This document outlines the course details for Neuroanatomy taught by Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad at Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences. The course covers the central nervous system including the brain stem, cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, internal capsule, blood supply of the brain, and more. It also discusses the spinal cord, cranial nerves, autonomic nervous system, and recommended textbooks. The lectures will introduce the organization of the nervous system and cover the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, cerebellum, and brain stem in detail.
Presentation on SHOCKWAVE THERAPY.
What is ESWT Or Shockwave Therapy.
MECHANISM OF ACTION Shockwave Therapy.
MEDICAL EFFECTS of Shockwave Therapy.
INDICATIONS and CONTRAINDICATIONS of Shockwave Therapy.
Some of the benefits of shockwave therapy treatment.
HOW SUCCESSFUL IS SHOCKWAVE?
It is a direct current named after inventor Dr.L. Galvani. 2. Its direction of polarity is constant and passing continuously in one direction only, so termed as constant direct current. 3. Because of its unidirectional property, when applied to a muscle tend to contract and remain in that position till it is brought to zero, which seems to be very painful. GALVANIC CURRENT
Presentation on SHOCKWAVE THERAPY.
What is ESWT Or Shockwave Therapy.
MECHANISM OF ACTION Shockwave Therapy.
MEDICAL EFFECTS of Shockwave Therapy.
INDICATIONS and CONTRAINDICATIONS of Shockwave Therapy.
Some of the benefits of shockwave therapy treatment.
HOW SUCCESSFUL IS SHOCKWAVE?
It is a direct current named after inventor Dr.L. Galvani. 2. Its direction of polarity is constant and passing continuously in one direction only, so termed as constant direct current. 3. Because of its unidirectional property, when applied to a muscle tend to contract and remain in that position till it is brought to zero, which seems to be very painful. GALVANIC CURRENT
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
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AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
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of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
4. DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
• Central Nervous System: Disposition,
Parts and Functions
• Brain stem (Pons, Medulla, and Mid
Brain)
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
5. DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
•
•
•
•
•
•
Internal Capsule
Blood Supply of Brain
Stroke and its types
Ventricles of Brain
CSF circulation and Hydrocephalus
Meninges of Brain
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
6. DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
• Neural pathways (Neural Tracts)
• Pyramidal and Extra pyramidal System
(Ascending and Descending tracts)
• Functional significance of Spinal cord level
• Cranial Nerves with special emphasis upon
IV, V, VII, XI, XII (their course, distribution,
and palsies).
• Autonomic nervous system, its components
• Nerve receptors
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
7. DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SPINAL CORD
Gross appearance
Structure of spinal cord
Grey and white matter (brief description)
Meninges of spinal cord
Blood supply of spinal cord
Autonomic Nervous system
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
8. Recommended Text Books:
• Gray’s Anatomy by Prof. Susan Standring
39th Ed., Elsevier.
• CLINICAL NEUROANATOMY BY
RICHARD S.SNELL 7TH EDITION.
• Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith Moore.
• Clinical Anatomy by R.J. Last, Latest Ed.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
9. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
11. LECTURE OBJECTIVES
• To understand the basic organization of
the main structure that form the nervous
system.
• To gain the Three-dimensional
appreciation of the parts of the brain and
their relative position to one. another
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
12. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
13. NERVOUS SYSTEM
• A regulatory system of the body that
consists of neurons and neuroglial cells.
OR
• The body’s primary communication and
control system.
• Can be divided according to:
– Structural categories
– Functional categories.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
14. Nervous System
Structural Organization
Structural subdivisions of the nervous system:
• Central nervous system (CNS)
– Brain and Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
– Cranial nerves (nerves that extend from the
brain)
– Spinal nerves (nerves that extend from the
spinal cord)
– ganglia (clusters of neuron cell bodies (somas)
located outside the CNS)
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
15. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
16. Nervous System
Functional Organization
Functional divisions of the nervous system:
• Sensory afferent division:
– receives sensory information (input) from
receptors
– transmits this information to the CNS.
• Motor efferent division:
– transmits motor impulses (output) from the
CNS
– to muscles or glands (effector organs).
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
17. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
18. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
19. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
21. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
22. Brain
• An adult brain weighs between 1.35 and
1.4 kilograms (kg) (around 3 pounds) and
has a volume of about 1200 cubic
centimeters (cc).
• Brain size is not directly correlated with
intelligence
• It is not the physical size of the brain that
determines intelligence—it is the number
of active synapses.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
23. Support and Protection of the
Brain
• The brain is protected and isolated by multiple
structures:
1. Bony cranium
2. Meninges:
• Protective connective tissue membranes
• Surround and partition portions of the brain.
1. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• acts as a cushioning fluid.
1. Blood-brain barrier:
• prevents entry of harmful materials from the
bloodstream.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
24. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
25. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
26. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
27. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
28. Organization of Brain Tissue
• Gray matter:
– Motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies,
dendrites, axon terminals
– Unmyelinated axons.
• White matter:
– composed primarily of Myelinated axons.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
29. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
30. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
31. A COMMON BRAIN DIVISION
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
32. FOREBRAIN
• Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex, Basal
Ganglia.
• Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
33. Cerebral Cortex
• The word "cortex" comes from the
Latin word for "bark" (of a tree).
• The thickness of the cerebral
cortex varies from 2 to 6 mm.
• The right and left sides of the cerebral
cortex are connected by a thick band of
nerve fibers called the "corpus
callosum.“
• bulge on the cortex is called gyrus and
a groove is called a sulcus.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
34. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
35. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
36. Basal Ganglia
(Part Of Telencaphalon Of Forebrain)
Functions:
• Movement
• The basal ganglia are a group of
structures, including the Globus Pallidus,
Caudate Nucleus, Subthalamic Nucleus,
Putamen And Substantia Nigra, that are
important in coordinating movement.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
37. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
38. Thalamus
(Part Of Diencephalon Of Forebrain)
Functions:
• Sensory processing
• The thalamus receives sensory
information and relays this information to
the cerebral cortex.
• The cerebral cortex also sends information
to the thalamus which then transmits this
information to other areas of the brain and
spinal cord.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
39. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
40. Hypothalamus
(Part Of Diencephalon Of Forebrain)
Functions:
• Body Temperature (acts as a "thermostat")
• Emotions
• Hunger
• Thirst
• Circadian Rhythms
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
41. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
42. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
43. MIDBRAIN
Mesencephalon: tectum (inferior and
superior colliculi) and tegmentum
BASIC FUNCTIONS:
• Vision
• Hearing
• Eye movement
• Motor control
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
44. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
45. HINDBRAIN
1. Metencephalon: Pons and Cerebellum
2. Metencephalon: Medulla
BASIC FUNCTIONS:
• Monitoring And Controlling Body
Movements
• Homeostasis
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
46. The Pons
The pons are situated on the anterior
surface of the cerebellum, inferior to the
mid brain and superior to the medulla
oblongata.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
47. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
48. The Medulla Oblongata
• The medulla is the most inferior part of
the brain stem. The cell bodies of several
cranial nerves are found there.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
49. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
50. Cerebellum
• The word "cerebellum" comes from the
Latin word for "little brain."
The cerebellum is located behind the brain
stem. In some ways, the cerebellum is
similar to the cerebral cortex: the
cerebellum is divided into hemispheres
and has a cortex that surrounds these
hemispheres.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
52. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
53. Brain stem
• The brain stem is a general term for the
area of the brain between the thalamus
and spinal cord. Structures within the
brain stem include the Medulla, Pons,
Tectum, Reticular Formation And
Tegmentum. Some of these areas are
responsible for the most basic functions of
life such as breathing, heart rate and blood
pressure.
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
54. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
55. CLINICAL NOTES
• Head injuries
– Fracture of skull
• Pond Fracture
– Brain Injuries
• Contrecoup injuries
• TBI (Explosion or Blast)
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
56. CLINICAL NOTES
– Intracranial Hemorrhage
1. Epidural (anterior division of middle meningeal
artery)
2. Subdural ( superior cerebral veins)
3. Subarachnoid ( non traumatic leakage or rupture
of congenital aneurysm on circle of willis)
4. Cerebral {most common in HTN pt. due to
rupture of lenticulostraite artery ( branch of
Middle Cerebral Artery), involve descending
nerve fiber in the internal capsule, produce
hemiplegia of opposite side of the body}
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
57. CLINICAL NOTES
• Shaken baby syndrome
• Space occupying lesions{ SOL (tumor,
hematoma, and abscess)}
• Diagnosis
– CT
– MRI
– PET
Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
58. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences
59. Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad Assistant
Professor Riphah Collage of
Rehabilitation Sciences