Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Mehnoor Farheen*, Tayyaba Siddiqua
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Mehnoor Farheen*, Tayyaba Siddiqua
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and its occurrence is increasing fast in most of the countries. Herbal medicine derived from plant extracts have been utilized increasingly for the treatment of various disorders like diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti diabetic activity of ‘Herbamed’, a herbal formulation composed of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats model.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
Three week dietary intervention using
apricots, pomegranate juice or/and
fermented sour sobya and impact on
biomarkers of antioxidative activity, oxidative stress and erythrocytic glutathione transferase activity among adults
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and its occurrence is increasing fast in most of the countries. Herbal medicine derived from plant extracts have been utilized increasingly for the treatment of various disorders like diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti diabetic activity of ‘Herbamed’, a herbal formulation composed of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats model.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
Three week dietary intervention using
apricots, pomegranate juice or/and
fermented sour sobya and impact on
biomarkers of antioxidative activity, oxidative stress and erythrocytic glutathione transferase activity among adults
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
Comparative Studies of the Aqueous Extracts of OcimumGratissimum, Aloe Vera, ...IOSR Journals
The current orthodox treatment modalities for diabetic mellitus have many setbacks including undesirable side effects and the high cost of long term treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-diabetic effectsand compare some biochemical parameters of four plants; Ocimumgratissimum (OG),Aloe vera (AV), Brassica oleracea(BO) and Ipomoea batatas(IB) on alloxan induced diabetic rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence ofalkaloid, tannin, cardiac glycoside, resin and steroids in all four plants. Diabetic was induced by interperitonial injection of alloxan monohydrate while treatment was done for 21 days. Diabetic rats had significant increased (P˂0.05)cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and artherogenic index (AI). Treatment of experimental rats with 150 mg/kg bw. of aqueous extractsof plants significantly decrease (P˂0.05) the levels of cholesterol and LDL in OG and BO treated groups when compare with the control. Computed artherogenic index was significantly reduced (P˂0.05) in AV treated group when compared to the control. Aqueous extracts also significantly (P˂0.05) alter serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in a similar manner with metformin treated group. Result showed that decrease in plasma glucose was in the order IB˃OG˃BO˃AV. All plant extracts possess antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic effects and were able to ameliorate the weight loss observed in diabetic rats
Catharanthus roseus Combination Therapy with Orthodox Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs...Ram Sahu
Most of the chronic diseases including diabetes mellitus are difficult to treat successfully with orthodox drugs. Investigation in complementary and alternative medicines is now being intensified to proffer lasting solution. Natural products and their derivatives may be considered as a potential source of novel compounds which can combine with orthodox drugs to enhance their hypoglycemic effect. To investigate the complementary and synergistic effect of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) leaves extract with oral hypoglycemic synthetic drugs sulphonylurea (glibenclamide) and biguanide (metformin). Experimental induction of diabetes in rats using alloxan model was employed. Five rats each of six groups were used. Group I received distilled water only. Groups II, III and IV received 250 mg/kg of methanol extract, 100 mg/kg of biguanide (metformin) and 1 mg/kg of sulphonylurea (glibenclamide), respectively. Groups V and VI received extract-metformin and extract-glibenclamide combination at doses as above, respectively. Administration of the six groups was carried out once daily for seven days. At 2, 12, 24, 72 and 168 h, fasting blood glucose was determined using a glucometer. When compared with control alone, all medicaments significantly (p<0.05) lowered blood glucose levels. The highest percentage reduction in blood glucose (64.9%) occurred with extract-biguanide (metformin) combination. The leaves extract of C. roseus – biguanide (metformin) combination offered a promising novel approach to diabetes mellitus treatment.
A Prospective Study of Biochemical Assay in Mice Fed Refined Sugar Diet and U...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
The current study sought to investigate the capacities of single and combinatorial herbal formulations of
leaf extracts of Acanthus montanus, Asystasia gangetica, Emilia coccinea, and Hibiscus rosasinensis to
reverse hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. Phytochemical composition
of the herbal extracts, fasting plasma glucose concentration (FPGC), and serum lipid profile (SLP) of
the rats were measured by standard methods. The relative abundance of phytochemicals in the four
experimental leaf extracts was in the following order: flavonoids > alkaloids > saponins > tannins.
Hyperglycemic rats (HyGR) treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence
of reduced FPGC compared with the untreated HyGR and were normoglycemic (FPGC < 110.0 mg/dL).
Similarly, HyGR treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence of readjustments
in their SLPs. Generally, HyGR treated with triple herbal formulations (THfs) exhibited the
highest atherogenic index compared with HyGR treated with single herbal formulations (SHfs), double
herbal formulations (DHfs), and quadruple herbal formulation (QHf). The display of synergy or antagonism
by the composite herbal extracts in ameliorating hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia depended on the
type and number of individual herbal extract used in constituting the experimental herbal formulations.
Furthermore, the capacities of the herbal formulations (SHfs, DHfs, THfs, and QHf) to exert glycemic
control and reverse dyslipidemia did not follow predictable patterns in the animal models.
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
Comparative Studies of the Aqueous Extracts of OcimumGratissimum, Aloe Vera, ...IOSR Journals
The current orthodox treatment modalities for diabetic mellitus have many setbacks including undesirable side effects and the high cost of long term treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-diabetic effectsand compare some biochemical parameters of four plants; Ocimumgratissimum (OG),Aloe vera (AV), Brassica oleracea(BO) and Ipomoea batatas(IB) on alloxan induced diabetic rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence ofalkaloid, tannin, cardiac glycoside, resin and steroids in all four plants. Diabetic was induced by interperitonial injection of alloxan monohydrate while treatment was done for 21 days. Diabetic rats had significant increased (P˂0.05)cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and artherogenic index (AI). Treatment of experimental rats with 150 mg/kg bw. of aqueous extractsof plants significantly decrease (P˂0.05) the levels of cholesterol and LDL in OG and BO treated groups when compare with the control. Computed artherogenic index was significantly reduced (P˂0.05) in AV treated group when compared to the control. Aqueous extracts also significantly (P˂0.05) alter serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in a similar manner with metformin treated group. Result showed that decrease in plasma glucose was in the order IB˃OG˃BO˃AV. All plant extracts possess antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic effects and were able to ameliorate the weight loss observed in diabetic rats
Catharanthus roseus Combination Therapy with Orthodox Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs...Ram Sahu
Most of the chronic diseases including diabetes mellitus are difficult to treat successfully with orthodox drugs. Investigation in complementary and alternative medicines is now being intensified to proffer lasting solution. Natural products and their derivatives may be considered as a potential source of novel compounds which can combine with orthodox drugs to enhance their hypoglycemic effect. To investigate the complementary and synergistic effect of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) leaves extract with oral hypoglycemic synthetic drugs sulphonylurea (glibenclamide) and biguanide (metformin). Experimental induction of diabetes in rats using alloxan model was employed. Five rats each of six groups were used. Group I received distilled water only. Groups II, III and IV received 250 mg/kg of methanol extract, 100 mg/kg of biguanide (metformin) and 1 mg/kg of sulphonylurea (glibenclamide), respectively. Groups V and VI received extract-metformin and extract-glibenclamide combination at doses as above, respectively. Administration of the six groups was carried out once daily for seven days. At 2, 12, 24, 72 and 168 h, fasting blood glucose was determined using a glucometer. When compared with control alone, all medicaments significantly (p<0.05) lowered blood glucose levels. The highest percentage reduction in blood glucose (64.9%) occurred with extract-biguanide (metformin) combination. The leaves extract of C. roseus – biguanide (metformin) combination offered a promising novel approach to diabetes mellitus treatment.
A Prospective Study of Biochemical Assay in Mice Fed Refined Sugar Diet and U...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
The current study sought to investigate the capacities of single and combinatorial herbal formulations of
leaf extracts of Acanthus montanus, Asystasia gangetica, Emilia coccinea, and Hibiscus rosasinensis to
reverse hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. Phytochemical composition
of the herbal extracts, fasting plasma glucose concentration (FPGC), and serum lipid profile (SLP) of
the rats were measured by standard methods. The relative abundance of phytochemicals in the four
experimental leaf extracts was in the following order: flavonoids > alkaloids > saponins > tannins.
Hyperglycemic rats (HyGR) treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence
of reduced FPGC compared with the untreated HyGR and were normoglycemic (FPGC < 110.0 mg/dL).
Similarly, HyGR treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence of readjustments
in their SLPs. Generally, HyGR treated with triple herbal formulations (THfs) exhibited the
highest atherogenic index compared with HyGR treated with single herbal formulations (SHfs), double
herbal formulations (DHfs), and quadruple herbal formulation (QHf). The display of synergy or antagonism
by the composite herbal extracts in ameliorating hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia depended on the
type and number of individual herbal extract used in constituting the experimental herbal formulations.
Furthermore, the capacities of the herbal formulations (SHfs, DHfs, THfs, and QHf) to exert glycemic
control and reverse dyslipidemia did not follow predictable patterns in the animal models.
Anti diabectic effect of guava leaves upon alloxan
Similar to Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Mehnoor Farheen*, Tayyaba Siddiqua
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Prenatal nutrition; nutrient recommendations before, during & after pregnancypharmaindexing
Nutrition before and during pregnancy has a profound effect on the development of infants. This is a rather critical time for healthy fetal development as infants rely heavily on maternal stores and nutrient for optimal growth and health outcome later in life. Prenatal nutrition addresses nutrient recommendations before and during pregnancy. Birth weight of the newborn at delivery reflects the sufficiency and the quality of maternal nutrient for the fetus during pregnancy. Prenatal nutrition has a strong influence on birth weight and further development of the infant.The present paper reviews the role of prenatal nutrition in pregnancy.
Download this article on:
https://ijamscr.com/ijamscr/article/view/23
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N Sriram
Editor
IJAMSCR
Evaluation of anti-diabetic potential of leaves of nelumbo nucifera in strept...pharmaindexing
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nymphaeaceae), also known as sacred lotus, is a well known medicinal plant. Nelumbo nucifera (family Nymphaeaceae) are free floating plants.The methanolic extract of Nelumbo nucifera leaves was obtained by soxhlet extraction apparatus. The extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening by using standard procedures.The toxicity studies and dose fixation were carried out by using OECD 425 guideline. According to OECD 425 guideline toxicity study no toxic symptoms were observed up to dose 2000 mg/kg.The anti diabetic effect of Nelumbo nucifera leaf methanolic extract given in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of methanolic extract for 15 days in diabetic mice exhibits highly significant (P < 0.01) antidiabetic activity and also alters the body weight significantly . The data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's test.The observations confirm that methanolic extract of NELUMBO NUCIFERA leaf and stem has antidiabetic activity due to presence of alkaloids,aminoacids, saponins, glycosides, triterpenoid, vitamins etc There is a need of further investigation to isolate and identify the principle chemical constituents for its anti diabetic property.
Effect of Ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on lipid profile of str...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Poor control of diabetes mellitus can result to impairment in lipid profile culminating to dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease and stroke. Measurement of triglyceride (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are recommended in cardiovascular screening. Herbal and natural products have been used in folk medicine for centuries throughout the world. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on lipid profile of streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. All the chemicals and reagents used in this research were of analytical grade. A total of 48 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=8): diabetic rats in group 1 were not treated, rather received only 0.5ml normal saline; 0.5mg glibenclamide was given to diabetic rats in group 2; non-diabetic rats in group 3 received 0.5ml normal saline only, diabetic rats that were treated with 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata, were labeled groups 4, 5 and 6, respectively. At the end of the 21 days study period, the rats were fasted overnight and blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture. Lipid profile was assayed using standard biochemical methods. Injection of streptozotocin led to a significant (p<0.05) decline in HDL-C while the levels of TAG, TC, and LDL-C increased significantly. Remarkably, treatment with 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata led to reversal of the altered lipid profile. However, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) when the Chromolaena odorata extract-treated groups were compared to group 2 rats (treated with glibenclamide), a known standard antidiabetic drug. In conclusion, results from this research indicated that the ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata possess hypo-cholesterolaemic and hypo-triacylglycerolaemic effects as the extract decreased the LDL-cholesterol and increased the HDL-cholesterol levels.
Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, cholesterol, streptozotocin, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, dyslipidemia
Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Torbangun Extract (Coleus amboinicus Lour) on ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
Effect of Ethanol Leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers in s...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Chromolaena odorata is one of the medicinal plants that have served all through the ages as the mainstay in the treatment and preservation of human health. This research was designed to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers (ALT, ALP, AST, GGT and bilirubin) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. All chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade. Diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) single dose of 70mg/kg body weight (b.w). Forty eight (48) rats were randomly distributed into six (6) groups of 8 rats each as follows: Group 1 were diabetic rats that were given 0.5ml normal saline, rats in group 2 were diabetic rats treated with 0.5mg glibenclamide, rats in group 3 were neither induced nor treated while rats in groups 4-6 were diabetic rats treated with graded doses of 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata, respectively. Blood glucose level and hepatic markers were assayed using standard biochemical methods. The study lasted for 21 days. After an overnight fast, blood samples were collected from the animals after anaesthesia via cardiac puncture. STZ injection led to increase in glucose and bilirubin levels as well as the activities of ALT, ALP, AST and GGT. Interestingly, rats in groups 4, 5 and 6 treated with graded doses of 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata recorded significant (p<0.05) decrease in the activities of these enzymes and level of bilirubin when compared with the positive control rats (group 1). Also, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) when group 3 rats (normal rats) and group 2 (treated with glibenclamide) were compared with groups 4-6 rats treated with graded doses of ethanol extract extracts group. In conclusion, the results from this research indicated that ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata lowered the activities of liver enzymes and level of bilirubin in STZ-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. The findings in this study suggest that Chromolaena odorata ethanol root extract possess hepatoprotective potentials and hence can be used to ameliorate hepatic dysfunction-associated diseases. Further study is however advocated to unravel the mechanism of action of this plant.
Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, medicinal plants, streptozotocin, Diabetes mellitus, hepatic markers.
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF MEMECYLON TERMINALE DALZ EXTRACTS IN ALLOXAN INDUCE...Jing Zang
Memecylon terminale Dalz is an endemic plant that is exclusively present in the Western Ghat region of Southern India. The traditional healers in this region have been using this plant extract to cure disorders such as dysentery, diabetes, diarrhea, piles, haemoptysis, menorrhagia and shown to possess carminative stomachic astringent property. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of different extracts of M. terminale Dalz in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Chloroform and methanolic extracts of M. terminale Dalz leaves were screened for hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetes in Swiss albino rats. The lipid profile was also examined in diabetic rats administered with these extracts. The efficacy of these extracts was also analyzed for their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Of the two extracts, chloroform extract (500 mg/kg body weight) showed dose dependent decrease in blood glucose level which was comparable to that of control after 24 h of extract administration. On the other hand, chloroform extract also showed good lipid profile that was comparable with standard drug. As compared to chloroform extract, the methanolic extract showed good inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activity. The results of our study indicate that M. terminale Dalz plant possesses significant protective effects against alloxan induced diabetes. However, detailed structure function analysis of active ingredients of the extract is needed to be validated.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida shows Significant Antisecretory and Anti Ulce...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, the gastroprotective mechanism of aqueous extract of Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida (AEPF) was investigated. In the current study AEPF showed significant anti ulcer activity in rats. The antiulcerogenic impact of the AEPF is also associated with its antisecretory action since acid may be a major consideration of the event of ulceration. The current data also clearly demonstrated that 400 mg/kg is more effective than 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg dose of AEPF and has shown increased pH and decreased total acidity of gastric fluid. The ulcerogenic effect of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers was developed in rats that received cysteamine HCl 400 mg/kg. The exact mechanism of pathological process within the cysteamine-induced peptic ulcer model is not totally known, but hypersecretion of gastric acid, deterioration of mucosal resistance, and promotion of gastric emptying are among the possible mechanisms. In cold restraint stress-induced ulcer model, blood parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides were estimated. The significant increase in blood sugar level was discovered because, beneath nerve-racking conditions, ductless gland secretes corticosterone in man and glucocorticoid in rats. AEPF significantly reduced the elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels, which may be due to inhibition of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Therefore, it could act as a potent therapeutic agent against peptic ulcer disease.
Similar to Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Mehnoor Farheen*, Tayyaba Siddiqua (20)
Stability indicating method and validation for the simultaneous estimation of...SriramNagarajan18
Stability indicating method and validation for the simultaneous estimation of metformin and empagliflozin by using RP-HPLC in a bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms
Stability indicating method development and validation for the estimation of ...SriramNagarajan18
Stability indicating method development and validation for the estimation of Doxorubicin by using RP-HPLC method in a bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Mehnoor Farheen*, Tayyaba Siddiqua
1. Tayyaba S et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, Vol-1, Issue 1, (July- Sep.) 2015, Pg. 37- 47
37
International Journal of Farmacia
Journal Home page: www.ijfjournal.com
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of
Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and
antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats
Tayyaba Siddiqua*
St. Peter s College of Pharmacy, Madikonda, Kazipet, Andhra Pradesh 506142,
*
E-mail: Tayyaba_Siddiqua@yahoo.com
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is associated with damage to the liver, kidney and pancreas of patients. The damage varies in
proportion and susceptibility among diabetic patients. This study assessed the hepatoprotective ,nephroprotective
and antihyperglycemic activities of ethanolic extract of Scrophularia hypercifolia in alloxan induced diabetic
rats. Extraction of the ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Scrophularia hypercifolia was performed by maceration.
Thirty rats were divided into five groups. Group I consisted of normal rats that were given only sterile saline
solution and served as control group. Group II consists of normal rats that were given alloxan monohydrate
(150mg/kg B.W). Group III consists of alloxan induced diabetic rats that were given daily sterile saline solution,
drug extract (200mg/kg), Group IV consists of alloxan induced diabetic rats that were given daily sterile saline
solution, drug extract (400mg/kg) & Group V consists of alloxan induced diabetic rats that were given daily sterile
saline solution and Metformin (14.2 mg/kg body weight) respectively for 21 days by an intragastric tube with free
access to food and water. Several biochemical parameters were assessed. Oral administration of the extract resulted
in significant reduction in mean values of blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, urea, uric acid, creatinine
accompanied by an increase in the mean values of the total protein, albumin, HDL in diabetic rats. The effects
produced by this extract were closely similar to a standard antidiabetic drug, metformin. In conclusion, the present
study indicates that the ethanolic extract of S. Hypercifolia appears to exhibit nephroprotective,hepatoprotective and
antihyperglycemic activities in alloxan induced diabetic rats.Extracts was attributed due to the presence of
Flavonoids and Tannins.
Key-Words: Diabetes Mellitus, Scrophularia hypercifolia, Hepatoprotective, Nephroprotective, Anti
hyperglycemic, Alloxan, Metformin.
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a group of metabolic
diseases in which there is high blood sugar level over
a prolonged period [1]
. This high blood sugarproduces
the symptoms of frequent urination, increased thirst,
and increased hunger. Untreated, diabetes can cause
manycomplications.
Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis
and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Serious long-
term complications include heart disease,
stroke, kidney failure, foot ulcers and damage to the
eyes[2]
. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not
producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not
responding properly to the insulin produced [2]
. There
are two types of diabetes afflicting mankind. Type 1
diabetes causes damage to the liver, kidney and
pancreatic β-cells of patients. This damage varies in
proportion and susceptibility from one individual
patient to another. The liver is a vital organ in
humans, which has a wide range of functions
including detoxification of foreign substances in the
body as well as serving as the power house for
2. Tayyaba S et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, Vol-1, Issue 1, (July- Sep.) 2015, Pg. 37- 47
38
protein synthesis. Other functions of the liver
includes, building complex molecules from simple
substances absorbed from the digestive tract,
neutralization of toxins, manufacture of bile which
aids fat digestion and removal of toxins through the
bowels [3] .
On the other hand, the kidneys are vital
organs that function to keep the blood clean and
maintain chemical balance within. They process
blood to extract waste products and extra water.
These by products become urine to be ultimately
excreted from the body. The kidney serves many
other important functions, including, filtering out
wastes to be excreted in the urine, regulating blood
pressure via both urinary excretion of wastes and
initiating the renin-angiotensen hormone regulatory
system, regulating an acid-base balance via the
bicarbonate system and stimulating red blood cell
production via the release of the hormone
erythropoietin.
The pancreas contains cells that produce juices to
break down fats and proteins and a hormone known
as insulin to balance blood sugar content in the
human body. Any abnormality to these organs may
lead to organ dysfunction and threat to human life.
Diabetes is one of such causes of damage to these
organs leading to organ dysfunction and endocrine
related diseases which may be life threatening.
Several therapies are available for the treatment of
diabetes-induced hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress and
nephrotoxicity. These therapies include insulin and
various oral antidiabetic agents such as sulfonylurea,
biguanides, and α-glucosidase inhibitors, which are
used as monotherapies or in combination to achieve
better blood sugar regulation. Many of these oral
antidiabetic agents have a number of serious adverse
effects; thus, managing diabetes without any side
effects is still a challenge [4].
Several investigations
have shown that herbs and plant materials rich in
secondary compounds such as saponins, flavonoids,
phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, arginine and
glutamic acid possess hypoglycemic,
hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects in
animal models [5]
.In the absence of reliable liver and
kidney-protective drugs in medical practice, herbs
have become reliable substitutes and have so far
played significant role in the ethnopharmacological
management of various liver disorders and the
accompanying oxidative stress [6] .
In this study,
Scrophularia hypercifolia was evaluated for its use in
the management of diabetes. Genus Scrophularia is
rich in iridoid glycosides, phenylpropanoids and
flavonoids[7]
. Traditionally plants belonging to the
genus are used for the treatment of wounds [8] ,
various inflammatory conditions, fever, constipation,
swelling [9] ,
and as remedy for kidney diseases [10]
Iridoids from Scrophularia species exert
hapatoprotective activity [11] .
It is on this premise
that this work was designed to evaluate the
antihyperglycemic, hepatoprotective and
nephroprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of
the aerial parts of Scrophularia Hypercifolia in
alloxan-induced diabetes using Albino Wistar rats as
study model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection and authentication of plant material
Aerial parts of the plant Scrophularia hypercifolia,
family Scrophulariaceae were collected. from
botanical gardens of Sri Venkateshwara University,
Tirupati . The plant was taxonomically identified and
authenticated by DR. K. MADHAVA CHETTY
Assistant professor of Botany, Department of
Pharmacognosy, Sri Venkateshwara University,
Tirupathi.
Chemicals
The following chemicals were used during the
experiment to analyze and interpret the
hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and
antihyperglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of
Scrophularia hypercifolia in alloxan induced diabetic
rats. All the chemicals and reagents used for the
study were of analytical grade and were obtained
from Universal Chemical Corporation (Abids,
Hyderabad, India)
Alloxan monohydrate, Metformin, Ethanol.
Preparation of plant extract
The aerial parts were cut into pieces and subjected to
shade drying. On complete drying the pieces were
powdered and stored in air tight containers at room
temperatures. The powder was macerated with
ethanol for 7 days and then filtered. The filtrate was
evaporated to obtain extract[12]
. The extract thus
obtained was subjected for evaluation of
hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and
antihyperglycemic study.
Preliminary phytochemical screening
Standard screening test of the extract was carried out
for various plant constituents. The crude extract was
screened for the presence or absence of secondary
metabolites such as alkaloids, steroidal compounds,
3. Tayyaba S et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, Vol-1, Issue 1, (July- Sep.) 2015, Pg. 37- 47
39
phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins,
glycosides and anthraquinones using standard
procedures[13]
. The study revealed the presence of
Flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, steroids and
triterpenoids and saponins.
Acute toxicity studies
Acute toxicity study was performed for the extract
according to the acute toxic classic method as per the
method of Litchfield & Wilcoxon (1949)[14]
. Acute
toxicity study was carried out on plant extracts using
Male and female Wistar rats. The rats were fasted
overnight and the weight of each rat was recorded
just before use. The animals were divided into five
groups containing 6 animals each, the extract was
administered orally in increasing dose up to 2000
mg/kg b.w. After treatment the animals were
observed for mortality and toxicity for 72 hours. The
biological evaluation was carried out at doses of 200
and 400mg/kg body weight.
Experimental animals
Wistar rats (180-250 gms) of either sex housed in
standard conditions of temperature (55±5%) and light
(12 hrs light/dark cycles) were used. They were fed
with standard pellet diet and water ad libitum.
Animals were randomly selected for grouping. The
study protocol was approved by the Institutional
Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) of CPCSEA
(Committee for the purpose of control and
supervision of experiments on experiments on
animals) with clearance no:
004/CEAD/SES/SWCP/14.
Experimental design
Thirty rats were divided into five groups. . Group I
consisted of normal rats that were given only sterile
saline solution and served as control group. Group II
consists of normal rats that were given alloxan
monohydrate (150mg/kg B.W). Group III consists of
alloxan induced diabetic rats that were given daily
sterile saline solution, drug extract (200mg/kg),
Group IV consists of alloxan induced diabetic rats
that were given daily sterile saline solution, drug
extract (400mg/kg) & Group V consists of alloxan
induced diabetic rats that were given daily sterile
saline solution and Metformin (14.2 mg/kg bw)
respectively.
Induction of diabetes
Hyperglycemia was induced by a single i.p. injection
of 150 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate in sterile
saline solution. Hyperglycemia was confirmed after 5
days of alloxan injection, and hyperglycemic rats
(glucose level > 150mg/dl) were separated and
divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each for anti-diabetic
studies.
Collection of samples for analysis
Blood samples were collected by cutting the tail vein
of rats and blood glucose levels are checked by
glucometer.
The normal and diabetic control group rats were
given 1 ml normal saline, p.o. Animals in the third
and fourth group were treated with ethanolic extract
of the aerial parts of of Scrophularia Hypercifolia 200
& 400mg/kg b.w., and that of Fifth group were
treated with Metforminat a dose of 14.2mg/kg b.w.
for 21 days. Body weight and blood glucose were
checked for every three day intervals during the
duration of the experiment. The blood glucose levels
were determined by tail tipping method using Accu
check active glucometer. On twenty first day blood
from all the groups were collected by retro-orbital
puncture under mild anesthesia, serumwas separated
quickly for estimating the following parameters to
assess the hepatoprotective, naphroprotective and
anti-hyperglycemic activity.
Blood Glucose Levels,
Total Cholesterol Levels(TC),
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol(LDLc)
Levels,
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol(HDLc)
Levels,
Very Low Density Lipoprotein
Cholesterol(VLDLc) Levels,
Triglyceride Levels & Cholesterol Ratio.
Total protein
Albumin
Urea, uric acid
Creatinine
Statistical analysis
The results were expressed as mean ± standard
deviation. Differences between control and
experimental groups were estimated using student’s
t-test analysis. Within group comparisons were
performed by analysis of variance using ANOVA
test. Differences were considered significant if P-
value was less than 0.05.
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40
RESULTS
Effect of ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Scrophularia hypercifolia on blood glucose levels (mg/dl) in alloxan
induced diabetic rats on 1st
, 7th
, 14th
and 21st
day of the treatment.
Table 1: Effect of ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Scrophularia hypercifolia on blood glucose levels
Values are given as mean ± SEM for group of six
animals in each group. Diabetic control rats were
compared with normal rats. Diabetic + Scrophularia
hypercifolia 200mg/kg body weight, Diabetic +
Scrophularia hypercifolia 400mg/kg body weight
and Diabetic + Metformin treated rats were
compared with Diabetic control rats. ** P<0.05, **
P<0.01, **P<0.001 was considered significant
comparing to Diabetic control group. ANOVA
followed by Dunnett’s t-test **P<0.05, ** P<0.01,
**P<0.001 was considered significant comparing to
diabetic control group. Hence the administration of
ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Scrophularia
hypercifolia for 21 days decreased the elevated
blood glucose levels. The above result suggests that
Scrophularia hypercifolia at a dose of 400mg/kg.b.w
was more effective than 200 mg/kg.b.w and was
almost comparable with the effect produced by
standard drug Metformin treated group. The results
were represented by means of graph 1 by using
ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s t-test.
Fig 1: Blood Glucose Levels (Mg/Dl) On 1st
, 7th
, 14th
& 21st
Day Of Treatment
Treatment Groups 1st
day 7th
day 14th
day 21st
day
Normal control (Normal Saline ) 87.2±0.90 88.3±1.81 88.6±1.1 7 87.3±1.50
Diabetic control Alloxan (150 mg/kg) 221.3±4.61 237.6±3.11 255.3±3.06 284.6±2.75
Scrophularia hypercifolia (200mg/kg) 232.6±2.21 209.0±3.43 180.3±2.39 * 156.3±1.69**
Scrophularia hypercifolia (400mg/kg) 220.3±2.42 196.2±2.68 162.6±1.32 * 129.5±1.8**
Metformin (14.2mg/kg) 224.6±3.13 196±0.82 133.0±1.52** 121.3±1.15**
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41
Effect of ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of
Scrophularia hypercifolia on serum lipid profile in
alloxan (150mg/kg.b.w) induced diabetic rats after 21
days of treatment:Values are given as mean ± SEM
for group of six animals in each group.
Table 2: Effect of ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Scrophularia hypercifolia on serum lipid profile
Diabetic control rats were compared with normal
rats.
Diabetic + Scrophularia hypercifolia 200mg/kg b.w,
Diabetic + Scrophularia hypercifolia 400mg/kg b.w
and Diabetic + Metformin treated rats were compared
with Diabetic control rats.
** P<0.05, ** P<0.01, **P<0.001 was considered
significant comparing to Diabetic control group.
Fig 2: Effect of drug on LDL
Groups Serum Low Density
Lipoprotein(LDL) (mg/dl)
Serum Very Low Density
Lipoprotein(VLDL) (mg/dl)
Serum High Density
Lipoproteins(HDL) (mg/dl)
Normal control 33.64±2.19*** 16.84±0.80*** 32.42±0.42***
Diabetic control 80.21 ± 2.11 27.20 ± 4.18 18.93 ± 3.21
Scrophularia
hypercifolia
(200 mg/kg.b.w)
39.25±0.89*** 21.89±0.52** 30.19±0.19**
Scrophularia
hypercifolia
(400 mg/kg.b.w)
35.17±0.13*** 19.2±0.39*** 31.93±0.65***
Metformin
treated
33.77±0.27*** 16.92±0.62*** 32.61±0.33***
Mean+/_sem(mg/dl
groups
Low density Lipoprotein cholesterol
(LDL) (mg/dl)
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42
Fig 3: Effect of the drug on high density lipoprotein
Table 3:
Effect of ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Scrophularia hypercifolia on serumtotal cholesterol, triglycerides &
cholesterol ratio in alloxan (150mg/kg.b.w) induced diabetic rats after 21 days of treatment:
Groups total cholesterol (mg/dl) total triglycerides (mg/dl) cholesterol ratio = tc/hdl
Normal control 81.97±0.17*** 83.72±0.43*** 2.52±0.038
Diabetic control 126.95± 4.89 131.68 ± 1.39 6.70±0.48
Scrophularia hypercifolia
(200 mg/kg.b.w)
94.20±0.44** 111.48±0.49* 3.12±0.081**
Scrophularia hypercifolia
(400 mg/kg.b.w)
86.4±0.48*** 96.00 ± 0.57** 2.70±0.0611**
Metformin
treated
82.20±0.48*** 84.21±0.71*** 2.52±0.112**
Values are given as mean ± SEM for group of six animals in each group.
Diabetic control rats were compared with normal rats.
Diabetic + Scrophularia hypercifolia 200mg/kg b.w, Diabetic + Scrophularia hypercifolia 400mg/kg b.w and
Diabetic + Metformin treated rats were compared with Diabetic control rats.
** P<0.05, ** P<0.01, **P<0.001 was considered significant comparing to Diabetic control group.
Fig 4: Effect of the drug on serum total cholesterol levels
Mean+/_Sem(mg/dl)
groups
High density lipoprotein HDL
Mean+/_Sem(mg/dl)
groups
Serum total cholesterol levels
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43
Fig 5: Effect of the drug on serum total triglycerides
Fig 6: Effect of the drug on cholesterol ratio
Table 4: Effect of Scrophularia hypercifolia on total protein and albumin, urea, uric acid and creatinine levels
Effect of ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Scrophularia hypercifolia on total protein and albumin, urea, uric
acid and creatinine levels in alloxan (150mg/kg.b.w) induced diabetic rats after 21 days of treatment
Groups Total protein Albumin Urea Uric acid Creatinine
Normal control 8.1±0.9 3.4±0.6 26.8±3.1 1.6±0.5 1.0±0.1
Diabetic control 5.3±0.4* 1.9±0.2* 37.2±6.5* 2.6±0.8* 2.8±0.3*
Scrophularia hypercifolia
(200 mg/kg.b.w) 5.9±0.5** 2.3±0.8** 34.5±4.8** 2.1±0.2** 1.9±0.3**
Scrophularia hypercifolia
(400 mg/kg.b.w) 6.5±0.2** 2.9±0.3** 30.2±4.5** 1.7±0.2** 1.5±0.5**
Metformin
treated
7.5±0.9** 3.0±0.2** 29.9±5.6** 1.6±0.3** 1.3±0.2**
Values are given as mean ± SEM for group of six animals in each group.
*: Statistically significant when compared to control group (I) at P < 0.05;
**: Statistically significant when compared to untreated diabetic group (II) at P < 0.05
Mean+/_Sem(mg/dl)
groups
Serum total triglycerides
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44
Fig 7: Effect of the drug on Serum total proteins
Fig 8: Effect of the drug on Serum Albumin
Fig 9: Effect of the drug on serum urea
Mean+/_sem(mg/dl_
Groups
Total Proteins
Mean+/_Sem(mg/dl)
groups
Albumin
Mean+/-Sem(mg/dl)
groups
Urea
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45
Fig10: Effect of the drug on serum uric acid
Fig 11: Effect of the drug on serum creatinine
DISCUSSIONS
In the evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity, study
groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 induced with diabetes using
alloxan developed serum hyperglycemia. This
condition was either due to pancreatic β-cells
necrosis mediated by alloxan which enhances ATP
dephosphorylation resulting in the generation of free
radicals into the blood circulation or simply due to
decrease in serum insulin or an integration of both
processes. Diabetes induction and the generation of
free radicals such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide
and hydroxyl radicals, caused the destruction of
hepatic, pancreatic and kidney cells and tissues. This
study demonstrated that continuous oral
administration of the ethanolic extract
of S.hypercifolia for 21 days significantly decreased
blood glucose levels in the diabetic rats by 43%
compared with the decreases of 49% with the
metformin, a well known antidiabetic drug. In
addition to marked hyperglycemia, results revealed
that the alloxan diabetic rats developed notable
hyperlipidaemia. Diabetes induced hyperlipidaemia
was observed in diabetic experimental animal
models.This is very important, since elevated
concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C
are important risk factors in the development of
diabetic complications. The study revealed that this
extract normalized serum lipids (cholesterol,
triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C) closely to the level of
the control or normal rats. The findings are similar
with a recent study by Bavarva and Narasimhacharya
(2010) which reported that leaves of Leucas
cephalotes lowered both plasma and hepatic lipid
profiles (total lipid, triglycerides and cholesterol) and
LDL-C while elevating the HDL-C levels[15]
. They
suggest that these improvements in lipid profiles are
most likely due to its insulin-like actions of the leaf
Mean+/_Sem(mg/dl)
groups
Uric acid
Mean+/_Sem(mg/dl)
Groups
Creatinine
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46
extract of Leucas cephalotes. Similarly, a previous
study done by Lopes-Virella et al. (1983) also
reported that diabetic patients taking insulin
injections exhibited both high lipoprotein lipase
activity and low level of plasma triglyceride
concentrations[16]
. Thus, it can be concluded that the
enhancement of insulin secretion or level is
accompanied by enhancement of glucose utilization
as well as a reduction of lipid level in diabetic rats. It
is possible to suggest that the mechanism(s) of
antihyperlipidemic effect of S.hypercifolia might be
similar to some of those suggested for anti-diabetic
plants exhibiting antihyperlipidemic activity, such as
activation of lipoprotein lipase, insulin-mediated
lipolytic activity or inhibition of lipogenic enzymes
or hormone-sensitive lipase. The study also showed a
significant decrease in serum total protein and
albumin in untreated diabetic rats, whereas total
protein and albumin significantly increased after the
administration of this extract. Liver functioning can
also be estimated by total protein and albumin levels
in blood. Similar results were obtained when the
metformin were administered orally in alloxan
diabetic. These results suggest that this extract can
improve some biochemical parameters that are
related to liver functions. Hyperglycemia has also
been recently reported in the initiation and
development of various types of diabetic
complications. Nephropathy is one of these serious
microvascular complications that has been observed
in diabetic individuals. Blood urea and creatinine
concentrations were increased among uncontrolled
diabetic rats and this increase could be a result of
impaired renal function due to an increased blood
glucose level. It was reported that diabetic
individuals had lower serum albumin concentrations
as well as higher serum uric acid and urea levels than
nondiabetic individuals. Thus, the reduction in urea
and creatinine levels probably can be explained by a
reduction in blood glucose level. Further, DM is also
considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease,
and elevated serum uric acid has been linked to
cardiovascular disease, especially if accompanied
with high triglyceride and low HDL. Moreover, high
levels of serum uric acid, urea and creatine may act
as a marker of kidney problems. Thus, it is possible
to suggest that this extract might play an important
role in reducing risk of kidney problems as well as
cardiovascular diseases by lowering serum urea, uric
acid, creatinine as well as improving lipid profile.
The study of the literature indicated that free radicals
are one of the main contributors to development of
Diabetes Mellitus as well as its complications[17]
[18][19]
. It is also worth mentioning that alloxan can
induce rapid death of cells of pancreas, resulting in
partial or complete loss of insulin production and
leading to the development of hyperglycemia and its
complications in experimental animals; and this
action of alloxan was mediated by formation of free
radicals [20]
. Moreover, a wide range of studies have
strongly supported the notion that antioxidant
compounds derived from plant extracts might play a
vital role in the treatment of DM and prevent or delay
its complications [18][20]
. Thus, it is possible to
suggest that these therapeutic values of the drug
extract could be attributed to the main antioxidant
constituents of this drug extract of Scrophularia
Hypercifolia.
The preliminary phytochemical screening of the
aerial parts shows the presence of phenylpropanoids,
flavonoids, iridoids, phytosterols like β sitosterol,
triterpenoid, saponins, sugars and terpenes and
various other constituents.
Thus the ethanolic extract of aerial parts of
Scrophularia Hypercifolia at a dose of 200mg/kg.b.w
and 400mg/kg.b.w possess a glucose lowering effect,
lipid lowering effect, decrease in uric acid, urea,
creatinine and a significant increase in protein,
albumin in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. It was also
found to be highly effective in managing
complications associated with diabetes mellitus. In
conclusion, this study revealed that oral
administration of the ethanolic extract of
S.hypercifolia exhibit nephroprotective and
hepatoprotective activities via enhances insulin
production in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Thus,
oral use of this extract might positively affect the
functional capacities of various rat tissues,
particularly kidney and liver against toxic action of
alloxan compound (dose of 150 mg/Kg BW). Hence,
the therapeutic potential of this plant material should
also be seen in combination with other medicinal
agents and further biochemical and pharmacological
investigations are needed to isolate and identify
active ingredients in the extract using other models.
11. Tayyaba S et al / Int. J. of Farmacia, Vol-1, Issue 1, (July- Sep.) 2015, Pg. 37- 47
47
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