Carl Jung believed that the psyche is made up of three levels: the conscious, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The conscious plays a minor role, while the personal unconscious contains repressed memories and the collective unconscious is inherited from ancestors. Jung proposed that archetypes like the persona, shadow, anima/animus exist in the collective unconscious and can be revealed through dreams, fantasies, and active imagination. He described personality types based on the attitudes of extraversion/introversion and the functions of thinking/feeling and sensing/intuiting. Jung believed individuals progress through life stages towards self-realization by integrating opposites within themselves.

1. Carl Jung
Individual Psychology

2. Levels of the Psyche
Conscious
• Jung saw the ego as the center of consciousness, but not the core of personality (more restrictive than
Freud)
• Ego is not the whole personality, but must be completed by the more comprehensive self, the center of
personality that is largely unconscious
• The consciousness plays a minor role in analytical psychology
Personal Unconscious
• Embraces of all repressed, forgotten or subliminary perceived experiences of one particular individual
• It contains repressed infantile memories and impulses, forgotten events and experiences originally
perceived below the threshold of our consciousness.
• Our personal unconscious is formed by our individual experiences
• Complexes – is an emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas (mother complex)
Collective Unconscious (controversial, mystical)
• Has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species
• The physical contents of the collective unconscious are inherited and pass from one generation to the
next as psychic potential.
• It is the collective experience during a revolutionary past or the accumulation of ancestral experiences
• This affects a person’s thoughts, emotions and actions.

3. Archetypes
Archetypes – ancestral experiences that are registered
in the brain and it is also an inherited predisposition
to respond to certain aspects of the world.
• Are ancient or archaic images that derive from the
collective unconscious
• Dreams are the main source of archetypal material
and these are proof for the existence of archetype
(also fantasies)
• Hallucinations of psychotic patients vs. universal
archetypes
•

4. Archetypes
Persona
It is a side of personality that people show to the world
Greek work for “mask” or one’s public self
The persona archetype develops because one’s need to play a
role in society
Shadow
• It is an archetype of darkness and repression, represents
those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt
to hide from ourselves and others
• The darkest and deepest part of the psyche, which is part of
the collective unconscious that we inherited from our pre-
human ancestors and contains all the animal instincts.
• Because of this, we have a strong tendency to be immoral,
aggressive and overcome and passionate
• Jung believed that the shadow should be recognized and
then utilized rather than overcome (vitality, spontaneity
and creativity vs. dull and lifeless)
Anima (feminine side of men)
• Jung believed that all humans are psychologically bisexual
and posses both masculine and a feminine traits.
• It originates in the collective unconscious as an archetype
and remains extremely resistant to consciousness
• This originated from early men’s experiences with women
– mothers, sisters and lovers that combined to form a
generalized picture of a woman (as embedded in the
unconscious)
• A man is especially inclined to project his anima onto his
wife or lover and to see her not as she really is but his
personal and collective unconscious have determined her.
• This represents irrational moods and feelings of men
Animus (masculine side of women)
• It belongs to the collective unconscious and originates from
the encounters of pre-historic women with men
• In every male-female relationship, the woman runs a risk
of projecting her distant ancestors’ experiences with
fathers, brothers, lovers and sons onto unsuspecting man.
• Women’s personal experiences with men, buried in her
• This is symbolic in thinking and reasoning

5. Derivatives of the ANIMA and ANIMUS
(unconscious)
• GREAT MOTHER – is an archetype of fertility and destruction. The
fertility and nourishment dimension of the great mother archetype
is symbolized by a tree, garden, plowed field, sea, heaven, home,
country, church and hollow objects such as ovens and cooking
utensils.
• WISE OLD MAN – archetype is the intelligent but deceptive voice of
accumulated experience (politician). The wise old man is
personified in dreams as father, grandfather, teacher, philosopher,
guru, doctor or priest.
• HERO – is the unconscious image of a person who conquers an evil
foe but who also has tragic flaw (superman). It is represented in
mythology and legends as a powerful person sometimes, part God,
who fights against great odds to conquer or vanquish evil in the
form of dragons, monsters, serpents, or demons.

6. SELF
• has an inherited tendency to move toward growth,
perfection and completion. It is a component of the
psyche that attempts to harmonize all other
components.
• SELF-ACTUALIZATION – a person striving for
unity, wholeness and integration of the total
personality. To actualize or fully experience the self,
people must overcome their fear of the unconscious,
prevent their persona from dominating their
personality, recognize the dark side of themselves
(shadow) and then muster even greater courage to
face their anima or animus.

7. Dynamics of Personality / View of
Human Motivation
Causality and Teleology
• Causality – holds that present events have their
origin in previous experiences (PUSH)
• Teleology – holds that present events are
motivated by goals and aspirations for the future
that direct a person’s destiny (PULL)
• Progression and Regression (After Stages of
Development)

8. Psychological Types
Attitudes – a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction.
The two orientations (attitudes)
1. Introversion
• Is the turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective
• Introverts are tuned into their inner world with all its biases, fantasies, dreams and
individualized perceptions
• A person who tends to be quiet, imaginative and more interested in ideas than in other
people
2. Extraversion / Extroversion
• Is the attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that the person is
oriented toward the objective and away from subjective
• An outward, towards the external environment
• Extraverts are more influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world.
• They tend to focus on the objective attitude while suppressing the subjective
• A person who tend to be sociable, outgoing and interested in people and things

9. FUNCTIONS
Thinking
• Logical intellectual capacity that produces chain of
ideas
• Tells what a thing is, it gives names to things that are
sensed
Extraverted Thinking
• People rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they may
also use abstract ideas if these have been transmitted
to them from without
• Lives according to fixed values, are objective and cold
• Feeling is repressed
•
Introverted Thinking
• People react to external stimuli, but their
interpretation of an event is colored more by the
internal meaning they bring with them than by the
objective facts themselves.
• Intense desire for privacy and socially inhibited with
poor practical judgment
• Very intellectual who ignores the practicality of
everyday living
• Feeling is repressed
Feeling
• The process of evaluating an idea or event
• Tells whether a thing is acceptable or unacceptable, it
determines what a thing is worth to the individual;
pertains to liking and disliking
Extraverted Feeling
• People use objective data to make evaluations
• They are not guided so much by their subjective
opinion, but by external values and widely accepted
standards of judgment
• Very emotional and respectful of authority and
tradition
• Sociable, seeks harmony with the world
• Thinking is repressed
Introverted Feeling
• People base their value judgments primarily on
subjective perceptions rather than objective facts.
• Quiet, thoughtful and hypersensitive, childish
enigmatic, indifferent to the feelings and opinions of
others, very little expression of emotion
• Thinking is repressed

10. FUNCTIONS
Sensing
• Detects the presence of things, it indicates that
something is there but does not indicate what it is
Extraverted Sensing
• People perceive external stimuli objectively, in much
the same way that these stimuli exist in reality
• Pleasure seeking, jolly and socially adaptive and
constantly seeking new sensory experiences, very
realistic
• Intuition is repressed
Introverted Sensing
• People are largely influenced by their subjective
sensations of sight, sound, taste, touch and so forth.
• They are guided by their interpretation of sense
stimuli rather than the stimuli themselves
• Life guided by just what happens
• Artistic, passive and calm and detached from human
affairs since the main concern is over what happens
• Intuition is repressed
Intuiting
• Hunches about the past or future events when factual
information is not available
Extraverted Intuitive
• People are oriented toward facts in the external world
rather than fully sensing them, however, they merely
perceive
• Decision guided by hunches rather than by facts, very
changeable and creative
• Has trouble staying with one idea very long, rather
moves from one idea to another very rapidly.
• Sensation is repressed
Introverted Intuitive
• People are guided unconscious perception of facts
that are basically subjective and have little or no
resemblance to external reality
• Odd, eccentric daydreamer who creates new but
“strange ideas. Seldom understood by other people,
but does not care about this.
•
•
•

11. Examples of the Eight Jungian Types
Functions Attitudes
Introvert Extravert/Extrovert
Thinking Philosophers, theoretical
scientists, some inventors
Research scientists,
accountants,
mathematicians
Feeling Subjective movie critics, art
appraisers
Real estate appraisers,
objective, movie critics
Sensation Artists, classical musicians Wine tasters, proofreaders,
popular musicians, house
painters
Intuition Prophets, mystics and
religious fanatics
Some inventors, religious
reformers

12. Development of Personality
Stages of Development
Childhood ( birth to adolescence)
• Is determined by instinctual activities
necessary for survival
• The emotional problems experienced by
young children generally reflect disturbing
influences in the home.
Youth / Young Adulthood (adolescence to 40)
• Puberty serves as the “psychic birth” for the
personality
• Extraversion is the primary attitude and
consciousness dominates mental life as the
young person pursues the tasks of finding a
mate and finding a vocation.
• The adolescent must grapple with issues of
sexuality as well as power or insecurity.
• The individual is outgoing, energetic,
impulsive and passionate
Middle Life (from 40 to later years of life)
• There is a need of meaning
• People need to find a purpose for their lives
and a reason for their existence
• Middle aged crisis – change from an
extraverted to an introverted attitude and
they move toward self-realization
• Youthful interests and pursuits lose their
value and are replaced by new interest that
are more cultural and less biological
• The person’s values are sublimated in
social, religious, civic and philosophical
symbols
• He becomes more spiritual
• Personality – amiss during transferring of
energy (when cultural and spiritual values
of middle age do not utilize all the energy is
free to upset the equilibrium of the psyche.
•
• “A healthy middle life and old age depend
on proper solutions to the problems
• of childhood and youth”

13. Progression and Regression
Progression
• Is a forward movement, meaning the conscious ego is adjusting satisfactorily to the
demands of both the external world and the unconscious
• Inclines a person to react consistently to a given set of environmental conditions
• Understanding, harmony and wisdom is achieved
Regression
• If the libidinal energy flows backward, away from the external environment and inward
into the unconscious
• Backward step in the successful attainment of a goal
Self-Realization “Psychological Rebirth” or “Individuation”
• The process of becoming an individual or whole person
• A process of integrating the opposite poles into a single homogenous individual
• This process of “coming to selfhood” means that a person has all psychological components
functioning in unity, with no psychic process atrophying
• People who have gone through this process have achieved realization of the self, minimized
their persona, recognized their anima and animus and acquired a workable balance
between introversion and extraversion.
• This is extremely rare and is achieved only by people who are able to assimilate their
unconscious into their total personality

14. Jung’s Method of Investigation
1. Word Association
• This uncovers feeling tone complexes – is an individualized,
emotionally toned conglomeration of images grouped around
a central core
• Jung used 100 stimulus words chosen and arranged to elicit
an emotional reaction. He instructed the person to respond to
each stimulus word with the first word that came to mind. He
recorded each verbal response, time taken to make a
response, rate of breathing and galvanic skin response.
• Certain types of reactions indicate that the stimulus word has
touched a complex – critical responses include restricted
breathing, changes in the electrical conductivity of the skin,
delayed reactions, multiple responses, disregard of instruction
and others.

15. Jung’s Method of Investigation
2. Dream Analysis
• He agreed with Freud that dreams spring from the depths of the
unconscious and that their latent meaning is expressed in symbolic form
• He objected to Freud’s notion that nearly all dreams are wish fulfillments
and that most dream symbols are repressed sexual urges
• Jung believed that people used symbols to represent a variety of concepts to
try to comprehend the innumerable things beyond the range of human
understanding.
• Dreams are our unconscious and spontaneous attempt to know the
unknowable, to comprehend a reality that can only be expressed
symbolically.
• The purpose of Jungian dream interpretation is to uncover elements from
the personal and collective unconscious and to integrate them into
consciousness in order to facilitate the process of self-realization.
• Big dreams (special meaning for all people), typical dreams (common to
people), and earliest dreams remembered.

16. Jung’s Method of Investigation
3. Active Imagination
• It requires a person to begin with many of any
impression – a dream image, vision, picture or fantasy
and to concentrate until the impression begins to move.
The person must follow these images to wherever they
lead and then courageously face the autonomous images
and freely communicate with them.
• The purpose of this technique is to reveal archetypal
images emerging from the unconscious
• It can be useful technique for people who want to
become better acquainted with their collective and
personal unconscious and who are willing to overcome
the resistance that ordinarily blocks open
communication with the unconscious.

17. Jung’s Method of Investigation
3. Psychotherapy
• 4 basic approaches to therapy
• Cathartic method (Joseph Breuer with Ms. Anna O.) –
share their secrets
• Interpretation, explanation and elucidation - gives
patients’ insight into the causes of their neuroses but
may still leave them incapable of solving social
problems.
• Approach adopted by Adler and includes the education
of patients as social beings.
• Transformation – the therapist must first be
transformed i8nto a healthy human being, by
undergoing psychotherapy

18. Critiques of Jung
Weaknesses
• His method was not systematic and gives too much emphasis on occultism,
spiritualism, mysticism and religion.
• Jung’s theory has been attacked for being unscientific, incomprehensible,
unclear, inconsistent and contradictory
• His concept of self-realization was labeled as elitist – possible for only the
highly intelligent, well-educated persons with plenty of leisure time to reach
a degree of individualism necessary for self-actualization.
Strengths
• His theory was the first to discuss the process of self-actualization
• His theory was the first one to emphasize the importance of the future in
determining human behavior
• He stressed the importance of purpose and meaning of life
• He stressed the attainment of selfhood as a master motive in human
behavior

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