Evaluation is critical component in public policy and other forms of policy. Thus this slides gives a short overview of relevance of Evaluation in every capacity.
Overall, assessments are used either as a Programmatic Assessment or as a Learning Assessment. One of the most familiar learning assessments is the multiple choice assessment that reflects the typical pen and paper traditional classroom test (Popham, 2006). However, these tests are not very easy to construct to ensure validity due to unclear directions, ambiguous statements, unintended clues, complicated syntax and difficult vocabulary (Popham, 2006). Other learning assessments with construct validity, such as the essay and the reflective journal, tend to focus on student-centered pedagogy. These assessments are ideal for assessing the learning outcomes of the individual and increase the student’s personal responsibility for their own learning. This reading document provides a brief summary of assessment tools that are available for both programmatic and learning.
EDLD808 Program Evaluation Final Project - Online EducationPaul Gruhn
This presentation is a summary of a program evaluation project I performed on the CSC230 Database for Web Applications course, which I teach online, to Community College Students.
Evaluation is critical component in public policy and other forms of policy. Thus this slides gives a short overview of relevance of Evaluation in every capacity.
Overall, assessments are used either as a Programmatic Assessment or as a Learning Assessment. One of the most familiar learning assessments is the multiple choice assessment that reflects the typical pen and paper traditional classroom test (Popham, 2006). However, these tests are not very easy to construct to ensure validity due to unclear directions, ambiguous statements, unintended clues, complicated syntax and difficult vocabulary (Popham, 2006). Other learning assessments with construct validity, such as the essay and the reflective journal, tend to focus on student-centered pedagogy. These assessments are ideal for assessing the learning outcomes of the individual and increase the student’s personal responsibility for their own learning. This reading document provides a brief summary of assessment tools that are available for both programmatic and learning.
EDLD808 Program Evaluation Final Project - Online EducationPaul Gruhn
This presentation is a summary of a program evaluation project I performed on the CSC230 Database for Web Applications course, which I teach online, to Community College Students.
The presentation is a systematic and comprehensive formative evaluation plan to investigate the implementation of social studies education for Democratic citizenship (SSEDC) in the mature stage. The lead evaluator will select a team to guide and conduct key actions throughout the evaluation process. The plan will begin with the Grades K-6 program description, followed by the theoretical framework, including the research questions that will guide the project over a 12-week period. The methodology will be mixed method survey design, using multiple methods to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The sampled target group will include various stakeholders in the school community, including the implementers and others as the need arises. Content and descriptive data analyses will be the suggested methods to extract themes and concepts and highlight possible findings influenced by (a) teachers’ understanding of SSEDC goal; (b) methods used by teachers; and (c) problems the teachers are experiencing during the implementation process. The evidence will form the basis for findings and conclusions, and for recommending strategies for improvement of SSEDC. The evaluation team will put measures in place to promote accurate results, and efficient reporting procedures. The evaluation team will put efficient reporting procedures or measures in place respected by the internal stakeholders – designers and implementers.
Applying a Reverse Induction Process for Improved Definition of Higher Educat...Helen Farley
Scoping out the detail of a Higher Education research project can be a time-consuming and frustrating experience. The excitement of a research project is frequently stifled by the tedious process of mapping out project activities, estimating required resources and developing project schedules.
Reverse induction provides a fresh approach to defining technology-supported research projects. In much the same way as new product development must be guided by an understanding of customer needs, reverse induction focuses on research outcomes before formulating research aims. Using a systematic process of backward reasoning, researchers can define a project concept in a structured and efficient manner. There is significant potential for reverse induction to deliver time and cost savings in a complex and challenging Higher Education environment.
"Assessing Outcomes in CGIAR: Practical Approaches and Methods" training by Burt Perrin for CGIAR Evaluation Community of Practice (ECOP), 2nd annual workshop 2014
The presentation is a systematic and comprehensive formative evaluation plan to investigate the implementation of social studies education for Democratic citizenship (SSEDC) in the mature stage. The lead evaluator will select a team to guide and conduct key actions throughout the evaluation process. The plan will begin with the Grades K-6 program description, followed by the theoretical framework, including the research questions that will guide the project over a 12-week period. The methodology will be mixed method survey design, using multiple methods to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The sampled target group will include various stakeholders in the school community, including the implementers and others as the need arises. Content and descriptive data analyses will be the suggested methods to extract themes and concepts and highlight possible findings influenced by (a) teachers’ understanding of SSEDC goal; (b) methods used by teachers; and (c) problems the teachers are experiencing during the implementation process. The evidence will form the basis for findings and conclusions, and for recommending strategies for improvement of SSEDC. The evaluation team will put measures in place to promote accurate results, and efficient reporting procedures. The evaluation team will put efficient reporting procedures or measures in place respected by the internal stakeholders – designers and implementers.
Applying a Reverse Induction Process for Improved Definition of Higher Educat...Helen Farley
Scoping out the detail of a Higher Education research project can be a time-consuming and frustrating experience. The excitement of a research project is frequently stifled by the tedious process of mapping out project activities, estimating required resources and developing project schedules.
Reverse induction provides a fresh approach to defining technology-supported research projects. In much the same way as new product development must be guided by an understanding of customer needs, reverse induction focuses on research outcomes before formulating research aims. Using a systematic process of backward reasoning, researchers can define a project concept in a structured and efficient manner. There is significant potential for reverse induction to deliver time and cost savings in a complex and challenging Higher Education environment.
"Assessing Outcomes in CGIAR: Practical Approaches and Methods" training by Burt Perrin for CGIAR Evaluation Community of Practice (ECOP), 2nd annual workshop 2014
This presentation has a vivid description of the basics of doing a program evaluation, with detailed explanation of the " Log Frame work " ( LFA) with practical example from the CLICS project. This presentation also includes the CDC framework for evaluation of program.
N.B: Kindly open the ppt in slide share mode to fully use all the animations wheresoever made.
Slides focused on the essence of Japanese health care system for the elderly.and how to teach it. Community-based integrated care system is the core content.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. Project
Management
Hirotaka Onishi MD, PhD, MHPE
Dept of International Cooperation for Medical Education
International Research Center for Medical Education
Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo
2. Project
Latin verb proicere
pro : precedence, something that comes
before something else in time
icere : to throw, to do
Planned set of interrelated tasks to
be executed over a fixed period and
within certain cost and other limitations.
(http://www.businessdictionary.com/)
3. Logic Model
(Logical Framework)
Used for result-based management
Emphasize causal relationship among
input activity output outcome
impact
Identify important assumptions to
possibly affect the success
3
4. Menu
1. Overview of Logframe
2. Logframe and planning
3. Project management
4
6. Structure of Programme
Programme
Project purpose
Output
Activity
Activity
Output
Activity
Activity
Project purpose
Output
Activity
Activity
Output
Activity
Activity
6
Impact: A Development
Issue of the Partner country
Outcome
Output
7. PCM: Project Cycle with
Logframe
Plan
Do
Check
7
Recheck plan
Logframe
Implementation/monitoring
of input/activity
Achievement of
items in Logframe
Relationship
among items and
assumptions
Develop and assess
the Logframe
9. Project Design Matrix (PDM)
Narrative summary Objectively
verifiable indicators
Means of
verification
Important
assumptions
Overall goal
Indirect, long-term effects;
impact on the target society
Indicators and target
values to measure
Achievement toward
the overall goal
Information
sources for
the indicators
at left
Conditions required for the
project effects to be
sustainable
Project purpose
Direct effects on the target
group and Society
Indicators and target
values to measure
achievement toward
the project purpose
Information
sources for
the indicators
at Left
External factors which must
be met so that the project
can contribute to the overall
goal, but with uncertainty
Outputs
Goods and services that
are produced through
implementation of Activities
Indicators and target
values to measure
achievement toward
the outputs
Information
sources for
the indicators
at Left
External factors which must
be met so that the project
can contribute to the project
purpose, but with
uncertainty
Activities
Activities to produce the
outputs
Inputs
(by both Japan and the partner
country)
Resources required for activities
(people, money, materials, and
equipment)
External factors which must
be met so that the project
can produce the outputs, but
with uncertainty
Preconditions
Conditions that must be met
before activities begin
11. Causal Relationship
= “if-then” relationship
"if" the project purpose is fulfilled,
"then" it will contribute to the overall goal.
11
12. Logical Construction of Logframe
Narrative
summary
Important
assumptions
Overall goal <Sustainable
conditions>
Project purpose
and
Outputs and
Activities and
preconditions
if
then
if
then
if
then
if
then
14. PCM Planning Process
Stakeholder analysis
Problem analysis
Objective analysis
Alternatives review/
Project selection
14
Logframe
Activity planning
Analysis Planning
15. Stakeholder Analysis
In Medical Education Area
President
Dean
Senior faculty
Young leader
Leaders in
different
professionals
15
Community
leaders
City mayor
City workers
Patients
Students
・・・
16. Stakeholder Analysis
(Example of the Afghan Project)
Beneficiary Implementer Decision
maker
Sponsor
Patients
Students in
Kabul
Medical
University
(KMU)
Teachers of
KMU and
teaching
hospitals
Medical
education
development
center, KMU
Ministry of
higher
education
(MoHE)
Key teaching
staff
Chancellor of
KMU
Minister of
higher
education
Directors of
teaching
hospitals
JICA
JICA
Japanese
government
16
17. Why Use?
1. Getting Your Projects Into Shape
2. Winning Resources
3. Building Understanding
4. Getting Ahead of the Game
17
18. Tools for Problem Analysis
The problem tree
Break down many issues into manageable pieces,
causes, main problem and consequences.
Five ‘whys’ / Root cause analysis
Ask why each issue happens and moving up to a
root cause.
The fishbone analysis
Trace several factors and pursue category
causes. Other detailed causes are connected with
category causes.
18
19. Phases of Problem Analysis
Problem tree Root cause analysis Fishbone analysis
19
20. Problem Analysis
(Example of the Afghan Project)
20
Basic information Problems Needs/Wants
Old education
system from Soviet
Union
Many learned in
different countries
(Pakistan, Iran, UK,
India, etc)
Low salary from
employer (MoHE)
Dual practice
Insufficient skills for
teaching
Low level patient
care
Lack of teaching
facilities
Cash income
Teaching skills
Specialty training
Reputation
Promotion
21. Problem Analysis
Identifying Causal Relationship
Teacher-
centeredness
No need to
change teaching
strategy
Low motivation of
students
Insufficient
interaction
between teacher
and students
Lack of clinical
experiences
Low clinical
abilities
21
22. Team Approach
Analysis by a team can involve variety
of opinions/information
Stakeholder analysis
Problem analysis
Objective analysis
Alternatives review/ Project selection
22
23. Conversion from Problem
Analysis to Objective Analysis
23
Student-
centeredness
Need for
facilitation
Motivation of
students
More interaction
between teacher
and students
Meaningful clinical
experiences
Higher clinical
abilities
24. Project Selection
Construction of a new teaching hospital?
It might be destroyed by another internal war…
Monetary incentives for teaching?
External motivation for teachers will be faded in a
while…
Faculty development for student-
centeredness?
Is internal motivation for the teachers enough to
change the behaviour?
24
25. Confirmation of
“Killer Assumption”
If an external condition is important and
the possibility to satisfy the condition is
very low, it is too difficult to achieve it
and called as “killer assumption.”
You should select alternative project to
avoid killer assumption.
25
26. How to Identify Important
Assumptions
26
Is the condition important for
the project?
Is the condition controllable
from the project?
How about probability of the
condition to be fulfilled?
Is it possible to change project
content?
Change part of project content
not to be affected by the condition
Not important
assumption
Not important
assumption
Not important
assumption
Killer assumption: The
project is bound to fail
Important assumption
(to be described in the
Logframe and monitored)
no
no
yes
not likely
yes
yes
almost certain
no
27. Narrative summary Important
assumptions
Overall goal
Indirect, long-term effects;
impact on the target society
Conditions required for the
project effects to be
sustainable
Project purpose
Direct effects on the target
group and Society
External factors which must be
met so that the project can
contribute to the overall goal,
but with uncertainty
Outputs
Goods and services that are
produced through
implementation of Activities
External factors which must be
met so that the project can
contribute to the project
purpose, but with Uncertainty
Activities
Activities to produce the
outputs
External factors which must be
met so that the project can
produce the outputs, but with
Uncertainty
Preconditions
Conditions that must be met
before activities begin
28. Indicators, Means of
Verification, Input
Set objectively measurable indicators
Relate indicators with activities
Select Means of Verification
Describe Inputs from both parties
Educational resources including human
resource, facility/equipment, personnel, etc
28
29. Narrative summary Objectively
verifiable indicators
Means of
verification
Important
assumptions
Overall goal
Indirect, long-term effects;
impact on the target society
Indicators and target
values to measure
Achievement toward
the overall goal
Information
sources for
the indicators
at left
Project purpose
Direct effects on the target
group and Society
Indicators and target
values to measure
achievement toward
the project purpose
Information
sources for
the indicators
at Left
Outputs
Goods and services that are
produced through
implementation of Activities
Indicators and target
values to measure
achievement toward
the outputs
Information
sources for
the indicators
at Left
Activities
Activities to produce the
outputs
Inputs
(by both Japan and the partner
country)
Resources required for activities
(people, money, materials, and
equipment)
30. Logic Model
Also called as logical framework, project cycle
(Kellogg Foundation, 2001)
Purpose: To assess the causal relationships
between the elements of the program
Evaluation for international assistance projects
are conducted by this framework
input activity output outcome impact
32. Common Framework
Improvement of
Medical Education
System
Development of new curricula
and/or improvement of existing
curricula
Improvement of educational
management including resources,
scheduling, motivation, etc.
Training of trainers (TOT) –
disseminating new educational
model to other teachers
32
Project Goal Outputs
33. Organize Activity Plan Table
Objective 1
Curriculum
development
Objective 2
Teaching
management
Objective 3
TOT
Activities
Outputs
Project purposes
Schedule
In-charge
Equipment
Budget
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35. Regular Check for the
Progress/Management
Person in charge of the management must
check if the progress/management is OK
between the real settings and the check
sheet regularly.
Frequency may vary
If the management doesn’t follow the plan,
persons in leadership position must make
decision to change the plan or to ask for
further effort
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36. Checking Points
Is the resources/supports for each output/activity are
enough? (human resources, political supports,
counterparts’ contribution, time, safety…)
Are outputs/activities appropriate in the settings and
schedule? (mismatch with the ability/time conflict of
the counterparts, language barrier…)
Are facilities/equipment are sufficient to implement
the activities? (too many students in a small facility,
low quality of the printing machines…)
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Editor's Notes
In project management, projects are the main target. In this regard, a programme is functioning as the umbrella function to integrate multiple projects. Each project has several outputs and each output has several activities. If we see the continuity of the outputs, outcomes and impacts, a project manages outcome-level issues and a programme manages impact-level issues.
PCM, project cycle management, is using logframe for the cyclic management of plan, do and check. This is similar to project cycle management, often called PDCA cycle. In the planning stage managers develop and assess the logframe. Then in the doing stage the project is implemented and monitored for inputs and activities. And then, in the checking stage, implementation and planning is checked. Before moving to the next planning stage this cycle itself is also checked.
This is an example plan for urban sanitation project. Here urban sanitation is a programme and five items are different projects.
PDM, project design matrix, is a table sheet for overviewing the items in the project. In the left column, the project purpose is the main target of the project. There are several outputs under the project purpose. Overall goal is a bigger aim of the project, not achievable only by the project. All the overall goal, the project purpose and the outputs have objectively verifiable indicators. Indicators are better to be expressed quantitatively but some indictors might be qualitative ones. Means of verification are information sources for the indicators. Right column is the assumptions to achieve outputs, the project purpose and the overall goal. Activities are broken-down items under outputs. Inputs are resources supplied by both the donner country and the recipient country.
Different levels of purposes are connected by if-then relationship.
Logframe consists of different levels of in-then connections.
If precondtions are satisfied, experts will start activities.
If the assumptions for outputs are met, outputs can be achievable.
If the assumptions for the project purpose, the project purpose can be achievable.
You can use the opinions of your most powerful stakeholders to help define your projects at an early stage. These stakeholders will then more likely support you, and their input can also improve the quality of your project.
Gaining support from powerful stakeholders can help you to win more resources, such as people, time or money. This makes it more likely that your projects will be successful.
By communicating with your stakeholders early and often, you can ensure that they fully grasp what you’re doing and understand the benefits of your project. This means that they can more actively support you when necessary.
Understanding your stakeholders means that you can anticipate and predict their reactions to your project as it develops. This allows you to plan actions that will more likely win their support.
In Afghanistan, an important assumption was “another internal war will destroy many buildings in Kabul (the capital of Afghanistan). To avoid the influence from possible internal war, we did not build a hospital there. Possible killer assumption was that all the experts who were trained in Japan would die (like late 1970s in Cambodia) or escape from the country (brain drain).
This is an example Gantt Chart. Any project is time-bound, so plan of each activity is described in the table. Some outputs/activities are simultaneously started (Start to start) to support the each other’s progress. Some outputs/activities are consecutively connected (Finish to start) to follow the completion of an output/activity. Other outputs/activities are synchronously finished (Finish to finish).
The break line between years of 2020 and 2021 is the current timing. Blue data are the evaluation of completion for each activity. Due to the delay of activity 1-2, activity 1-3 is not started yet. Output 2 is also a bit delayed.