Alfred Adler developed Individual Psychology which focused on understanding human behavior through examining goals, lifestyle, birth order, and social interest. Key concepts in Adlerian theory include inferiority, superiority, social interest, family constellation, and basic mistakes. Adlerian therapy uses techniques like lifestyle analysis, interpretation, encouragement, and paradoxical intention to help clients develop social interest and change maladaptive behaviors.
Life scripts definitions (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative app...Manu Melwin Joy
The document defines the concept of a "life script" according to Transactional Analysis theory. It states that a life script is an unconscious life plan developed in childhood, reinforced by parents, and culminating in a chosen payoff. It further explains that scripts are decisional, developed outside of awareness, and can cause people to redefine reality to justify their script.
Narrative therapy focuses on externalizing problems rather than internalizing them in clients. Therapists help clients develop alternative stories and new narratives by asking questions, exploring exceptions, and collaborating to reauthor their life stories in a preferred direction. The goal is to guide clients to see themselves as competent and separate from problems, and to envision new possibilities rather than being defined by problem-saturated stories from the past.
Passive behaviors - Discounting (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrativ...Manu Melwin Joy
When I discount, I do so by making statement to myself in my own head. Thus a discount itself is not observable. Since you can’t thought read, you have no way of knowing I am discounting unless I speak or act in some way which indicates the presence of the discount. These behaviors are known as passive behaviors.
This document discusses relapse prevention in addiction disorders and the role of self-efficacy and problem solving. It identifies 8 key themes in relapse prevention, including identifying risk factors, understanding relapse as a process, dealing with cues and cravings, and developing social support. Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations. There are 4 factors that affect self-efficacy: experience, modeling, social persuasions, and physiological factors. Improving self-efficacy and problem solving skills can help reduce the probability of relapse by increasing one's ability to cope with high risk situations.
Identity is the awareness of oneself as a separate individual. It involves the feeling of "I-am-I" which allows one to make decisions and be aware of oneself and others. Identity normally forms through separating oneself from others like one's mother, and realizing oneself as distinct. It involves both how one sees oneself from within through one's conscious activity, as well as how one is seen by others through relationships and social roles. Modern society has challenged traditional identities by increasing individualism, consumerism, and unstable social roles, making identity more fluid and fragmented. However, humans still have a deep need for stable relationships and community to develop a coherent sense of self.
Alfred Adler developed Individual Psychology which focused on understanding human behavior through examining goals, lifestyle, birth order, and social interest. Key concepts in Adlerian theory include inferiority, superiority, social interest, family constellation, and basic mistakes. Adlerian therapy uses techniques like lifestyle analysis, interpretation, encouragement, and paradoxical intention to help clients develop social interest and change maladaptive behaviors.
Life scripts definitions (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrative app...Manu Melwin Joy
The document defines the concept of a "life script" according to Transactional Analysis theory. It states that a life script is an unconscious life plan developed in childhood, reinforced by parents, and culminating in a chosen payoff. It further explains that scripts are decisional, developed outside of awareness, and can cause people to redefine reality to justify their script.
Narrative therapy focuses on externalizing problems rather than internalizing them in clients. Therapists help clients develop alternative stories and new narratives by asking questions, exploring exceptions, and collaborating to reauthor their life stories in a preferred direction. The goal is to guide clients to see themselves as competent and separate from problems, and to envision new possibilities rather than being defined by problem-saturated stories from the past.
Passive behaviors - Discounting (Transactional analysis / TA is an integrativ...Manu Melwin Joy
When I discount, I do so by making statement to myself in my own head. Thus a discount itself is not observable. Since you can’t thought read, you have no way of knowing I am discounting unless I speak or act in some way which indicates the presence of the discount. These behaviors are known as passive behaviors.
This document discusses relapse prevention in addiction disorders and the role of self-efficacy and problem solving. It identifies 8 key themes in relapse prevention, including identifying risk factors, understanding relapse as a process, dealing with cues and cravings, and developing social support. Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations. There are 4 factors that affect self-efficacy: experience, modeling, social persuasions, and physiological factors. Improving self-efficacy and problem solving skills can help reduce the probability of relapse by increasing one's ability to cope with high risk situations.
Identity is the awareness of oneself as a separate individual. It involves the feeling of "I-am-I" which allows one to make decisions and be aware of oneself and others. Identity normally forms through separating oneself from others like one's mother, and realizing oneself as distinct. It involves both how one sees oneself from within through one's conscious activity, as well as how one is seen by others through relationships and social roles. Modern society has challenged traditional identities by increasing individualism, consumerism, and unstable social roles, making identity more fluid and fragmented. However, humans still have a deep need for stable relationships and community to develop a coherent sense of self.
The document discusses duplex transactions, which involve more than one level of communication. Duplex transactions contain both hidden and open messages. Complex transactions that occur on two levels are considered complementary, as crossed transactions would disrupt the communication. The document was prepared by Manu Melwin Joy, a research scholar at the School of Management Studies at CUSAT in Kerala, India.
The document provides an overview of the Object Sorting Test (OST) and Rorschach Inkblot Test (RIBT). It describes the projective hypothesis and types of projective techniques. It outlines the scoring and interpretation of the OST, including criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia and mania. It also covers the development, phases, scoring systems, and contents of responses for the RIBT, as well as concepts for interpreting the psychogram.
Strokes are a way to measure attention and recognition between people, as defined by Eric Berne. Strokes can be positive or negative, verbal or nonverbal, and range from a casual nod to an intimate relationship. Individuals need strokes for physical, mental, and emotional development and survival; deprivation of strokes can lead to retardation, anxiety, depression, and even death. Both giving and receiving strokes have advantages like being free, motivating, and improving personality by increasing emotional balances.
Gestalt therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on developing awareness of one's true self. It views humans holistically rather than as a sum of parts. The goal is to help clients become aware of what they are experiencing in the present moment through experiments designed by the therapist. Major principles include holism, phenomenology, figure formation process, and organismic self-regulation. The therapist aims to help clients address unfinished business from the past and overcome resistances to full contact in the present through awareness, acceptance, integration, and taking responsibility for their choices rather than trying to control others.
People moving toward autonomy expand their personal capacities for awareness, spontaneity and intimacy. As this occurs, they develop integrated adult ego states.
Filtering more and more Parent and Child material through their Adult and learning new behavior patterns are parts of the integrating process.
This document provides an overview of several topics in humanistic and positive psychology, including:
- Humanistic psychology aims to understand human experience and free will. Phenomenology emphasizes that subjective experience and perception are central to human existence.
- Existentialism focuses on finding meaning and purpose in life. It discusses concepts like "thrownness," "bad faith," and achieving an "authentic existence." Eastern philosophy offers an alternative view that reduces emphasis on the individual.
- Optimistic humanism, including theories by Rogers and Maslow, sees people as inherently good and striving for self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs model describes how more basic needs must be met before higher-level
The document discusses Carl Rogers' person-centered or client-centered therapy approach. The core concepts are that the client is in control of the therapy and works to understand themselves better with the therapist acting as a supportive and non-judgmental listener. The therapist reflects the client's feelings using techniques like clarification, restatement, and summarization to help the client gain self-awareness and resolve issues on their own terms. For therapy to be effective, the therapist must demonstrate genuineness, empathetic understanding, and unconditional acceptance of the client.
Attribution theory deals with how people make causal explanations for events. It examines what information people use to form causal judgments. Attribution theory seeks to explain cognitive processes like perception, memory, reasoning, and judgment. Specifically, it concerns how people attribute causes to their own and others' behaviors. Attribution theory originated with Fritz Heider, who identified internal characteristics and external factors as the two categories for explaining events. Later, Julian Rotter examined perceptions of control over events, and Bernard Weiner described how attributions influence motivation and learning behaviors. Understanding attribution theory can help improve learning by changing attributions that hinder motivation.
Racket analysis - Transactional Analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Any time your experience a racket feeling, you are in script.
As children, we use racket feeling to get our needs met in families.
We attempt to manipulate the environment so as to gain the parental support we gained in childhood by experiencing and showing these racket feelings.
Aaron Beck was a pioneering psychiatrist who developed cognitive therapy. He was born in 1921 and had a difficult childhood that influenced his later work. Beck developed cognitive therapy which focuses on identifying and disputing dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. Cognitive therapy has been successfully applied to many disorders and is now one of the most influential psychotherapy approaches.
This document discusses various research designs and methods used in psychological research. It describes how psychological research questions are developed and how theories and hypotheses guide research. Observational, experimental, correlational, longitudinal and other research designs are explained along with their strengths and limitations. Key considerations for psychological research like validity, reliability, ethics and statistical analysis are also covered.
The document outlines the stages of organizational socialization and the role of a workplace counselor at each stage. It discusses three stages: 1) Anticipatory socialization which occurs before joining and involves learning about the organization, 2) Encounter which occurs after joining as expectations meet reality, and 3) Metamorphosis where the employee develops a new self-image. At each stage, socialization methods like onboarding, training, and mentoring are used to help employees adapt to their new roles and the organizational culture. The workplace counselor can help address issues that may arise during socialization around realism of expectations and congruence between the employee and organization.
The document discusses duplex transactions, which involve more than one level of communication. Duplex transactions contain both hidden and open messages. Complex transactions that occur on two levels are considered complementary, as crossed transactions would disrupt the communication. The document was prepared by Manu Melwin Joy, a research scholar at the School of Management Studies at CUSAT in Kerala, India.
The document provides an overview of the Object Sorting Test (OST) and Rorschach Inkblot Test (RIBT). It describes the projective hypothesis and types of projective techniques. It outlines the scoring and interpretation of the OST, including criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia and mania. It also covers the development, phases, scoring systems, and contents of responses for the RIBT, as well as concepts for interpreting the psychogram.
Strokes are a way to measure attention and recognition between people, as defined by Eric Berne. Strokes can be positive or negative, verbal or nonverbal, and range from a casual nod to an intimate relationship. Individuals need strokes for physical, mental, and emotional development and survival; deprivation of strokes can lead to retardation, anxiety, depression, and even death. Both giving and receiving strokes have advantages like being free, motivating, and improving personality by increasing emotional balances.
Gestalt therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on developing awareness of one's true self. It views humans holistically rather than as a sum of parts. The goal is to help clients become aware of what they are experiencing in the present moment through experiments designed by the therapist. Major principles include holism, phenomenology, figure formation process, and organismic self-regulation. The therapist aims to help clients address unfinished business from the past and overcome resistances to full contact in the present through awareness, acceptance, integration, and taking responsibility for their choices rather than trying to control others.
People moving toward autonomy expand their personal capacities for awareness, spontaneity and intimacy. As this occurs, they develop integrated adult ego states.
Filtering more and more Parent and Child material through their Adult and learning new behavior patterns are parts of the integrating process.
This document provides an overview of several topics in humanistic and positive psychology, including:
- Humanistic psychology aims to understand human experience and free will. Phenomenology emphasizes that subjective experience and perception are central to human existence.
- Existentialism focuses on finding meaning and purpose in life. It discusses concepts like "thrownness," "bad faith," and achieving an "authentic existence." Eastern philosophy offers an alternative view that reduces emphasis on the individual.
- Optimistic humanism, including theories by Rogers and Maslow, sees people as inherently good and striving for self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs model describes how more basic needs must be met before higher-level
The document discusses Carl Rogers' person-centered or client-centered therapy approach. The core concepts are that the client is in control of the therapy and works to understand themselves better with the therapist acting as a supportive and non-judgmental listener. The therapist reflects the client's feelings using techniques like clarification, restatement, and summarization to help the client gain self-awareness and resolve issues on their own terms. For therapy to be effective, the therapist must demonstrate genuineness, empathetic understanding, and unconditional acceptance of the client.
Attribution theory deals with how people make causal explanations for events. It examines what information people use to form causal judgments. Attribution theory seeks to explain cognitive processes like perception, memory, reasoning, and judgment. Specifically, it concerns how people attribute causes to their own and others' behaviors. Attribution theory originated with Fritz Heider, who identified internal characteristics and external factors as the two categories for explaining events. Later, Julian Rotter examined perceptions of control over events, and Bernard Weiner described how attributions influence motivation and learning behaviors. Understanding attribution theory can help improve learning by changing attributions that hinder motivation.
Racket analysis - Transactional Analysis - Manu Melwin JoyManu Melwin Joy
Any time your experience a racket feeling, you are in script.
As children, we use racket feeling to get our needs met in families.
We attempt to manipulate the environment so as to gain the parental support we gained in childhood by experiencing and showing these racket feelings.
Aaron Beck was a pioneering psychiatrist who developed cognitive therapy. He was born in 1921 and had a difficult childhood that influenced his later work. Beck developed cognitive therapy which focuses on identifying and disputing dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. Cognitive therapy has been successfully applied to many disorders and is now one of the most influential psychotherapy approaches.
This document discusses various research designs and methods used in psychological research. It describes how psychological research questions are developed and how theories and hypotheses guide research. Observational, experimental, correlational, longitudinal and other research designs are explained along with their strengths and limitations. Key considerations for psychological research like validity, reliability, ethics and statistical analysis are also covered.
The document outlines the stages of organizational socialization and the role of a workplace counselor at each stage. It discusses three stages: 1) Anticipatory socialization which occurs before joining and involves learning about the organization, 2) Encounter which occurs after joining as expectations meet reality, and 3) Metamorphosis where the employee develops a new self-image. At each stage, socialization methods like onboarding, training, and mentoring are used to help employees adapt to their new roles and the organizational culture. The workplace counselor can help address issues that may arise during socialization around realism of expectations and congruence between the employee and organization.
This document summarizes different methods for inputting data in SAS, including column mode, list mode, and formatted mode. Column mode requires calculating data locations, while list mode is easiest, separating data with blanks and only allowing periods for missing values. Formatted mode requires specifying data lengths and allows blanks or periods for missing values. List mode is generally preferred for inputting data when lengths are unequal, as it easily handles variable data with blanks as separators.
This document discusses prototyping and provides guidance on storyboarding and paper prototyping. It notes that prototyping is a reflexive conversation that allows designers to understand concepts concretely and gain insights from feedback. Storyboarding helps communicate ideals by conveying setting, sequence, and satisfaction. It sets a common ground and avoids commitment to a specific interface. Paper prototyping allows testing of interaction flows quickly and cheaply, and multiple prototypes can be tested simultaneously to gain more value. Form and feedback co-evolve through an iterative process of prototyping.
10. Levels of Processing Model of Memory
Craik & Lockhart (1972)
Different ways to process information lead to
different strengths of memories
Deep processing leads to better memory
Elaborating according to meaning
Shallow processing emphasizes the
physical features of the stimulus
The memory trace is fragile and quickly decays
Distinguished between maintenance rehearsal and
elaborative rehearsal
11. Support for Levels of Processing
Craik & Tulving (1975)
Participants studied a list in three different
ways
Structural: Is the word in capital letters?
Phonemic: Does the word rhyme with dog?
Semantic: Does the word fit in this sentence?
“The ______ is delicious.”
A recognition test was given to see which
type of processing led to the best memory
12. Craik & Tulving (1975) Results
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Yes No
Sentence Type
Recognized
Case
Rhyme
Sentence
13. Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1977)
Encoding with respect to oneself increases memory
Self-Reference Effect
Capital Rhymes Means the Describes
letters? with? same as? you?
14. Criticisms of LOP Model
Circular definition of levels
Transfer appropriate processing effect
Morris, Bransford, & Franks (1977)
Two processing tasks: semantic vs. rhyme
Two types of tests: standard yes/no recognition vs. rhyme
test
Memory performance also depends on the match between
encoding processes and type of test
Encoding Task Recognition Rhyme
Semantic 0.83 0.31
Rhyme 0.62 0.49
23. Implicit vs. Explicit Memory Tasks
Explicit memory tasks
Involve conscious recollection
Participants know they are trying to retrieve
information from memory
Implicit memory tasks
Require participants to complete a task
The completion of the task indirectly
indicates memory
24. Implicit Memory Tasks
Participants are
exposed to a word list
Tiger
Lion
Zebra
Panda
Leopard
Elephant
After a delay…
Participants then complete
word puzzles; they are not
aware this is a type of
memory test
Word fragment completion:
C_E_TA_
E_E_ _A_ N_
_ E _ R A
Word stem completion:
Mon _____
Pan_____
39. Short-Term Memory
Attention
Attend to information
in the sensory store,
it moves to STM
Rehearsal
Repeat the
information to keep
maintained in STM
Retrieval
Access memory in
LTM and place in
STM
Short-Term
Memory
(STM)
Attention
Storage &
Retrieval
Rehearsal
46. Bower, Clark, Lesgold, and Winzenz
(1969)
Randomized list:
Naples World Italy Americas
Montreal Bristol Washington Ottawa
Orlando England Europe Dallas
Liverpool Winnipeg Rome USA
London Florence Canada
Organized list: World
Europe Americas
England Italy USA Canada
London Rome Washington Ottawa
Liverpool Florence Dallas Montreal
Bristol Naples Orlando Winnipeg
50. Working Memory Model
Phonological Loop
Used to maintain information for a short time
and for acoustic rehearsal
Visuo-spatial sketch pad
Used for maintaining and processing visuo-
spatial information
Episodic buffer
Used for storage of a multimodal code, holding
an integrated episode between systems using
different codes
51. Working Memory Model
Central executive
Focuses attention on relevant items and inhibits
irrelevant ones
Plans sequence of tasks to accomplish goals,
schedules processes in complex tasks, often switches
attention between different parts
Updates and checks content to determine next step in
sequence
63. Process-Dissociations in Memory
Single dissociations
Single variable affects one expression of memory,
explicit or implicit, but not the other
Double dissociations
Single variable has opposite effects on explicit and
implicit memory
Demonstrate that two processes are mediated by separate
brain systems
64. Amnesia Studies
Study anterograde amnesiacs using
implicit and explicit memory tests
Amnesiacs show normal priming
(implicit), but poor recognition
memory (explicit)
They did not remember having seen
the word list, but completed the word
fragments at the same rate as
normals
65. Alzheimer’s Disease
Leads to memory loss and dementia in
older population
Over the age of 65 are labeled “late
onset”
“Early onset” is rare but can affect those
in their mid 30s and in middle age
66. • Atrophy of the cortical tissue
– Alzheimer’s brains shows abnormal fibers that
appear to be tangles of brain tissue and senile
plaques (patches of degenerative nerve endings)
– The resulting damage of these conditions may
lead to disruption of impulses in neurons
Alzheimer’s Disease and the
Brain
67. Alzheimer’s Disease
Symptoms (gradual, continuous, and
irreversible)
Memory loss
Problems doing familiar tasks
Problems with language
Trouble knowing the time, date, or place
Poor or decreased judgment
Problems with abstract thinking
Misplacing things often, such as keys
Changes in mood, behavior, and personality
These symptoms could be an early sign of
Alzheimer’s when it affects daily life