The global prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly and high dietary fat intake is major risk factor for the development of obesity. The present study was taken undertaken to evaluate the effect of Argyreia Nervosa Burn.F leaf ethanol extract on serum lipid profile in Wistar male albino rat fed with high fat diet and to compare it with a standard hyperlipidemic drug Sibutramine (10mg/kg). Fifty four health Wistar albino male rats were randomized in to 9 groups of 6 animals each. The groups were followed as follows Group I: Sham operated Normal (Normal Diet), Group II: Control (High fat diet), Group III: Sibutramine 10 mg/kg + HFD, Group IV: EEAN (100mg/kg) + HFD, Group V: EEAN (200mg/kg) +HFD, Group VI: EEAN
(400mg/kg) + HFD, Remaining groups have received different types of extracts at various doses. Lipid profile in serum with high triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by treatment of 0.5g/day A. nervosa. The A. nervosa markedly lowers the levels of serum cholesterol and VLDL. The present investigation shows that all triton induced rats
displayed hyperlipidemia as shown by their elevated levels of serum and liver cholesterol, triglyceride, PL, VLDL, LDL and the reduction in the HDL level. It can be concluded that 0.5g/day of A. nervosa treatment was effective in reduction of cholesterol, PL, TG, VLDL, LDL and HDL in a dose dependant manner.
Process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments
toxicology study according to OECD guidelines, organisation for economic co-orporation and developement, jasdeep singh , maharaja ranjit singh punjab technical university bathinda
This document discusses the standardization of Ayurvedic formulations. It explains that standardization involves quantifying the purity, quality, identity and constituents of drugs and formulations. For churnas (powders), both Ayurvedic and modern parameters are used for standardization, including organoleptic evaluation, microscopy, physical analysis, phytochemical analysis, and testing for contaminants. Similar parameters are discussed for standardizing other formulations like asavas, arishtas, avalehas, vatis, gutikas, tailas, ghritas and arka. Shelf life testing is also important for ensuring formulations remain within approved specifications when stored properly.
Drugs and cosmetics act 1940 and rules 1945Anoop Singh
Secretary - Drugs Controller, India
30
Functions of DTAB:
1. Advise the Central Government and the State Governments on technical
matters arising out of the administration of this Act.
2. Advise on any matter referred to it by the Central Government.
3. Carry out the functions assigned to it by or under this Act.
4. Perform such other functions as may be prescribed.
31
Drugs Consultative Committee(DCC)
1. The Central Government may constitute one or more Drugs Consultative
Committees to advise it, inter alia, on technical matters arising out of the
administration of this Act and to carry out the functions assigned to
The document discusses guidelines for toxicity testing from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It provides an overview of OECD guidelines for acute oral toxicity testing, including the fixed dose procedure (Guideline 420), acute toxic class method (Guideline 423), and up-and-down procedure (Guideline 425). It also discusses guidelines for acute dermal toxicity testing (Guideline 402) and repeated dose toxicity studies lasting 28 days (Guideline 407) or 90 days (Guideline 408). The purpose of the OECD guidelines is to enhance the validity and international acceptance of toxicity test data.
The document provides information about toxicity studies conducted to evaluate the safety of plant drugs used in Ayurveda and Siddha medicine. It discusses the various types of toxicity studies including acute, sub-acute, chronic, and reproductive toxicity studies. Key aspects covered are the study designs, animals used, dosages, observations made and parameters evaluated to understand the adverse effects of test substances. Guidelines are provided for conducting toxicity studies and evaluating the results to determine therapeutic indices and predict safety for clinical use.
Process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments
toxicology study according to OECD guidelines, organisation for economic co-orporation and developement, jasdeep singh , maharaja ranjit singh punjab technical university bathinda
This document discusses the standardization of Ayurvedic formulations. It explains that standardization involves quantifying the purity, quality, identity and constituents of drugs and formulations. For churnas (powders), both Ayurvedic and modern parameters are used for standardization, including organoleptic evaluation, microscopy, physical analysis, phytochemical analysis, and testing for contaminants. Similar parameters are discussed for standardizing other formulations like asavas, arishtas, avalehas, vatis, gutikas, tailas, ghritas and arka. Shelf life testing is also important for ensuring formulations remain within approved specifications when stored properly.
Drugs and cosmetics act 1940 and rules 1945Anoop Singh
Secretary - Drugs Controller, India
30
Functions of DTAB:
1. Advise the Central Government and the State Governments on technical
matters arising out of the administration of this Act.
2. Advise on any matter referred to it by the Central Government.
3. Carry out the functions assigned to it by or under this Act.
4. Perform such other functions as may be prescribed.
31
Drugs Consultative Committee(DCC)
1. The Central Government may constitute one or more Drugs Consultative
Committees to advise it, inter alia, on technical matters arising out of the
administration of this Act and to carry out the functions assigned to
The document discusses guidelines for toxicity testing from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It provides an overview of OECD guidelines for acute oral toxicity testing, including the fixed dose procedure (Guideline 420), acute toxic class method (Guideline 423), and up-and-down procedure (Guideline 425). It also discusses guidelines for acute dermal toxicity testing (Guideline 402) and repeated dose toxicity studies lasting 28 days (Guideline 407) or 90 days (Guideline 408). The purpose of the OECD guidelines is to enhance the validity and international acceptance of toxicity test data.
The document provides information about toxicity studies conducted to evaluate the safety of plant drugs used in Ayurveda and Siddha medicine. It discusses the various types of toxicity studies including acute, sub-acute, chronic, and reproductive toxicity studies. Key aspects covered are the study designs, animals used, dosages, observations made and parameters evaluated to understand the adverse effects of test substances. Guidelines are provided for conducting toxicity studies and evaluating the results to determine therapeutic indices and predict safety for clinical use.
The document discusses invitro dissolution testing of drugs. It defines dissolution rate and invitro dissolution tests as tests used to measure the rate and extent of dissolution of a drug from its formulation under specified conditions. Key factors in designing dissolution tests include the apparatus used, dissolution medium properties, and process parameters. Common apparatuses include basket, paddle, reciprocating cylinder, and flow-through cell methods. Dissolution testing provides important information on a drug's in vivo performance and quality control.
This experiment aimed to determine the volume of citral present in a sample of lemongrass oil. Lemongrass oil contains at least 75% aldehyde, including citral, and is used in perfumes and flavorings. The procedure involved adding lemongrass oil to a sodium sulfite solution, heating to allow citral to react and form sodium citrate, then neutralizing and continuing to heat until the solution turned clear, indicating the reaction was complete. The separated oil volume would then indicate the original citral content in the sample. The report would state the exact citral volume determined from this experiment.
1. Asava and Arishta are traditional Ayurvedic liquid fermented medicines made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery in an earthen pot for 1-3 months to undergo fermentation.
2. The key difference is that Arishta is prepared from a decoction of dried herbs while Asava uses fresh dried herbs.
3. The fermentation process is initiated by the addition of flowers from the Woodfordia fruticosa plant and produces medicines that are moderately alcoholic and sweet with slight acidity and aroma.
The document provides guidance on testing the acute dermal irritation and corrosion of chemicals using rabbits. It describes how to handle and restrain rabbits, introduces the principles and objectives of the test which involves applying chemicals to rabbit skin and observing effects. It details the test procedures including animal selection and housing, chemical application, observation periods and grading of skin reactions on a scale. The test aims to identify reversible irritation and irreversible corrosion effects of chemicals on rabbit skin to classify them.
This document discusses Bhasma, a calcined Ayurvedic preparation, and the process of Bhasmikaran used to make metals and minerals biocompatible and enhance their therapeutic effects. The key steps in Bhasmikaran include purification (Shodhan), powdering (Maran), stirring (Chalan), washing (Dhavan), filtering (Galan), heating (Puttan), triturating (Mardan), coating with herbs (Bhavan), detoxification (Amrutikaran), and preservation (Sandharan). Mercury is commonly used in Maran due to its ability to amalgamate metals, while plants may serve as catalysts. Proper Bhas
This document provides information on the preparation of various Ayurvedic formulations including Asava, Arishta, Taila, Churna, and Bhasma. It describes the ingredients and processes used to make each type of formulation. Key points include:
- Asava and Arishta are herbal wines made by fermenting herbs in sugar or juice for several days.
- Taila involves mixing herbal pastes and juices with oils at different temperatures to extract active compounds.
- Churna involves grinding herbs into fine powders.
- Bhasma involves highly specialized processes including purification, grinding, and incineration to reduce metals and minerals to an ultra-fine ash
Bioavailability (BA) studies play a major role in the drug development phase for both new drug products and their generic equivalents, and thus attract considerable attention globally. There are several approaches to assess BA and each regulatory authority has its own regulations/guidance for conducting BA studies before approving generic products for marketing in their country. Therefore, a thorough understanding is required of these BA concepts and basic regulatory considerations for conducting BA studies. This article briefly reviews the BA concepts, approaches, designs, and conducting and analysis of data obtained.
INTRODUCTION
• Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
• Results in 100% bioavailability as the absorption process is bypassed.
• The absolute bioavailability of a drug, when administered by an extra vascular route is usually less than one (i.e. F<100%).> Oral > Rectal > Topical.
A systematic approach to ensure bioavailability of pharmaceutical products:
BIOAVAILABILITY
It the degree to which, or the rate at which, a medication or other substance is absorbed or becomes available at the targeted place in the body. Bioavailability can be influenced by inactive ingredients (see Excipients) in the drug such as additives that prevent the medication from dissolving in the stomach. If a medication that is intended to be taken on an empty stomach is taken instead with food, this can also change the absorption rate and affect the bioavailability of the active ingredient
BIO AVAILABILITY FRACTION (F):
Bio available fraction it refers to the fraction of administered dose that enters the systemic circulation.
*100
3Effect of agonist and antagonists on guinea pig ileum.pptxsampharma12584
1. This experiment examines the effect of histamine and the H1 antagonist mepyramine on guinea pig ileum.
2. Histamine causes contraction of the smooth muscle in guinea pig ileum, while mepyramine blocks the H1 receptor and antagonizes the effect of histamine.
3. The concentration-response curve of histamine is shifted to the right in a parallel fashion by mepyramine without suppression of the maximal response, indicating competitive antagonism.
Drugs and cosmetics act 1940 and rules 1945Baikunthbarik1
This document provides information about the Drugs and Cosmetics Act (ACP) of India. It discusses the history and objectives of the act, key definitions, and the administration of the act through various authorities like the Drugs Technical Advisory Board and Drug Inspectors. It also summarizes important provisions of the act related to the import, manufacture, and sale of drugs and cosmetics in India, including licensing requirements and penalties for non-compliance. The document aims to educate readers about the legal framework that regulates drugs and cosmetics in India as established by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
An Overview of CDSCO Registration. The CDSCO stands for Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation is the NRA or National Regulatory Authority under the Directorate General of Health Services, Government of India, and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
My presentation based on the CDSCO certification, as well as the complete description about the CDSCO and DCGI.
What is pyrogens?
Sources of pyrogens and its elimination methods
Tests for pyrogens-
1. In Vitro Test / LAL Test
2. In Vivo Test / Rabbit Test.
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Procedure
Observation table
Result and interpretation
The document discusses analytical and bioanalytical method validation. It defines validation as documented evidence providing a high degree of assurance that a specific process will produce a product meeting predetermined specifications. It describes the key parameters for analytical method validation including specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and validation reporting. For bioanalytical validation, it outlines the basic steps of selectivity, matrix effect, sensitivity, calibration/QC standards, recovery, dilution integrity, carryover, anticoagulant effect, and stability evaluation. The document emphasizes that validation ensures analytical methods and bioanalytical data support drug development and regulatory requirements.
Combinatorial chemistry allows for the rapid synthesis of large libraries of compounds. It works by synthesizing many structures in parallel rather than one at a time. There are two main approaches: solid phase synthesis which attaches compounds to resin beads to isolate products, and solution phase which synthesizes in solvent. The libraries can be screened to identify active compounds more efficiently than traditional methods. This technique has increased the success of drug discovery by allowing testing of more structures at once.
The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, authored by acclaimed dancer and animal lover, Rukmini Devi Arundale, is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in 1960 to prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals and to amend the laws relating to the prevention of cruelty to animals.
This presentation will help understanding the vast process of rat and mice handling and oral routes of drug administration through acute class method (OECD: 423).
Expt. 7 Bioassay of acetylcholine using rat ileum by four point bioassayVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh stock and standard solutions
Preparation of frog ringer solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Result and interpretation
OECD Guidline on acute and chronic toxicityShital Magar
This document provides an overview of toxicology and various guidelines for assessing acute and chronic toxicity of substances, including LD50, LC50, and OECD test guidelines. It discusses the principles of acute oral toxicity testing, limitations of LD50 values, more humane OECD guidelines, and alternatives to animal testing. The guidelines described include those for acute oral toxicity (401, 420, 423, 425), carcinogenicity (451), and chronic toxicity (452).
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This study evaluated the effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into 7 groups, including normal controls and diabetic controls. Diabetic rats were treated with various doses of Moringa extracts for 30 days. Treatment with some doses of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts significantly reduced blood glucose and lipid levels and improved liver and kidney functions compared to diabetic controls. Histological examination showed the highest dose of ethanolic extract improved liver, kidney and pancreatic tissues. The results suggest Moringa extracts have antidiabetic potential by reducing hyperglycemia and protecting organ function.
The document discusses invitro dissolution testing of drugs. It defines dissolution rate and invitro dissolution tests as tests used to measure the rate and extent of dissolution of a drug from its formulation under specified conditions. Key factors in designing dissolution tests include the apparatus used, dissolution medium properties, and process parameters. Common apparatuses include basket, paddle, reciprocating cylinder, and flow-through cell methods. Dissolution testing provides important information on a drug's in vivo performance and quality control.
This experiment aimed to determine the volume of citral present in a sample of lemongrass oil. Lemongrass oil contains at least 75% aldehyde, including citral, and is used in perfumes and flavorings. The procedure involved adding lemongrass oil to a sodium sulfite solution, heating to allow citral to react and form sodium citrate, then neutralizing and continuing to heat until the solution turned clear, indicating the reaction was complete. The separated oil volume would then indicate the original citral content in the sample. The report would state the exact citral volume determined from this experiment.
1. Asava and Arishta are traditional Ayurvedic liquid fermented medicines made by soaking herbs in a solution of sugar or jaggery in an earthen pot for 1-3 months to undergo fermentation.
2. The key difference is that Arishta is prepared from a decoction of dried herbs while Asava uses fresh dried herbs.
3. The fermentation process is initiated by the addition of flowers from the Woodfordia fruticosa plant and produces medicines that are moderately alcoholic and sweet with slight acidity and aroma.
The document provides guidance on testing the acute dermal irritation and corrosion of chemicals using rabbits. It describes how to handle and restrain rabbits, introduces the principles and objectives of the test which involves applying chemicals to rabbit skin and observing effects. It details the test procedures including animal selection and housing, chemical application, observation periods and grading of skin reactions on a scale. The test aims to identify reversible irritation and irreversible corrosion effects of chemicals on rabbit skin to classify them.
This document discusses Bhasma, a calcined Ayurvedic preparation, and the process of Bhasmikaran used to make metals and minerals biocompatible and enhance their therapeutic effects. The key steps in Bhasmikaran include purification (Shodhan), powdering (Maran), stirring (Chalan), washing (Dhavan), filtering (Galan), heating (Puttan), triturating (Mardan), coating with herbs (Bhavan), detoxification (Amrutikaran), and preservation (Sandharan). Mercury is commonly used in Maran due to its ability to amalgamate metals, while plants may serve as catalysts. Proper Bhas
This document provides information on the preparation of various Ayurvedic formulations including Asava, Arishta, Taila, Churna, and Bhasma. It describes the ingredients and processes used to make each type of formulation. Key points include:
- Asava and Arishta are herbal wines made by fermenting herbs in sugar or juice for several days.
- Taila involves mixing herbal pastes and juices with oils at different temperatures to extract active compounds.
- Churna involves grinding herbs into fine powders.
- Bhasma involves highly specialized processes including purification, grinding, and incineration to reduce metals and minerals to an ultra-fine ash
Bioavailability (BA) studies play a major role in the drug development phase for both new drug products and their generic equivalents, and thus attract considerable attention globally. There are several approaches to assess BA and each regulatory authority has its own regulations/guidance for conducting BA studies before approving generic products for marketing in their country. Therefore, a thorough understanding is required of these BA concepts and basic regulatory considerations for conducting BA studies. This article briefly reviews the BA concepts, approaches, designs, and conducting and analysis of data obtained.
INTRODUCTION
• Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
• Results in 100% bioavailability as the absorption process is bypassed.
• The absolute bioavailability of a drug, when administered by an extra vascular route is usually less than one (i.e. F<100%).> Oral > Rectal > Topical.
A systematic approach to ensure bioavailability of pharmaceutical products:
BIOAVAILABILITY
It the degree to which, or the rate at which, a medication or other substance is absorbed or becomes available at the targeted place in the body. Bioavailability can be influenced by inactive ingredients (see Excipients) in the drug such as additives that prevent the medication from dissolving in the stomach. If a medication that is intended to be taken on an empty stomach is taken instead with food, this can also change the absorption rate and affect the bioavailability of the active ingredient
BIO AVAILABILITY FRACTION (F):
Bio available fraction it refers to the fraction of administered dose that enters the systemic circulation.
*100
3Effect of agonist and antagonists on guinea pig ileum.pptxsampharma12584
1. This experiment examines the effect of histamine and the H1 antagonist mepyramine on guinea pig ileum.
2. Histamine causes contraction of the smooth muscle in guinea pig ileum, while mepyramine blocks the H1 receptor and antagonizes the effect of histamine.
3. The concentration-response curve of histamine is shifted to the right in a parallel fashion by mepyramine without suppression of the maximal response, indicating competitive antagonism.
Drugs and cosmetics act 1940 and rules 1945Baikunthbarik1
This document provides information about the Drugs and Cosmetics Act (ACP) of India. It discusses the history and objectives of the act, key definitions, and the administration of the act through various authorities like the Drugs Technical Advisory Board and Drug Inspectors. It also summarizes important provisions of the act related to the import, manufacture, and sale of drugs and cosmetics in India, including licensing requirements and penalties for non-compliance. The document aims to educate readers about the legal framework that regulates drugs and cosmetics in India as established by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
An Overview of CDSCO Registration. The CDSCO stands for Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation is the NRA or National Regulatory Authority under the Directorate General of Health Services, Government of India, and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
My presentation based on the CDSCO certification, as well as the complete description about the CDSCO and DCGI.
What is pyrogens?
Sources of pyrogens and its elimination methods
Tests for pyrogens-
1. In Vitro Test / LAL Test
2. In Vivo Test / Rabbit Test.
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Procedure
Observation table
Result and interpretation
The document discusses analytical and bioanalytical method validation. It defines validation as documented evidence providing a high degree of assurance that a specific process will produce a product meeting predetermined specifications. It describes the key parameters for analytical method validation including specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and validation reporting. For bioanalytical validation, it outlines the basic steps of selectivity, matrix effect, sensitivity, calibration/QC standards, recovery, dilution integrity, carryover, anticoagulant effect, and stability evaluation. The document emphasizes that validation ensures analytical methods and bioanalytical data support drug development and regulatory requirements.
Combinatorial chemistry allows for the rapid synthesis of large libraries of compounds. It works by synthesizing many structures in parallel rather than one at a time. There are two main approaches: solid phase synthesis which attaches compounds to resin beads to isolate products, and solution phase which synthesizes in solvent. The libraries can be screened to identify active compounds more efficiently than traditional methods. This technique has increased the success of drug discovery by allowing testing of more structures at once.
The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, authored by acclaimed dancer and animal lover, Rukmini Devi Arundale, is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in 1960 to prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals and to amend the laws relating to the prevention of cruelty to animals.
This presentation will help understanding the vast process of rat and mice handling and oral routes of drug administration through acute class method (OECD: 423).
Expt. 7 Bioassay of acetylcholine using rat ileum by four point bioassayVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Experimental specifications (conditions)
Preparation of ACh stock and standard solutions
Preparation of frog ringer solution (PSS)
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Calculation
Result and interpretation
OECD Guidline on acute and chronic toxicityShital Magar
This document provides an overview of toxicology and various guidelines for assessing acute and chronic toxicity of substances, including LD50, LC50, and OECD test guidelines. It discusses the principles of acute oral toxicity testing, limitations of LD50 values, more humane OECD guidelines, and alternatives to animal testing. The guidelines described include those for acute oral toxicity (401, 420, 423, 425), carcinogenicity (451), and chronic toxicity (452).
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This study evaluated the effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into 7 groups, including normal controls and diabetic controls. Diabetic rats were treated with various doses of Moringa extracts for 30 days. Treatment with some doses of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts significantly reduced blood glucose and lipid levels and improved liver and kidney functions compared to diabetic controls. Histological examination showed the highest dose of ethanolic extract improved liver, kidney and pancreatic tissues. The results suggest Moringa extracts have antidiabetic potential by reducing hyperglycemia and protecting organ function.
Abstract:
Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor in the
initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions,
conditions such as coronary heart disease, ischemic
cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular
disease. This leads to high mortality and morbidity
rate in developed countries. This is mainly due to
altered lipoprotein metabolism. Standard treatments
for Hyperlipidemia & dyslipidemia with statins and
with the other available agents have adverse effects.
Thus, there is more need for development of newer
pharmacological agents which are more efficient in
lowering LDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides. The
hypolipidemic activity of Nathaichoori Chooranam
was studied on high fat diet induced
hyperlipidemic rats. Hyperlipidemia in experimental
rats was evidenced by an enhancement in the levels
of Cholesterols, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL.
The trial drug showed significant hypolipidemic
effect by lowering the serum levels of biochemical
parameters, such as significant reduction in the level
of serum Cholesterol, TGL, LDL, VLDL and
increase in HDL level which was similar to the
standard drug atorvastatin. So, it is concluded that
the Nathaichoori chooranam can be used in the
treatment of Hyperlipidemia and Obesity.
Antihyperglycemic Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Mimusops elengi against S...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: The present study was hypothesized to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Mimusops elengi on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of M. elengi leaf extract at a dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight was evaluated. Results: The activity levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were significantly elevated in STZ-induced diabetic animals when compared to that of normal animals. After supplemented with aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi, animals group recorded significant lower blood glucose level. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of M. elengi has been potent antidiabetic effect in male albino rat.
SCREENING MODELS OF ANTIDYSLIPIDEMIC AGENT.docxTUSHARUNDHAD3
SCREENING MODELS OF ANTIDYSLIPIDEMIC AGENT.docx
1.INTRODUCTION
2.LIPOPROTEIN
3.RISK FACTORS
4.DIETARY SOURCE OF 5.CHOLESTEROL
6.CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC AGENT
7.SCREENING MODELS OF ANTIDYSLIPIDEMIC AGENT
(A) In Vivo Models:
1.Triton induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rat
2.Cholesterol diet induced atherosclerosis in rabbits (High fat diet)
3.Hereditary hyperlipidemia in rabbits
4.Hypolipidemic activity in Syrian hamsters
5.Transgenic animal model
6.Hereditary hypercholesteremia in rats
7. IV lipid tolerance test in rat
8.Efect of HMG COA reduction inhibition in vivo
9.Fructose induce hyperglycemia in rat
10.Cholestylamine binding
(B) In Vitro Models:
1.Inhibition of isolated HMG COA reductase inhibitors
2.ACAT inhibitory model
Prenatal nutrition; nutrient recommendations before, during & after pregnancypharmaindexing
Nutrition before and during pregnancy has a profound effect on the development of infants. This is a rather critical time for healthy fetal development as infants rely heavily on maternal stores and nutrient for optimal growth and health outcome later in life. Prenatal nutrition addresses nutrient recommendations before and during pregnancy. Birth weight of the newborn at delivery reflects the sufficiency and the quality of maternal nutrient for the fetus during pregnancy. Prenatal nutrition has a strong influence on birth weight and further development of the infant.The present paper reviews the role of prenatal nutrition in pregnancy.
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IJAMSCR
Evaluation of anti diabetic potential of leaves of nelumbo nucifera in strept...pharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of leaves from the Nelumbo nucifera plant in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A methanolic extract of N. nucifera leaves was tested for anti-diabetic effects over 15 days in diabetic rats. Oral administration of the extract at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels and body weight loss compared to diabetic controls, demonstrating anti-diabetic effects. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like saponins and carbohydrates in the extract that may contribute to its anti-diabetic activity.
Evaluation of anti-diabetic potential of leaves of nelumbo nucifera in strept...pharmaindexing
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nymphaeaceae), also known as sacred lotus, is a well known medicinal plant. Nelumbo nucifera (family Nymphaeaceae) are free floating plants.The methanolic extract of Nelumbo nucifera leaves was obtained by soxhlet extraction apparatus. The extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening by using standard procedures.The toxicity studies and dose fixation were carried out by using OECD 425 guideline. According to OECD 425 guideline toxicity study no toxic symptoms were observed up to dose 2000 mg/kg.The anti diabetic effect of Nelumbo nucifera leaf methanolic extract given in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of methanolic extract for 15 days in diabetic mice exhibits highly significant (P < 0.01) antidiabetic activity and also alters the body weight significantly . The data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's test.The observations confirm that methanolic extract of NELUMBO NUCIFERA leaf and stem has antidiabetic activity due to presence of alkaloids,aminoacids, saponins, glycosides, triterpenoid, vitamins etc There is a need of further investigation to isolate and identify the principle chemical constituents for its anti diabetic property.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
This study evaluated the antidiabetic potential of the flower of Withania coagulans Dunal in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic and aqueous extracts found the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, steroids, tannins, and proteins. Diabetic rats were treated with high and low doses of the extracts for 28 days. Results showed significant decreases in blood glucose levels of treated rats compared to untreated diabetic controls, suggesting antidiabetic properties. The findings indicate that bioactive compounds in W. coagulans may be useful for treating diabetes.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and cytoprotective effects of the ethanolic root extract of Salacia nitida on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings of the study include:
1) The ethanolic extract of S. nitida roots showed significant antidiabetic activity, demonstrated by a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels and increase in body weight of treated diabetic rats.
2) Histological examination showed the extract helped restore damaged pancreatic and kidney tissues in treated diabetic rats closer to normal.
3) The extract demonstrated significant glucose tolerance effects and may lower blood glucose through mechanisms like stimulating insulin production or protecting pancreatic beta cells.
Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Torbangun Extract (Coleus amboinicus Lour) on ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This research article studied the anti-obesity effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MEMOL) in rats with high fat diet-induced obesity. Rats were fed a high fat diet to induce obesity over 49 days. Treatment with MEMOL for 49 days significantly reduced body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels in obese rats, and increased body temperature, compared to untreated obese rats. MEMOL treated rats also showed decreased levels of liver enzymes and blood glucose. The results indicate that MEMOL attenuated body weight gain in obese rats without affecting food intake, and demonstrated hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, suggesting it may help treat obesity and related disorders.
This research article studied the anti-obesity effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MEMOL) in rats fed a high-fat diet. Rats fed the high-fat diet for 49 days became obese, with increased body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lowered HDL levels. Treatment with MEMOL at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg for 49 days significantly reduced body weight gain, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels in obese rats compared to those fed just the high-fat diet. MEMOL treatment also increased body temperature and lowered liver enzymes, organ weights, and blood glucose levels in obese rats. The results suggest that MEMOL has anti-ob
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
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Research on Diabetes and hepatotoxicity in wistar rat By Nitin Kale final 24...NitinKale46
This document describes a study protocol to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of scopoletin against anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in a streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model. The study aims to explore scopoletin as a potential therapeutic agent for managing diabetes and protecting liver health. Rats will be induced with type 2 diabetes using streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Hepatotoxicity will then be induced using isoniazid and rifampicin. Rats will be treated with scopoletin, metformin, or metformin and silymarin. Blood glucose, body weight, liver enzymes, and oxidative stress
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an herbal formulation called "Herbamed" in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Herbamed contains extracts of 4 plants - Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale, and Allium sativum. Rats were made diabetic using alloxan injections. Treatment with Herbamed at 2 doses for 7 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved lipid profiles in diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were comparable to the anti-diabetic drug metformin. The study suggests Herbamed has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties, supporting its
Skin acts as a major target as well as a principal barrier for
topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this
system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the
stratum corneum. Several methods have been tried to increase the
permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient
approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or
skin enhancers. Vesicular system is one of the most convenient
methods for transdermal delivery of active substances and in that
ethosomes are most useful vesicular systems. Ethosomal carriers are
systems containing soft vesicles, composed of hydroalcoholic or
hydro/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols is
relatively high. The high concentration of ethanol brings increase in fluidity of lipids hence
increase in permeability of the skin and improves the drug penetration. Ethosomal
formulation may contain many drugs such as acyclovir, salbutamol, Insulin, cyclosporine,
fluconazole, minodixil, etc. These are prepared by hot method and cold methods. The size of
Ethosomal formulation can be decreased by sonication and extrusion method. The high
concentration of ethanol makes the ethosomes unique and useful for transcellular delivery,
delivery of hormones, anti-arthritis, anti-HIV etc. Thus, it can be a logical conclusion that
ethosomal formulation possesses promising future in effective dermal/transdermal delivery of
bioactive agents.
In the present study, a gastro retentive micro particulate system was formulated with different Polymers by using
solvent evaporation technique. A series of 8 formulations was prepared based on 23 Design of experiments. The
formulated microspheres were evaluated flow characteristics, Practical yield (up to 80 %) and Encapsulation
efficiency (up to 94%). Scanning electron Microscopy confirmed their porous and spherical structure and the
particles were of the Size range of (65-525 μm). The release of drug at 1 hour and 8 hours’ time points were
taken as the measurable parameters for running the DOE experiments. According to design space Hollow
Microspheres formulated with Drug in the range of 50 to 70 mg/unit, Ethyl cellulose 7 cps in the range of 145 to
150 mg/unit and HPMC 5 cps in the range of 0.4 to 2 mg/unit were observed to have the best floating
characteristics and in vitro dissolution profile as per the preset target product profile. Stability studies showed no
significant change in the drug content in the formulations at 3 months accelerated condition. In this study
concluded that a micro particulate floating dosage form of an anti-infective drug can be successfully designed to
give controlled release and improved oral bioavailability.
KEYWORDS
Gastro retentive system, Ciprofloxacin Hcl, Ethyl Cellulose 7 cps, HPMC 5cps, Hollow microspheres.
The aim of this research work involves the design and characterization of the drug being treated Itraconazole which is a Antifungal, Antiprotozoals, Antifungal Agents, Antiprotozoal Agents as a novel vesicular carrier system (transdermal drug delivery system) in the form of Ethosomes. These Ethosomes have been planned in order to overcome all the lacunae and various problems being confronted by the patients treated by Itraconazole namely half-life even though being a highly potent drug and also possessing very poor bioavailability (20-40%).The method of preparation of Itraconazole Ethosomes involves the use of various concentrations of Ethanol, phospholipids and polymers by the cold method (Sonication) which facilitates the suitable size reduction of vesicles. The designed Itraconazole Ethosomes have been characterized and validated by the parameters/techniques namely Visualization, Vesicle size and Zeta potential studies, Scanning Electron microscopy, Entrapment efficiency, Assay, Vesicle stability study, Solubility measurement, Penetration & Permeation studies and drug stability studies. Various Ethosomal formulations were prepared of different compositions namely IF1, IF2, IF3, IF4, IF5, IF6, IF7, IF8, and IF9. Among these the best formulation based on in-vitro drug release studies by dialysis membrane revealed that IF9 was adjudged the best from among the sonicated Ethosomes. However ethosomes prepared by sonication method were more uniform and small in size which is essential for skin penetration. While comparing the entrapment efficiency, ethosomes containing 30% w/w methanol and prepared by sonication showed highest value respect to all other formulation; so it is concluded ethosomal prepared by sonication and containing 30 % w/w methanol as the best formulation considering all other aspects. The highest value of transdermal flux for sonicated ethosomes containing 30% w/w methanol is the indication of complete and rapid penetration through the skin may be because of tiny vesicular size. This is an encouraging observation for drugs which are poorly absorbed from skin. When effect of sonication was compared on ethosomal formulation, IF8 formulation possessed better or suitable characteristics (smaller size, uniform size, distribution, highest entrapment efficiency).
INTRODUCTION: This research aims at enlightens and emphasizing the most prevailing disease conditions and disorders which are most common in mahabubnagar locality ,were category A(augmented) type ADR are more followed by type C(continous).
METHODS: A retrospective research study was conducted using Naronji's and WHO standard scales have been used to categorise the ADR into category A, category B, category C and category D for the given cases.
Epidemological data like age, ADR, and disease condition prevailing in hospitalised patients are noted and categorised department wise.
ABSTRACT
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a prevalent condition which has an adverse effect on quality of life. The presence
of urgency incontinence confers significant morbidity above and beyond that of OAB sufferers who are
continent. The primary treatment for OAB and urgency incontinence is a combination of behavioral measures
and antimuscarinic drug therapy. The ideal antimuscarinic agent should effectively relieve the symptoms of
OAB, with the minimum of side effects; it should be available as a once-daily sustained release formulation
and in dosage strength that allows easy dose titration for the majority of sufferers. Solifenacin succinate was
launched in 2005 and has been shown in both short and long term clinical trials to fulfill these requirements.
Solifenacin is a competitive M3 receptor antagonist with a long half-life (45-68 hours). It is available in two
dosage strengths namely a 5 or 10 mg once-daily tablet. The efficacy and tolerability of solifenacin for the
treatment of all symptoms of OAB has been evaluated in a number of large, placebo controlled, randomized
trials. Long-term safety, efficacy, tolerability and persistence with treatment have been established in an open
label 40 week continuation study.
KEYWORDS
Solifenacin, Urinary incontinence, Overactive bladder and Wet granulation method.
This document summarizes a study on the pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of the leaves of Ficus racemosa. Microscopic analysis of the leaf's transverse section revealed features like epidermis, collenchymatous cells, palisade parenchyma, vascular bundle, and unicellular trichomes. Phytochemical screening of successive leaf extracts detected the presence of alkaloids, phytosterols, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Evaluation of the leaf powder found pH, ash values, and extractive values. The methanol leaf extract showed anthelmintic activity against the Indian earthworm in a dose-dependent manner.
Skin acts as a major target as well as a principal barrier for topical/transdermal drug delivery. Despite the many advantages of this system, the major obstacle is the low diffusion rate of drugs across the stratum corneum. Several methods have been tried to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily. One simple and convenient approach is application of drugs in formulation with elastic vesicles or skin enhancers. Vesicular system is one of the most convenient methods for transdermal delivery of active substances and in that ethosomes are most useful vesicular systems. Ethosomal carriers are systems containing soft vesicles, composed of hydroalcoholic or hydro/glycolic phospholipid in which the concentration of alcohols is relatively high. The high concentration of ethanol brings increase in fluidity of lipids hence increase in permeability of the skin and improves the drug penetration. Ethosomal formulation may contain many drugs such as acyclovir, salbutamol, Insulin, cyclosporine, fluconazole, minodixil, etc. These are prepared by hot method and cold methods. The size of Ethosomal formulation can be decreased by sonication and extrusion method. The high concentration of ethanol makes the ethosomes unique and useful for transcellular delivery, delivery of hormones, anti-arthritis, anti-HIV etc. Thus, it can be a logical conclusion that ethosomal formulation possesses promising future in effective dermal/transdermal delivery of bioactive agents.
ABSTRACT
Hyperglycemia is the technical term for high blood glucose (sugar). It
happens when the body has too little or not enough insulin or when the
body can‘t use insulin properly. The main objective of the present
research work was to develop a bilayer tablet of immediate release
Pioglitazone and controlled release Metformin Hydrochloride, which is
used as an Anti-hyperglycemic agent. Metformin Hydrochloride has
biological half-life nearly about 6 hours, so, an attempt was made in
the direction of preparation and optimization of a combination of
sustained release and immediate release in a single tablet. In controlled
release layer natural gums like xanthum gum, gum trgacanth and guar
gum were used as retarding materials and in immediate release laye
croscarmellose sodium was used as a superdisintegrent to give the faster release of
pioglitazone. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method and by direct
compression. Granules were evaluated for precompression parameters and the tablets were
evaluated for post compression parameters.
Key Words: Bilayer tablets, Metformin Hydrochloride, pioglitazone, xanthum gum, guar
gum, gum tragacanth and crosscarmellose sodium.
ABSTRACT Gliclazide microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation method using bioadhesive polymers such as sodium alginate, carbopol 934, carbopol 971, HPMC K4M in different ratios. Totally twelve different formulations of gliclazide were prepared by using the above polymers. The microspheres were characterized for drug content, entrapment efficiency, swelling index, mucoadhesive property by In vitro wash-off test and in-vitro drug release. The results of this investigation indicate that ionic cross linking technique Ionotropic gelation method can be successfully employed to fabricate Model drug microspheres. Micrometric studies revealed that the mean particle size of the prepared microspheres was in the size range of 512-903 μm and are suitable for bioadhesive microspheres for oral administration. The in-vitro mucoadhesive study demonstrated that microspheres of Model drug using sodium alginate along with Carbopol 934 as copolymer adhered to the mucus to a greater extent than the microspheres of Model drug using sodium alginate along with Carbopol 971 and HPMC K4Mas copolymers. Analysis of drug release mechanism showed that the drug release from the formulations followed non-Fickian diffusion and the best fit model was found to be Korsmeyer-Peppas. Based on the results of evaluation tests formulation coded T4 was concluded as best formulation. Keywords: Bioadhesive Microspheres, Gliclazide, Ionotropic gelation method.
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to prepare and evaluate immediate release itraconazole pellets and comprehensive studies of the same. The itraconazole pellets is prepared using fluid bed processer with different concentration of HPMC (Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose). The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the excipient studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The prepared pellets were physically evaluated with size, shape, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, hausners ratio, angle of repose, sieve analysis, surface roughness, density, moisture content, assay and drug release etc. The in vitro drug release profile from pellets shows that all the formulation release more than 75% drug within 90min. Optimized formulations were found to have HPMC concentration 2-5% of total weight of pellets to maximize high-quality surface, desired release, and size distribution within the range. These results indicate that pellets containing 10 % HPMC of total weight of pellets give better quality of itraconazole pellets for immediate release. Key Words: Itraconazole, Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and Immediate release.
Abstract:
The Chronopharmacotherapy the drug administration is synchronised with circadian rhythms Formulation development of Microspheres is more reliable formulation as compare to single type dosage formulation due to it avoids dose dumping, as per required drug release profile is achieved For microspheres many polymers are used such as albumin, gelatine, starch, Eudragit, Polyacrylamide (“PAM”) these material loading capacity is high. Micro sponges which are Spherical are called as micro-balloons. Due to its hollow structure it shows good floating properties. In these systems use of Carbon-dioxide (CO2) as gas generating system which are used for floating purpose. The objective of present investigation is to prepared and evaluate a floating pulsatile drug delivery system of Aceclofenac. The strategy adopted for microspheres containing Aceclofenac as a material were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion technique. Drug and polymer were mixed in dichloromethane and ethanol at 1:1 ratio. The drug and polymer solution were poured in water 50% W/V polyvinyl alcohol maintained at 30-40 C and the solution was stir at 500rpm using mechanical stirrer, The microspheres obtain were washed repeatedly with water until free from poly vinyl alcohol. The developed formulations were evaluated yield of floating microspheres particle size and shape, drug entrapment efficiency in-vitro evolution of floating ability, in-vitro drug release study. On the basis of these evolution parameters it was found that optimised floating pulsatile release formulation F7 showed higher drug entrapment efficiency floating time 6.8 minutes and the drug and polymer 32 1:3 ratio the particle size was increased.
Key Words: Chronopharmacotherapy, Floating pulsatile drug delivery, Aceclofenac.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present research work was to enhance the solubility of
Carvedilol by solid dispersion method and to formulate a mouth
dissolving tablet. Drugs are more frequently taken by oral
administration. The solubility of Carvedilol enhanced with different
ratios of PVP by the solvent evaporation method .In-vitro release
profile of solid dispersion obtained in SGF without enzymes and Ph
6.8 phosphate buffer indicate that 100% drug release found within 20
min. These solid dispersion were directly compressed into tablets using
Crospovidone, sodium starch glycol ate, croscarmellose sodium and
polyacrylic potassium in different concentrations as a super
disintegrants. The prepared tablets containing the solid dispersion of
Carvedilol having sufficient strength of 2.5-4 kg/cm2. The
disintegrated in the oral cavity with in 21 sec. contain Crospovidone
(5%) as super disintegrant.
KEYWORDS: Carvedilol, PVP, Super Disintegrants, Mouth Dissolving Tablet.
ABSTRACT
Carvedilol is a cardiovascular drug of multifaceted therapeutic potential, with beta-blocker and vasodilatative activity. These actions confer to the above mentioned beta blocker some beneficial properties on several processes involving cardiovascular system. Carvedilol provides hemodynamic, ant ischemic, anti-proliferative and antiarrhytmic benefits, for its antioxidant neuro humoral and electrophysiological effects. All these actions provide the basis for usefulness of the drug in the treatment of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and congestive heart failure. In this review we report the beneficial properties of Carvedilol and we analyze the rational clinical use of this beta blocker taking special attention on recent clinical trial in heart failure where it appears evidence supporting an important, favorable effect of the drug.
KEYWORDS: Carvedilol, Hypertension, Coronary disease, Hearth failure.
A new precise accurate and reliable validated method for the determination of Capecitabine was developed by using
reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Spectrophotometer
determination was carried out at an absorption maximum of 240nm by using methanol. The linearity was over the
concentration range of 20-120 μg/ml with correlation coefficient 0.999. Chromatographic separation was carried
out by using a mobile phase of methanol: Acetonitrile: water (80:20:80 V/V) on Waters 2487 dual absorbance
column in an isocratic mode at a flow rate of 1.1 ml/min with UV detection at 240 nm. The developed methods were
found to be precise and accurate for the estimation of Capecitabine in pharmaceutical dosage forms and could be
used for routine analysis.
Keywords: Capecitabine, RP-HPLC, Spectrophotometry, Waters 2487 dual absorbance detector, Nova pack 300 ×
3.9mm 5μ as column, 240nm
Diabetes mellitus is among the most common disorder in developed and
developing countries, and the disease is increasing rapidly in most parts
of the world. It has been estimated that up to one-third of patients with
diabetes mellitus use some form of complementary and alternative
medicine. Alstonia scholaris is a plant of family Apocynaceae and has a
great medicinal importance. It is widely used by tribal people to treat
various diseases and ailments. The present communication deals with
the organoleptic and preliminary physico-phytochemical studies of the
stem bark of the plant. The organoleptic study was done according to
the W.H.O. guidelines for medicinal plants. Alstonia scholaris is a plant
that has been used in popular medicine for the treatment of the diabetes.
It is native to the Indian subcontinent, Indomalaya, Malaysia, and
Australasia. This has been investigated based on amerolative properties
of bioactive compounds of Alstonia scholaris stem bark extract up on
alloxan induced diabetic rats. The blood glucose levels were increased
significantly. Ethanolic stem bark extract of A. scholaris was given to
the diabetic rats in daily dose of 450mg/ kg of body weight (21 days). In
diabetic rats of blood glucose levels decreased highly significant
(p<0.005). The reduction in blood glucose can be used as a marker in
the evaluating the severity of diabetes.
The document summarizes the specific roles of various excipients used in tablet production, including diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, coloring agents, sweetening agents, and coating agents. It describes the mechanisms by which each excipient functions and provides examples. Key excipients discussed include lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium starch glycolate, talc, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, ferric oxide, sucrose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
The document describes three main methods for manufacturing tablets: wet granulation, dry granulation, and direct compression. Wet granulation involves using a liquid such as water to form granules, then drying the granules. It produces tablets with good mechanical properties but requires multiple steps. Dry granulation uses compaction without liquid to form granules. Direct compression compresses powder directly without a granulation step, making it faster but requiring special excipients. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to processing steps, equipment needs, stability concerns, and tablet properties.
1. The document discusses good pharmacy practice (GPP) in India, which aims to optimize patient care through appropriate medication use.
2. Key aspects of GPP include supplying quality medications, providing patients with information and advice, monitoring medication effects, and promoting rational prescribing and use.
3. The roles of pharmacists in GPP are to prepare, obtain, store, distribute, administer, dispense, and dispose of medications properly, provide medication therapy management, maintain professional competency, and contribute to healthcare system effectiveness.
1. The document discusses good pharmacy practice (GPP) in India, which aims to optimize patient care through appropriate medication use.
2. Key aspects of GPP include supplying quality medications, providing patients with information and advice, monitoring medication effects, and promoting rational prescribing and use.
3. The roles of pharmacists in GPP are to prepare, obtain, store, distribute, administer, dispense, and dispose of medications properly, provide medication therapy management, maintain professional competency, and contribute to healthcare system effectiveness.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
EVALUATION OF ANTI HYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANT, ARGYREIA NERVOSA BURN.F IN HYPERLIPIDEMIC RATS
1. Ananda Kumar. Chettupalli / J Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2017; 8(1): 3577 - 3583
3577
EVALUATION OF ANTI HYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL
PLANT, ARGYREIA NERVOSA BURN.F IN HYPERLIPIDEMIC RATS
Ananda Kumar. Chettupalli*, Vasudha. B, Krishna Sanka
Department of Pharmaceutics, Anurag Group of Institutions, Venkatapur,
Ghatkesar, Medchal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India- 500088
*Corresponding author E-mail: anand33.chettupalli@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Key words:
Sibutramine,
High fat diet,
Serum lipid profile,
Hyperlipidemic activity,
Hyperlipidemia.
The global prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly and high dietary
fat intake is major risk factor for the development of obesity. The present
study was taken undertaken to evaluate the effect of Argyreia Nervosa
Burn.F leaf ethanol extract on serum lipid profile in Wistar male albino rat
fed with high fat diet and to compare it with a standard hyperlipidemic drug
Sibutramine (10mg/kg). Fifty four health Wistar albino male rats were
randomized in to 9 groups of 6 animals each. The groups were followed as
follows Group I: Sham operated Normal (Normal Diet), Group II: Control
(High fat diet), Group III: Sibutramine 10 mg/kg + HFD, Group IV: EEAN
(100mg/kg) + HFD, Group V: EEAN (200mg/kg) +HFD, Group VI: EEAN
(400mg/kg) + HFD, Remaining groups have received different types of
extracts at various doses. Lipid profile in serum with high triglyceride (TG)
and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by treatment of 0.5g/day
A. nervosa. The A. nervosa markedly lowers the levels of serum cholesterol
and VLDL. The present investigation shows that all triton induced rats
displayed hyperlipidemia as shown by their elevated levels of serum and
liver cholesterol, triglyceride, PL, VLDL, LDL and the reduction in the
HDL level. It can be concluded that 0.5g/day of A. nervosa treatment was
effective in reduction of cholesterol, PL, TG, VLDL, LDL and HDL in a
dose dependant manner.
INTRODUCTION:
From the beginning of the last century,
evidences on the cholesterol-lowering
properties of medicinal plants have been
accumulating. The importance of such
investigations, are confirmed in the treatment
of obesity, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and
atherosclerosis. Scientists have reported the
role of medicinal plants in the control of
elevated serum cholesterol, and the reduction
of morbidity and mortality due to vascular
diseases associated with it [1]
. Coronary artery
disease (CAD) is one of the most important
causes of death all over the world [2]
.
According to World Health Organization
(WHO), by 2010, Asian Indians will represent
50-60% of the world’s cardiac patients, which
amounts to about 100 million patients [3]
. High
plasma level of cholesterol along with
generation of reactive species (ROS) play’s
key role in the development of coronary artery
disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis[4]
.Oxidative
stress is currently suggested a mechanism
underlying hypercholesterolemia. Free radicals
are continuously produced in the body as the
result of normal metabolic processes and
interaction with environmental stimuli [5]
.
Although statins have been found effective in
lowering serum low-density lipid levels they
have been found to cause many side effects.
As they are basically enzyme inhibitors, so it
Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences
An Elsevier Indexed Journal ISSN-2230-7346
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3578
is likely that they may be inhibiting other
critical enzymes in body. Statins are ingested
on a long term basis so there may be a risk of
Chronic toxic effects like carcinogenic,
teratogenicity and mutagenic over a life time
of use [6]
. Recent study has shown that
medicinal plants intake in rat’s results in an
increase of antioxidant enzymes activity and
HDL cholesterol, and a decrease in
malondialdehyde, which may reduce the risk
of heart disease [5]
. Traditional medicine is still
the mainstay of about 75-80% of world
population, mainly in the developing
countries. India, having a rich tradition of folk
medicine from centuries, has provided very
simple but effective remedies to various
ailments using plants and plants derived
compounds. There is no such risk factor to use
the plant medicine as compare with the
allopathic drugs [7]
.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Plant authentication and extract
preparation:
The plant was collected during the
march 2014 from Tirumalla forest area of
Chitoor district India. The plant was
authenticated by Dr. Madhava Chetty,
Department of Botany, Sri Venkateshwara
University, Tirupati and voucher specimen of
the plant were preserved at institute herbarium
library. The shade dried and powdered leaves
of A. nervosa were extracted with ethanol by
using Soxhlet extractor. The extract was
filtered and then solvent was evaporated under
reduced pressure to a solvent free concentrated
mass, which was then stored in air-tight
container in a cool and dry condition.
Experimental Animals:
Wistar albino adult male rats weighing
200-250g were obtained from the animal
house. The animal were grouped and housed in
polyacrylic cages (38x 23x 10 cm) with not
more than five animals per cage and
maintained under standard laboratory under
standard laboratory conditions (temperature
25+2oC) with dark and light cycle (14/10
hour). They were allowed free access to
standard dry pellet diet (Hindustan Lever,
Kolkata, India) and water ad libitum. The mice
were acclimatized to laboratory condition for
10 days before commencement of experiment.
The experimental protocol was approved by
Institutional Animal Ethical Committee
(IAEC) constituted under CPCSEA.
Induction of Hyper lipidemia :
Hyperlipidemia was induced in Wistar albino
rats by single intraperitoneal injection of
freshly prepared solution of Triton-X-100 (100
mg/kg) in physiological saline solution after
overnight fasting for 18 h [45]
.The animals
were divided into four groups of five rats each.
The first group was given standard pellet diet,
water and orally administered with 5% CMC.
The second group was given a single dose of
triton administered at a dose of 100mg/kg, i.p.
After 72 hours of triton injection, this group
received a daily dose of 5% CMC (p.o) for 7
days. The third group was administered a daily
dose of 0.5g/day Argyreia nervosa suspended
in 5%CMC, p.o., for 7 days, after inducing
hyperlipidemia. Fourth group was
administered with the standard Fenofibrate
65mg/kg, p.o. for 7 days [46]
.
Collection of blood: On the 8thday, blood
was collected by retero orbital sinus puncture,
under mild ether anesthesia. The collected
samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes. Then
serum samples were collected and used for
various biochemical experiments. The animals
were then sacrificed and the liver collected [47]
.
Liver lipid extraction: The liver was
homogenized in cold 0.15M KCl and extracted
with CHCl3 CH3OH (2% v/v). This lipid
extract was used for the estimation of lipid
parameters [48]
.
High Fat diet model Materials: Remi
research centrifuge (R-24), Soxhlet extractor,
Olampus Research microscope with computer
connectivity and image capturing capacity,
HPTLC, Shimadzu UV-visible
spectrophotometer (UV1800), micrtone. Stat
Fax autoanalyser (2000), Afcoset digital
balance (ER-180A). Sibutramine was gifted by
the Ranbaxy Laboratory Ltd, Devas, MP. 2%
Cholesterol was purchased from SRL Pvt.
LTD., Mumbai.
Animal selection: 54 (09 x 6) Wistar albino
rats (180-250 g) were used in this second
model. They were housed six per cage under
standard laboratory conditions at a room
temperature at 22 ± 2oC with 12h light/dark
cycle. The animals were maintained under
3. Ananda Kumar. Chettupalli / J Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2017; 8(1): 3577 - 3583
3579
standard nutritional and environmental
conditions throughout the experiment. The
experiment ware carried out between 9:00–
16:00 hours at ambient temperature. All the
pharmacological experimental protocols were
approved by the Institutional Animals Ethics
Committee (Ref: CPCSEA/769/2010) of
Sigma Institute of Clinical Research and
Administration Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India.
Animal grouping: The animals were
randomly divided into following 9 groups;
each group consists of six animals. Animal
grouping and their treatment is as follows:
Group- I: Sham operated Normal (Normal
Diet)
Group- II: Control (High fat diet)
Group- III: Sibutramine 10 mg/kg + HFD
Remaining groups have received different
types of extracts at various doses as follows.
Group- IV: EEAN (100mg/kg) + HFD
Group- V: EEAN (200mg/kg) +HFD
Group- VI: EEAN (400mg/kg) + HFD
Induction of High fat diet induced obesity:
Animals were divided in to 9 groups
each group having 6 animals, first group (lean
Rat) had free access to standard pelleted chow
which provided 76.8% of energy as
carbohydrates, 19.2% as protein, and 4.3% as
fat. Remaining 48 rats were fed with a high fat
diet providing 60% of energy as fat, 20% as
protein and 20% as carbohydrates to the
animals. Experimental obesity and other
metabolic changes were induced by dietary
manipulation (by proving HFD) for 48 days to
reaming 9 groups. After 48 days rats were
found to be obese, change in body weight
during this period was recorded.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
A. nervosa has also been shown to indirectly
modify the total cholesterol and high density
lipoprotein cholesterol values. The ethanolic
extract of A. nervosa was found to be non–
toxic up to the dose of 2 g/kg and did not
cause any death of the tested animals. The
Phytochemical tests with the ethanol extract of
A. nervosa indicated the presence of
carbohydrates, glycosides, terpenes, saponins,
proteins and amino acids. Hyperlipidemia is
associated with heart disease, which is the
leading cause of death in the world. The
lowering of the levels of harmful lipids to
satisfactory values has been confirmed by
several experimental animal and interventional
studies indicating lowered morbidity and
mortality in coronary heart diseases. The
results are discussed under the lipid profile in
serum. Lipid profile in serum with high
triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were
significantly reduced by treatment of 0.5g/day
A. nervosa. LDL and VLDL levels were
significantly increased in triton-injected
animals to control rats. The results are shown
in Tables 1 and 3. The A. nervosa markedly
lowers the levels of serum cholesterol and
VLDL. The decrease in cholesterol may
indicate increased oxidation of mobilized fatty
acids of inhibition or lipolysis. The present
investigation shows that all triton induced rats
displayed hyperlipidemia as shown by their
elevated levels of serum and liver cholesterol,
triglyceride, PL, VLDL, LDL and the
reduction in the HDL level. It can be
concluded that 0.5g/day of A. nervosa
treatment was effective in reduction of
cholesterol, PL, TG, VLDL, LDL and HDL in
a dose dependant manner. Histopathological
studies revelaed that control group showing
normal architecture; (b) hyperlipidemic group
showing fatty infiltration and granular
degeneration; (c) Fenofibrate group showing
negligible cytoplasmic fatty infiltration and
granular degeneration; (d) group treated with
200mg/kg extract showing mild cytoplasmic
fatty infiltration and mild granular
degeneration; (e) group treated with 400mg/kg
extract showing mild cytoplasmic fatty
infiltration and mild to moderate granular
degeneration.
CONCLUSION:
Hyperlipidemia is associated with
heart disease, which is the leading cause of
death in the world. The lowering of the levels
of harmful lipids to satisfactory values has
been confirmed by several experimental
animal and interventional studies indicating
lowered morbidity and mortality in coronary
heart diseases. The results are discussed under
the lipid profile in serum. Lipid profile in
serum with high triglyceride (TG) and
cholesterol levels were significantly reduced
by treatment of 200mg/kg extract and 400
mg/kg extract A. nervosa.
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Table 1: Effect of Ethanolic extract of Argyreia nervosa on body weight in Triton-X induced
Hyperlipidemia in rats.EEAN- Ethanolic Extract of Argyreia nervosa
Table 2: Effect of Ethanolic extract of Argyreia nervosa on Glucose, SGOT and SGPT levels
on Triton-X induced hyperlipidemia in rats.
Table 3: Effect of Ethanolic extract of Argyreia nervosa on Lipid profile levels onTriton-X induced
hyperlipidemia in rats.
All the values are mean ± SEM, n=6, ns=Not significant, One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by
multiple comparison Dunnett’s test, **p<0.01, *** p<0.001 vs. control group, and a
p<0.001
Treatment Groups 1st
Day 7th
Day 14th
Day 21st
day 48th
Day
Sham operated
Normal
157.5±2.81 162.5±2.14 164.3±2.36 169.8±1.662 174.5±1.258
Triton-X -100
Control
157.5±2.81 162.5±2.14 164.3±2.36 169.8±1.662 174.5±1.258
Standard -
Sibutramine10mg/kg
155.0±1.82 165.2±3.13 168.5±3.05* 169.5±1.83*** 170.2±2.19**
*
EEAN (100mg/kg) 153.3±3.07 168.2±0.79 168.8±2.77* 171.0±4.25*** 192.0±4.50**
EEAN (200mg/kg) 153.3±3.07 169.0±1.52 167.5±0.84* 175.0±0.81*** 183.2±2.72**
EEAN (400mg/kg) 155.2±2.89 161.3±1.56 166.8±1.77* 172.8±1.68*** 185.3±5.10**
Treatment Groups Glucose mg/dl SGOT mg/dl SGPT mg/dl
Sham operated Normal 77.83±4.42 12.84±0.82 34.12±2.35
Triton-X -100 Control 87.5±2.81 25.50±2.14 44.31 ±2.36
Standard
(Sibutramine10mg/kg)
64.00±1.39*** 12.70±0.87*** 28.97±1.45***
EEAN (100mg/kg) 85.17±1.24*** 23.44±1.12ns 59.53±3.50**
EEAN (200mg/kg) 92.17±4.28*** 21.02±1.29ns 45.35±4.37***
EEAN (400mg/kg) 63.83±1.49*** 13.59±1.35*** 38.98±4.26***
Treatment Groups
TC (mg/dl) TG (mg/dl)
HDL-C
(mg/dl)
LDL-C
(mg/dl)
VLDL-C (mg/dl)
Sham operated Normal 125.7±1.45 66.84±0.48 40.05±0.66 72.33±1.53 13.37±0.09
Triton-X-100 (control) 184.6±2.55 76.84±0.48 68.15±0.66 92.33±1.53 18.37±0.09
Standard
(Sibutramine10mg/kg)
142.2±2.10
***
68.00±1.77**
*
47.89±1.20**
*
80.40±3.28*** 13.89±0.22***
EEAN(100mg/kg) 185.7±2.96
***
72.17±1.88**
*
39.34±1.67**
*
131.9±3.35ns 14.43±0.37***
EEAN (200mg/kg) 172.1±1.23
***
70.24±1.58**
*
54.15±1.08**
*
118.4±0.80ns 14.04±0.31***
EEAN (400mg/kg 162.7±1.03
***
63.70±1.08**
*
56.31±1.52**
*
103.9±2.11* 12.73±0.21***
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3581
Table 4: Effect of Ethanolic extract of Argyreia nervosaon body weight in HFD induced
hyperlipidemia and obesity in rats.EEAN- Ethanolic Extract of Argyreia nervosa
Table 5: Effect of Ethanolic extract of Argyreia nervosa on Glucose, SGOT and SGPT levels on
HFD induced hyperlipidemia in rats
All the values are mean ± SEM ,n=6, ns=Not significant, One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
followed by multiple comparison Dunnett’s test, **p<0.01, *** p<0.001 vs. control group ,and
a
p<0.001
Table 6: Effect of Ethanolic extract of Argyreia nervosa on Lipid profile levels on HFD induced
hyperlipidemia in rats
All the values are mean ± SEM, n=6, ns=Not significant, One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
followed by multiple comparison Dunnett’s test, **p<0.01, *** p<0.001 vs. control group ,and
a
p<0.001
Treatment Groups 1st
Day 7th
Day 14th
Day 21st
day 48th
Day
Sham operated Normal 157.5±2.81 162.5±2.14 164.3±2.36 169.8±1.662 174.5±1.258
HFD (control) 157.5±2.81 172.5±2.14 184.3±2.36 189.8±1.662 194.5±1.258
Standard
(Sibutramine10mg/kg)
155.0±1.82 165.2±3.13 168.5±3.05* 169.5±1.83*** 170.2±2.19***
EEAN (100mg/kg) 153.3±3.07 168.2±0.79 168.8±2.77* 171.0±4.25*** 192.0±4.50***
EEAN (200mg/kg) 153.3±3.07 169.0±1.52 167.5±0.84** 175.0±0.81*** 183.2±2.72***
EEAN (400mg/kg) 155.2±2.89 161.3±1.56 166.8±1.77** 172.8±1.68*** 185.3±5.10***
Treatment Groups Glucose mg/dl SGOT mg/dl SGPT mg/dl
Sham operated Normal 77.83±4.42 12.84±0.82 34.12±2.35
HFD (control) 88.5±2.81 25.50±2.14 44.31 ±2.36
Standard (Sibutramine10mg/kg) 64.00±1.39*** 12.70±0.87*** 28.97±1.45***
EEAN (100mg/kg) 75.17±1.24*** 23.44±1.12ns 56.53±3.50**
EEAN (200mg/kg) 72.17±4.28*** 21.02±1.29ns 45.35±4.37***
EEAN (400mg/kg) 63.83±1.49*** 13.59±1.35*** 38.98±4.26***
Treatment Groups
TC (mg/dl) TG (mg/dl)
HDL-C
(mg/dl)
LDL-C (mg/dl) VLDL-C (mg/dl)
Sham operated Normal 125.7±1.45 66.84±0.48 40.05±0.66 72.33±1.53 13.37±0.09
HFD (control) 199.6±2.55 86.84±0.48 78.15±0.66 82.33±1.53 20.37±0.09
Standard
(Sibutramine10mg/kg)
142.2±2.10
***
68.00±1.77**
*
47.89±1.20**
*
80.40±3.28*** 13.89±0.22***
EEAN(100mg/kg) 185.7±2.96
***
72.17±1.88**
*
39.34±1.67**
*
131.9±3.35ns 14.43±0.37***
EEAN (200mg/kg) 172.1±1.23
***
70.24±1.58**
*
54.15±1.08**
*
118.4±0.80ns 14.04±0.31***
EEAN (400mg/kg) 162.7±1.03
***
63.70±1.08**
*
56.31±1.52**
*
103.9±2.11* 12.73±0.21***
6. Ananda Kumar. Chettupalli / J Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2017; 8(1): 3577 - 3583
3582
Fig 1: Hepatocytes of rats stained with hematoxylin and eosin (100 × magnification) ― (a) control
group showing normal architecture; (b) hyperlipidemic group showing fatty infiltration (→) and
granular degeneration; (c) Fenofibrate group showing negligible cytoplasmic fatty infiltration and
granular degeneration; (d) group treated with 200mg/kg extract showing mild cytoplasmic fatty
infiltration and mild granular degeneration; (e) group treated with 400mg/kg extract showing mild
cytoplasmic fatty infiltration and mild to moderate granular degeneration.
LDL and VLDL levels were significantly
increased in triton-injected animals to control
rats. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 3.
The A. nervosa markedly lowers the levels of
serum cholesterol and VLDL. The decrease in
cholesterol may indicate increased oxidation
of mobilized fatty acids of inhibition or
lipolysis. The present investigation shows that
all triton induced rats displayed
hyperlipidemia as shown by their elevated
levels of serum and liver cholesterol,
triglyceride, PL, VLDL, LDL and the
reduction in the HDL level. Histopathological
studies revelaed that group treated with
200mg/kg extract and 400 mg/kg extract
showed mild cytoplasmic fatty infiltration and
mild granular degeneration as compared to
normal and control groups. It can be
concluded that 200mg/kg extract and 400
mg/kg extract of A. nervosa treatment was
effective in reduction of cholesterol, PL, TG,
VLDL, LDL and HDL in a dose dependant
manner.
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