Problems and Hypotheses Defining the research problem, Formulation of the research hypotheses, The importance of problems and hypotheses

3. LECTURE NO 03
Variables, and Definitions

4. Extraneous variable
Control variables
Moderating variables
Intervening variables
Dependent variables
Independent variables

5. Composite variables
Confounding variables
Qualitative variables
Binary Nominal Ordinal
Quantitative variables
Discrete Continuous

6. Lecture No
04

7. • Problems and Hypotheses
• Defining the research problem,
• Formulation of the research hypotheses,
• The importance of problems and hypotheses

8. Dr Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad
HOD/Associate Professor
Department of Rehabilitation
Sciences
STMU

10. ?

11. • The purpose of a problem statement is
to:
1. Introduce the reader to the importance
of the topic being studied.
a. The reader is oriented to the significance of the
study and the research questions or hypotheses
to follow.

12. • The purpose of a problem statement is
to:
2. Places the problem into a particular
context
that defines the parameters of what is
to be investigated.

13. • The purpose of a problem statement is
to:
3. Provides the framework for reporting
the results
indicates what is probably necessary to
conduct the study and explain how the
findings will present this information.

14. Why We need this?

15. (mean, μ, is
unknown)
Population
Random Sample
Mean
x = 50
Sample
I am 95%
confident that
μ is between
40 & 60.

16. • A hypothesis is a statement that introduces a
research question and proposes an expected
result.
• It is an integral part of the scientific method that
forms the basis of scientific experiments.
• Therefore, you need to be careful and thorough
when building your hypothesis.
• A minor flaw in the construction of your
hypothesis could have an adverse effect on your
experiment.

17. The Average height
of the students of
your class is 62”

18. The Average height of the
students of your class is 62”

19. The Average height of the
students of your class is 62”

20. The Average height of the
students of your class is 62”

21. What is the meaning
of Accepting and
Rejecting
The hypothesis?

22. General procedure in testing a
hypothesis:
1. Set up a null hypothesis (HO).
2. Define alternative hypothesis (HA).
3. Calculate the test statistic (t, X2
Z, etc).
4. Determine degrees of freedom.

23. General procedure in testing a
hypothesis ...
5. Find out the corresponding
probability level (PValue) for the
calculated test statistic and its degree
of freedom.
6. This can be read from relevant tables.
7. Accept or reject the Null hypothesis
depending on P value

24. How to Develop a Good
Research Hypothesis

26. As a research hypothesis is a specific,
testable prediction about what you expect to
happen in a study, you may consider
drawing hypothesis from previously
published research based on the theory.

27. A good research hypothesis involves
more efforts than just a guess. In
particular, your hypothesis may begin with
a question which could be further
explored through background research.

28. Ask yourself the following
questions:
1.Is the language clear and
focused?
2.What is the relationship between
your hypothesis and your
research topic?
3.Is your hypothesis testable? If

29. Ask yourself the following questions:
4. What are the possible explanations
that you might want to explore?
5. Does your hypothesis include both
an independent and dependent
variable?
6. Can you manipulate your variables
without hampering the ethical
standards?

30. • Research hypothesis can be classified into seven
categories as stated below:
Simple Hypothesis
Complex Hypothesis
Directional Hypothesis
Non-directional Hypothesis
Associative and Causal Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis

31. • Research
hypothesis
can be
classified
into seven
categories
as stated
below:
• It predicts the
relationship between
a single dependent
variable and a single
independent variable.
Simple
Hypothesis

32. • Research
hypothesis
can be
classified
into seven
categories
as stated
below:
• It predicts the
relationship between
two or more
independent and
dependent variables.
Complex
Hypothesis

33. • Research
hypothesis
can be
classified
into seven
categories
as stated
below:
• It specifies the expected direction
to be followed to determine the
relationship between variables,
and is derived from theory.
Furthermore, it implies
researcher’s intellectual
commitment to a particular
outcome.
Directional Hypothesis

34. • Research
hypothesis
can be
classified
into seven
categories
as stated
below:
• It does not predict the exact
direction or nature of the
relationship between the two
variables. Non-directional
hypothesis is used when there
is no theory involved or when
findings contradict previous
research.
Non-directional
Hypothesis

35. • Research
hypothesis
can be
classified
into seven
categories
as stated
below:
• Associative hypothesis defines
interdependency between
variables. A change in one
variable results in the change of
the other variable. On the other
hand, causal hypothesis
proposes an effect on the
dependent due to manipulation of
the independent variable.
Associative and Causal
Hypothesis

36. • Research
hypothesis
can be
classified
into seven
categories
as stated
below:
• It states a negative
statement to support the
researcher’s findings
that there is no
relationship between two
variables.
Null Hypothesis

37. • Research
hypothesi
s can be
classified
into seven
categories
as stated
below:
• It states that there is a
relationship between the
two variables of the
study and that the
results are significant to
the research topic.
Alternative
Hypothesis

38. • Consider a hypothetical study where
cure rate of Typhoid fever after
treatment with Ciprofloxacin and
Ceftriaxone were recorded to be 90%
and 80% among 100 patients treated
with each of the drug.
• How can we determine whether cure
rate of Ciprofloxacin is better than
Ceftriaxone?

39. Step – 1: Set up a null hypothesis – H0:
– “There is no significant difference between cure rates
of Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone.”
Step – 2: Define alternative hypothesis – Ha:
– “Ciprofloxacin is 1.125 times better in curing typhoid
fever than Ceftriaxone.”
Step – 3: Calculate the test statistic – ‘Z Score’

40. Step – 3: Calculating Z score
– Here, P1 = 90, P2 = 80
– SEP1-P2 will be given by the formula:
So, Z = 10/5 = 2

41. Step – 4: Find out the corresponding PValue
– Since Z = 2 i.e., > 1.96, hence, P < 0.05
Step – 5:Accept or reject the Null hypothesis
– Since P < 0.05, So we reject the null hypothesis(H0)
There is no significant difference between cure
rates of Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone
– And we accept the alternate hypothesis (Ha)
that, Ciprofloxacin is 1.125 times better in curing
typhoid fever than Ceftriaxone

49. 1. Effectiveness of therapeutic ultrasound in De
Quervain’s tenosynovitis.
2. Quadricep exercises an kinesiotapping for knee
osteoarthritis.
3. Knee joint mobilization and therapeutic ultrasound
for knee osteoarthritis.
4. Efficacy of therapeutic ultrasound and resistance
exercises in rheumatoid arthritis.
5. Effect of nerve gliding techniques and mobilization in
carpal tunnel syndrome.

50. 6. Comparing the effect of phonophoresis and traditional
physiotherapy protocol in osteoarthritis.
7. Shoulder exercises in post CABG patients.
8. Effects of kinesiotapping and strengthening exercises
for diastasis recti in post-partum female.
9. Mobilization and hold relax techniques for restricted
knee range of motions.
10.Interferential current and strengthening exercises in
management of knee osteoarthritis.

51. • https://www.indeed.com/car
eer-advice/career-
development/types-of-
variables