normality and pathology
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This document discusses definitions of normality and abnormality in mental health. It outlines factors considered normal such as self-awareness and relationships, and abnormal factors such as suffering and unpredictability. Throughout history, abnormality has been viewed as supernatural, biological, or deviations from social norms based on changing cultures. Current diagnostic models use standardized criteria from manuals like the DSM-V to classify and diagnose psychological disorders.
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Carl jung’s theory
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. Some key points of his theory include:
1) He proposed the collective unconscious - a reservoir of experiences shared by humanity that influences our behaviors and emotions. It contains archetypes - innate tendencies to experience things in certain ways.
2) Major archetypes include the mother, representing nurturing relationships, and the shadow, representing repressed desires and the "dark side" of humanity.
3) Dreams, myths, and spiritual experiences across cultures provide evidence of the collective unconscious and archetypes. Near-death experiences in particular suggest we are "built" to experience death in similar ways.
4) Jung diverged from Freud by arguing archetypes
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This document provides an overview of psychopathology and the history of defining mental health and illness. It discusses how abnormal behavior and psychology have been defined. Throughout history, mental illness was often attributed to supernatural causes like demon possession. Hippocrates first proposed a biological explanation for abnormal behaviors and thinking. The rise of hospitals and more humane treatment methods occurred in the 18th-19th centuries. Defining mental health and illness remains difficult due to variability between individuals and cultures. Studying psychopathology is important for various mental health professionals to better understand and treat disorders.
Reading therapy
Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi developed two methods of psychological treatment: reading therapy and communication therapy. In reading therapy, patients write down their problems and thoughts freely. They are also given religious materials to read from the Quran. The key requirement is having faith in God. Communication therapy involves direct guidance and counseling from Thanvi after reading what patients wrote. He would ask questions and provide religious texts to prepare patients for treatment, believing this aligns them with their purpose in life as defined by Muslim philosophy.
Social psychology
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This ppt presentation discusses about the various models of mental illness. I found it useful to download as it gives a fair idea about various models which are generally not found in books.
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Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) focuses on the importance of interpersonal relationships in determining behavior and psychopathology. IPT aims to change interpersonal functioning by encouraging more effective communication, emotional expression, and understanding of behavior in relationships. The major goal is improving relationships to also improve symptoms and life. In IPT, therapists conduct therapy in three phases - initial session to identify problem areas, intermediate sessions using strategies for the identified problem area, and termination.
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Carl jung’s theory
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. Some key points of his theory include:
1) He proposed the collective unconscious - a reservoir of experiences shared by humanity that influences our behaviors and emotions. It contains archetypes - innate tendencies to experience things in certain ways.
2) Major archetypes include the mother, representing nurturing relationships, and the shadow, representing repressed desires and the "dark side" of humanity.
3) Dreams, myths, and spiritual experiences across cultures provide evidence of the collective unconscious and archetypes. Near-death experiences in particular suggest we are "built" to experience death in similar ways.
4) Jung diverged from Freud by arguing archetypes
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Professional competence
Informed consent
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Boundary issues
Responsibilities of therapist
Psychometry
E-therapy
Psychotherapy termination
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Research ethics
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Psychodiagnostic technique[1]
This document discusses psychodiagnostics, which involves using psychological assessment techniques to evaluate personality and diagnose mental disorders. The aims of psychodiagnostic techniques include answering diagnostic questions, ascertaining difficulties, making predictions about behavior, and measuring cognitive abilities. Common types of psychodiagnostic tests include intelligence tests, projective techniques like Rorschach tests, and personality assessments. The process of clinical assessment involves planning assessments, collecting data through interviews, tests, observations, and records, processing and interpreting the data, and communicating findings in a psychological report.
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This document provides an overview of psychopathology and the history of defining mental health and illness. It discusses how abnormal behavior and psychology have been defined. Throughout history, mental illness was often attributed to supernatural causes like demon possession. Hippocrates first proposed a biological explanation for abnormal behaviors and thinking. The rise of hospitals and more humane treatment methods occurred in the 18th-19th centuries. Defining mental health and illness remains difficult due to variability between individuals and cultures. Studying psychopathology is important for various mental health professionals to better understand and treat disorders.
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Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi developed two methods of psychological treatment: reading therapy and communication therapy. In reading therapy, patients write down their problems and thoughts freely. They are also given religious materials to read from the Quran. The key requirement is having faith in God. Communication therapy involves direct guidance and counseling from Thanvi after reading what patients wrote. He would ask questions and provide religious texts to prepare patients for treatment, believing this aligns them with their purpose in life as defined by Muslim philosophy.
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Carl Jung founded analytical psychology and disagreed with Freud's theories about sexuality. Jung believed in a collective unconscious containing archetypes inherited across generations. He proposed that the psyche is made of the conscious mind and unconscious parts like the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, anima/animus, shadow, and self. Jung used dream analysis and helped patients understand themselves to independently solve problems and cope with their environment. His theories contributed to understanding personality development and designing education to realize students' potential.
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Carl Jung founded analytical psychology and disagreed with Freud's theories about sexuality. Jung believed in a collective unconscious containing archetypes inherited across generations. He proposed that the psyche is made of the conscious mind and unconscious parts like the personal unconscious, collective unconscious, anima/animus, shadow, and self. Jung used dream analysis and helped patients understand themselves to independently solve problems and cope with their environment. His theories contributed to understanding personality development and designing education to realize students' potential.
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Adlerian theory views human nature positively and believes people can control their own fate. It stresses social interest and understanding a person's lifestyle to analyze their behavior. Early family interactions help shape feelings of inferiority or superiority and one's role in the family constellation. The theory views people as goal-oriented and focused on overcoming feelings of inferiority through social contribution and developing competence. A person's unique experiences and perceptions shape their understanding of reality.
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Carl Jung had a disturbed childhood due to his mother's mental illness. He became interested in psychiatry after reading Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis. Jung furthered his education at the University of Basel medical school and joined the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital. There he began pioneering work with word association tests. Jung initially collaborated with Sigmund Freud but they later had a falling out over theoretical disagreements. Jung went on to develop his theories of archetypes, the collective unconscious, introversion and extroversion, individuation, and more. He recorded his visions and imaginings during a midlife crisis in The Red Book. Jung had a large influence on the fields of psychology and psychotherapy.
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The biomedical model views mental disorders as biological diseases caused by abnormalities in the brain. It assumes that diseases can be fully explained by deviations from biological norms, leaving no room for social, psychological or behavioral factors. The core tenets are that mental disorders are caused by biological abnormalities in the brain, there is no distinction between mental and physical diseases, and biological treatment is emphasized. Critics argue that this model is too reductionistic and neglects the influence of other important factors like social, cultural and environmental influences on mental health.
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2. It also discusses different approaches to defining abnormality, including using a single criterion or a multi-criteria approach.
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normality and pathology
- 2. Defining normality Mental health model of normality the absence of mental illness realistic self-perception and contact with reality a strong sense of identity and positive self-esteem autonomy and independence ability to maintain healthy interpersonal relationships (e. g. capacity to love) ability to cope with stressful situations capacity for personal growth and self-actualization.
- 3. Are any of us NORMAL? Is normal culturally based?
- 4. Defining abnormality The mental illness criterion (the medical model) The mental illness criterion sees psychological disorders (abnormality) as psychopathology. Pathology means “illness” so it is literally “illness in the psyche”.
- 5. Being Abnormal To determine any behavior as awayfrom normal, seven considerations are used as the distinguishing criteria.Theyare: (i) Suffering (ii) Maladaptiveness (iii) Irrationality (iv) Unpredictability (v) Vividness and intensity (vi) Observer discomfort (vii)Violationof moral and ideal standards
- 6. The mental illness criterion (the medical model) Diagnosis of mental illness is based on the clinician’s observations, the patient’s self-reports, a clinical interview and diagnostic manuals (classification systems) that classify symptoms of specific disorders to help doctors find a correct diagnosis.
- 8. Evaluation of The mental illness criterion (the medical model) it is an advantage to be diagnosed as “sick” because it shows that people are not responsible for their acts. there is a stigma (i.e. a mark of infamy or disgrace) associated with mental illness
- 9. Abnormality as deviation from social norms Social norms constitute informal or formal rules of how individuals are expected to behave. Deviant behavior is behavior that is considered undesirable by the majority of people in a given society. Individuals who break rules of conduct or do not behave like the majority are defined as “abnormal” according to this criterion.
- 10. Evaluation of Abnormality as deviation from social norms not objective or stable since it is related to socially based definitions that change across time and culture. the norm is based on morals and attitudes, it is vulnerable to abuse. Culture also plays a big part here.
- 11. Historical Background supernatural and magical forces such as evil spirits (bhoot-pret), or the devil (shaitan). Exorcism, i.e. removing the evil that resides in the individual through countermagic and prayer, is still commonly used. the shaman, or medicine man (ojha) is a person who is believed to have contact with supernatural forces and is the medium through which spirits communicate with human beings. Through the shaman, an afflicted person can learn which spirits are responsible for her/his problems and what needs to be done to appease them.
- 12. Approaches Biological or Organic approach. Psychological approach Organismic approach In the Middle Ages, demonology and superstition gained renewed importance in the explanation of abnormal behaviour. The Renaissance Period was marked by increased humanism and curiosity about behaviour. The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were known as the Age of Reason and Enlightenment
- 13. Factors underlying abnormal behavior
- 14. Summary • Abnormal behaviour is behaviour that is deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, and dangerous. Those behaviours are seen as abnormal which represent a deviation from social norms and which interfere with optimal functioning and growth. • In the history of abnormal behaviour, the three perspectives are, i.e. the supernatural, the biological or organic, and the psychological. In interactional or bio- psycho-social approach, all three factors, viz. biological, psychological and social play important roles in psychological disorders. • Classification of psychological disorders has been done by the WHO (ICD-10) and the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-V).