES IN GEOSPATIAL WORLD The term āGeospatialā indicates information that has geographical components in it. A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that is designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data. It is not possible to address tomorrowās problems using todayās tools. As we are moving forward in time, we are facing new growing complexity including social, economic, and environmental challenges.
Future Development of NSDI Based on the European INSPIRE Directive ā a Case S...Maksim Sestic
Ā
(...) Without spatial data and services, it would be impossible to manage space effectively, plan city development, monitor the situation on the ground, or carry out many other activities. This paper gives an overview of different initiatives and efforts in establishing SDI in Bosnia and Herzegovina. State bodies such as the government and the State Geodetic Administration have the main role in collaborating with the public and commercial sectors and also with the academic community. As the main factor in creating a future SDI, the State Geodetic Administration has launched several initiatives the goal of which is the installation of new technologies, equipment and procedures in map production and the establishment of digital topographic and cadastre databases. In the next few years Bosnia and Herzegovina must accomplish numerous tasks to arrange spatial records. These tasks must be accomplished very conscientiously and in a reasonable period of time. It is very important for Bosnia and Herzegovinaās prosperity and for the fulfillment of the conditions established for the process of entering European and international integrations. (...)
The placement of outdoor advertising is a crucial task where people identify those are as intrusive elements of the built environment. Thus, there is a need of finding, why outdoor advertisements are considered as intrusive elements. In this background, this research aims to examine an association between the level of intrusiveness (a negative visual quality) and the level of visual information. The methodology of this research includes Shannonās Information Theory based entropy values to measure the level of visual information and the level of intrusiveness is evaluated by conducting a perception survey. The result of the level of visual information is correlated with the road usersā perception to see the association. The findings of the research are, the t-test result shows the outdoor advertising add visual information to the built environment and the correlation analysis depicts a positive correlation between the level of visual information and intrusiveness. Moreover, this research introduces a widely applicable methodology that proves the possibility of employing entropy to measure the visual information and permits advertisers and planners to objectively decide the placement or elimination of outdoor advertising.
A one decade survey of autonomous mobile robot systems IJECEIAES
Ā
Recently, autonomous mobile robots have gained popularity in the modern world due to their relevance technology and application in real world situations. The global market for mobile robots will grow significantly over the next 20 years. Autonomous mobile robots are found in many fields including institutions, industry, business, hospitals, agriculture as well as private households for the purpose of improving day-to-day activities and services. The development of technology has increased in the requirements for mobile robots because of the services and tasks provided by them, like rescue and research operations, surveillance, carry heavy objects and so on. Researchers have conducted many works on the importance of robots, their uses, and problems. This article aims to analyze the control system of mobile robots and the way robots have the ability of moving in real-world to achieve their goals. It should be noted that there are several technological directions in a mobile robot industry. It must be observed and integrated so that the robot functions properly: Navigation systems, localization systems, detection systems (sensors) along with motion and kinematics and dynamics systems. All such systems should be united through a control unit; thus, the mission or work of mobile robots are conducted with reliability.
Topographic Information System as a Tool for Environmental Management, a Case...iosrjce
Ā
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
A Critical Review of High and Very High-Resolution Remote Sensing Approaches ...rsmahabir
Ā
Slums are a global urban challenge, with less developed countries being particularly impacted. To adequately detect and map them, data is needed on their location, spatial extent and evolution. High- and very high-resolution remote sensing imagery has emerged as an important source of data in this regard. The purpose of this paper is to critically review studies that have used such data to detect and map slums. Our analysis shows that while such studies have been increasing over time, they tend to be concentrated to a few geographical areas and often focus on the use of a single approach (e.g., image texture and object-based image analysis), thus limiting generalizability to understand slums, their population, and evolution within the global context. We argue that to develop a more comprehensive framework that can be used to detect and map slums, other emerging sourcing of geospatial data should be considered (e.g., volunteer geographic information) in conjunction with growing trends and advancements in technology (e.g., geosensor networks). Through such data integration and analysis we can then create a benchmark for determining the most suitable methods for mapping slums in a given locality, thus fostering the creation of new approaches to address this challenge.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
Ā
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Remote sensing technology for disaster mitigation and regional infrastructure...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Ā
A Very high intensity of regional development is ubiquitous in urban areas. Therefore, urban development requires a proper spatial development strategy in many facets, especially social aspect and disaster potential. The essence of social aspect lies in the prevailing norms and local wisdom that have long existed and become the basis of community life. Inducing various effects on infrastructure development, disaster potential has to be considered as well. Disaster mitigation measures can start with the use of continually developing remote sensing technology, which provides a basis for preparing sustainable development planning. The realization of these measures in urban areas demands specific adjustment to the environmental conditions. This study aimed to examine the capacity of remote sensing data to support disaster mitigation and infrastructure planning based on energy conservation in urban areas. The results indicate that remote sensing technology can be an option for sustainable development planning in urban areas.
14. To further enhance the transparency of the planning system and to facilitate a wider dissemination of statutory planning information to the public, a mobile version of the Town Planning Board (TPB)'s website was recently launched. As a GIT consultant, you are instructed by the TPB to review this newly launched mobile version of TPB homepage. Please critically review the strength and limitations of the technologies employed and suggest improvements in enhancing its GIT applications.
Critically review the role of three-dimensional photorealistic simulations in the public engagement exercise throughout the urban design process and suggest improvement measures
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Ā
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
Ā
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowmanās Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Ā
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Ā
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
Ā
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganongās Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. LSGI 4321
Geo-information for Urban and
Regional Studies
Individual Essay
āThere is a recent public outcry to curb unauthorized developments in
Hong Kongās beautiful countryside. Please suggest effective means to
detecting, monitoring and prosecuting unauthorized developments in
rural areas.ā
Studentās Full Name: Tsang Hiu Lam
Studentās I.D.: 09296872D
P. 1
2. Introduction
Recently, the operator of the Shrine, a columbarium situated at Yuen Long, was
confirmed by the Court that it had violated planning rules (South China Morning Post,
2011). Apart from the court case of the Shrine, several unauthorized developments in
Ma Shi Chau and Sai Wan were also reported by the local mass media in 2009 and 2010
respectively. These reports have raised the publicās concern about unauthorized
developments in rural areas of Hong Kong. Such environmental groups as Association
for Geo-conservation Hong Kong and Hong Kong Bird Watching Society even urge the
government to put more efforts on prosecution of unauthorized developments to
enhance the effectiveness of local environmental conservation (AM730, 2011).
In this essay, the Town Planning Ordinance will be first introduced, followed by the
definition and possible impacts of unauthorized development. Means to detect, monitor
and prosecute unauthorized development in rural areas of Hong Kong will then be
discussed. A conclusion will be given at the last part of the essay.
Town Planning Ordinance and Unauthorized Developments
Town Planning Ordinance (Cap. 131)
In order to promote the health, safety, convenience and general welfare of the
community by making provisions for the systematic preparation and approval of plans
for the future layout of existing and potential urban areas, Town Planning Ordinance
(āthe Ordinanceā) was first enacted in 1939 (Fung, 2005).
In 1991, a major amendment to the Ordinance was made so as to extend the jurisdiction
of planning legislation to the entire territory of Hong Kong (Lai, Ho and Leung, 2010),
which empowered the Planning Authority to take enforcement action against
unauthorized developments in rural areas of the New Territories. The Ordinance was
further amended in 2004 to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of planning
enforcement control in the rural New Territories.
Before the Ordinance was revised in 2004, the Planning Authority has been
P. 2
3. experiencing different difficulties in handling some enforcement cases due to several
technical deficiencies in the legislation. For instance, after an enforcement notice on an
unauthorized development is issued by the Planning Authority, the operator concerned
may apply for planning permission to regularize the unauthorized development (Fung,
2005). As an appeal is lodged by the operator concerned, the Planning Authority can
only take further actions after the decision on the appeal is announced. Therefore,
further amendments were made to the Ordinance in 2004 to remove these technical
loopholes. Such amendments will be further discussed in the part of āProsecution of
Unauthorized Developmentā in this essay.
Unauthorized Development
According to the Planning Department (2011), āthe Ordinance empowers the Town
Planning Board to designate development permission areas (DPAs) and to prepare
statutory plans for these areas. Land within an area covered by either a DPA plan or an
outline zoning plan (OZP) which has replaced a DPA plan is subject to statutory planning
control and the provisions on enforcement under the Ordinanceā.
Under the Ordinance, no person shall undertake or continue development within a DPA
unless:-
I. the development is an "Existing Use";
II. the development is permitted under the relevant statutory plan; or
III. the development has been granted a valid planning permission under the
Ordinance
where a DPA is an area designated in a plan prepared under Sections 3(1)(b) and 20 of
the Ordinance but does not include land included in a plan of an interim DPA; and
"existing use" in relation to a DPA is a use of a building or land that was in existence
immediately before the publication in the Gazette of notice of the draft plan of the DPA.
Possible Impacts Brought by Unauthorized Developments
The unauthorized developments in rural areas of the New Territories usually include
conversion of agricultural land to other uses like open storage of construction materials
or machinery, container depots, car parks and workshops as well as filling of land, filling
of pond or excavation of land without planning permission (Planning Department, 2011).
Apart from violating the statutory plans, such unauthorized developments may also
P. 3
4. damage the natural environment and lead to such problems as flooding, pollution, traffic
congestion and nuisance to nearby residents. As a result of these serious impacts on
the environment and the community, enforcement against unauthorized developments
is essential to curb further degradation of the rural environment in the territory.
Detection of Unauthorized Developments
Unauthorized developments in rural areas of Hong Kong can be detected by change
detection techniques of remote sensing.
Land Use Change Detection
Singh (1989) defines change detection as the process of identifying differences in the
state of an object or phenomenon by observing it at different times. The basic principle in
using remotely sensed data for change detection is that changes in the objects of
interest will result in changes in reflectance values or local textures separable from
changes caused by other factors, for example, differences in atmospheric conditions,
illumination, viewing angles and soil moistures (Wang, Qin and Li, 2006). In the other
words, it is necessary to collect satellite images on a regular time-scale basis for
performing change detection.
A wide variety of techniques have been developed for change detection. They are
mainly divided into six categories: Algebra, Transformation, Classification, Advanced
Models, GIS and Visual Analysis (Lu, Mausel and Moran, 2003). Among these change
detection techniques, Post-classification under the Classification category is one of the
most common approaches for change detection in practice.
Classification Technique ā Post-classification
According to Deer (2000), post-classification is the most obvious method of detecting
change, which involves the classification of each of the images independently, followed
by a comparison of the corresponding pixel (thematic) labels to identify areas where
change has occurred. The key factor of performing post-classification is to select
sufficient training sample data for classification.
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5. Post-classification can be performed in supervised or unsupervised manners.
Supervised classification is that a human analyst indicates a number of areas of an
image and identifies what they are with collateral knowledge. The computer then
identifies the characteristics of the data that comprise each type or area, and classifies
the remaining image pixels in accordance with the identified type to which they are most
similar. For an unsupervised classification, the computer clusters or partitions the data
without prior knowledge of classes, and thematic labels are applied, through collateral
knowledge, at a subsequent stage (Deer, 2000).
Post-classification can minimize the impacts of atmospheric, sensor and environmental
differences between multi-temporal images. It can also provide a complete matrix of
change information (Lu, Mausel and Moran, 2003). Nonetheless, there are several
drawbacks and limitations regarding post-classification approach:
I. The final accuracy of classification depends on the quality of the classified image of
each date.
II. A lot of time and expertise are required to create classification products. Besides,
classification techniques are relatively expensive. There is normally a substantial
requirement for āground truthingā to reduce uncertainty and error. Unsupervised
classification, whilst possibly reducing the costs, is prone to higher error rates (Deer,
2000).
III. Any subsequent classification and comparison is effectively constrained to the initial
set of class labels.
IV. Some objects may be unclassified and misclassified (Wang, Qin and Li, 2006).
Notwithstanding the fact that humans are stronger in discerning patterns and shapes,
computers, which are better at quantitative analysis than human, can also assist in
comparing separately classified images. If computers are used to compare images, GIS
can be used together with post-classification as a hybrid change detection method to
improve classification results (Lu, Mausel and Moran, 2003) as GIS approaches are
effective in dealing with change detection analysis using multi-source data.
Monitoring of Unauthorized Development
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6. To effectively prevent unauthorized developments in rural New Territories, the Central
Enforcement and Prosecution Section (CEPS) of the Planning Department undertakes
the day-to-day duties in relation to the enforcement and prosecution against
unauthorized developments (Planning Department, 2011). By regular site patrols and
observation of aerial photos, CEPS can confirm whether there is an unauthorized
development in a specific location. Besides the Planning Department, the Lands
Department also acts on receipt of complaints or referrals regarding unauthorized
developments.
Apart from the above government departments, citizens in Hong Kong can also take
part in monitoring unauthorized development in the territory. They can report a
suspected unauthorized development to the Planning Department by phone, letter, fax
or e-mail. CEPS of the Department will then investigate and action accordingly -
inspections on any suspected unauthorized development will be carried out and a reply
will be given by CEPS within 4 weeks on receipt of the report (Planning Department,
2011).
Aerial Photos and Satellite Positioning
After receiving complaints of suspected unauthorized developments, the relevant
government departments can have an overview of the site area of the suspected
unauthorized development with aerial photos. Before carrying out on-site investigations,
one can check such information as coordinates and boundaries of the site area by using
GIS after locating the suspected unauthorized development visually.
To obtain the accurate location of the suspected unauthorized development, satellite
positioning can be used to locate the extent of suspected unauthorized development
(Lands Department, 2010). The surveyed extent of the suspected unauthorized
development can then be compared promptly with the map and information stored in the
mobile GIS. With equipments from GPS devices to laser rangefinders, the efficiency of
on-site investigations can be enhanced significantly.
Prosecution of Unauthorized Development
According to the Town Planning Ordinance, a person who commits an offence of
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7. unauthorized development and is liable, he or she can be fined up to $500,000.00 in the
case of a first conviction. If it is a second or subsequent conviction, he or she can be
fined up to $1,000,000.00.
As mentioned before, the Planning Authority has experienced a wide range of technical
difficulties in carrying out its duties since it has been empowered to take enforcement
action against unauthorized developments in the rural New Territories in 1991. As a
consequence, the Ordinance was further amended in 2004 to protect the rural areas
and minimize adverse environmental impacts on the residents of these areas (Planning
Department, 2004). The following are several examples of amendments made to the
Ordinance in 2004:
I. power to enter any land or premises (except domestic premises) or to have access
via any land or premises (except domestic premises) for investigations on
suspected unauthorized development;
II. in forming an opinion on whether there is an unauthorized development, the
Authority shall refer to aerial photos taken by the Lands Department, the relevant
statutory plans and other relevant information; and
III. upon the service of a notice under Section 23(1), the notice recipient should
discontinue the unauthorized development within a specified period. The
submission of a planning application for regularizing the unauthorized development
will not be taken as a reasonable step to comply with the notice as is allowed before
the amendment was made.
With a view to stop such annoying and destructive unauthorized developments, priority
guidelines for enforcement action against unauthorized developments in the rural New
Territories have been set up accordingly. High priority will be given to the following
examples of unauthorized developments which (Planning Department, 2006):
I. are within or in the proximity of ecologically sensitive and important areas and
conservation zones;
II. involve filling of land/pond within "Agriculture" zone;
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8. III. cause adverse environmental nuisances to nearby residential clusters of substantial
size; and
IV. involves uses not in line with those approved by the Town Planning Board.
Conclusion
To conclude, it is crucial for the Hong Kong government to safeguard the beautiful
countryside of the territory for the purposes of effective environmental conservation and
minimizing nuisance to residents of rural areas in the New Territories. As a result, the
government should allocate additional resources in assisting relevant departments to
detect, monitor and prosecute unauthorized developments in the rural New Territories.
Citizens should also be encouraged to report suspected unauthorized developments to
the government so as to protect the environment and ensure the safety of their
community.
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10. Wang, J. M., Qin, W. Z. & Li, D. R. (2006). Object-oriented Per-parcel Land Use Change
Detection Integrating GIS and Remote Sensing
Lu, D., Mausel, P. & Moran, E. (2003). Change Detection Techniques
Deer, P. (2000). Digital Change Detection Techiques in Remote Sensing
The Hong Kong Satellite Positioning Reference Station - Data Services and Its
Applications (2010). Retrieved November 1, 2011 from HKSAR, Lands Department
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