This document discusses intermolecular forces and polarity. It defines intermolecular forces as the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules. The document then explains the different types of intermolecular forces and how they relate to a substance's properties. It also discusses how intermolecular forces are used in applications like medical implants and electronics. Next, it describes how polarity is determined by bond polarity and molecular geometry. Polar molecules interact through dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding, while non-polar molecules interact through London dispersion forces. The document provides several examples of applying concepts of electronegativity, bond polarity, and molecular geometry to determine if a substance is polar or non-polar.
Synthesis of the New Elements in the Laboratory Jhay Gonzales
The power point presentation is intended for reporting purposes. Various slides were not defined well and needs to be explained by the reporter during the discussion. The slide started in explaining the objective of the reporting. Explain what a periodic table is. Present the synthetic elements and how they were made. The nuclear reactions presented were only depicted by images and thus, needed to be researched.
Lesson 4 Not Indivisible (The Structure of the Atom)Simple ABbieC
Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you will have to:
1. point out the main ideas in the discovery of the structure of the atom and its subatomic particles
2. cite the contributions of J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Henry Moseley, and Niels Bohr to the understanding of the structure of the atom
3. describe the nuclear model of the atom and the location of its major components (protons, neutrons, and electrons)
Synthesis of the New Elements in the Laboratory Jhay Gonzales
The power point presentation is intended for reporting purposes. Various slides were not defined well and needs to be explained by the reporter during the discussion. The slide started in explaining the objective of the reporting. Explain what a periodic table is. Present the synthetic elements and how they were made. The nuclear reactions presented were only depicted by images and thus, needed to be researched.
Lesson 4 Not Indivisible (The Structure of the Atom)Simple ABbieC
Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you will have to:
1. point out the main ideas in the discovery of the structure of the atom and its subatomic particles
2. cite the contributions of J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Henry Moseley, and Niels Bohr to the understanding of the structure of the atom
3. describe the nuclear model of the atom and the location of its major components (protons, neutrons, and electrons)
This power point work describe about polar and nonn polar compounds and how to find it very easily and it also explain dipole moment and its calculation...this includes some workout problems
Lesson 1 In the Beginning (Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Light Elements)Simple ABbieC
Content: How the Elements Found in the Universe were Formed
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
• the formation of the elements during the Big Bang and during stellar evolution
Learning Competency
The learners:
• give evidence for and explain the formation of the light elements in the Big Bang theory (S11/12PS-IIIa-1)
Summary
• The big bang theory explains how the elements were initially formed the formation of different elements involved many nuclear reactions, including fusion fission and radioactive decay
• There are three cosmic stages through which specific groups of elements were formed.
(1) The big bang nucleosynthesis formed the light elements(H, He, and Li).
(2) Stellar formation and evolution formed the elements heavier than Be to Fe.
(3) Stellar explosion , or supernova, formed the elements heavier than Fe.
• Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that have all the properties of an element. They composed of smaller subatomic particles as protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have positive charge, neutrons are electrically neutral; and electrons have a negative charge.
• The nucleus, which takes the central region of an atom, is comprised of protons and neutrons, electrons move around the nucleus.
• The atomic number (Z) indicates the number of protons in an atom. In a neutral atom, number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. The atomic mass (A) is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons.
• Isotopes refer to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses.
• Ions, which are positively or negatively charged particles, have the same number of protons in different number of electrons.
Lesson 2 We Are All Made of Star Stuff (Formation of the Heavy Elements)Simple ABbieC
Content: How the elements found in the universe were formed
Content Standard:
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to demonstrate an understanding of:
the formation of the elements during the Big Bang and during stellar evolution
the distribution of the chemical elements and the isotopes in the universe
Learning Competencies:
At the end of the lesson,
Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during star formation and evolution (S11/12PS-IIIa-2)
Write the nuclear fusion reactions that take place in stars that lead to the formation of new elements (S11/12PS-IIIa-3)
Describe how elements heavier than iron are formed (S11/12PSIIIa-b-4))
chemical bonding and molecular structure class 11sarunkumar31
hybridisation, bonding and antiboding, dipole moment, VSPER theory, Molecular orbital diagram, Phosphorous pentachloride, ionic bond, bond order, bond enthalpy, bond dissociation, sp and sp2hybridisation, hydrogen bonding,electron pair,lone pair repulsion, resonance structure of ozone, how to find electron pair and lone pair, sp3 hybridization of methane.
This power point work describe about polar and nonn polar compounds and how to find it very easily and it also explain dipole moment and its calculation...this includes some workout problems
Lesson 1 In the Beginning (Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Light Elements)Simple ABbieC
Content: How the Elements Found in the Universe were Formed
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
• the formation of the elements during the Big Bang and during stellar evolution
Learning Competency
The learners:
• give evidence for and explain the formation of the light elements in the Big Bang theory (S11/12PS-IIIa-1)
Summary
• The big bang theory explains how the elements were initially formed the formation of different elements involved many nuclear reactions, including fusion fission and radioactive decay
• There are three cosmic stages through which specific groups of elements were formed.
(1) The big bang nucleosynthesis formed the light elements(H, He, and Li).
(2) Stellar formation and evolution formed the elements heavier than Be to Fe.
(3) Stellar explosion , or supernova, formed the elements heavier than Fe.
• Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that have all the properties of an element. They composed of smaller subatomic particles as protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have positive charge, neutrons are electrically neutral; and electrons have a negative charge.
• The nucleus, which takes the central region of an atom, is comprised of protons and neutrons, electrons move around the nucleus.
• The atomic number (Z) indicates the number of protons in an atom. In a neutral atom, number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. The atomic mass (A) is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons.
• Isotopes refer to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses.
• Ions, which are positively or negatively charged particles, have the same number of protons in different number of electrons.
Lesson 2 We Are All Made of Star Stuff (Formation of the Heavy Elements)Simple ABbieC
Content: How the elements found in the universe were formed
Content Standard:
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to demonstrate an understanding of:
the formation of the elements during the Big Bang and during stellar evolution
the distribution of the chemical elements and the isotopes in the universe
Learning Competencies:
At the end of the lesson,
Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements during star formation and evolution (S11/12PS-IIIa-2)
Write the nuclear fusion reactions that take place in stars that lead to the formation of new elements (S11/12PS-IIIa-3)
Describe how elements heavier than iron are formed (S11/12PSIIIa-b-4))
chemical bonding and molecular structure class 11sarunkumar31
hybridisation, bonding and antiboding, dipole moment, VSPER theory, Molecular orbital diagram, Phosphorous pentachloride, ionic bond, bond order, bond enthalpy, bond dissociation, sp and sp2hybridisation, hydrogen bonding,electron pair,lone pair repulsion, resonance structure of ozone, how to find electron pair and lone pair, sp3 hybridization of methane.
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
these slides will help you learn all the basic about chemical bonding. concept of valancy, concept of electronic configuration, types of chemical bonds, and how do atoms form bonds.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Objectivesa. Describe the different types of intermolecular
forces
b. Determine the different types of intermolecular
forces in different substances and relate
them to its properties
c. Explain how the different intermolecular forces
are utilized in different fields such as in
medical implants, electronic devices, etc.
5. Factors that Determine the
Polarity of Molecules
1) The polarity of the bonds
between atoms which can be
studied based on
electronegativity.
6. Factors that Determine the
Polarity of Molecules
2) The geometrical shape of the
molecule which can be predicted
via the valence shell electron pair
repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
20. Electronegativity of Elements
Electronegativity (EN) - Measure of the
relative tendency of an atom to attract
electrons to itself when chemically
combined with another atom.
The higher the value of
electronegativity, the more it tends to
attract electrons toward itself.
31. Polar Covalent Bonds
Polar covalent bonds occur when
electron pairs are unequally shared.
The difference in electronegativity
between atoms is significant.
Examples of compounds having
polar covalent bonds are:
32.
33.
34.
35.
36. HCl
EN of H = 2.1
EN of Cl = 3.0 ΔEN = 0.9
HF
EN of H = 2.1
EN of F = 4.0 ΔEN = 1.9
37. The separation of charges makes the bond
polar. It creates an electric dipole.
Dipole refers to “two poles,” meaning there
is a positive and a negative pole within a
molecule.
38.
39. The separation of charges makes the bond
polar. It creates an electric dipole.
Dipole refers to “two poles,” meaning there
is a positive and a negative pole within a
molecule.
40. Elements with the higher EN
value become the partial negative
pole while elements with the
lower EN value become the
partial positive pole.
This makes the molecule a polar
molecule
41.
42. Non-polar Covalent Bonds
occur when electron pairs are
shared equally or the difference in
electronegativity between atoms is
less than 0.5.
Examples of substances having
non-polar covalent bonds are:
47. Molecular Geometry
The valence shell electron pair
repulsion theory or VSEPR theory
helps predict the spatial
arrangement of atoms in a
polyatomic molecule.
The shapes are designed to minimize
the repulsion within a molecule.
51. Symmetry plays an important role
in determining the polarity of a
molecule.
Guidelines to determine the VSEPR shape of a
molecule:
1. Determine the central atom of a molecule.
The central atom is the least electronegative
element.
2. Count how many valence electrons the
central atom has.
52. 3. Count how many valence electrons
the side atoms have.
4. Create the appropriate Lewis structure
of the molecule.
5. Using the Lewis structure as a guide,
determine the appropriate VSEPR shape
for the molecule.
6. Note how many electrons are shared
and unshared. This will help determine
the appropriate VSEPR shape.
55. The presence of polar bonds does
not automatically make a molecule
polar.
The geometry of the molecule also
plays an important role.
This can be seen in CO2 wherein the
electronegativity difference of C and
O is 1.0 which makes the bond
between them polar
56. However carbon is placed
in the middle of two oxygen
atoms making the molecular
structure linear.
This equal distribution of
polar bonds make the molecule
non-polar.
57.
58. molecules are polar or non-
polar based on the type of
covalent bond and its
molecular geometry.
The most practical
manifestations of polarity is
solubility and miscibility.
59. Solubility refers to the
ability of a solute to
dissolve in a certain
amount of solvent.
Miscibility is the ability of
two liquids to mix in all
proportions.
61. In the experiment, water and
vinegar mixed because they are
both polar substances while
gasoline and oil are non-polar
substances.
Oil and water, oil and vinegar,
gasoline and water, and vinegar
and gasoline do not mix because
their polarities are different.
62. Determine the polarity of the
following compounds based on
electronegativity differences
and molecular geometry.
1. HBr 4. O2
2. PH3 5. BCl3
3. SiS2
63. Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are
a major component of all cell membranes.
They can form lipid bilayers because of
their amphiphilic characteristic. The
structure of the phospholipid molecule
generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty
acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head"
consisting of a phosphate group.
