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04 gas lift_equipment
This document provides information on gas lift valve mechanics, including the three basic types of gas lift valves, how they operate, and the forces involved in opening and closing them. It discusses unloading valves, orifice valves, and how gas lift valves close in sequence from the bottom of the well upward. Diagrams show the components of different gas lift valve designs and the formulas used to calculate valve opening and closing pressures.
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04 gas lift_equipment
- 1. © CAMCO 1998 GASLIFT VALVE MECHANICS
- 2. © CAMCO 1998 3basic types of gas lift valve, each available in 1” & 1-1/2” sizes: Dummy valves Orifice valves Unloading valves • Square edgedSquare edged • Venturi (nova)Venturi (nova) • Injection pressure (casing)Injection pressure (casing) operated valvesoperated valves • production pressure (fluid)production pressure (fluid) operated valvesoperated valves • Throttling/proportionalThrottling/proportional response valvesresponse valves GAS LIFT VALVE MECHANICS
- 3. © CAMCO 1998 UNLOADINGVALVES
- 4. © CAMCO 1998 PressureRegulator Diaphragm/ Atmospheric Bellows Spring Stem Stem Tip Port Downstream Upstream Spring Operated Gas Lift Valve Upstream/ Casing Downstream/Tubing
- 5. © CAMCO 1998 VALVEOPENING & CLOSING PRESSURES UN BALANCED VALVEUN BALANCED VALVE F = P X AF = P X A Pc 1 PdPd PtPt WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSEDWHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED TO OPEN IT…..TO OPEN IT….. Pd x Ab=Pd x Ab= Pc 1 (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap PdPd Pc 2 WHEN THE VALVE IS OPENWHEN THE VALVE IS OPEN TO CLOSE IT…..TO CLOSE IT….. Pd =Pd = Pc 2 (Ab)
- 6. © CAMCO 1998 CLOSINGFORCE (IPO VALVE) Fc = PbAb OPENING FORCES (IPO VALVE) Fo1 = Pc (Ab- Ap) Fo2 = Pt Ap TOTAL OPENING FORCE Fo = Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap JUST BEFORE THE VALVE OPENS THE FORCES ARE EQUAL Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap = Pb Ab Pb - Pt (Ap/Ab) SOLVING FOR Pc Pc = -------------------------- 1 - (Ap/Ab) WHERE: Pb = Pressure in bellows Pt = Tubing pressure Pc = Casing pressure Ab = Area of bellows Ap = Area of port VALVE OPENING & CLOSING PRESSURES
- 7. © CAMCO 1998 VALVEOPENING & CLOSING PRESSURES Pb - Pt (Ap/Ab) Pc = ---------------------- 1 - (Ap/Ab) Where R = Ratio Ap/Ab Pb - Pt (R) Pc = ---------------------- 1 - R Pb = Pc (1 - R) + Pt (R)
- 8. © CAMCO 1998 INJECTIONGAS PRODUCED FLUID 0 2000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 4000 1000 2000 DEPTHFTTVD TUBING PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE 1500500 2500 DRAWDOWN 3000 3500 FBHP SIBHP
- 9. © CAMCO 1998 GASLIFT VALVES CLOSE IN SEQUENCE 0 2000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 4000 1000 2000 DEPTHFTTVD TUBING PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE 1500500 2500 DRAWDOWN 3000 3500 FBHP SIBHP
- 10. © CAMCO 1998 INJECTIONGAS PRODUCED FLUID CASING P.CASING P. TO OPENTO OPEN CASING PCASING P TO CLOSETO CLOSE AT SURFACEAT SURFACE VALVE # 1VALVE # 1 VALVE # 2VALVE # 2 VALVE # 3VALVE # 3 DOME P.DOME P. 1200 PSI1200 PSI 1260 PSI1260 PSI 1300 PSI1300 PSI NOTE : ALL VALVES 3/16” R-20NOTE : ALL VALVES 3/16” R-20 R = 0.038 1-R = 0.962R = 0.038 1-R = 0.962 Pd = Pc (1-R) + Pt (R)Pd = Pc (1-R) + Pt (R) TUBING P.TUBING P. @ DEPTH@ DEPTH 890 PSI890 PSI 740 PSI740 PSI 560 PSI560 PSI ? PSI? PSI ? PSI? PSI ? PSI? PSI 1340 PSI1340 PSI ? PSI? PSI
- 11. © CAMCO 1998 Pt Pc Pb Dome Bellows SquareEdged Seat Check Valve Chevron Packing Stack Nitrogen Charged Bellows Type Injection Pressure (Casing) Operated Gas Lift Valve Chevron Packing Stack Stem Tip (Ball) Pt Pc Pb Dome Bellows Check Valve Chevron Packing Stack Nitrogen Charged Bellows Type Production Pressure (Fluid) Operated Gas Lift Valve Chevron Packing Stack Stem Tip (Ball) Square Edged Seat
- 12. © CAMCO 1998 Pt Pc PbDome Bellows Tapered T.C.Seat Check Valve Chevron Packing Stack Nitrogen Charged Bellows Type Proportional Response Gas Lift Valve Chevron Packing Stack Spring Large T.C. Ball Pt Pc Atmospheric Bellows Square Edged Seat Check Valve Chevron Packing Stack Spring Operated Injection Pressure (Casing) Operated Gas Lift Valve Chevron Packing Stack Stem Tip (Ball) Spring Adjustment Nut & Lock Nuts
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- 15. © CAMCO 1998 GASLIFT VALVE FEATURES • Bellows protection • Max dome charge • Check valve • Stem travel • Metallurgy • Elastomers • Max fluid rate
- 16. © CAMCO 1998 UNLOADINGGAS LIFT VALVE • Normally required during unloading phase only • Open only when annulus and tubing pressures are high enough to overcome valve set pressure • Valve closes after transfer to next station • May be spring or nitrogen charged
- 17. © CAMCO 1998 ORIFICEVALVES THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF ORIFICE VALVE: • SQUARED EDGED ORIFICE • VENTURI (NOVA) • Valve designed for accurate gas passage prediction. • One-way check valve for tubing integrity.
- 18. © CAMCO 1998 NOVAVALVENOVA VALVE
- 19. © CAMCO 1998 OPERATINGGAS LIFT VALVE • Typically an ‘orifice’ type Gas lift valve • always open - allows gas across Passage whenever correct differential exists • Gas injection controlled by size and differential across replaceable choke • Back-check prevents reverse flow of well fluids from the production conduit
- 20. © CAMCO 1998 GASLIFT MANDRELS, LATCHES & KICKOVER TOOLS
- 21. © CAMCO 1998 GASLIFT MANDRELS SIDE POCKET MANDRELS CONVENTIONAL MANDREL
- 22. © CAMCO 1998 51/2” MMRG-4, 1 1/2” POCKET ROUND MANDREL DESIGN ENGINEERING DATA CAMCO ©CAMCO 1996 PART NUMBER 05712-000-00001 SIZE 5 1/2” MAX O.D. 7.982” MIN I.D. 4.756” DRIFT I.D. 4.653” THREAD 17 LB/FT MANN BDS B x P TEST PRESSURE INTERNAL 7740 PSI TEST PRESSURE EXTERNAL 6280 PSI LATCH TYPE RK, RK-1, RKP, RK-SP KICKOVER TOOL OM-1, OM-1M, OM-1S RUNNING TOOL RK-1 15079 PULLING TOOL 1 5/8” JDS 15155 MATERIAL 410 S.S., 13 CR 22 HRC MAX TENSILE STRENGTH (EOEC) 490,000 LBS Orienting Sleeve Tool Discriminator ‘G’ Latch Lug Polished Seal Bore
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- 27. © CAMCO 1998 RK/ BK LATCH THERE ARE OTHER LATCHES • 1-1/2” RK • 1-1/2” RA • 1-1/2” RM • T2 LATCHES • 1” BK
- 28. © CAMCO 1998 KICKOVERTOOL THE KICKOVER TOOL IS RUN ON WIRELINE AND USED TO PULL AND SET GAS LIFT VALVES. THE ABILITY TO WIRELINE CHANGE-OUT GAS LIFT VALVES GIVES GREAT FLEXIBILITY IN THE GAS LIFT DESIGN
- 29. © CAMCO 1998 INJECTIONGAS PRODUCED FLUID PRESSURE (PSI) DEPTH(FTTVD) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 0 1000 20000 OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE CASING PRESSURE WHEN WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED FBHP SIBHP FLOWINGTUBINGPRESSUREGRADIENT CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL DAY 2 “LET’S DO GAS LIFT DESIGN” • Recap • Finish off outstanding work • Gas Lift Well Kick-off • Gas laws applied to gas lift design • Gas Passage • Flowing gradient exercises • Gas lift design methods • Gas lift design - examples •Mandrel spacing •Gas requirements •Port size selection •Pressure valve calculations
- 30. © CAMCO 1998 INJECTIONGAS PRODUCED FLUID PRESSURE (PSI) DEPTH(FTTVD) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 0 1000 20000 OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE CASING PRESSURE WHEN WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED FBHP SIBHP FLOWINGTUBINGPRESSUREGRADIENT CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL RECAP - DAY 1 “ARM OURSELVES WITH THE KNOWLEDGE TO DO GAS LIFT DESIGN” • Course introduction • Introduction to artificial lift • Types of gas lift • Applications of continuous flow gas lift • Advantages & disadvantages of gas lift • Basic introduction to gas lift principles • Continuous flow unloading sequence • Inflow and outflow performance • Gas lift valve mechanics • Gas lift mandrels, latches, kickover tools • Unloading sequence - computer model
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- 33. © CAMCO 1998 GASLIFT VALVE CHANGEOUTS! • Methodical • Equalise pressure • Valve catcher • Latches • Running / pulling tools • Pressure tests • Experience • Risk
- 34. © CAMCO 1998 EQUIPMENTSUMMARY • Side pocket mandrels • IPO unloading valves • Fluid pressure operated valves • Proportional response valves • Orifice valves • Shear open valves • Latch system • Dump kill valves • Circulating valves • Pilot valves • Check systems • Waterflood regulators • Chemical injection systems • Time cycle controllers
- 35. © CAMCO 1998 SURFACEACTUATED/CONTROLLED GAS LIFT VALVE • Hydraulic controlled valve • Electric controlled valve
Editor's Notes
- #4 UNLOADING VALVES - DESIGNED TO CLOSED. PRESSURE REGULATORS - DIFFERENT CLOSING MECHANISMS *WHY SPRING? WHY NITROGEN)
- #5 BASICALLY A PRESSURE REGULATOR OR PRV -SET TO RELIEVE PRESSURE FROM THE CASING.
- #7 NOTE ; ‘UNBALANCED’ OPENING FORCE IN TERMS OF THE CASING PRESSURE IS DIFFERENT THAN THE CLOSING PRESSURE IN TERMS OF THE CASING PRESSURE. THE FORCES REMAIN CONSTANT BUT THE AFFECTED AREAS ON WHICH THE CASING ORESSURE ACTS CHANGES
- #22 MANDRELS ONLY WELDED ITEM IN THE COMPLETION MANDREL - HOLDS THE TOOL IN THIS CASE THE VALVE CONVENTIAONL V’S WIRELINE RETRIEVABLE
- #23 ELABORATE ON WELDING , FORGING & MACHINING SECTIONS DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT METALLURGIES AND DIFFICULTIES WITH WELDING & TREATING ESPECICALLY INCONEL.
- #29 KICKOVER TOOLS - SHOW THE KICKOVER MODEL
- #30 FIRST DAY WE WILL HAVE CONCENTRATED ON FLUID MECHANICS & ONLY BRIEFLY ON EQUIPMENT. DAY 2 = APPLYING FLUID PRINCIPLES TO A GAS LIFT DESGIN (SPM SPACING & VALVE CALCS) THIS FIRST DESIGN CAN BE DONE COLLECTIVELY (PREFERRED) OR INDIVIDUALLY EQUIPMENT : SPMS - CUT-AWAYS LATCHES - LATCH PROFILES RUNNING PULLING TOOLS - MENTION DIFFERENCES EXAMPLES OF FLUID DAMAGE
- #31 INSTRUCTORS - RB ATTENDEES / BACKGROUNDS CONTENTS & AIMS OF COURSE (PUT ONTO FLIP PAPER FINISH FRIDAY LUNCH TIME
- #36 TAKE 25 MINS - AJ 20 MINS - 45 OVERALL