SQL BUILT-IN FUNCTION, SET OPERATOR & LAB ASSIGNMENT

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FUNCTION AND SET OPERATOR IN DBMS
Function:
Perform calculation on Data
Manipulate output for group of rows
Used Formats for display date & time
Function: Always takes argument and returns value.
Function 2 types
1. Single row function: Return one result per row
2. Multiple rows function or Group Function: Return one result per set of rows
Single Row Function
1. Character Fuction
2. Number Function
3. Date Function
4. Conversion Function
5. General Function
Group Function
1. Sum
2. Min
3. Max
4. Avg
5. Count
Single row function
Argument can be
1. User supplied constant E.g ‘arun’, 800
2. Variable E.g. name
3. Column name mark, grade
4. Expression E.g. fname || mark
Syntax using single row function
Select fun_name(argument) from dual;

2. Single-Row Functions (continued)
This lesson covers the following single-row functions:
• Character functions: accept character input and can return both character and number values.
• Number functions: Accept numeric input and return numeric values
• Date functions: Operate on values of the DATE data type (All date functions return a value
of DATE data type except the MONTHS_BETWEEN function, which returns a number.)
• Conversion functions: Convert a value from one data type to another
• General functions:
- NVL
- NVL2
- NULLIF
- COALESCE
- CASE
- DECODE
Character function two types
Case manipulation function
Lower
Upper
Initcap
Character Manipulation Function
Concat
Substr

3. Length
Instr
Lpad
Rpad
Trim
Replace, Ascii->returns ascii value of character , Chr-> returns the character value of a integer
Lower(str) Converts alpha character values to lowercase
Upper(str) Converts alpha character values to uppercase
Initcap(str) Converts alpha character values to uppercase for the first
letter of each word; all other letters in lowercase
Concat(str1,str2) Concatenates the first character value to the second character value; equivalent to
concatenation operator (||)
Substr(str,m,n) Returns specified characters from character value starting at character position m, n
characters long (If m is negative, the count starts from the end of the character
value. If n is omitted, all characters to the end of the string are returned.)
Length(str) Returns the number of characters in the expression
Lpad(col,n,str) Pads the character value right-justified to a total width of n character positions
Rpad(col,n,str) Pads the character value left-justified to a total width of n character positions
Trim(str from col) Enables you to trim heading or trailing characters (or both) from a character string.
Replace(col,sea,rep) Searches a text expression for a character string and, if found, replaces it with a
specified replacement string
Instr(col,text,START,OCCUR) Return the position of text from constant or column value. You can provide START
position. And OCCUR find no of occurence.
SELECT ASCII(‘A’) OUTPUT:65 FUNCTION AND OUTPUT SELECT CHR(97) OUTPUT: a
INITCAP(‘ARUN KUMAR’) OUTPUT: Arun Kumar
CONCAT(‘KIIT’, ‘UNIVERSITY’) KIITUNIVERSITY
SUBSTR(‘HELLO’,2,2) EL
LENGTH(‘KIIT’) 4
INSTR(‘JAVATECH 123’,’V’) 3
LPAD(‘ABC’,10,’*’) *******ABC
RPAD(‘ABC’,10,’*’) ABC*******
REPLACE(‘JACK’,’J’,’B’ BACK
TRIM(‘K’, FROM ‘KHELLO’) HELLO
Number function
Round function
Trunc function
Mod function
Sqrt function, power(2,5)

4. ROUND FUNCTION
ROUND(45.923,2) ROUND(45.923) ROUND(45.923,-1)
45.92 46 50
Rules
1. ROUND(45.923,2): after decimal it moves to 3rd digit (here is 3). Then round the value 3. It can’t
round because it is less than 5. So answer is 45.92. if it is 45.926 then 6 value will be rounded. Then
move to next vaue of two digit number 92 is 93. Result 45.93.
2. ROUND(45.923): After decimal it takes by default next digit. Next digit is 9 means greater than 5.
Then it will be rounded next. Then left side number will be incremented. Result 46. We write
ROUND(45.233) after decimal next digit is 2 it is less than 5 then it can’t be rounded. Then left value
remain same. Result 45.
3. ROUND(45.923,-1): Negative means it rounded before decimal. -1 means it rounded 5 value. Before
decimal first digit is 5.It move to next because it is equaly to 5. After 45 next round value is 50.
ROUND(44.233,-1) 4 is less than 5 so it will can’t round. Then value decrese 44 to 40. Result 40.
ROUND(944,233,-2) 944 can’t be round then value will be back of two digit no RESULT 900.
ROUND(944,233,-1) 44 can’t be round RESULT 40. And final result is 940.
TRUNC FUNCTION
TRUNC(45.923,2) TRUNC(45.923,0) TRUNC(45.923,-1)
45.92 45 40
TRUNC and ROUND both are same. But in third column TRUNC(45.923,-1). Here when we trunc 5 it will back to 0
means result is 40. Always it takes base value. 45 base value is 40.
SQRT FUNCTION
SELECT SQRT(4) FROM DUAL;
MOD FUNCTION RETURNS REMINDER
MOD(M,N) M IS DIVIDED BY N
SELECT MOD(5,2) FROM DUAL
DATE FUNCTION : All date function returns date except MONTHS_BETWEEN, which returns numeric
value.
1. MONTHS_BETWEEN- Returns the month difference between two dates
2. ADD_MONTHS- Add months to specific date
3. NEXT_DAY-Returns the next day of specified date
4. LAST_DAY- Returns the last day of specified month of given date
5. EXTRACT – Extract value from a specific date.
SYSDATE KEYWORD
It returns both current date and time of system
SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;

5. CONVERSION FUNCTION
CONVERSION function is used to convert value from one data type to another data type. There are two
types of conversion function. 1. Implicit conversion 2. Explicit conversion.
Implicit conversion. It is automatically conversion by oracle server. But user needs to give the valid
constant or valid column expression.
Date -> conversion to Character
Character -> conversion to Date
E.g
SELECT * FROM STUD WHERE DOB < ’14-MAR-1995’;
In above you can see DOB datatype is date. But ’14-MAR-1995’ is character. It can be compared with
each other.
Number-> conversion to Character
Character-> conversion to Number
E.g.
SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE MARK<’75’;
In above example we compare MARK with 75. MARK datatype is number and 75, i specified in
character with double quotation.
EXPLICIT CONVERSION
USER NEED TO EXPLICIT CASTE. FOR THIS THERE ARE SOME FUNCTIONS
TO_NUMBER(CHARACTER, FORMAT_MODEL)
TO_DATE(CHARACTER,FORMAT_MODEL)
TO_CHAR(NUMBER|DATE,FORMAT_MODEL)
FORMAT_MODEL
1. Must be enclosed with single quotation
2. It is case sensitive
3. Format should be valid
DATE FUNCTION WITH OUTPUT.
MONTHS_BETWEEN('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94') 19.6774194
ADD_MONTHS ('11-JAN-94',6) '11-JUL-94'
NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY') '08-SEP-95'
LAST_DAY ('01-FEB-95') '28-FEB-95'
Extract(Month|DAY|YEAR from sysdate) 2
extract(month from to_date('12-jan-2018','DD-MON-YY')) 2
ROUND(’25-JUL-03’,'MONTH') ‘01-AUG-03’
ROUND(’25-JUL-03’ ,'YEAR') ‘01-JAN-04’
TRUNC(’25-JUL-03’ ,'MONTH') ‘01-JUL-03’
TRUNC(’25-JUL-03’ ,'YEAR') ‘01-JAN-03’

6. ELEMENTS OF DATE FORMAT MODEL
ELEMENT KEYWORD RESULT SYSDATE : 18-FEB-2018
YYYY Full year in numbers OUTPUT:2018
YEAR Year spelled out (in English) OUTPUT:TWENTY EIGHTEEN
MM Two-digit value for month OUTPUT:2
MONTH Full name of the month OUTPUT:FEBRUARY
MON MON OUTPUT:FEB
DY Three-letter abbreviation of the day of the week OUTPUT:SUN
DAY Full name of the day of the week OUTPUT:SUNDAY
DD Numeric day of the month OUTPUT:18 (DAY)
YY Two-digit value for year OUTOUT:18
ELEMENT DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE RESULT
9 Numeric position (number of 9s determine display Width) 999999 --1234
0 Display zero left side 099999 001234
$ Floating dollar sign $999999 $1234
EXAMPLE OF TO_CHAR FUNCTION FROM DATE TO VARCHAR OUTPUT
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,’MM/YY’) 02/18
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,’DD “OF” MONTH’) 18 OF FEBRUARY
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,’DD MONTH YEAR’) 18 FEBRUARY TWENTY EIGHTEEN
EXAMPLE OF TO_CHAR FUNCTION FROM NUMBER TO VARCHAR OUTPUT
TO_CHAR(125,999999) ---125
TO_CHAR(125,099999) 000125
TO_CHAR(125,’$999) $125
EXAMPLE OF TO_DATE FUNCTION FROM CHAR TO DATE OUTPUT
TO_DATE('01-Jan-90','DD-Mon-RR') 01-JAN-90
TO_DATE('May 24, 1999', 'Month
DD, YYYY');
24-may-1999
NESTING FUNCTION
UPPER(CONCAT(‘aa’,’bb’))

7. GROUP FUNCTION OR AGGREGATE FUNCTION PAGE-7
1) MAX 2) MIN 3) COUNT 4) AVG 5) SUM
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM STUDENT; COUNT NO OF ROWS
SELECT MAX(SALARY) FROM EMPLOYEE; FIND MAXIMUM SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE TABLE.
GENERAL FUNCTION
This function can work on any data type. And it avoids the null values from list.
• NVL (expr1, expr2)
Converts a null value to an actual value.
Data types must match:
– NVL(commission_pct,0)
– NVL(hire_date,'01-JAN-97')
– NVL(job_id,'No Job Yet')
• NVL2 (expr1, expr2, expr3)
If expr1 is not null, NVL2 returns expr2. If expr1 is null, NVL2 returns expr3. The argument expr1 can
have any data type.
• NULLIF (expr1, expr2)
Compares two expressions and returns null if they are equal; returns the first expression if they are
not equal
• COALESCE (expr1, expr2, ..., exprn)
Returns the first non-null expression in the expression list
The advantage of the COALESCE function over the NVL function is that the COALESCE function can
take multiple alternate values.
If the first expression is not null, the COALESCE function returns that expression; otherwise, it does a
COALESCE of the remaining expressions.
CAN PERFORM IF ELSE LOGIC BY USING CASE & DECODE FUNCTIONS.
SYNTAX
CASE expr WHEN comparison_expr1 THEN return_expr1
[WHEN comparison_expr2 THEN return_expr2
WHEN comparison_exprn THEN return_exprn
ELSE else_expr]
END
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary,
CASE job_id WHEN 'IT_PROG' THEN 1.10*salary
WHEN 'ST_CLERK' THEN 1.15*salary
WHEN 'SA_REP' THEN 1.20*salary
ELSE salary END "REVISED_SALARY" FROM employees;

8. DECODE FUNCTION IS SAME AS CASE. IN DECODE FUNCTION WE SPECIFY DEFAULT VALUE. IF DEFAULT VALUE
NOT GIVEN THEN NULL VALUE RETURN.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary,DECODE(job_id, 'IT_PROG', 1.10*salary,
'ST_CLERK', 1.15*salary,
'SA_REP', 1.20*salary,
salary) REVISED_SALARY FROM employees;
DECODE(job_id, 'IT_PROG', 1.10*salary,
JOB_ID IS COLUMN
IT_PROG IS CONDITION
RESULT RETURN 1.10*SALARY
SALARY IS DEFALUT VALUE
SET OPERATOR
SET OPERATOR IS USED TO COMBILE MULTIPLE QUERY INTO Single one.
UNION -> OPERATOR RETURNS RESULT FROM BOTH QUERY AFTER ELIMINATING DUPLICATIONS
UNION ALL->OPERATOR RETURNS RESULT FROM BOTH QUERIES, INCLUDING ALL DUPLICATIONS.
INTERSECT ->OPERATOR RETURNS QUERIES THOSE ARE COMMON TO BOTH TABLE.
MINUS->RETURNS ALL DISTICT ROWS SELECTED BY THE FIRST QUERY NOT BY THE SECOND QUERY.
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9. .............................................. LAB ASSIGNMET............................………….
BIGBAZAR TABLE Prepared By JAVATECH Search us in the World
ITEM_NAME ITEM_NO ITEM_QTY ITEM_PRICE ITEM_MFG_DATE ITEM_EXP_DATE ORDER_NO
COL101 20 75.95 12-JAN-2003 27-APR-2017 ORD1001
LUX_SHOAP LU102 15 25.40 19-JUL-2001 30-MAR-2019 ORD1029
DABUR_HONEY DAB103 40 120.70 20-MAR-2015 12-JUN-2020 ORD1010
TATA_TEA TAT104 50 98.50 15-SEP-2008 ORD1035
SURF_EXCEL SUR105 NULL 285.60 28-AUG-2015 20-NOV-2020 ORD1030
DETTOL_HANDWASH DET106 42 45.50 28-FEB-2013 23-AUG-2018 ORD1020
ASHRIBAD_ATTA ASH107 20 170.45 28-JUN-2007 20-SEP-2019 ORD1040
AMU108 28 175.20 03-MAY-2005 06-AUG-2017 ORD1015
HORLICKS NULL 286.90 29-OCT-2012 30-JUN-2018 ORD1028
ARIEL_MATIC ARL110 30 230.80 14-NON-2016 ORD1032
PONDS_POWER PON111 50 85.90 25-MAY-2011 30-APR-2020 ORD1044
TOMATO_KATCHUP TOM112 30 35 30-DEC-2014 09-SEP-2018
PATANJALI_BISCUIT PAT113 39 25 01-JAN-2016 29-JUN-2018 ORD1061
KISSAN_JAM KIS114 NULL 90 22-FEB-2015 30-OCT-2016 ORD1037
COLGATE_PASTE, AMUL_SPRAY, HOR109, ORD1055, 19-AUG-2016, 28-NOV-2019
1. Waq to display the maximum item quantity from table bigbazar.
2. Waq to display the item_name,item_price those expire date in month of JUN.
3. Waq to display the item_name, item_price those expire date less than system date.
4. Waq to display the item_name,item_no,item_price & virtual column ‘duration’ which display how
many months difference between item_mfg_date & item_exp_date.
5. Waq to display mfg date with round function.
6. Waq to display all columns from all rows from table and item_price should display with $sign.
7. Waq to display item_name,item_no,item_price, and the day only display from item_mfg_date &
item_exp_date from table not full date.
8. Waq to display item_name,item_no,item_price with rounded,item_mfg_date and item_exp_date.
9. Waq to display table all rows by converting NULL value into 0 in ITEM_QTY .

10. 10. Waq to display table all rows and if item_exp_date null then it return sysdate else display their
existing date.
11. Waq to display only rows those are expires and replace their expire date to be system date. (No
update command).
12. Waq to display all rows item if their item_qty is 50 then it should return null. Otherwise it display
their original item_qty.
13. We can find product by their item_name, item_no and order_no. Now display item_desc (virtual
column), item_qty,item_price,item_mfg_date,item_exp_date from table. Note [ item_desc column
display item from any of one column item_name or item_no or order_no.
14. Waq to display only value of one column from item_name or item_no or order_no along with
item_qty, item_price, item_mfg_date, item_exp_date from table.
15. Waq to display all items from table and calculate 0.35 rebate on order of exact qty of 50. 0.25 rebate
on order of exact qty 30. 0.15 rebate on order of exact qty 20. Display all data along with rebate
amount. Use CASE expression.
16. Waq to display all items from table and calculate 0.35 rebate on order of exact qty of 50. 0.25 rebate
on order of exact qty 30. 0.15 rebate on order of qty 20. Display all data along with rebate amount.
Use DECODE function.
WAIT OUR NEXT SLIDE ABOUT DATABASE OBJECT, SUB-QUERY AND JOIN COMMAND.
JOIN :- IS USED TO DISPLAY DATA FROM MORE THAN ONE TABLE.
JOINS TYPE
1. EQUI JOIN OR SIMPLE JOIN OR INNER JOIN ORACLE 8i OR PRIOR
2. CROSS JOIN
3. NON-EQUI JOIN
4. OUTER JOIN
5. SELF JOIN
6. NATURAL JOIN ORACLE 9i VERSION OR AFTER
7. CARTESIAN JOIN
8. JOIN WITH USING CLAUSE
9. JOIN WITH ON CLAUSE
10. OUTER JOIN
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