Aaron Beck was a pioneering psychiatrist who developed cognitive therapy. He was born in 1921 and had a difficult childhood that influenced his later work. Beck developed cognitive therapy which focuses on identifying and disputing dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. Cognitive therapy has been successfully applied to many disorders and is now one of the most influential psychotherapy approaches.
Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy, which emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. The theoretical assumptions of cognitive therapy are that people's internal communications can be accessed through introspection, clients' beliefs have personal meanings that can be discovered by the client rather than interpreted by the therapist. Basic principles of cognitive therapy include addressing arbitrary inferences, selective abstractions, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, personalization, labeling and mislabeling, and dichotomous thinking. Effective cognitive therapists establish empathy and a therapeutic alliance while using cognitive and behavioral strategies through Socratic questioning to guide clients in self-discovery and change.
The field of clinical psychology emerged to meet the societal need of providing care and services for individuals experiencing psychological problems. Throughout history, various groups like religious institutions, physicians, and social welfare organizations addressed psychological distress. In ancient Greece, thinkers like Hippocrates, Plato, and Galen explored biological, psychological, and social influences on illness and moved away from supernatural explanations. During the Middle Ages, the church was primarily responsible for treatment and emphasized spiritual causes. The Renaissance saw renewed interest in the physical world and mind-body dualism. The 19th century brought advances in understanding the relationship between the mind and body, influenced by thinkers like Pasteur, Rush, and Mesmer.
Aaron Beck was a pioneering psychiatrist who developed cognitive therapy. He was born in 1921 and had a difficult childhood that influenced his later work. Beck developed cognitive therapy which focuses on identifying and disputing dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. Cognitive therapy has been successfully applied to many disorders and is now one of the most influential psychotherapy approaches.
Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy, which emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. The theoretical assumptions of cognitive therapy are that people's internal communications can be accessed through introspection, clients' beliefs have personal meanings that can be discovered by the client rather than interpreted by the therapist. Basic principles of cognitive therapy include addressing arbitrary inferences, selective abstractions, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, personalization, labeling and mislabeling, and dichotomous thinking. Effective cognitive therapists establish empathy and a therapeutic alliance while using cognitive and behavioral strategies through Socratic questioning to guide clients in self-discovery and change.
The field of clinical psychology emerged to meet the societal need of providing care and services for individuals experiencing psychological problems. Throughout history, various groups like religious institutions, physicians, and social welfare organizations addressed psychological distress. In ancient Greece, thinkers like Hippocrates, Plato, and Galen explored biological, psychological, and social influences on illness and moved away from supernatural explanations. During the Middle Ages, the church was primarily responsible for treatment and emphasized spiritual causes. The Renaissance saw renewed interest in the physical world and mind-body dualism. The 19th century brought advances in understanding the relationship between the mind and body, influenced by thinkers like Pasteur, Rush, and Mesmer.
The document discusses several cognitive biases and heuristics that influence social judgments and perceptions. It describes how priming effects can subtly influence thoughts and behaviors without awareness. Belief perseverance is discussed, where people cling to initial beliefs even after evidence disproving them. Overconfidence is common in social judgments and predictions. Confirmation bias leads people to seek information confirming existing beliefs. Mental shortcuts like representativeness and availability heuristics enable efficient thinking. Illusions of correlation and control can also influence social perceptions.
Neuro-psychological Factors Leading to Abnormal BehaviourSiddhartha A
This document discusses neuropsychological factors that can lead to abnormal behavior. It begins by defining abnormal behavior and outlining criteria for what constitutes abnormal behavior. It then explains that since the nervous system is core to mental processes, any imbalance or distortion in the nervous system may affect neuropsychological relationships and lead to abnormal behavior. Specifically, it identifies congenital abnormalities, structural disruption of the nervous system, infections affecting the nervous system, and electrochemical imbalances as key neuropsychological factors that can influence abnormal behavior.
PTSD is an anxiety disorder that develops after exposure to a traumatic or dangerous event. Symptoms include re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks or nightmares, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, increased arousal and negative mood, and can start within 3 months of the event and last for longer than a month. Effective treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy such as exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring, as well as antidepressant medication.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses on changing unhelpful cognitive distortions and behaviors to improve emotional regulation. The key assumptions of CBT are that cognitive processes impact behavior, cognitive processes can be monitored and changed, and behavior can be modified by modifying cognitions. CBT aims to change how clients think and behave by identifying core beliefs and helping to restructure them. The CBT model proposes that emotional responses are determined not by events themselves but by the meanings attached to them, and that addressing cognitive distortions can alleviate emotional problems. CBT involves formulation of clients' difficulties, use of techniques like cognitive restructuring and behavioral experiments, and development of coping strategies.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by hyperarousal, re-experiencing traumatic events, and avoidance of reminders. It is caused by exposure to extreme stressors like war, rape, or serious accidents. PTSD symptoms include restlessness, insomnia, aggression, depression, memory loss, hyperarousal, anorexia, avoidance, irritability, and anxiety. Treatment involves stress management, trauma-focused therapies like cognitive therapy and exposure therapy, as well as mood stabilizers, antihypertensives, anxiolytics, and antidepressant drugs.
- A brief and concise report on Narrative Therapy which includes a brief introduction, therapeutic goals, therapeutic relationships, therapeutic techniques and procedures
- For USTGS 1st semester 2013-2014
This document discusses definitions of normality and abnormality in mental health. It outlines factors considered normal such as self-awareness and relationships, and abnormal factors such as suffering and unpredictability. Throughout history, abnormality has been viewed as supernatural, biological, or deviations from social norms based on changing cultures. Current diagnostic models use standardized criteria from manuals like the DSM-V to classify and diagnose psychological disorders.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a
real illness. You can get PTSD after living through or seeing a traumatic
event, such as war, a hurricane, rape, physical abuse or
a bad accident. PTSD makes you feel stressed and afraid after the danger is
over. It affects your life and the people around you.
PTSD can cause problems like:
-- Flashbacks, or feeling like the event is
happening again
-- Trouble sleeping or nightmares
-- Feeling alone
-- Angry outbursts
-- Feeling worried, guilty or sad
PTSD starts at different times for
different people. Signs of PTSD may start soon after a frightening event and
then continue. Other people develop new or more severe signs months or even
years later. PTSD can happen to anyone, even children.
Medicines can help you feel less afraid and
tense. It might take a few weeks for them to work. Talking to a specially
trained doctor or counselor also helps many people with PTSD. This is called
talk therapy.
Carl Jung founded analytical psychology, which views people as both conscious and unconscious, rational and irrational. He believed occult phenomena and inherited ancestral experiences influence individuals. The psyche contains personal experiences and collective archetypes. Dreams are a source of understanding the unconscious, which aims for wholeness. Jung characterized types by attitudes and functions, and developed stages of life. His theories organized observations but lacked falsifiability.
Carl Jung believed that the psyche is made up of three levels: the conscious, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The conscious plays a minor role, while the personal unconscious contains repressed memories and the collective unconscious is inherited from ancestors. Jung proposed that archetypes like the persona, shadow, anima/animus exist in the collective unconscious and can be revealed through dreams, fantasies, and active imagination. He described personality types based on the attitudes of extraversion/introversion and the functions of thinking/feeling and sensing/intuiting. Jung believed individuals progress through life stages towards self-realization by integrating opposites within themselves.
Trauma & Stressor Related Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
Quick review of the essential points— DSM5 diagnosis criteria, assessments, treatments—of these disorders to better prepare for the National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Exam. This was informed by several exam prep programs, and can be used like flashcards or as a presentation.
Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders. They include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety is caused by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors and involves abnormal activity in brain regions involved in fear and emotion regulation. Treatment involves psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like antidepressants and benzodiazepines to reduce symptoms and improve functioning. Untreated anxiety can negatively impact quality of life.
The document presents cognitive models for understanding and treating various psychological disorders developed by cognitive behavioral therapy researchers and clinicians. It includes models for panic disorder, social phobia, health anxiety, OCD, GAD, PTSD, depression, and other disorders. The models illustrate the relationships between triggers, thoughts, emotions, physical sensations, and behaviors involved in both the development and maintenance of each condition.
Cognitive behavior therapy theory and practiceWuzna Haroon
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was developed in the 1960s by Aaron Beck based on his research challenging the psychoanalytic view of depression. Beck observed that depressed clients had negative biases in interpreting events that contributed to cognitive distortions. He developed CBT which focuses on identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. The key assumptions of CBT are that cognitions influence behaviors and emotions, and that maladaptive thinking can be identified and changed. Common techniques include cognitive restructuring to challenge irrational thoughts, behavioral experiments, and homework assignments.
This document discusses using machine learning and data mining techniques to gain knowledge from big data. It defines key terms like data, databases, and big data. It explains that machine learning and data mining can help solve the problem of "data overloading" by discovering patterns and making predictions. The document also introduces social network analysis and crowdsourcing as collective intelligence approaches for learning from data. It provides examples like Amazon Mechanical Turk, which utilizes crowdsourcing for various tasks.
The document discusses several cognitive biases and heuristics that influence social judgments and perceptions. It describes how priming effects can subtly influence thoughts and behaviors without awareness. Belief perseverance is discussed, where people cling to initial beliefs even after evidence disproving them. Overconfidence is common in social judgments and predictions. Confirmation bias leads people to seek information confirming existing beliefs. Mental shortcuts like representativeness and availability heuristics enable efficient thinking. Illusions of correlation and control can also influence social perceptions.
Neuro-psychological Factors Leading to Abnormal BehaviourSiddhartha A
This document discusses neuropsychological factors that can lead to abnormal behavior. It begins by defining abnormal behavior and outlining criteria for what constitutes abnormal behavior. It then explains that since the nervous system is core to mental processes, any imbalance or distortion in the nervous system may affect neuropsychological relationships and lead to abnormal behavior. Specifically, it identifies congenital abnormalities, structural disruption of the nervous system, infections affecting the nervous system, and electrochemical imbalances as key neuropsychological factors that can influence abnormal behavior.
PTSD is an anxiety disorder that develops after exposure to a traumatic or dangerous event. Symptoms include re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks or nightmares, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, increased arousal and negative mood, and can start within 3 months of the event and last for longer than a month. Effective treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy such as exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring, as well as antidepressant medication.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses on changing unhelpful cognitive distortions and behaviors to improve emotional regulation. The key assumptions of CBT are that cognitive processes impact behavior, cognitive processes can be monitored and changed, and behavior can be modified by modifying cognitions. CBT aims to change how clients think and behave by identifying core beliefs and helping to restructure them. The CBT model proposes that emotional responses are determined not by events themselves but by the meanings attached to them, and that addressing cognitive distortions can alleviate emotional problems. CBT involves formulation of clients' difficulties, use of techniques like cognitive restructuring and behavioral experiments, and development of coping strategies.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by hyperarousal, re-experiencing traumatic events, and avoidance of reminders. It is caused by exposure to extreme stressors like war, rape, or serious accidents. PTSD symptoms include restlessness, insomnia, aggression, depression, memory loss, hyperarousal, anorexia, avoidance, irritability, and anxiety. Treatment involves stress management, trauma-focused therapies like cognitive therapy and exposure therapy, as well as mood stabilizers, antihypertensives, anxiolytics, and antidepressant drugs.
- A brief and concise report on Narrative Therapy which includes a brief introduction, therapeutic goals, therapeutic relationships, therapeutic techniques and procedures
- For USTGS 1st semester 2013-2014
This document discusses definitions of normality and abnormality in mental health. It outlines factors considered normal such as self-awareness and relationships, and abnormal factors such as suffering and unpredictability. Throughout history, abnormality has been viewed as supernatural, biological, or deviations from social norms based on changing cultures. Current diagnostic models use standardized criteria from manuals like the DSM-V to classify and diagnose psychological disorders.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a
real illness. You can get PTSD after living through or seeing a traumatic
event, such as war, a hurricane, rape, physical abuse or
a bad accident. PTSD makes you feel stressed and afraid after the danger is
over. It affects your life and the people around you.
PTSD can cause problems like:
-- Flashbacks, or feeling like the event is
happening again
-- Trouble sleeping or nightmares
-- Feeling alone
-- Angry outbursts
-- Feeling worried, guilty or sad
PTSD starts at different times for
different people. Signs of PTSD may start soon after a frightening event and
then continue. Other people develop new or more severe signs months or even
years later. PTSD can happen to anyone, even children.
Medicines can help you feel less afraid and
tense. It might take a few weeks for them to work. Talking to a specially
trained doctor or counselor also helps many people with PTSD. This is called
talk therapy.
Carl Jung founded analytical psychology, which views people as both conscious and unconscious, rational and irrational. He believed occult phenomena and inherited ancestral experiences influence individuals. The psyche contains personal experiences and collective archetypes. Dreams are a source of understanding the unconscious, which aims for wholeness. Jung characterized types by attitudes and functions, and developed stages of life. His theories organized observations but lacked falsifiability.
Carl Jung believed that the psyche is made up of three levels: the conscious, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The conscious plays a minor role, while the personal unconscious contains repressed memories and the collective unconscious is inherited from ancestors. Jung proposed that archetypes like the persona, shadow, anima/animus exist in the collective unconscious and can be revealed through dreams, fantasies, and active imagination. He described personality types based on the attitudes of extraversion/introversion and the functions of thinking/feeling and sensing/intuiting. Jung believed individuals progress through life stages towards self-realization by integrating opposites within themselves.
Trauma & Stressor Related Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
Quick review of the essential points— DSM5 diagnosis criteria, assessments, treatments—of these disorders to better prepare for the National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Exam. This was informed by several exam prep programs, and can be used like flashcards or as a presentation.
Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders. They include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety is caused by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors and involves abnormal activity in brain regions involved in fear and emotion regulation. Treatment involves psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy and medication like antidepressants and benzodiazepines to reduce symptoms and improve functioning. Untreated anxiety can negatively impact quality of life.
The document presents cognitive models for understanding and treating various psychological disorders developed by cognitive behavioral therapy researchers and clinicians. It includes models for panic disorder, social phobia, health anxiety, OCD, GAD, PTSD, depression, and other disorders. The models illustrate the relationships between triggers, thoughts, emotions, physical sensations, and behaviors involved in both the development and maintenance of each condition.
Cognitive behavior therapy theory and practiceWuzna Haroon
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was developed in the 1960s by Aaron Beck based on his research challenging the psychoanalytic view of depression. Beck observed that depressed clients had negative biases in interpreting events that contributed to cognitive distortions. He developed CBT which focuses on identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. The key assumptions of CBT are that cognitions influence behaviors and emotions, and that maladaptive thinking can be identified and changed. Common techniques include cognitive restructuring to challenge irrational thoughts, behavioral experiments, and homework assignments.
This document discusses using machine learning and data mining techniques to gain knowledge from big data. It defines key terms like data, databases, and big data. It explains that machine learning and data mining can help solve the problem of "data overloading" by discovering patterns and making predictions. The document also introduces social network analysis and crowdsourcing as collective intelligence approaches for learning from data. It provides examples like Amazon Mechanical Turk, which utilizes crowdsourcing for various tasks.
This document summarizes different methods for inputting data in SAS, including column mode, list mode, and formatted mode. Column mode requires calculating data locations, while list mode is easiest, separating data with blanks and only allowing periods for missing values. Formatted mode requires specifying data lengths and allows blanks or periods for missing values. List mode is generally preferred for inputting data when lengths are unequal, as it easily handles variable data with blanks as separators.
This document discusses the uses of PROC PRINT and PROC MEANS in SAS. PROC PRINT is used to print out and list the data values in a SAS data set. It allows you to specify titles, variable identifiers, and variables. PROC MEANS calculates descriptive statistics like means, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values from the data. You can specify which statistics to compute using options with PROC MEANS and list the variables to analyze. Both procedures end with a run statement and utilize semicolons after each statement.
The SAS program creates a data set with the student names and scores, uses PROC MEANS to calculate the mean and sum for each student, and outputs the results in two tables.
Data _null_;
input Names $ Subject Score;
cards;
John Math 90
John English 96
John French 87
John Physics 45
John History 77
Mary Math 80
Mary English 60
Mary French 87
Mary Physics 65
Mary History 66
Dick Math 78
Dick English 78
Dick French 56
Dick Physics 34
Dick History 88
Lucy Math 74
Luc
This document discusses various research methods and tools used in cognitive neuroscience, including questionnaires, eye trackers, EEG/MEG, PET, MRI/fMRI, NIRS, TMS, and tDCS. It provides examples of how each method is used, such as measuring brain activity with EEG during eye open and closed states, and detecting awareness in vegetative patients using fMRI.
The document provides an introduction to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It discusses how fMRI works by detecting changes in blood oxygenation, which serves as an indirect measure of neural activity. The basics of MRI are also reviewed, including how MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate images based on magnetic properties of tissue. Example fMRI studies measuring brain activity in response to visual stimuli are presented.
This document discusses prototyping and provides guidance on storyboarding and paper prototyping. It notes that prototyping is a reflexive conversation that allows designers to understand concepts concretely and gain insights from feedback. Storyboarding helps communicate ideals by conveying setting, sequence, and satisfaction. It sets a common ground and avoids commitment to a specific interface. Paper prototyping allows testing of interaction flows quickly and cheaply, and multiple prototypes can be tested simultaneously to gain more value. Form and feedback co-evolve through an iterative process of prototyping.