The document provides information about various SQL clauses and operators used to select, filter, sort and manipulate data in database tables. It explains clauses like SELECT, DISTINCT, WHERE, ORDER BY, INSERT INTO, UPDATE, DELETE, TOP, LIKE, IN and BETWEEN and provides syntax and examples for each.

2. SQL SELECT DISTINCT
Statement
 In a table, some of the columns may contain
duplicate values. This is not a problem,
however, sometimes you will want to list only
the different (distinct) values in a table.
 The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return
only distinct (different) values.
 SQL SELECT DISTINCT Syntax
SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)
FROM table_name

3. SELECT DISTINCT Person.PName
FROM Person;
Id Name Address Hobby
1123 Anita Damauli stamps
1123 Anita Damauli coins
5556 Binod
Kathmand
u
hiking
9876 Barsha
Kathmand
u
stamps
PName
Anita
Barsha
Binod

4. SQL AND & OR Operators
 The AND & OR operators are used to filter
records based on more than one condition
 The AND operator displays a record if both the
first condition and the second condition are
true.
 The OR operator displays a record if either the
first condition or the second condition is true.

5. SQL OR Operators
SELECT * FROM Person
WHERE Person.Hobby='hiking' OR
Person.ID>3000;
ID PName Address Hobby
5556 Binod Kathmandu hiking
9876 Barsha Kathmandu stamps

6. SQL AND Operators
SELECT *
FROM Person
WHERE Person.ID>3000 AND Person.ID<5999;
ID PName Address Hobby
5556 Binod Kathmandu hiking

7. SQL ORDER BY
 The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the
result-set.
 The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the
result-set by a specified column.
 The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in
ascending order by default.
 If you want to sort the records in a descending
order, you can use the DESC keyword.

8. SQL ORDER BY Syntax
 SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC
SELECT Person.Hobby
FROM Person
ORDER BY Person.Hobby;
Hobby
coins
hiking
stamps
stamps

9. SQL INSERT INTO
 The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert a new
row in a table.
SQL INSERT INTO Syntax
 It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in
two forms.
 The first form doesn't specify the column names
where the data will be inserted, only their values:
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2,
value3,...)
 The second form specifies both the column names
and the values to be inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

10. SQL INSERT INTO
 INSERT INTO Persons
VALUES (4,'Nilsen', 'Johan', 'Bakken 2',
'Stavanger')
 INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id, LastName,
FirstName)
VALUES (5, 'Tjessem', 'Jakob')

11. SQL UPDATE
The UPDATE statement is used to update
existing records in a table.
SQL UPDATE Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value
Example:
UPDATE Persons
SET Address=‘Nayabazar', City=‘Kathmandu'
WHERE LastName=‘Ghimire' AND
FirstName=‘Bishal'

12. SQL UPDATE Warning
 Be careful when updating records. If we had
omitted the WHERE clause in the example
above, like this:
UPDATE Persons
SET Address=‘Nayabazar', City=‘Kathmandu‘
What will be the result ?

13. SQL DELETE
 The DELETE statement is used to delete rows
in a table.
SQL DELETE Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value
DELETE FROM Persons
WHERE Address=‘Nayabazar', City=‘Kathmandu‘

14. SQL TOP
 The TOP clause is used to specify the number
of records to return.
 The TOP clause can be very useful on large
tables with thousands of records. Returning a
large number of records can impact on
performance.
 Note: Not all database systems support the
TOP clause.
 SQL Server Syntax
 SELECT TOP number|percent column_name(s)
FROM table_name

15. SQL TOP
 MySQL Syntax
 SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
LIMIT number
 Oracle Syntax
 SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE ROWNUM <= number
 SELECT * FROM Persons LIMIT 5

16. SQL LIKE
 The LIKE operator is used to search for a
specified pattern in a column.
 SQL LIKE Syntax
 SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern

17. SQL LIKE
 To select the persons living in a city that starts
with "s" from the table.
 SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE City LIKE ‘k%'

18. SQL Wildcards
Wildcard Description
% A substitute for zero or more characters
_ A substitute for exactly one character
[charlist] Any single character in charlist
[^charlist]or
[!charlist]
Any single character not in charlist
• SQL wildcards can substitute for one or more
characters when searching for data in a
database.
• SQL wildcards must be used with the SQL
LIKE operator.

19. SQL IN
 The IN operator allows you to specify multiple
values in a WHERE clause.
 SQL IN Syntax
 SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,...)

20.  Example #1
Select *
From Address
Where FirstName IN ('Mary', 'Sam')
 Example #2
SELECT *
FROM Address
WHERE FirstName = 'Mary'
OR FirstName = 'Sam'

21. SQL BETWEEN
 The BETWEEN operator selects a range of
data between two values. The values can be
numbers, text, or dates.
 SQL BETWEEN Syntax
 SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
BETWEEN value1 AND value2

22.  Example:
 SELECT * FROM suppliers WHERE supplier_id
BETWEEN 5000 AND 5010;
 SELECT * FROM suppliers WHERE supplier_id
>= 5000 AND supplier_id <= 5010;

23.  example:
 SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_date
between to_date ('2013/01/01', 'yyyy/mm/dd')
AND to_date ('2013/12/31', 'yyyy/mm/dd');
 SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_date >=
to_date('2013/01/01', 'yyyy/mm/dd') AND
order_date <=
to_date('2013/12/31','yyyy/mm/dd');