Definition
Subtype of specific phobia
Age of onset
Signs and Symptoms
DSM V Criteria
Comorbidity
Prevelance and Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment
Separation Anxiety Disorder(SAD) is a psychological condition in which an individual has an excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or with whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment.
Definition
Subtype of specific phobia
Age of onset
Signs and Symptoms
DSM V Criteria
Comorbidity
Prevelance and Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment
Separation Anxiety Disorder(SAD) is a psychological condition in which an individual has an excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or with whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment.
THERE ARE LOTS OF DISORDERS IN MENTAL HEALTH ASPECT.THIS PRESENTATION'S FOCUS IS ON PANIC DISORDER AND ITS MANAGEMENT.THIS CLASS IS IN ASPECT OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING STUDENTS.
Borderline Personality Disorder Presentation given in Psychopathology II class.
Summer 2010 Argosy University San Francisco
By Lucia Merino, Psychology Doctor Candidate
Social phobia is a strong fear of being judged by others and of being embarrassed. This fear can be so strong that it gets in the way of going to work or school or doing other everyday things.Everyone has felt anxious or embarrassed at one time or another.But people with social phobia worry about these and other things for weeks before they happen.People with social phobia are afraid of doing common things in front of other people.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
Borderline personality disorder is a serious mental illness marked by unstable moods, behavior, and relationships. In 1980, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III) listed borderline personality disorder as a diagnosable illness for the first time. Most psychiatrists and other mental health professionals use the DSM to diagnose mental illnesses.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
Symptoms: Compulsive behavior
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviours.
OCD often centres on themes such as a fear of germs or the need to arrange objects in a specific manner. Symptoms usually begin gradually and vary throughout life.
Treatment includes talk therapy, medication or both.
Consult a doctor for medical advice.
Anxiety: mood state characterized by strong, negative emotion and bodily symptoms in which an individual apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune
THERE ARE LOTS OF DISORDERS IN MENTAL HEALTH ASPECT.THIS PRESENTATION'S FOCUS IS ON PANIC DISORDER AND ITS MANAGEMENT.THIS CLASS IS IN ASPECT OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING STUDENTS.
Borderline Personality Disorder Presentation given in Psychopathology II class.
Summer 2010 Argosy University San Francisco
By Lucia Merino, Psychology Doctor Candidate
Social phobia is a strong fear of being judged by others and of being embarrassed. This fear can be so strong that it gets in the way of going to work or school or doing other everyday things.Everyone has felt anxious or embarrassed at one time or another.But people with social phobia worry about these and other things for weeks before they happen.People with social phobia are afraid of doing common things in front of other people.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
Borderline personality disorder is a serious mental illness marked by unstable moods, behavior, and relationships. In 1980, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III) listed borderline personality disorder as a diagnosable illness for the first time. Most psychiatrists and other mental health professionals use the DSM to diagnose mental illnesses.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
Symptoms: Compulsive behavior
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviours.
OCD often centres on themes such as a fear of germs or the need to arrange objects in a specific manner. Symptoms usually begin gradually and vary throughout life.
Treatment includes talk therapy, medication or both.
Consult a doctor for medical advice.
Anxiety: mood state characterized by strong, negative emotion and bodily symptoms in which an individual apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune
Recent studies both community and hospital based have shown that there is a significant burden of psychiatric disorder in epilepsy, with as many as 50% of all subjects studied being affected.
The available epidemiological data suggests that psychiatric disorders are over-represented in epilepsy, the evidence for psychosis in particular being rather compelling
The historical development of Abnormal Psychology or Psychopathology is worth studying. The progressive as well as conservative steps have contributed to a balanced view of abnormal behavior.
Overview of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder including diagnostic criteria from ICD-10 and DSM-5, prevalence, course, differential diagnosis, co-morbidity, assessment, risk, prognostic and protective factors, etiology and management.
Anxiety disorders include disorders that share features of excessi.docxYASHU40
Anxiety disorders include disorders that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances. Fear is the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat, whereas anxiety is anticipation of future threat. Obviously, these two states overlap, but they also differ, with fear more often associated with surges of autonomic arousal necessary for fight or flight, thoughts of immediate danger, and escape behaviors, and anxiety more often associated with muscle tension and vigilance in preparation for future danger and cautious or avoidant behaviors. Sometimes the level of fear or anxiety is reduced by pervasive avoidance behaviors. Panic attacks feature prominently within the anxiety disorders as a particular type of fear response. Panic attacks are not limited to anxiety disorders but rather can be seen in other mental disorders as well.
The anxiety disorders differ from one another in the types of objects or situations that induce fear, anxiety, or avoidance behavior, and the associated cognitive ideation. Thus, while the anxiety disorders tend to be highly comorbid with each other, they can be differentiated by close examination of the types of situations that are feared or avoided and the content of the associated thoughts or beliefs.
Anxiety disorders differ from developmentally normative fear or anxiety by being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stress-induced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more), although the criterion for duration is intended as a general guide with allowance for some degree of flexibility and is sometimes of shorter duration in children (as in separation anxiety disorder and selective mutism). Since individuals with anxiety disorders typically overestimate the danger in situations they fear or avoid, the primary determination of whether the fear or anxiety is excessive or out of proportion is made by the clinician, taking cultural contextual factors into account. Many of the anxiety disorders develop in childhood and tend to persist if not treated. Most occur more frequently in females than in males (approximately 2:1 ratio). Each anxiety disorder is diagnosed only when the symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance/medication or to another medical condition or are not better explained by another mental disorder.
The chapter is arranged developmentally, with disorders sequenced according to the typical age at onset. The individual with separation anxiety disorder is fearful or anxious about separation from attachment figures to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate. There is persistent fear or anxiety about harm coming to attachment figures and events that could lead to loss of or separation from attachment figures and reluctance to go away from attachment figures, as well as nightmares and physical symptoms of distress. Although the sympt.
ANXIETY DISORDER IS A FEELING OF FEAR,DREAD,AND UNEASINESSVandanaGaur15
Mental health is as crucial as physical health. However, mental health issues are often overlooked, and many individuals suffer silently. One such problem is anxiety disorder, which affects millions of people worldwide. In this blog post, we’ll delve into anxiety disorder, its symptoms, and the importance of seeking help.
The Invisible Battle: Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety disorder is a mental health condition that causes people to feel intense fear, worry, or anxiety. It’s a persistent condition that can interfere with daily activities and quality of life. Various factors, including stress, trauma, genetics, and brain chemistry can trigger the condition.
Individuals with anxiety disorder may experience intense, frequent, and persistent worry or fear about everyday situations. They may also experience physical symptoms such as sweating, trembling, and digestive issues. Anxiety disorder can also manifest in specific phobias, social withdrawal, and panic attacks.
Anxiety based disorders. This ppt has been specifically designed for the Post Graduate Diploma in Guidance and Couselling students of GJUS&T, Hisar and affiliated College. FGM Govt. College Adampur have such diploma. the total seats are 20. We have well furnished lab. The students have exposure to various activities during their session at college. For more information and Psychology videos click on the following handle Dr. Rajesh Verma
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Illness does not ask, it demands. Younger population perceives the un-earning family members as burden on their shoulders with more responsibility, which is taken as an economic loss, even if they are their parents. Anxiety is a broad aspect, which should not be termed as illness- as it is common emotion to experience in every individual’s life. But in 21st century due to defective coping mechanism, poor socialization, sedentary lifestyle- anxiety has become the slow poison to majority of the population, globally. Especially to the elder age group, which highlights the need of quick concern to look after it genuinely. Anxiety is an broad spectrum of disorder, constituting many of the forms which ae common for the human behavior to perform in the society. Management plays the essential role in conflicting the anxiety. Problem solving skills, coping mechanism and self esteem are the basics to tackle the anxiety as a whole.
This is the Final for Dr. Bachman's Psychopathology Course for Webster University. This has been uploaded to assist with studying for the Counselor's Examination.
Overview:
Behaviour
Characteristics of behaviour
Behaviour therapy
Founders
Behaviour analysis
ABC model
Causes of problem behaviour
Framework for behaviour analysis
Behaviour assessment
Special Kinds of Hallucinations from Fish’s Clinical Psychopathology including functional, reflex extracampine and autoscopic hallucination, and patient’s attitude towards hallucination.
Morbid expressions of emotion from Fish’s Clinical Psychopathology including parathymia, flattening, stiffening, incongruity and lability of affect, smiling depression and affective incontinence.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
3. ANXIETY
• State of apprehension or worry arising out of
anticipation of danger
• Normal phenomenon- life saving qualities to
prevent threat
• Pathological when it causes significant
impairment in functioning.
(Sadock
et. al, 2015)
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
4. Two Components of Anxiety Experience
Physiological Symptoms
Motor
Tremors
Restlessness
Autonomic
Palpitations
Hyperventilation
Dry mouth
Sweating
Frequent urination
Psychological Symptoms
Cognitive
Concentration, Hyper-arousal
Perceptual
Meaning of events-Select certain
things in environment & overlook
others in an effort to prove that they
are justified in considering the
situation frightening
Affective
Apprehension, Irritability
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
5. Fear
• Emotional response to real or
perceived unavoidable threat
• Apprehension in response to
external danger
• Emotional response-
suddenness of fear
• Emotion caused by a rapidly
approaching car as a person
crosses the street
Anxiety
• Anticipation (expectancy) of
future threat
• Apprehension in response to
danger internally perceived
• Emotional response-
insidiousness of anxiety
• Discomfort a person may
experience when meeting new
persons in a strange setting
v/s
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
6. PHOBIA
Recurring, excessive and unreasonable psychological or
autonomic symptoms of anxiety in presence of a specific
feared object or situation leading to avoidance.
(Semple et. al, 2005)
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
7. SPECIFIC PHOBIA
• Strong, persisting irrational fear of an object or
situation.
• Stimulus is well-defined (in contrast to
agoraphobia/ social phobia where it is
generalised)
• Differs from developmentally normative fear or
anxiety by being excessive or persisting beyond
developmentally appropriate periods.
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
8. ICD-10
• F40 Phobic anxiety disorders
F40.2 Specific (isolated)
phobias
• Anxiety restricted to highly
specific situations or objects
like animals, thunder,
heights, disease
• Autonomic symptoms as
primary manifestation
• Phobic situation is actively
avoided
DSM-5
• Anxiety disorders
300.29 Specific phobia
• Marked fear or anxiety about a
specific object or situation
• Actively avoided
• Fear is out of proportion to the
actual danger
• 6 months or more
• significant distress in important
areas of functioning
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
9. DSM specifiers:
• Animal (spiders, insects, dogs)
• Natural environment (heights, storms, water)
• Blood-injection-injury:
– fear of blood
– Fear of injections and transfusions
– Fear of other medical care
– Fear of injury
• Situational (airplanes, elevators, enclosed places)
• Other (situations leading to choking/vomiting; in children: loud
sounds or costumed characters).
When diagnosing in children:
• Express fear by crying, tantrums, freezing or clinging
• Assess whether it is typical for the child's particular
developmental stage
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
10. Epidemiology
• Lifetime prevalence: 6-23%
• Females more frequently
affected than males
• Usually develops in early
childhood
• Can develop after traumatic
event
• Chronic course with restriction
of ADL
• Can spontaneously remit
Differential diagnosis
• Agoraphobia
• Social phobia
• OCD
• Hypochondriasis
• Delusional disorder
• PTSD
Comorbidity
• Panic attack
• Depression
• Substance-related
disorders
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
11. Agoraphobia
DSM-5
Marked fear/anxiety about two (or
more) of the following five
situations:
1. Using public transportation (e.g.,
automobiles, buses, trains,
ships, planes).
2. Being in open spaces (e.g.,
parking lots, marketplaces,
bridges).
3. Being in enclosed places (e.g.,
shops, theaters, cinemas).
4. Standing in line or being in a
crowd.
5. Being outside of the home alone.
ICD-10
Anxiety must be restricted to
(or occur mainly in) at
least two of the following
situations:
1. Crowds
2. public places
3. travelling away from
home
4. travelling alone
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
12. Assessment
• Fear Survey Schedule (FSS-III)
• Fear Questionnaire
• Acrophobia Questionnaire
• Mutilation Questionnaire
• Medical Fear Survey
• Dental Anxiety Inventory
(Kanwal et. al, 2008)
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
13. AETIOLOGY
Biological Perspective:
• 64% patients with blood & injection phobia have at least one first degree
relative with same phobia
• Increased norepinephrine- hyperarousal
• Clinical studies of serotonin function in anxiety disorders have shown mixed
results.
• Reduced levels of GABA
(Sadock et. al, 2015)
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
14. Psychoanalytic Perspective:
• Anxiety as a result of psychic conflict between
unconscious sexual or aggressive wishes and
corresponding threats from the superego
• Focus on content of phobia
• Phobic object as a symbol of important unconscious
fear
• Little Hans
(Sadock et. al, 2015)
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
16. Two Factor Theory (Mowrer, 1960)
• Fear acquired by classical conditioning and
maintained by operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
• Biting of dog(UCS) and pain (UCR) are associated.
• So, dog (CS) invokes fear (CR)
• Link b/w CS and UCS decays overtime and
eventually ceases to elicit CR.
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
17. • Many times this process is blocked because the
person learns that fear can be minimized by
avoiding or escaping from CS (dog).
• In other words, avoidance or escape is operant
behaviour which is negatively reinforced that
prevents classically conditioned fear from being
unlearned.
• Problem in model- fear in absence of
conditioning or no fear in spite of fear-evoking
situations
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
18. Pathways to Fear Acquisition (Rachman, 1977)
1) Direct conditioning- fear acquisition through classical
conditioning
2) Modelling- vicarious acquisition due to observational learning
3) Informational and instructional transmission (fear invoking
information/ misinformation)
Latent Inhibition
Aversive conditioning experiences less likely to produce
phobias when person has h/o fearless contact with stimulus
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
19. Preparedness Theory (Seligman, 1970)
• We are biologically prepared to acquire fears of
some stimuli.
• Evolution has predisposed organisms to learn
those associations easily that facilitate species
survival.
• Some stimuli more likely to be fear evoking than
others (snakes, spiders, height).
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
20. Anxiety Sensitivity (Reiss, 1980)
• Fear of anxiety-related sensations (fear of palpitations,
dizziness & tremulousness) which arises from beliefs that
these sensations have aversive somatic, psychological or
social consequences.
• AS is one of the 3 fundamental fears including
illness/injury sensitivity & fear of negative evaluation.
• Fundamental fears exacerbate other (common) fears
such as fears of animals, social situations, blood-illness-
injury stimuli and agoraphobia.
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
21. • Fundamental fears have 2 features that distinguish them
from common fears:
1) They are fears of stimuli that are inherently noxious for
most people.
2) Common fears can be logically reduced to them.
• Fear of flying may be due to fear of plane crashing
(illness/injury sensitivity), fear of anxiety evoked by
turbulence (AS) & fear of embarrassing oneself by
becoming airsick (fear of negative evaluation).
• Thus, a common fear (of flying) may be logically reduced
to one or more fundamental fears.
(Blaney & Millon, 2008)
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
22. Meta-cognitive Model (Wells and Matthews, 1994)
• Monitors, controls and assesses the products and process of
awareness.
• Anxiety and sadness- internal signals, threat to well-being.
• Normally of limited duration because the person engages
coping strategies to reduce threat and control cognition.
• Psychological disorder results from maintenance of
emotional responses.
• Maintained because of individual’s thinking style and
strategies.
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
23. • This style is called Cognitive Attentional Syndrome
(CAS)
-Consists of worry/rumination, threat monitoring
-Unhelpful thought control strategies (avoidance)
-Prevents adaptive learning
• CAS is the result of faulty meta-cognitive beliefs
which control and interpret thinking and feeling
states.
• CAS prolongs and intensifies negative emotional
experience.
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
24. Management
Behaviour therapy
• Systematic desensitization
• Flooding
• Modelling
Cognitive behaviour therapy
To recognize fear as unreasonable, to break the anxiety pattern
Psychodynamic therapy
To uncover repressed conflicts underlying extreme fear
Pharmacotherapy
Benzodiazepines to reduce anticipatory anxiety
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
25. REFERENCES
• Ahuja, N. (2011). A Short Textbook of Psychiatry (7th
ed.). Jaypee Publishers.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association.
• Blaney, P. H., & Millon, T. (2008). Oxford textbook of
psychopathology. Oxford University Press.
• Ginsburg, G. S. & Silverman, W. K. (1998). Specific
Phobias. In Bellack, A. S. and Hersen, M. (Eds.).
Comprehensive Clinical Psychology. Amsterdam,
Netherlands: Elsevier Science. Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU
26. • Kanwal, K., Rajender, G. & Grover N. (2008). Management
of specific phobias. Journal of Mental Health & Human
Behavior. 13(2):17-26.
• Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan &
Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral
sciences/clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia:
Wolters Kluwer.
• Semple, D., Smyth R., Burns, J., Darjee, R. & McIntosh, A.
(2005). Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry (1st ed.). Oxford
University Press.
• World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10
Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders:
Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva:
World Health Organisation.
Prachi Sanghvi, M.Phil. Clinical Psychology,
GFSU