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ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞                                                ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£




                      INDIAN FREEDOM MOVEMENT: MUSLIMS
      Telugu title of this book is BHARATHA SWATHANTRODYAMAM : MUSLIMLU.
      In this book the Role of Muslims in the Indian Independence Struggle is explained in brief. It gives general information
about the role of Muslims in the struggle for India’s Independence starting from 1757 to 1948.
     This Book contains total 72 pages of 1/8 the Demmy Size, Multi colour title. It was published in 2006 with number of
Photo and sketches of the Muslim Freedom Fighters.
     Actually this book is published in 1999 with 32 Pages. Later on it was rewised and published second time with 32
Pages in the year 2003.
ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞   ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£
ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O
                                            Indian Independence Movement - Muslims


=Úã≤¡OÅ∞                                    Bharata Sawathantrodayamam - Muslimlu (Telugu)

                                            TIP Series No. 142

                                            Written by           :   Syed Naseer Ahamed

                                            All Rights Reserved with Publishers

                                            First Edition        :   May 2006

 ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£                    Copies               :   2000
  M.Com; LL.B; D.J; D.P.M; D.L.L            Price                : Rs. 25
     Sahithya Rathna ( Hindi )
                                            ISBN                 : 81-88241-37-7

                                            Published by         : Telugu Islamic Publications
                                                                   Sandesha Bhavanam,
                                                                   Lakkadkot, Chatta Bazar,
                                                                   Hyderabad-500 002. India.
                                                                   Phone: 24564583
                                                                   Fax : +91 +40 + 24576237
                                                                     e-mail: tiphyderabad@rediffmail.com
                                                                     website: www.teluguislamiclit.org
                                            Typeset by           : Geeturai Graphics
             `≥Å∞QÆ∞ W™ê¡q∞H± Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û                          Lakkadkot, Hyderabad-2.
             ã¨O^Õâ◊Éèí=#O, ÅHõ¯_£HÀò,     Printed at :         : Cosmic Printers
             ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£–500 002.                                 Lakkadkot, Hyderabad-2.
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                                                          P `«~∞° "å`« ã¨fiO`«Q_¤» „ѨQu HÀã¨O KÕã# `åºQÍÅ#∞, ™êyOz# Hõ$+≤x Ѩ~ãÊ~°O
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           "åqÖÏÅ â◊√ÉèÏjã¨∞ûÅ∞                                L^ÕÌâ◊ºO`À 1999Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨∞n~°… "åºã¨O ~åâß#∞.
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                                                               Jkè<Õ`« ˆ~MÏ Hõ$ëê‚~°∞˚#~å=Ù QÍ~°∞, D ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl Ü«∞^ä•`«^èŒOQÍ Ñ¨Ù#~°∞‡„kOKå~°∞.
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        ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O: =Úã≤OÅ∞ z`«∞„ΠѨu JOk#k.
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K«k"å#∞. ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz#           J#∞ã¨iã¨∂,Î K«i„`« P^蕺Ѩ‰ΩÅ∞, Ѩiâ’^è‰ΩÅ∞, áê~î‰ΩÅ ã¨∂K«#Å#∞ gÅ~Ú#O`«QÍ
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                                                               ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl `˘e<å˜ Ñ¨Ùã¨HO`À á⁄eÛ#@ì~Ú`Õ #∂`«# ã¨=∂Kå~°O, #∂`«# z„`åÅ∞,
                                                                                            Îõ
Ü≥∂^è∞Œ Å q=~åÅ#∞ ã¨OH˜ÑOQÍ q=iOKå~°∞. P<å˜ `åºQÆ^#∞Å
                          ∆ Ψ                          Œè     á¶È’Å HÍ~°}OQÍ Ñ¨i=∂}OÖ’ kfiQÆ}©Hõ$`«"≥∞ÿ ã¨iH˘`«Î ѨÙã¨ÎHõ=∞~ÚºOk.
K«i„`«Å#∞ qã¨Î $`«OQÍ „ѨKå~°O KÕÜ«∂eû# J=ã¨~°O D<å_»∞                      D Hõ$+≤Ö’ <å‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O JOkOz# `≥Å∞QÆ∞ W™ê¡q∞H± Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û,
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                   Î           «                           Î   ã¨OKåʼnõΩÅ∞ [<åÉò JÉσ^Œ∞ÖÏ¡ QÍiH˜, ѨiK«Ü«∞ "åHõºO ~åã≤zÛ# ™êfi`«O„`«º
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Hõ$+≤ x[OQÍ Jaè#O^ŒhÜ«∞O. D z#fl ѨÙã¨ÎHõO JuÃÑ^ŒÌ              ѨÏìa~å=∂~å=Ù QÍiH˜ q∞„`«∞Å∞ [<åÉò "åÃÇÏ^£ (w@∞~å~Ú) QÍiH˜, K«H¯õ x z„`åÅ∞
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ÉÏ^茺`«#∞ <≥~°"Õ~°∞Û`«∂ K«i„`«Ö’ xezáÈQÆÅ^Œ∞. g∞‰õΩ <å        wã≤zÛ# „Ѩ=ÚY z„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ ¿+H± J|∞ÌÖÏ¡ (q[Ü«∞"å_») QÍiH˜, <å „Ñ¨u „Ѩܫ∞`«flO
â◊√ÉèÏjã¨∞ûÅ∞.                                                 "≥#∞Hõ `å#∞O_ç ã¨`«`«O ##∞fl „á⁄`«ûÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î#fl <å rq`« ÉèÏQÆ™êfiq∞ N=∞u ~°q∞*Ï
                                         W@∞¡                  ÉÏ#∞‰õΩ, <å „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ ^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞.
    18–8–1999                                                                  WHõ D „QÆO^äŒO QÆ∞iOz f~°∞Ê K≥áêÊeûOk áê~î°‰õΩÖË !
    QÆ∞O@∂~°∞                    N "åqÖÏ QÀáêÅHõ$+¨‚Ü«∞º
                                                                                                                    – ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£,
                                                                                                                           q#∞H˘O_», U„Ñ≤Öò 2006.
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1857 <å˜ Kåi„`«Hõ áÈ~å@OÖ’ JkfifÜ«∞ áê„`« áÈ+≤Oz# =Úã≤¡OÅ
                                        Ѩ~°HÍŠѨÏìaè~å=∂~å=Ù,                    ™êǨϙêÅ#∞, P ^Œâ◊Ö’ Jig~° ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~°OQÍ áÈ~å_ç# ѨÅ∞=Ù~°∞ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å QÆ∞iOKÕ
                                                 ™êfi`«O„`« ã¨=∞~°Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å∞,
                                 qâßÖÏO„^èŒ k#Ѩ„uHõ q„âßO`« ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÅ∞           H͉õΩO_® Ü≥∂^èŒ~åO„_» QÆ∞iOz J=¸Åº ã¨=∂Kå~°O D ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’ Åaèã¨∞ÎOk.
                                       q[Ü«∞"å_», á¶È<£:0866–2474635                P<å˜ áÈ~å@ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å g~Àz`« QÍ^èŒÅ∞ ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂Å#∞ Hõ^ŒeÛ"Õ™êÎ~Ú. K«i„`«
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                                                                                    ‰õÄ_® ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ [~°fleã¨∞ì J~Ú# #j~ü =^Œe ÃÑ@ìÖ^∞Œ . HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ ^Œ∞â◊Û~°ºÅ#∞
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H˘`«Î`«~°O "åiˆH HÍ^Œ∞, áê`« `«~°O "åiÖ’ KåÖÏ =∞OkH˜ ‰õÄ_® `≥eÜ«∞‰õΩO_®             Hõà◊§hà◊√§ u~°QÆHõ=∂#=Ù. D áÈ~å@OÖ’ =ºHõÎ"≥∞ÿ# Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅ SHõº`«#∞
áÈ`«∞O^Œ<Õ K≥ѨCHÀ"åe. D „QÆO^äŒOÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞ K«i„`«#∞ qǨÏOQÆ        qzÛù#flO KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ∞ „Ѩ[Å#∞ =∞`« „áêuѨkHõ# qÉèílOz, K«i„`«#∞
^Œ$+≤ì`À gH˜∆ã¨∂Î, JO^Œ∞Ö’x „Ѩ^è•# Ѷ¨∞ÏìÅÖ’ =Úã≤¡O ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~°Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å     =„H©HõiOz ~åã≤, =∞`« =∞<ÀÉèÏ"åÅ#∞ ~°OQÆO g∞^Œ‰õΩ `≥zÛ, qÉèí[#‰õΩ c*ÏÅ∞
áê„`«#∞ ™È^•Ç¨Ï~°}OQÍ ~°K«~Ú`« `≥eÜ«∞*Ëâß~°∞.                                       <åÏ~°x ~°K«~Ú`« q=i™êÎ~°∞.
         1765 „áêO`«OÖ’ „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ g∞^Œ `˘e u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ *ˇO_®#∞                          1885Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞ HÍO„ÔQãπ Jq~åƒù=O #∞O_ç ™êfi`«O„`«ºO ã≤kOKÕO`«
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ZQÆ∞~°"ã# =Úã≤O ѶH~∞Å∞– Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ ã¨<åºã¨∞Å ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ áÈ~å@O`À „áê~°OaèOz,
         Õ ≤     ¡ ¨©°                                                              =~°‰õΩ D QÆ_»¤ a_»¤Öˇ·# =Úã≤¡O [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl, JO^Œ∞Ö’ qt+¨ì
=Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ *’Ǩï‰õÄO^•~°∞Å∞QÍ =º=ǨÏiã¨∞Î#fl [g∞O^•~°∞Å#∞, =∞ǨÏ[#∞Å∞               Éè∂q∞Hõ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# `åºQÆ^#∞Å qâıëêÅ#∞ áê~î‰Ωõ ʼnõΩ ѨiK«Ü∞« O KÕã∂On „QÆO^äO.
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ã¨^Œ=QÍǨÏ#, ã¨^蕃=#, ã¨Ç≤Ï+¨µ‚`«‰õΩ ѨÙ<åk J=Ù`«∞Ok.
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                    ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞ K«i„`«Ö’                                         „Ѩ=ÚY∞_»∞ ~åÜü∞ ^Œ∞~°¡Éò, ¿ã<å<åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ =∂xH± KåO^£, `«k`«~°∞Å∞ â◊„`«∞=Ù`À
                                                                                     KÕ`«∞Å∞ HõeÑ≤ qâßfiã¨Ñ¶¨∂`«∞HÍxH˜ áêÅÊ_®¤~°∞. P HÍ~°}OQÍ 1757Ö’ áê¡ã‘ J#∞
                J~°∞}ѨÙ@efl `≥iz# ã≤~åA^ÒÌÖÏ                                         „QÍ=∞O =^ŒÌ [iy# Ü«Ú^ŒúOÖ’ 50"ÕÅ ã¨fi^Õj Ãã·#ºO Hõey# ã≤~åA^ÒÌÖÏ =¸_»∞
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=~°‰ΩÅ∞ ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ ^ŒiKÕi ^è#Hõ#Hõ =ã¨∞Î "åǨÏ<åÅ#∞ HÍ#∞HõÅ∞QÍ ã¨=∞iÊOz,
    Îõ                            Œ                                                             P `«~°∞"å`« ã≤~åA^ÒÌÖÏ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ H͉õΩ<åfl, ã¨fi^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åʼnõΩ
„Ѩ֒ÉèíÃјì D <ÕÅ q∂^Œ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_»@O „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. D =~°Î‰õΩÅ ~åHõ`À               ÉèíOQÆO Hõeyã¨∞Î#fl HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ K«~°ºÅ#∞, POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl, U=∂„`«O
"åºáê~°O Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œ∞`«∞O^Œx PtOz# ã¨fi^Õj                                                                              JOwHõiOK«x =∞~ÀHõ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_çQÍ q∂~ü MÏtO
áêʼnõ Ω Å∞ POˆ Q ¡ Ü « Ú Å‰õ Ω Jxfl J=HÍâßÅ∞                                                                              ~°OQÆO q∂^Œ‰õΩ =KåÛ~°∞. ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ
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™êyÅѨ_ç J#∞=∞u ã¨OáêkOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. P                                                                                   |ÅQÍÅ q∂^Œ q∂~ü MÏtO q~°∞K«∞Hõ Ѩ_®¤~∞.    °
J#∞=∞`«∞Å P^è•~°OQÍ y_»¤OQÆ∞Å ~°Hõ∆} HÀ㨠                                                                               D Ü«Ú^ŒúOÖ’ ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ #∞O_ç JtO
=∞O@∂ Ѩ ˜+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# HÀ@Å x~å‡}ÏxH˜ ѨÓ#∞                                                                                 z#O`« ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O ÅaèOK«HõáÈ=@O, ã¨fi^Õj
‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.q∂~°∞ "åºáê~°∞Å∞. q∂‰õΩ HÀ@Å                                                                                   Ãã·x‰õΩÅ HõO>Ë, HõOÃÑh Ãã·<åºÅ∞ K«Hõ¯x tHõ∆}
J=ã¨~O U=ÚOk? <å ~°H}Ö’ L#flO^Œ∞# q∂‰õΩ
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â◊„`«∞=Ù QÆ∞iOz Z@∞=O˜ ÉèíÜ«∞O JHõ¯~°ÖË^Œ∞,
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ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞                                                                 ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£
                                                                                               ã¨∞ã≤÷~°O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ‰õΩ„@Å∞ ‰õΩÜ«Ú‰õΩÎʼnõΩ NHÍ~°O K«∞˜ì H˘O_»zÅ∞=ÖÏ Éèí~°`«
                                                                                               QÆ_»¤#∞ K«∞>ËìÜ«∞™êQÍ~°∞. HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ JO`«~°OQÍxfl „QÆÇ≤ÏOz, ~å#∞#fl ÃÑ#∞
                                                                                               „Ѩ=∂^•xfl =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ QÆ∞iÎOz ÃÇÏK«ÛiOzOk, Z^Œ∞~˘¯Ok =Úã≤¡OÖË HÍ=@O
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                                                                                               =ºuˆ~Hõ`« =ºHõÎ"≥∞ÿOk. ɡOQÍÖ’¡ „a©+π =Å㨠áêʼnõΩÅ `˘`«∞ÎÖˇ·# [g∞O^•~°¡‰õΩ
                                                                                               =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ =Úã≤¡O Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ =∞Eflëê <Õ`«$`«fiOÖ’ 1763Ö’ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ Ѩ`åHÍxfl
                                                                                               ZQÆ∞~°"Õâß~°∞. P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ Ѷ¨H©~°¡‰õΩ `À_»∞QÍ N Éèí"åx áê~î°H± <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’x
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                                                                                               Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å L^Œº=∞OQÍ MϺu QÍOzOk. „a©+π JkèHÍi ÖÏ~ü¤ "≥∞HõOr
                                                                                               <Õ`$« `«fiOÖ’x „a©+π ÃãxHõ ^ŒàÏÅ#∞ J<ÕH=∂~°∞¡ F@q∞H˜ QÆ∞iKÕã# ѶH~∞° –ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞
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1765Ö’ "≥ÚѶ¨∞Öò áê^Œ∞ëê 'ëê PÅO— ɡOQÍÖò k"åhx ~å|~üì ÔH·¡"£‰õΩ ã¨O„Hõq∞OѨ*Ëã¨∞Î#fl ^Œ$â◊ºO   „Ѩ[Å #∞O_ç Jáê~° P^Œ~°} á⁄O^•~°∞. D L^Œº=∞OÖ’ =¸™êëê, z~åQ∑Jb,
JOkOz# P=HÍâßxfl LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩx |Hõû~ü Ü«Ú^ŒúOÖ’ ™êkèOz# q[Ü«∞O`À                              #∂~°∞Öò =∞ǨÏ=∞‡^£ `«k`«~°∞Å∞ =ÚYº áê„`« =Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞. D u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ 1800
POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞ WO_çÜ«∂Ö’ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_»QÆeQÍ~°∞.                                                        =~°‰õΩ ™êyOk.
           D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ 1765 „áêO`«OÖ’ "≥ÚQÆÖò áê^Œ∞ëê ëê PÅO #∞O_ç ɡOQÍÅ∞                                          =Ǩc– Ѷ¨Ô~·rÅ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞
k"åxx ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. D K«~°º`À áê^Œ∞ëêÅ∞ <å=∞=∂„`«"≥∞ÿáÈQÍ,                                   `˘e u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ *ˇO_® ZQÆ∞~°"ã# ѶH~∞–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å L^Œº=∞O ã¨=∂Ѩ"∞#
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POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ ÃÑ`«Î#O WO_çÜ«∂#∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ P„Hõq∞OK«∞‰õΩ<Õ kâ◊QÍ ™êyOk. J#∞HÀx                        Ô~O_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏúÅ HÍÅOÖ’<Õ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ#∞ ZkiOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ =∞m§
q^èŒOQÍ ÃÑ`«Î#O KÕuH˜ ~å=@O`À, QÆ`«OÖ’ áê^Œ∞ëêÅ∞ J#∞ã¨iOz# q^è•<åʼnõΩ                          ã≤^Œú=∞Ü«∂º~°∞. 1820 #∞Oz 1870 „áêO`«O =~°‰õΩ ™êy# D u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ =Ǩc
Jf`«OQÍ, ÖÏÉèÏŠѨO@Å∞ ѨO_çOK«∞‰õΩx, D QÆ_»¤ q∂^Œ #∞O_ç JOk#O`«                               L^Œº=∞O QÍ MϺuQÍOzOk. ~åÜü∞|ˆ~bH˜ K≥Ok# ã¨Ü«∞º^£ JǨÏ=∞‡^£ |ˆ~bfi D
^ÀK«∞HõáÈ_®xH˜ HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞, L^ÀºQÆ∞Å P=Ù~å=Ù~°O@∂ ^ÀÑ≤_çH˜ NHÍ~°O                                                       L^Œº=∂xH˜ P^Œ∞º_»∞. D áÈ~åÏxH˜ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO
K«∞Ïì~°∞. D PHõã≤‡Hõ Ѩi}Ï=∂Å∞ H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl =º=ã¨÷Ö’ J#∂ǨϺ =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ                                                     =Ç≤ÏOz J=∞~°∞Öˇ·# "åiÖ’ ˜@∂q∂~ü, J|∞ÌÖò
HÍ~°}"≥∞ÿ, Jxfl =~åæÅ „Ѩ[Å#∞ „ѨÉèÏq`«O KÕÜ«∞@O`À PÜ«∂ =~åæÅÖ’ HõÅHõÖÏxH˜                                                     Jr*ò, =∞ǨÏ=∞‡^£ =∞ǨÏ+≤<£, ^Œ∂^Œ∂q∞Ü«∂,
HÍ~°}"≥∞ÿOk.                                                                                                                  W<åÜ«∞`ü Jb, qÖÏÜ«∞`ü Jb „Ѩ=ÚY∞Å∞. D
                                                                                                                              Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å∞ ã¨∞n~°…HÍÅO ™êyOz# áÈ~°∞‰õΩ ã¨O|O
                   Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº áÈ~å@O                                                                       kèOz# q[Ü«∂Å#∞, P áÈ~å@Ü≥∂^è∞Å∞ áêÖÁæ#fl
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      ÉèÏ~°`« ^Õâß# =~°Î‰õΩÅ∞QÍ J_»∞y_ç# „a©+¨~°∞¡ JOk =zÛ# P=HÍâßÅ#∞                                                        „áêO`åÅ „Ѩ[Å∞ D <å˜H˜ 㨇iOK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩO@∂ „Hõ=∞„Hõ=∞OQÍ `«=∞ ™ê„=∂[º qã¨Î~°} HÍOHõ∆‰õΩ ã¨fi^Õj                                                         ~°O>Ë, P áÈ~åÏÅ „áê=ÚYº`«#∞ TÇ≤ÏOK«QÅ~°∞.Æ
áêʼnõΩÅ#∞ Z~°KÕÜ«∞@O P~°OaèOKå~°∞. ÉèÏ~°`« Éèí∂ÉèÏQÆO g∞^Œ `«=∞ áêÅ##∞                                   ˜@∂q∂~ü             D L^Œº=∞O =Ǩc L^Œº=∞OQÍ MϺuQÍOzOk.
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ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞                                                       ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£
         ÉÁOÉÏ~Ú, =∞^茺„Ѩ^Õâò, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® D L^Œº=∂xH˜ HÍ~°ºHõ~°ÎÅ∞,   „Ѩ[Å∞, qq^èŒ [#ã¨=ÚǨÅ∞ HõÅã≤Hõ@∞ìQÍ PÜ«∞# "≥O@ #_çKå~°∞. P HÍ~°}OQÍ
=∞^ŒÌ`«∞^•~°∞¡ U~°Ê_®¤~°∞. JѨʘ ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞ #"å|∞ ™È^Œ~°∞_»∞ =ÚÉÏiA^ÒÌÖÏ       Ju`«fi~°Ö’ D áÈ~å@O ѨÅ∞ „áêO`åʼnõΩ "åºÑ≤OzOk. 1830 #∞O_ç 1900
=Ǩc L^Œº=∞OÖ’ K«∞~°∞ÔH·# áê„`« x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. „a©+π ~å}˜H˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ ‰õΩ„@     =~°‰õΩ ™êy# D áÈ~å@OÖ’ ^Œ∂^Œ∞ q∞Ü«∂‰õΩ "å~°ã¨∞Å∞QÍ <ÀÜ«∂q∞Ü«∂, |h
Ѩ<åfl_»#fl <Õ~å~ÀѨ}QÍqOz, =ÚÉÏiA^ÒÌÖωõΩ rq`« Mˇ·^Œ∞ qkèOKå~°∞. PÜ«∞#              Jq∂~ü q∞Ü«∂ `«k`«~°∞Å∞ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO =Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞.
J#∞K«~°∞Å∞ =∞~À Ѩk=∞Ok Ѩk ã¨O=`«û~åʼnõΩ ÃÑ·|_ç# *ˇ·Å∞ tHõ∆ʼnõΩ QÆ∞~°Ü«∂º~°∞.              D áÈ~åÏÅ∞ KåÖÏ =~°‰õΩ „áê~°OÉèí^Œâ◊Ö’ =∞`«O ѨÙ<å^Œ∞Å g∞^Œ, =∞`«
z@ìz=~°‰õΩ =ÚÉÏiA^ÒÌÖÏ QÀÖÁ¯O_»Ö’ J=∞~°`«fiO á⁄O^•~°∞. „a©+π ™ê„=∂[º               ã¨O㨯~°}Å ÅHõ∆ ºOQÍ P~°OÉè"∞≥ #ѨʘH,© =Å㨠áêʼnõΩÅ ^ÀÑ≤_H˜ „Ѩ[Å∞ QÆ∞iHÍ=@O
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HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞Å ^Ò~°˚<åºxH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ, „a©+π =Å㨠áêʼnõΩÅ         q=ÚH˜Î HõÅ∞QÆKÕÜ«∂Å#fl q„ã¨Î $`« ÅHõ∆ ºO`À HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞, P áêʼnõΩÅ `˘`«∞ÎÅ
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NHÍ~°O K«∞˜ì#ѨʘH˜ P L^Œº=∞O ^Œâ◊#∞ kâ◊#∞                                                                    _»∞`«∂ ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩefl `«#`À HõÅã≤ ~å"åeûOkQÍ
=∂iÛ ã¨=∞~°jÅ áÈ~å@OQÍ „a©+¨~°¡#∞ YOQÆ∞                                                                        HÀ~å~°∞. =ÚO^Œ∞K«∂Ѩ٠ÖËx ™êfi~°Ñ~∞° Öˇ# áêʼnõΩÅ∞
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˜Ñ¨Ó =∂@#∞ Q“~°qOz LO>Ë D<å_»∞ D <ÕÅ g∞^Œ "Õ∞O áêʼnõΩÅ∞QÍ LO_Õ"åà◊§O                 ÉËQÆO Ǩτ[`ü =∞ǨÖò   ÉèísÎHõO_ç... =∂`«$^Õâ◊O HÀã¨O ™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl áÈ~å@OÖ’
HÍ^Œx— „a©+π JkèHÍ~°∞ÖË „ѨHOKå~°O>Ë ˜ÑÓ „ѨÜ∞« `åflÅ∞ ZO`« ˜ „áê=ÚYº`«QÅ"À
                             õ ˜           ¨                               Æ                                  ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=ÚÅ=fiO_ç. â◊„`«∞=Ù‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOK«HõO_ç.
J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.                                                                                           P„â◊Ü«∞O W=fiHõO_ç...—
        1799 "Õ∞ 4# „a©+π Ãã·#ºO`À áÈ~å_»∞`«∂ ˜Ñ¨Ó ã¨∞ÖÏÎ<£ J=∞~°∞_»Ü«∂º~°∞.                                         P<å_»∞, ‘..these shortsighted individu-
                                                                                                              als (the rebels) seem unmindful of the Brit-
˜Ñ¨Ó =∞$u K≥O^•~°x `≥eã≤, ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ =zÛ =∞$`«^ÕǨxfl ѨijeOz, =∞~°}Ïxfl                                       ish supremacy and do their best to ruin myself
x~åú~°} KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl `«~°∞"å`«QÍx „a©+π Ãã·xHÍkèHÍi [#~°Öò Ǩiãπ D<å˜ #∞O_ç                                  and the whole country ( The Politics of a Popu-
WO_çÜ«∂ =∞#^Õ#x „ѨHõ ˜OKÕ™êǨÏã¨O KÕÜ«∞ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂_»O>Ë, WO_çÜ«∂#∞                                            lar Uprisings- Bundelkhand in 1857, Tapti Roy,
HõÉoOKåÅx HõÅÅ∞ HõO@∞#fl „a©+π áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ "≥∞ÿã¨∂~ü ѨÙe ZO`«QÍ                  OUP, 1994),     JO@∂ Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ q#flqOK«∞‰õΩ#fl ~°≠Ïhû
P@OHõ=∞Ü«∂º_À „QÆÇ≤ÏOK«=K«∞Û.                                                    ~å}˜ ÅH©∆ ‡ÉÏ~ÚH˜ ÅaèOz#O`« „áêK«∞~°ºO ÉËQÆO ǨÏ[~°`ü =∞ǨÖò‰õΩ ÅaèOK«ÖË^Œ∞.
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~å[ã≤OǨÏO Ã+ǨÏ*Ï^• Ѷ≤~À*ò ëê, ~°≠Ïhû~å}˜x u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞‰õΩ ѨÙiH˘eÊ# |H©¬+π               D „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡O [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å∞ ZO`«QÍ
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        è                                                ¡          õ            áêÖÁæ<åflÜ«∞O>Ë, POˆQ¡Ü«∂kèHÍi Henry Mead D q+¨Ü«∂xfl „Ѩ™êÎqã¨∂Î, this
MÏ<£ |Ǩï^Œ∂Ì~ü MÏ<£ xeKå~°∞.                                                    rebellion, in its present phase, cannot be called a sepoy Mutiny. It did

                                      21                                                                                22
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begin with the sepoys, but soon its true nature was reveled, it was an                    P áêÑ≤+ì≤ ™⁄=Ú‡ =∂ SHõº`« =ÚO^Œ∞ kQÆ^∞Œ _»∞Ѩ٠Jx „Ѩ[Å∞ u~°ã¯¨ iOKå~°∞.
Islamic revolt   J<åeû =zÛOk.                                                   P _»|∞ƒ HÀã¨O =∂ SHõº`«#∞ |e KÕ¿ãk ÖË^x ã¨Ê+¨O „ѨHOKå~°∞. `«=∞ =ÚOyà◊§Ö’H˜
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         P<å_»∞ ɡOQÍÅ∞ ã≤qÖò ã¨sfiã¨∞Ö’ JkèHÍiQÍ Ñ¨x KÕã# Henry Harrington
                                                        ≤                       `«~°e =zÛ _»|∞ƒ ã¨OK«∞Å#∞ u~°Q˘æÏì~°∞. z=~°‰õΩ HõOÃÑh Y*Ï<å #∞O_ç kQÆ∞=∞u
Thomas 1858 Ö’ ~åã≤# Rebellion in India and our future policy J#∞               KÕã≤# ™⁄=Ú‡#∞ uiy Y*Ï<å‰õΩ ѨOÑ≤OKåeû =zÛOk.
ji¬Hõ QÆÅ Hõ~°Ñ¨„`«OÖ’, 'I have stated that the Hindus were not the contriv-              D q+¨Ü«∂xfl T. R Metcalf `«# The Aftermath of Revolt J#∞
ers or the primary movers of the 1857 rebellion and I now shall attempt
to show that it was the result of an Mohammad conspiracy...left to their        „QÆO^äŒ OÖ’, 'Sir James Outram (1803-63) failed to raise Hindus in
resources, the Hindus never would or could have compassed such an               Rohilkhand against the regime of Khan Bahadur Khan and had to re-
undertaking..’   Jx "åºMϺxOKå_»∞.                                              turn money granted for the purpose unspent to the treasury.' ( page
                                                                                299 ),   Jx ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞.
                      "≥e¡qiã≤# J^Œ∞ƒù`« SHõº`«                                           =∂ =∞`åÅ∞ "ÕÔ~·<å =∂ =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ XHõ¯>Ë, =∂ =∂~°æO XHõ¯>Ë, =∂
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=∂„`«"∞ H͉õΩO_® ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞
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qÉèË^•Å#∞ =∞iz SHõºOQÍ L=∞‡_ç â◊„`«∞=Ù#∞                                        JkèHÍ~°∞ÅÖ’ HõOѨ~°O Ѩ٘ìOzOk.
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Z^Œ∞~À¯=@O "åi ™ê„=∂[º qã¨Î~°} HÍOHõ∆‰õΩ
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qѶ¨∂`«O HÍQÆÅ^Œx ÉèÏqOKå~°∞.
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xezOk =Úã≤¡OÅ#fl ÉèÏ=#`À#∞#fl áêÅHõ                                               áêʼnõΩÅ∞ ZO`«=~°‰Ωõ "≥àϧ~°O>Ë =Úã≤OÅ áêÅ#HõO>Ë „a©+π áêÅ# Hõ_∞» "≥∞~°∞Q#^Œ#fl
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=~åæÅ∞, „Ѩ*ÏhHõOÖ’ =∞`« qÉèË^•Å#∞                                              =∂#ã≤Hõ ÉèÏ=# Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂ÅÖ’ HõÅ∞QÆ *Ë¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ K«i„`«#∞ =„H©HiOz        õ
ã¨$+≤Oz,¿ãflÇ¨Ï ã¨O|O^è•Å#∞ qzÛù#O KÕã,≤ `«=∞
     ì                                                                          ~å¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ ѨÓ#∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. QÆ`« =Úã≤¡O áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ K«i„`«#∞ u~°QÆ
=∞#∞QÆ _ » ‰ õ Ω Z@∞=O˜ =ÚѨ C ÖË ‰ õ Ω O_®                                    ~å~ÚOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. JÖÏ ~åã≤# K«i„`«‰õΩ |Ǩïà◊ „ѨKå~°O HõeÊOKå~°∞.
                                                   MÏ<£ |ǨÏ^Œ∂Ì~ü MÏ<£                   D q+¨Ü«∂xfl „Ѩ™êÎqã¨∂Î POQÆ¡ ~°K«~Ú`« J.S. Grewal `«# ѨÙã¨ÎHõO
K«∂ã¨∞HÀ"åÅx J#∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩ
Å#∞, u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ Ü≥∂^è∞Å#∞ J}˜z "Õ¿ãO ^Œ∞‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® D Z`«∞Î LѨÜ∂yã¨∞O^Œ#∞
                         Œ                                          ≥ Î         Muslim Rule in India : The Assessment of British Historian (Oxford Uni-
‰õΩ<åfl~Ú.                                                                       versity Press,1970) Ö’ ‘..British administrators scholars, historians and
           =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ#∞ Ô~K«ÛQ˘˜ì, =∞ÉèíºÃјì _»|∞ƒ`À   missionaries all became seriously involved in making the people to

„Ѩ[Å ^Õâ◊ÉèíH˜Îx H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÉèÏsQÍ _»|∞ƒ ã¨OK«∞Å#∞ ~°Ñ≤ÊOKå~°∞. D    believe that British rule was better than the medieval Muslim Rule.'

"Õ∞~°‰õΩ ~ÀÇ≤ÏÖò YO_£Ö’ _»|∞ƒ ã¨OK«∞Å ^•fi~å Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ ™È^Œ~°∞ʼnõΩ ÅOKåÅ∞          J<åfl_»∞.
WzÛ, Ji÷Hõ ™œHõ~åºÅ Pâ◊ K«∂ã≤Oz PHõ@∞ì‰õΩx, „Ѩ[Å#∞ =∞`«O ¿Ñi@ peÛ                         D „ѨÜ∞« `åflÅ∞ KåÖÏ =~°‰Ωõ „a©+~‰Ωõ J#∞‰õÄŠѶe`åÅxKåÛ~Ú. P<å_»∞
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J<≥·Hõº`« ã¨Ê+≤ìO KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ POˆQ¡Ü«∂kèHÍi *Ë"£∞û B„ÏO (James Outram )          „a©+¨~°¡‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ_ç# P ~°K«#Å∞ D<å_»∞ ‰õÄ_® =Úã≤¡O =ºuˆ~Hõ â◊‰õΩÎʼnõΩ
qѶ¨ÅÜ«∞`«flO KÕâß_»∞.                                                           LѨÜ∂QÆÑ_∞» `«∞<åfl~Ú. =Úã≤O [<å=oH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ JáÈǨÏÅ∞, Jáê~å÷Å∞ ã¨$+≤Oz
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=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ *Ïu [#∞Å∞QÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞.                                          PÔ~ã¨∞ì KÕã≤ nfiáêO`«~° "å™êxH˜ ѨOáê~°∞. P „Hõ=∞OÖ’ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ JǨÏ=∞‡^£ 1857
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                      `≥Å∞QÆ∞*Ïu =Ú^Œ∞Ìa_»¤Å∞                                       HõÅflÖò _Õq_£ã¨<£#∞ K«O¿Ñ „Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ [ǨÏOw~ü MÏ<£ J#∞ =∞~À Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_»∞
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=Ú^Œ∞Ìa_»¤Å∞ LO_»@O `≥Å∞QÆ∞*Ïu QÆifiOK«^Œy# JOâ◊O. 1857Ö’ „a©+π Ô~ã≤_≥hû                      PO„^èŒ „Ѩ^âòÖ’x qâßYѨ@flO „a©+µ Ãã#ºOÖ’ ÃãxHÍkèHÍiQÍ Ñ¨xKÕã∞#fl
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g∞^Œ ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ∞Öˇ· ^ŒO_≥uÎ# ^ŒàÏʼnõΩ <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ Ѩ~îå<£ `«∞„ˆ~ÉÏ*ò MÏ<£, AÖˇ·Ö’     ã¨∞ÉË^•~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞‰õΩ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO =Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞. D u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’
"≥∞^ŒH± ã¨g∞áê# „a©+π Ãã·#ºO`À áÈ~å@O [iáê~°∞. D áÈ~°∞Ö’ ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞ÅO^Œsfl          JǨÏ=∞‡^£ "≥O@ #_çz# u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ ã≤áê~¸ÅO^Œifl PÜ«∞# Hõà◊§ =ÚO^Õ HÍeÛ
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Hõà√§QÆÑÊ JO`«~åú#=∞Ü«∂º~°∞. PÜ«∞# HÀã¨O J<Õfi}# ™êyOk. PÜ«∞##∞ |OkèOz
    ◊ ≤                                                                             "Õâß~°∞. D "Õ∞~°‰õΩ „a©+¨µ "åiH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ ™êy# ѨÅ∞ áÈ~å@ÅÖ’ áêÖÁææ#fl
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zOk. Ju „Ѩܫ∂㨠q∂^Œ „a©+¨µ Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞                                             QÆifiOK«^Œy# JOâ◊O.
PÜ« ∞ ##∞ JÔ ~ 㨠∞ ì KÕ â ß~° ∞ . P Ü≥ ∂ ^è Œ ∞ _ç fl
z„`«Ç≤ÏOã¨Å‰õΩ QÆ∞i KÕã≤, LitHõ∆ qkèOKå~°∞.                                                        áê„uˆHÜ«Ú_»∞ =∞ǨÏ=∞‡^£ ÉÏHõ~ü `åºQÆO
„a©+¨µ =ºuˆ~Hõ áÈ~°∞‰õΩ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO =Ç≤ÏOz
#O^Œ∞# `«∞„ˆ~ÉÏ*ò MÏ<£ÃÑ· Hõã≤f~°x „a©+π                                                   1857Ö’ <å˜ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ P<å˜ Ñ¨„uHõÅ∞ ‰õÄ_®
áêʼnõΩÅ∞ PÜ«∞# Éè∫uHõHÍÜ«∂xfl „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O                                             |$ǨÏ`«Î~°"≥∞ÿ# áê„`«#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKå~Ú. P<å_»∞ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ _èçb¡ ˆHO„^ŒOQÍ#∂, W`«~°
ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞Ö’x ã¨∞ÖÏÎ<£ |*Ï~°∞ áÈbãπ ¿ãì+¨<£                                      „áêO`åÅ #∞O_ç '_èçb¡ JH̓~ü—, 'H˘Ç≤Ï#∂~ü—, ' `åiMò–Z–ÉèíQÆ=`ü–Z–Ç≤ÏO^£ —,
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ÃÑ·âßzHõ`åfixfl Kå@∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.                                                        „áÈk KÕã¨∂Î ™êǨÏã¨=O`«"≥∞ÿ# áê„`«#∞ áÈ+≤OKå~Ú.
          P ÉÏ@Ö’ #_çz, `«∞„ˆ~ÉÏ*ò MÏ<£‰õΩ                                                 „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~åxH˜ u~°∞QÆ∞ÖËx =∞^ŒÌ`«∞xã¨∂Î u~°∞QÆ∞ ÉÏ@∞^•~°¡Ö’
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JO_»^ŒO_»Å∞ JOkOz# =∞øbfi JÖÏ¡=ÙnÌ<£#∞
                                       25                                                                                  26
ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞                                                       ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£
„a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞ P Ѩ„uHõ ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÖˇ·# =∞øbfi =∞ǨÏ=∞‡^£ ÉÏHõ~ü#∞ 1858Ö’           ^Œ∞+¨Êi}Ï=∂ŠѶ¨e`«O D<å˜H© ‰õÄ_® ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ =Úã≤¡OÅ "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞ `«#OÖ’
JÔ~ã¨∞ì KÕã≤ ^•~°∞} z„`«Ç≤ÏOã¨Å‰õΩ QÆ∞iKÕã≤ ǨÏ`«ºQÍqOKå~°∞. D q^èŒOQÍ Ñ¨„uHÍ      „ѨuѶ¨eã¨∞ÎOk.
¿ãfiK«ÛùÔH· „áê}ÏÅiÊOz# `˘e áê„uˆHÜ«ÚÅ∞QÍ =ÚǨÏ=∞‡^£ ÉÏHõ~ü K«i„`«Ö’                        P<å_»∞ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏhHõO =∞^茺 <≥ÅH˘#fl |Å"≥∞ÿ# SHõº`«#∞
xezáÈÜ«∂~°∞.                                                                       K«∂ã≤ áêʼnõΩÅ∞ HõÅ=~°O K≥O^•~°∞. D Ô~O_»∞ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [# ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å#∞
         P<å˜ Ñ¨„uHõÅhfl q^Õj áêÅHõ â◊‰ΩÅ g∞^Œ `«=∞ JHõ~åÜ«Ú^è•Å#∞ „ѨÜ∂yO
                                        õÎ              ∆                  ≥       pÖËÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ ‰õΩ„@ѨÓi`«OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKå~°∞. K«i„`«#∞ =„H©HiOKå~°∞. =Úã≤O áêʼnõΩÅ
                                                                                                                                           õ            ¡
K«@O`À cèue¡# áêʼnõΩÅ∞ Ѩ„uHõÅ#∞ x¿+kèOz, ã¨Oáê^Œ‰Ωõ Å#∞, „ѨK∞« ~°} Hõ~Å<ÕHÍHõ,
                                                                        ΰ         HõO>Ë `«=∞ áêÅ# "≥∞~°∞ÔQ·#^Œ#fl Jaè„áêÜ«∞O ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅÖ’ HõÅ∞QÆ∞ KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ
áê~î°‰õΩÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® f„= x~°ƒO^è•Å‰õΩ QÆ∞i KÕâß~°∞. D HÍ~°}OQÍ<Õ 1853 <å˜H˜          POˆQ¡Ü«∞ K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ „QÆO^äŒ ~°K«# ™êyOKå~°∞. =Úã≤¡O áêʼnõΩÅ∞ Ѩ~°=∞`«
L#fl 35 L~°∂Ì Ñ¨„uHõÅ∞ HÍ™êÎ 1858 <å˜H˜ 12 `«yæáÈÜ«∂Ü«∞O>Ë „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞         q^Õfi+¨µÅ∞QÍ, ~åHõã∞Å∞QÍ z„fHõiã¨∂Î K«i„`« ~°K# QÍqOKå~°∞. P q^èOQÍ =„H©H~},
                                                                                                     ∆ ¨                        «                    Œ       õ°
ZO`« „‰õÄ~°OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKå~À `ÕeQÍæ<Õ TÇ≤ÏOK«=K«∞Û.                                 z„fHõ~°}ʼnõΩ QÆ∞Ô~·# K«i„`« P^è•~°OQÍ P `«~°∞"å`« HÍÅOÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`« K«i„`« ~°K«#
                          =Úã≤¡OÅ TK«HÀ`«                                          ™êQÆ@O =Å# ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ<Õ ã¨fi^Õj K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ P „ѨÉèÏ"åxH˜Ö’<≥·, =Úã≤¡OÅ
       „Ѩ^=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~åxfl „áê~°OaèOz#"å~°∞, áêÖÁæ#fl"å~°∞, „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOz#
            Œä                                                                     „a©+π =ºuˆ~Hõ g~Àz`« QÍ^èŒÅ#∞ q㨇iOKå~°∞.
"å~°∞ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ =Úã≤¡OÖË##fl Jaè„áêÜ«∂xH˘zÛ# „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞ 27 "ÕÅ
=∞Ok =Úã≤¡OÅ#∞ qq^èŒ „áêO`åÅÖ’ Lifâß~°x K«i„`« iHÍ~°∞¤Å∞ K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~Ú.                        ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞ HÍO„ÔQãπÖ’ |$ǨÏ`«Î~° áê„`«
D ã¨OYº HõO>Ë J<ÕHõ Ô~@∞¡ P<å_»∞ [iy# ™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ ǨÏ`åºHÍO_»OÖ’ „Ѩ[Å∞                     „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~°O `«~°∞"å`« ã¨∞=∂~°∞ =¸_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ HÍÅO
„áê}ÏÅ∞ HÀÖ’ÊÜ«∂~°∞. JѨʘ #∞O_ç =Úã≤¡O ‰õΩb# =~åæÅ`Àáê@∞, ™ê=∂#º                 =ÚyÜ«∞Hõ=ÚO^Õ1885Ö’ U~°Ê_ç# ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞ HÍO„ÔQãπ *ÏfÜ≥∂^Œº=∞
„Ѩ*ÏhHÍxfl ‰õÄ_® Jxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ Hõ$OQÆnã≤ xsfi~°ºO KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ J#∞"≥# Ѩ^HÍÅ∞,
                                                                    ·     Œä       <åÜ«∞Hõ`åfixfl ã‘fiHõiOzOk. P<å˜ `˘e^Œâ◊ #∞O_ç =∞e^Œâ◊ =~°‰Ωõ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ =Úã≤OÅ∞
                                                                                                                                                             ¡
q^è•<åÅ∞ „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞ J=∞Å∞Ѩ~åÛ~°∞. P<å_»∞ J=∞Å∞ KÕã≤# Ѩ^äŒHÍÅ∞




                                      27                                                                                28
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu
01. bharatha swatantrodyamam   muslimlu

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01. bharatha swatantrodyamam muslimlu

  • 1. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ INDIAN FREEDOM MOVEMENT: MUSLIMS Telugu title of this book is BHARATHA SWATHANTRODYAMAM : MUSLIMLU. In this book the Role of Muslims in the Indian Independence Struggle is explained in brief. It gives general information about the role of Muslims in the struggle for India’s Independence starting from 1757 to 1948. This Book contains total 72 pages of 1/8 the Demmy Size, Multi colour title. It was published in 2006 with number of Photo and sketches of the Muslim Freedom Fighters. Actually this book is published in 1999 with 32 Pages. Later on it was rewised and published second time with 32 Pages in the year 2003.
  • 2. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£
  • 3. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O Indian Independence Movement - Muslims =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ Bharata Sawathantrodayamam - Muslimlu (Telugu) TIP Series No. 142 Written by : Syed Naseer Ahamed All Rights Reserved with Publishers First Edition : May 2006 ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ Copies : 2000 M.Com; LL.B; D.J; D.P.M; D.L.L Price : Rs. 25 Sahithya Rathna ( Hindi ) ISBN : 81-88241-37-7 Published by : Telugu Islamic Publications Sandesha Bhavanam, Lakkadkot, Chatta Bazar, Hyderabad-500 002. India. Phone: 24564583 Fax : +91 +40 + 24576237 e-mail: tiphyderabad@rediffmail.com website: www.teluguislamiclit.org Typeset by : Geeturai Graphics `≥Å∞QÆ∞ W™ê¡q∞H± Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û Lakkadkot, Hyderabad-2. ã¨O^Õâ◊Éèí=#O, ÅHõ¯_£HÀò, Printed at : : Cosmic Printers ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£–500 002. Lakkadkot, Hyderabad-2. 1 2
  • 4. JÉσ^Œ∞ÖÏ¡ _≥·Ô~Hõì~ü `≥Å∞QÆ∞ W™ê¡q∞H± Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û ã¨O^Õâ◊Éèí=#O, ÅHõ¯_£HÀò Kè«`åÎ|*Ï~ü, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£–2 „ѨK«∞~°}Hõ~°Î ѨÅ∞‰õΩÅ∞ „Ѩ=ÚY ~°K«~Ú`« N ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨχ^£QÍ~°∞ ~°zOz# 'ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞— J#∞ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# áê„`«‰Ω J^ŒO Ѩ_∞`«∞Ok.K«i„`« Ѩiâ’^ä‰Ω_»∞ #j~ü JǨχ^£ ~åã≤# õ Ì » Œõ D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ áê„`«#∞ J=QÍǨÏ# KÕã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ ZO`«QÍ<À ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiã¨∞ÎOk. D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO `˘Å∞`« 'P*Ï^£ ǨÏ∫ãπ PѶπ Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û— ^•fi~å 1999Ö’ „ѨK«∞i`«"≥∞ÿOk. P ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ ÅaèOz# áê~î°HÍ^Œ~°} =Å# 2003Ö’ ѨÙ#~°∞‡„^Œ} J~ÚºOk. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# áê„`« QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõO Uq∂ ÖËHõáÈ=@O`À D ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxH˜ áê~î°‰õΩÅ, ѨO_ç`«∞Å P^Œ~°} qâı+¨OQÍ ÅaèOzOk. P HÍ~°}OQÍ =∞ixfl =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ KÕ~°∞ÊÅ`À, J=¸Åº"≥∞ÿ# ѨÅ∞ z„`åÅ∞ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞Û‰õΩx =¸_»=™êi WO^Œ∞Ö’..... =ÚK«Û@QÍ „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O q∂ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ =zÛOk. 1. „ѨK«∞~°}Hõ~°Î ѨÅ∞‰õΩÅ∞ ....... 4 â◊`åÉÏúÅ∞QÍ =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’ HõÅã≤"≥∞Åã≤ ã¨Ç¨Ïr=O ™êyã¨∞Î#fl qq^èŒ 2. N "åqÖÏÅ â◊√ÉèÏjã¨∞ûÅ∞....... 5 ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [# ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å∞ `«=∞ `«=∞ ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ∞ =∂`«$^Õâ◊ q=ÚH˜Î HÀã¨O, P `«~∞° "å`« ã¨fiO`«Q_¤» „ѨQu HÀã¨O KÕã# `åºQÍÅ#∞, ™êyOz# Hõ$+≤x Ѩ~ãÊ~°O Æ Æ ≤ ° ¨ 3. <å =∂@ ....... 6 `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë, XHõi Ѩ@¡ =∞~˘HõiH˜ Q“~°=ÉèÏ=O U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. P Q“~°ÉèÏ=O 4. Ѩ~°HÍŠѨiK«Ü«∞O.......... 7 #∞O_ç PÜ«∂ ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂ŠѨ@¡ ã¨^Œ=QÍǨÏ#, ã¨^蕃=# Ѩi_è»qÅ∞¡`å~Ú. P ã¨^•ƒù=# #∞O_ç ã¨Ç≤Ï+¨µ‚`« L^Œƒùqã¨∞ÎOk. P HÍ~°}OQÍ =∞`« ™ê=∞~°ã¨ºO 5. VÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ....... 11 =∞iO`« Ѩ ˜+¨ìO HÍQÆÅ^Œx Ptã¨∂Î... 5. P^ä•~° „QÆO^ä•Å∞ ........... 68 – JÉσ^Œ∞ÖÏ¡ 3 4
  • 5. <å =∂@... ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ áê„`«#∞ „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ `≥Å∞áêÅ#fl "åqÖÏÅ â◊√ÉèÏjã¨∞ûÅ∞ L^ÕÌâ◊ºO`À 1999Ö’ ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨∞n~°… "åºã¨O ~åâß#∞. P "åºã¨O w@∞~å~Ú "å~°Ñ¨„uHõÖ’ ^è•~å"åÇ≤ÏHõOQÍ „ѨK«∞i`«"≥∞ÿOk. D "åºã¨O, P*Ï^£ ǨÏ∫ãπ PѶπ Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û Kè≥·~°‡<£, Ǩr ¿+H± Ñ‘~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ QÍi „áÈ`åûǨÏO`À ѨÙã¨ÎHõ ~°∂ѨO fã¨∞‰õΩOk. JѨʘH˜ <å‰õΩ JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ L#fl ã¨=∂Kå~°O,z„`åÅ`À ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O ó =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ „ѨK«∞i`«"≥∞ÿOk. D z#fl ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl ÃÑ^ŒÌ =∞#ã¨∞û`À áê~î°‰õΩÅ∞ P^ŒiOKå~°∞. Ѩ„uHõÅ∞ K«Hõ¯x ã¨q∂Hõ∆Å`À „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ ѨiK«Ü«∞O KÕâß~Ú. P `«~°∞"å`« 2003 PQÆã¨∞ìÖ’ =∞OQÆà◊yiH˜ K≥Ok# `«Hõ∆tÅ „ѨK«∞~°}Å∞ Jkè<Õ`« ˆ~MÏ Hõ$ëê‚~°∞˚#~å=Ù QÍ~°∞, D ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl Ü«∞^ä•`«^èŒOQÍ Ñ¨Ù#~°∞‡„kOKå~°∞. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤OÅ =∞Ǩϟ#fl`« áê„`«#∞ Ѩk=∞OkH˜ `≥eÑ≤, „Ѩ[ÅÖ’ ¡ ã¨^•ƒù=#–ã¨^=QÍǨÏ# U~°Ê~åÛÅ#fl L^Õâº◊ O`À D ѨÙã¨HÍxfl KåÖÏ =~°‰Ω Lz`«OQÍ Œ Ì Î õ ѨOÑ≤}˜ KÕ~ÚOz `«# =∞Oz =∞#ã¨∞û#∞ Kå@∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O `≥Å∞QÆ∞ W™ê¡q∞H± Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û ã¨OKåʼnõΩÅ∞ [<åÉò JÉσ^Œ∞ÖÏ¡ P<å˜ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHÍxfl ã¨iH˘`«ÎQÍ „ѨK«∞iOK«^ŒeKå~°∞. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ #∂`«# ã¨=∂Kå~°O, ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O: =Úã≤OÅ∞ z`«∞„ΠѨu JOk#k. ¡ #∂`«# z„`åÅ∞, á¶È’Å∞ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~åÛÅx =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î +¨~°`«∞ qkèOKå~°∞.P +¨~°`«∞#∞ K«k"å#∞. ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# J#∞ã¨iã¨∂,Î K«i„`« P^蕺Ѩ‰ΩÅ∞, Ѩiâ’^è‰ΩÅ∞, áê~î‰ΩÅ ã¨∂K«#Å#∞ gÅ~Ú#O`«QÍ õ Œõ °õ áê„`«#∞, P<å˜ ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Å#∞, PÜ«∂ Ѷ¨∞ÏìÅÖ’ áêÖÁæ#fl áê˜ã¨∂Î, „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O q∂ KÕ`«∞Ö’¡ L#fl ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl u~°QÆ~åâß#∞. D ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’x ã¨=∂Kå~åxfl `˘e<å˜ Ñ¨Ùã¨HO`À á⁄eÛ#@ì~Ú`Õ #∂`«# ã¨=∂Kå~°O, #∂`«# z„`åÅ∞, Îõ Ü≥∂^è∞Œ Å q=~åÅ#∞ ã¨OH˜ÑOQÍ q=iOKå~°∞. P<å˜ `åºQÆ^#∞Å ∆ Ψ Œè á¶È’Å HÍ~°}OQÍ Ñ¨i=∂}OÖ’ kfiQÆ}©Hõ$`«"≥∞ÿ ã¨iH˘`«Î ѨÙã¨ÎHõ=∞~ÚºOk. K«i„`«Å#∞ qã¨Î $`«OQÍ „ѨKå~°O KÕÜ«∂eû# J=ã¨~°O D<å_»∞ D Hõ$+≤Ö’ <å‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O JOkOz# `≥Å∞QÆ∞ W™ê¡q∞H± Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û, Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ HõxÊã¨∞Ok. P „ѨÜ∞`«flOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ g∞~°∞ ™êyã¨∂#fl Î « Î ã¨OKåʼnõΩÅ∞ [<åÉò JÉσ^Œ∞ÖÏ¡ QÍiH˜, ѨiK«Ü«∞ "åHõºO ~åã≤zÛ# ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~°Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å∞,qâßÖÏO„^èŒ k# Ѩ„uHõ q„âßO`« ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÅ∞ N Ѩ~°HÍÅ Hõ$+≤ x[OQÍ Jaè#O^ŒhÜ«∞O. D z#fl ѨÙã¨ÎHõO JuÃÑ^ŒÌ ѨÏìa~å=∂~å=Ù QÍiH˜ q∞„`«∞Å∞ [<åÉò "åÃÇÏ^£ (w@∞~å~Ú) QÍiH˜, K«H¯õ x z„`åÅ∞ è ÉÏ^茺`«#∞ <≥~°"Õ~°∞Û`«∂ K«i„`«Ö’ xezáÈQÆÅ^Œ∞. g∞‰õΩ <å wã≤zÛ# „Ѩ=ÚY z„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ ¿+H± J|∞ÌÖÏ¡ (q[Ü«∞"å_») QÍiH˜, <å „Ñ¨u „Ѩܫ∞`«flO â◊√ÉèÏjã¨∞ûÅ∞. "≥#∞Hõ `å#∞O_ç ã¨`«`«O ##∞fl „á⁄`«ûÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î#fl <å rq`« ÉèÏQÆ™êfiq∞ N=∞u ~°q∞*Ï W@∞¡ ÉÏ#∞‰õΩ, <å „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ ^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞. 18–8–1999 WHõ D „QÆO^äŒO QÆ∞iOz f~°∞Ê K≥áêÊeûOk áê~î°‰õΩÖË ! QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ N "åqÖÏ QÀáêÅHõ$+¨‚Ü«∞º – ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£, q#∞H˘O_», U„Ñ≤Öò 2006. 5 6 24 21 22 9
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  • 8. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ á⁄~°∞QÆ∞^Õâ◊OQÍ U~°Ê_ç# áêH˜™êÎ<£`À [iy# Ü«Ú^•úÅ∞, q"å^•Å∞ ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞ HÍÅO<å˜ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ – =Úã≤¡OÅ SHõº`«‰õΩ zK«∞ÛÃÑÏì~Ú. ÉèÏ~°`« qÉèí[<å#O`«~° Ѩi}Ï=∂Å =Å# JѨ~å^èŒ ÉèÏ=#‰õΩ QÆ∞iKÕÜ∞« |_ç# =Úã≤O ã¨=∂[O ã¨∞+¨µáêÎ=ã¨Ö’H˜ ¡ ÷ x„+¨¯q∞OzOk. Ü«Ú^•úÅ∞, q"å^•Å∞, ^Õâ◊OÖ’ `«~°K«∞QÍ ™êy# =∞`«HõÅǨÅ∞ "≥∞*Ïi©, "≥∞ÿ<åi© =~åæÅ =∞^茺 =∂#ã≤Hõ qÉèí[#‰õΩ HÍ~°} =∞Ü«∂º~Ú. „Ѩ[Å =∞`« =∞<ÀÉèÏ"åÅ#∞ Ô~K«ÛQ˘˜ì =∞`«O ¿Ñ~°∞`À =∞#∞+¨µÅ#∞ peÛ, ~å[H©Ü«∞ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ#∞ ™êkèOK«^ŒÅz# =∞`À<å‡^Œ ~å[H©Ü«∞â◊‰õΩÎÅ∞, =º‰õΩÎÅ∞ D ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O peHõ#∞ JQÍ^èŒOQÍ =∂~åÛ~Ú. Ѩ~°º=™ê#OQÍ „a©+¨~°¡ ÉÏxã¨`«fiO #∞O_ç =∂`«$ Éèí∂q∞x q=ÚHõÎO KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ ™êy# ã¨∞n~°… áÈ~å@ K«i„`«Ö’ =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O `åºQÍÅ∞ =∞~°∞QÆ∞#Ѩ_çáÈÜ«∂~Ú. =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ KÕ~°∞=HÍx ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊ K«i„`«Ö’ ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O XHõ =∞Ǩϟ[fiŠѶ¨∞@ìO. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ K«i„`« „QÆO^ä•ÅÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ KåÖÏ =~°‰õΩ HõxÊOK«~°∞. XHõi^ŒÌ~°∞ HõxÊOz<å áÈ~å@Ѩ ˜=∞‰õΩ, `åºQÆx~°uH˜, x~°∞Ѩ=∂# ^Õâ◊ÉèíH˜ÎH˜ P L^Œº=∞O XHõ xÅ∞=Ù@^ŒÌO. J##º ™ê=∂#º"≥∞ÿ# "åi `åºQÍÅ∞, ™ê^è•~°} ™ê÷~Ú q=~°}Å`À, =~°‚#Å`À ^•^•Ñ¨Ù XHõ â◊`å|ÌOÃÑ·QÍ ™êy# D áÈ~åÏxfl ã¨∞ã¨OѨ#flO KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ *Ïu, ã¨iÃÑ@ì|_»`å~Ú. „áêK«∞~°ºOÖ’ L#fl K«i„`« „QÆO^ä•ÅÖ’ =Úã≤¡OÅ g~Àz`« QÍ^èŒÅ∞ =∞`«, ‰õΩÅ, „áêOfÜ«∞`«Å#∞ q㨇iOz ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅO`å UHÀ#∞‡YOQÍ P`å‡~°Ê}ʼnõΩ ã¨Ô~·# ™ê÷#O á⁄O^ŒÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~Ú. Hõ#∞Hõ PÜ«∂ Hõ^äŒ<åÅ∞ ™ê=∂#º K«i„`« áȩѨ_»@O JѨÓ~°fiO. ÅHõ∆ÖÏk „Ѩ*ÏhHõO XˆH x<å^ŒO, XˆH ÅHõ∆ ºO HÀã¨O XˆH „QÆO^ä•ÅÖ’QÍx, áê~ ѨÙã¨HÍÅÖ’QÍx KÀ@∞ KÕã∞¨ HÀÖË^∞Œ . Ѷe`«OQÍ Éèq+¨º`«∞Î `«~åʼnõΩ Î ¨ í ÉÏ@# =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ™êQÆ@O „ѨѨOK« K«i„`«Ö’<Õ J~°∞^≥·# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#. J=¸Åº ã¨=∂Kå~°O JO^Œ‰õΩO_® áÈ~ÚOk. D áÈ~åÏxH˜ ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊Ѩ٠JuÃÑ^ŒÌ JÅÊã¨OMϺHõ=~°æ"≥∞ÿ# =Úã≤¡O ã¨=∂[O K«i„`« ^•fi~å `ÕeQÍæ ã¨=∂Kå~°O ÅaèOKÕ J=HÍâ◊O ÖË#O^Œ∞#, HõàÏ `«#^≥# ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl JOkOzOk. =Úã≤"∞Õ `«~° ™êOѶ∞≤ Hõ [# ã¨=¸Ç¨Å`À =∞"Õ∞Hõ"∞≥ ÿ · ¡ ~°∂áêʼnõΩ, ™êÇ≤Ï`«º „Ѩ„H˜Ü∞« ʼnõΩ, „ѨKå~° =∂^躌 =∂ʼnõΩ =Úã≤OÅ âß¡Ñ∞¨¶ hÜ«∞ K«i„`«Å∞ ¡ ™êfi`«O„`«ºã¨=∞~°OÖ’ `«# q^Œ∞ºHõÎ ^è~å‡xfl x~°fiiÎOzOk. JѨÓ~°fi `åºQÍÅ`À, Jã¨=∂# Œ Hõ^ä• =ã¨∞Î=Ù HÍÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~Ú. P HÍ~°}OQÍ =Úã≤¡OÅ `åºQÍÅ∞, P<å˜ g~Àz`« P`«‡|e^•<åÅ`À ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ѨÙh`«∞ÅÜ«∂º~°∞. J~Ú#ѨʘH© =Úã≤¡O ã¨OѶ∞¨ @#Å∞ [#ÉÏǨïà◊ºOÖ’H˜ "≥à§◊ HõáÈ=@O`À P `«~∞° "å`« `«~åʼnõΩ P q+¨Ü∂Å∞ « ã¨=∂[O `åºQÆ=∞Ü«∞ K«i„`« ѨÅ∞HÍ~°}ÏÅ =¸ÅOQÍ =∞~°∞QÆ∞# Ѩ_çáÈ~ÚOk. `«=∞ JO^ŒÖË^Œ∞. D Ѩi}Ï=∂ÖË ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’x Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡O [#ã¨=¸Ç¨Å =∞^茺 áêÅ##∞ ã¨∞ã≤~O KÕã∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩQÍ#∞ „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞ qÉèlOK«∞–áêeOK«∞ ‰õΩ˜Å ÷° ¨ í =∂#ã≤Hõ Z_»O U~°Ê_»ÏxH˜ „Ѩ^è•# HÍ~°}=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. hux J=∞Å∞ѨiÛ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ#∞ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ∞–=Úã≤OÅ∞QÍ qÉèlOK«@OÖ’ Hõ$`«H$õ `«∞º ¡ í D =∂#ã≤Hõ JQÍ^ä•xfl =∞iO`« ÃÑOz XHõ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [#ã¨=¸Ç¨xH˜ ÅÜ«∂º~°∞. `å"Õ∞ UÔH·Hõ „Ѩux^èŒ∞Å∞QÍ „ѨHõ ˜OK«∞‰õΩx ~å[º"Õ∞ÖÏÅx Ptã¨∞Î#fl â◊‰õΩÎÅ∞–=º‰õΩÎÅ∞ ÉèÏ~°`« qÉèí[#‰õΩ ^•ifã≤# Ѩiã≤÷`«∞Å∞, P `«~°∞"å`« [iy# ^•~°∞}ÏÅ∞, D J=HÍâßxfl qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~Ú. 11 12
  • 9. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ `åºQÍÅ K«i„`« JO^ŒiH© `≥eÜ«∂e Jx ɡOQÍÅ∞ #"å|∞ JÖÏ¡=iÌ MÏ<£ ÖÏO˜ ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ∞ Ǩq∂Å∞ WzÛ<å, F Ѩ^HO „ѨHÍ~°OQÍ y_»OQÆ∞Å x~å‡}ÏÅ`À „áê~°OÉè"∞≥ ,ÿ Ѩ+"∞≥ # HÀ@Å∞ Hõ@∞ì‰Ωõ O@∂, Œä õ ¤ í ˜ ì¨ ÿ D Ѩiã≤÷ux K«Hõ¯k^•Ìeû# J=ã¨~°O ZO`À LOk. „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ Jxfl ™êOѶ‘∞Hõ ~å*ϺkèHÍ~°O HÀã¨O POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞ ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ =º=Ǩ~åÖ’ *’HõºO KÕã¨∞HÀ=@O [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å `åºQÍÅ∞ `≥eÜ«∂eû LOk. ѨÅ∞ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å QÆ_»¤ PO°OaèOKå~°∞. P „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ ÉˇOQÍÅ∞ q∂^Œ JkèѨ`«ºO HÀã¨O J~Ú#@∞O˜ Éèí~°`«Éèí∂q∞Ö’ PÜ«∂ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å =∞^茺# ã¨∞ǨÏ$^•ƒù= P~°OaèOz# Z`«∞ÎÅ#∞ PkÖ’<Õ „QÆÇ≤ÏOz, P ‰õΩÜ«Ú‰õΩÎÅ#∞ ==Ú‡KÕã≤, Dãπì "å`å=~°}O U~°Ê_»_®xH˜ XHõi QÆ∞iOz =∞~˘HõiH˜ `≥eÜ«∂eû# P=ã¨~°O ZO`≥·<å WO_çÜ∂ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ ÃÑ`«<åxfl ~°∂ѨÙ=∂¿ÑO^Œ∞‰õΩ áêuˆHà◊√§ ^•@x Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_»∞ « Î LOk. =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ ¿ã=Ö’ ѨÙh`«"≥∞ÿ# „Ѩ[ÅO^Œi K«i„`« `≥eã≤#ѨC_»∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ ɡOQÍÅ∞ #"å|∞ ã≤~åA^ÒÌÖÏ 'ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`«º ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ ã¨=∞ˆ~uǨã¨OÖ’ PÜ«∂ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∞Å =∞^茺# Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~° Q“~°=O U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. P Q“~°=O J~°∞}ѨÙ@efl `≥iKå_»∞—. Éèí~°`«QÆ_»¤ q∂^Œ `˘e™êiQÍ '„a©+¨µ ^Œ∞+¨µìÅ#∞ HõuÎѨ ˜ì ã¨^Œ=QÍǨÏ#, ã¨^蕃=#, ã¨Ç≤Ï+¨µ‚`«‰õΩ ѨÙ<åk J=Ù`«∞Ok. ZkiOz# "≥Ú#QÍ_»∞— QÍ MϺuQÍOz# PÜ«∞# „ѨMϺ`« áê¡ã‘ Ü«Ú^ŒúOÖ’ Hõ¡~Ú=Ù D "å`å=~°}OÖ’ =∂„`«"∞ Ö∫H˜Hõ =º=ã¨÷ Ѩi_èqÅ∞¡`∞Ok. =∞`« q^ÕfiëêÅ∞ Õ » « <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’x HõOÃÑh Ãã·<åºÅ#∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯<åfl~°∞. =∞˜Ö’ HõÅã≤ =∞`«™ê=∞~°ãº¨ O =∞iO`«QÍ Ñ¨ +=∞ø`«∞Ok. P „ѨÜ∞`«flOÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ ì ˜ ì¨ « D Ü«Ú^ŒúOÖ’ ɡOQÍÅ∞ ã≤OǨã¨#O HÀã¨O Pâ◊Ѩ_ç# ã¨~°fi¿ã<åx q∂~ü ™ê=∂#º „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ KÕ~∞° =HÍx =Úã≤OÅ `åºQÆ=∞Ü«∞ K«i„`«#∞ „Ѩ[Å K≥O`«‰Ωõ KÕ~ÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ ¡ ˆ *ÏѶ¨~ü, JÅqHÍ#O`« ã¨OѨ^Œ#∞ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞ÛHÀ"åÅ#∞‰õΩ#fl ^Œ∞~åâßѨ~°∞Å∞ „Ѩ=ÚY ™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl Hõ$+≤Ö’ z#fl „Ѩܫ∞`«flq∞k. ÉϺOHõ~°∞ [QÆ`ü ¿ãkä, ã¨OѨ#fl "åºáêi Jq∞K«O^£, #"å|∞ ^Œ~åƒ~°∞Ö’x =∞~ÀHõ ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞ K«i„`«Ö’ „Ѩ=ÚY∞_»∞ ~åÜü∞ ^Œ∞~°¡Éò, ¿ã<å<åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ =∂xH± KåO^£, `«k`«~°∞Å∞ â◊„`«∞=Ù`À KÕ`«∞Å∞ HõeÑ≤ qâßfiã¨Ñ¶¨∂`«∞HÍxH˜ áêÅÊ_®¤~°∞. P HÍ~°}OQÍ 1757Ö’ áê¡ã‘ J#∞ J~°∞}ѨÙ@efl `≥iz# ã≤~åA^ÒÌÖÏ „QÍ=∞O =^ŒÌ [iy# Ü«Ú^ŒúOÖ’ 50"ÕÅ ã¨fi^Õj Ãã·#ºO Hõey# ã≤~åA^ÒÌÖÏ =¸_»∞ 16= â◊`å|úOÖ’ =~°ÎHõO ¿Ñ~°∞`À ÉèÏ~°`« QÆ_»¤ q∂^Œ J_»∞QÆ∞ Ãјì# „a©+¨µ "ÕÅ „a©+¨µ Ãã·#ºO KÕuÖ’ Ѩ~ål`«∞_»Ü«∂º~°∞. =~°‰ΩÅ∞ ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ ^ŒiKÕi ^è#Hõ#Hõ =ã¨∞Î "åǨÏ<åÅ#∞ HÍ#∞HõÅ∞QÍ ã¨=∞iÊOz, Îõ Œ P `«~°∞"å`« ã≤~åA^ÒÌÖÏ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ H͉õΩ<åfl, ã¨fi^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ „ѨÜ≥∂[<åʼnõΩ „Ѩ֒ÉèíÃјì D <ÕÅ q∂^Œ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_»@O „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. D =~°Î‰õΩÅ ~åHõ`À ÉèíOQÆO Hõeyã¨∞Î#fl HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ K«~°ºÅ#∞, POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ ÃÑ`«Î<åxfl, U=∂„`«O "åºáê~°O Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œ∞`«∞O^Œx PtOz# ã¨fi^Õj JOwHõiOK«x =∞~ÀHõ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_çQÍ q∂~ü MÏtO áêʼnõ Ω Å∞ POˆ Q ¡ Ü « Ú Å‰õ Ω Jxfl J=HÍâßÅ∞ ~°OQÆO q∂^Œ‰õΩ =KåÛ~°∞. ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ HõeÊOKå~°∞. ã¨~∞‰õΩ#∞ xÅfi KÕã∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ã¨fiO`« ° ¨ ã¨ÇÏHÍ~°O`À 1764Ö’ |Hõû~ü J#∞KÀ@ HõOÃÑh ¨ y_»¤OQÆ∞Å∞ Hõ@∞ì‰õΩOÏ=∞x ã¨fi^ÕjáêʼnõΩÅ Z^Œ∞@ ™êyÅѨ_ç J#∞=∞u ã¨OáêkOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. P |ÅQÍÅ q∂^Œ q∂~ü MÏtO q~°∞K«∞Hõ Ѩ_®¤~∞. ° J#∞=∞`«∞Å P^è•~°OQÍ y_»¤OQÆ∞Å ~°Hõ∆} HÀ㨠D Ü«Ú^ŒúOÖ’ ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ #∞O_ç JtO =∞O@∂ Ѩ ˜+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# HÀ@Å x~å‡}ÏxH˜ ѨÓ#∞ z#O`« ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O ÅaèOK«HõáÈ=@O, ã¨fi^Õj ‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.q∂~°∞ "åºáê~°∞Å∞. q∂‰õΩ HÀ@Å Ãã·x‰õΩÅ HõO>Ë, HõOÃÑh Ãã·<åºÅ∞ K«Hõ¯x tHõ∆} J=ã¨~O U=ÚOk? <å ~°H}Ö’ L#flO^Œ∞# q∂‰õΩ ° ∆õ HõeyÜ«Ú@O`À q∂~ü MÏtO‰õΩ Ѩ~å[Ü«∞O ã≤~åA^ÒÌÖÏ g∞~ü MÏtO `«Ñ¨ÊÖË^Œ∞. 1757Ö’ áê¡ã‘ Ü«Ú^Œú q[Ü«∞O â◊„`«∞=Ù QÆ∞iOz Z@∞=O˜ ÉèíÜ«∞O JHõ¯~°ÖË^Œ∞, 13 14
  • 10. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ ã¨∞ã≤÷~°O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ‰õΩ„@Å∞ ‰õΩÜ«Ú‰õΩÎʼnõΩ NHÍ~°O K«∞˜ì H˘O_»zÅ∞=ÖÏ Éèí~°`« QÆ_»¤#∞ K«∞>ËìÜ«∞™êQÍ~°∞. HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ JO`«~°OQÍxfl „QÆÇ≤ÏOz, ~å#∞#fl ÃÑ#∞ „Ѩ=∂^•xfl =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ QÆ∞iÎOz ÃÇÏK«ÛiOzOk, Z^Œ∞~˘¯Ok =Úã≤¡OÖË HÍ=@O QÆ=∞<å~°›O. „Ѩ^=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~åxH˜ =O^Œ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ =ÚO^Õ „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅÃÑ· Œä =ºuˆ~Hõ`« =ºHõÎ"≥∞ÿOk. ɡOQÍÖ’¡ „a©+π =Å㨠áêʼnõΩÅ `˘`«∞ÎÖˇ·# [g∞O^•~°¡‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ =Úã≤¡O Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡ =∞Eflëê <Õ`«$`«fiOÖ’ 1763Ö’ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ Ѩ`åHÍxfl ZQÆ∞~°"Õâß~°∞. P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ Ѷ¨H©~°¡‰õΩ `À_»∞QÍ N Éèí"åx áê~î°H± <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’x ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ áêÖÁæ#@O`À D `˘e u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ L^Œº=∞O Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å L^Œº=∞OQÍ MϺu QÍOzOk. „a©+π JkèHÍi ÖÏ~ü¤ "≥∞HõOr <Õ`$« `«fiOÖ’x „a©+π ÃãxHõ ^ŒàÏÅ#∞ J<ÕH=∂~°∞¡ F@q∞H˜ QÆ∞iKÕã# ѶH~∞° –ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞ · õ ≤ ¨© ¡ 1765Ö’ "≥ÚѶ¨∞Öò áê^Œ∞ëê 'ëê PÅO— ɡOQÍÖò k"åhx ~å|~üì ÔH·¡"£‰õΩ ã¨O„Hõq∞OѨ*Ëã¨∞Î#fl ^Œ$â◊ºO „Ѩ[Å #∞O_ç Jáê~° P^Œ~°} á⁄O^•~°∞. D L^Œº=∞OÖ’ =¸™êëê, z~åQ∑Jb, JOkOz# P=HÍâßxfl LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩx |Hõû~ü Ü«Ú^ŒúOÖ’ ™êkèOz# q[Ü«∞O`À #∂~°∞Öò =∞ǨÏ=∞‡^£ `«k`«~°∞Å∞ =ÚYº áê„`« =Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞. D u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ 1800 POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ∞ WO_çÜ«∂Ö’ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_»QÆeQÍ~°∞. =~°‰õΩ ™êyOk. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ 1765 „áêO`«OÖ’ "≥ÚQÆÖò áê^Œ∞ëê ëê PÅO #∞O_ç ɡOQÍÅ∞ =Ǩc– Ѷ¨Ô~·rÅ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ k"åxx ™êfinè#O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. D K«~°º`À áê^Œ∞ëêÅ∞ <å=∞=∂„`«"≥∞ÿáÈQÍ, `˘e u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ *ˇO_® ZQÆ∞~°"ã# ѶH~∞–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å L^Œº=∞O ã¨=∂Ѩ"∞# Õ ≤ ¨ © °¡ Î ≥ÿ POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ ÃÑ`«Î#O WO_çÜ«∂#∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ P„Hõq∞OK«∞‰õΩ<Õ kâ◊QÍ ™êyOk. J#∞HÀx Ô~O_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏúÅ HÍÅOÖ’<Õ =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ#∞ ZkiOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ =∞m§ q^èŒOQÍ ÃÑ`«Î#O KÕuH˜ ~å=@O`À, QÆ`«OÖ’ áê^Œ∞ëêÅ∞ J#∞ã¨iOz# q^è•<åʼnõΩ ã≤^Œú=∞Ü«∂º~°∞. 1820 #∞Oz 1870 „áêO`«O =~°‰õΩ ™êy# D u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ =Ǩc Jf`«OQÍ, ÖÏÉèÏŠѨO@Å∞ ѨO_çOK«∞‰õΩx, D QÆ_»¤ q∂^Œ #∞O_ç JOk#O`« L^Œº=∞O QÍ MϺuQÍOzOk. ~åÜü∞|ˆ~bH˜ K≥Ok# ã¨Ü«∞º^£ JǨÏ=∞‡^£ |ˆ~bfi D ^ÀK«∞HõáÈ_®xH˜ HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞, L^ÀºQÆ∞Å P=Ù~å=Ù~°O@∂ ^ÀÑ≤_çH˜ NHÍ~°O L^Œº=∂xH˜ P^Œ∞º_»∞. D áÈ~åÏxH˜ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO K«∞Ïì~°∞. D PHõã≤‡Hõ Ѩi}Ï=∂Å∞ H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl =º=ã¨÷Ö’ J#∂ǨϺ =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ =Ç≤ÏOz J=∞~°∞Öˇ·# "åiÖ’ ˜@∂q∂~ü, J|∞ÌÖò HÍ~°}"≥∞ÿ, Jxfl =~åæÅ „Ѩ[Å#∞ „ѨÉèÏq`«O KÕÜ«∞@O`À PÜ«∂ =~åæÅÖ’ HõÅHõÖÏxH˜ Jr*ò, =∞ǨÏ=∞‡^£ =∞ǨÏ+≤<£, ^Œ∂^Œ∂q∞Ü«∂, HÍ~°}"≥∞ÿOk. W<åÜ«∞`ü Jb, qÖÏÜ«∞`ü Jb „Ѩ=ÚY∞Å∞. D Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å∞ ã¨∞n~°…HÍÅO ™êyOz# áÈ~°∞‰õΩ ã¨O|O Ѷ¨H©~°∞¡–ã¨<åºã¨∞Å ã¨"≥∞ÿHõº áÈ~å@O kèOz# q[Ü«∂Å#∞, P áÈ~å@Ü≥∂^è∞Å∞ áêÖÁæ#fl Œ K«i„`å`«‡Hõ ã¨OѶ∞¨ @#Å QÆ∞iOz# ɡOQÍÖò `«k`«~° ÉèÏ~°`« ^Õâß# =~°Î‰õΩÅ∞QÍ J_»∞y_ç# „a©+¨~°∞¡ JOk =zÛ# P=HÍâßÅ#∞ „áêO`åÅ „Ѩ[Å∞ D <å˜H˜ 㨇iOK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞‰õΩO@∂ „Hõ=∞„Hõ=∞OQÍ `«=∞ ™ê„=∂[º qã¨Î~°} HÍOHõ∆‰õΩ ã¨fi^Õj ~°O>Ë, P áÈ~åÏÅ „áê=ÚYº`«#∞ TÇ≤ÏOK«QÅ~°∞.Æ áêʼnõΩÅ#∞ Z~°KÕÜ«∞@O P~°OaèOKå~°∞. ÉèÏ~°`« Éèí∂ÉèÏQÆO g∞^Œ `«=∞ áêÅ##∞ ˜@∂q∂~ü D L^Œº=∞O =Ǩc L^Œº=∞OQÍ MϺuQÍOzOk. 15 16
  • 11. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ ÉÁOÉÏ~Ú, =∞^茺„Ѩ^Õâò, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_® D L^Œº=∂xH˜ HÍ~°ºHõ~°ÎÅ∞, „Ѩ[Å∞, qq^èŒ [#ã¨=ÚǨÅ∞ HõÅã≤Hõ@∞ìQÍ PÜ«∞# "≥O@ #_çKå~°∞. P HÍ~°}OQÍ =∞^ŒÌ`«∞^•~°∞¡ U~°Ê_®¤~°∞. JѨʘ ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞ #"å|∞ ™È^Œ~°∞_»∞ =ÚÉÏiA^ÒÌÖÏ Ju`«fi~°Ö’ D áÈ~å@O ѨÅ∞ „áêO`åʼnõΩ "åºÑ≤OzOk. 1830 #∞O_ç 1900 =Ǩc L^Œº=∞OÖ’ K«∞~°∞ÔH·# áê„`« x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞. „a©+π ~å}˜H˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ ‰õΩ„@ =~°‰õΩ ™êy# D áÈ~å@OÖ’ ^Œ∂^Œ∞ q∞Ü«∂‰õΩ "å~°ã¨∞Å∞QÍ <ÀÜ«∂q∞Ü«∂, |h Ѩ<åfl_»#fl <Õ~å~ÀѨ}QÍqOz, =ÚÉÏiA^ÒÌÖωõΩ rq`« Mˇ·^Œ∞ qkèOKå~°∞. PÜ«∞# Jq∂~ü q∞Ü«∂ `«k`«~°∞Å∞ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∞ºO =Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞. J#∞K«~°∞Å∞ =∞~À Ѩk=∞Ok Ѩk ã¨O=`«û~åʼnõΩ ÃÑ·|_ç# *ˇ·Å∞ tHõ∆ʼnõΩ QÆ∞~°Ü«∂º~°∞. D áÈ~åÏÅ∞ KåÖÏ =~°‰õΩ „áê~°OÉèí^Œâ◊Ö’ =∞`«O ѨÙ<å^Œ∞Å g∞^Œ, =∞`« z@ìz=~°‰õΩ =ÚÉÏiA^ÒÌÖÏ QÀÖÁ¯O_»Ö’ J=∞~°`«fiO á⁄O^•~°∞. „a©+π ™ê„=∂[º ã¨O㨯~°}Å ÅHõ∆ ºOQÍ P~°OÉè"∞≥ #ѨʘH,© =Å㨠áêʼnõΩÅ ^ÀÑ≤_H˜ „Ѩ[Å∞ QÆ∞iHÍ=@O í ÿ ç qã¨Î~°} HÍOHõ∆#∞ QÆ∞iÎOz# D áÈ~åÏÅhfl, „Ѩ[Åg∞^Œ ™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ QÆ=∞xOz `«=∞ ^Œâ#∞–kâ◊#∞ =∂~°∞Û‰õΩx, Ѩ~å~Ú áêʼnõΩÅ ^•ã¨ºO #∞O_ç „Ñ¨[ʼnõΩ ◊ HõOÃÑh JkèHÍ~°∞Å ^Ò~°˚<åºxH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ, „a©+π =Å㨠áêʼnõΩÅ q=ÚH˜Î HõÅ∞QÆKÕÜ«∂Å#fl q„ã¨Î $`« ÅHõ∆ ºO`À HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞, P áêʼnõΩÅ `˘`«∞ÎÅ "≥·Ñ¨Ù#‰õΩ =∞àϧ~Ú. D áÈ~åÏÅKÕ ã¨∂ÊùiÎ á⁄Ok# „Ѩ[Å∞, „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ Ü«Ú=‰õΩÅ∞ q∂^Œ u~°∞ÉÏ@∞‰õΩ ÉÏ@Å∞ "Õâß~Ú. D u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ =∞`«O`À „Ѩã¨H˜Î 1857 <å˜ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ K«∞~°∞QÍæ áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞. ÖˉõΩO_® „Ѩ*Ï „ѨÜ≥∂[<åʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ =º=ǨÏiOz# "å~°O`å P Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å D áÈ~å@OÖ’ J<ÕHõ =∞Ok =ǨÏcÅ∞ J=∞~°∞ÅÜ«∂º~°∞. J@∞=O˜ "åiÖ’ P„QÆǨxH˜ |eHÍ=@O qâı+¨O. P `«~°∞"å`« „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ#∞ `«iq∞H˘>ËìO^Œ∞‰õΩ +¨Ç‘Ï^£ Ñ‘~ü Pb, W<åÜ«∞`ü Jb, Ѷ¨~°›`ü Ǩï¿ãû<£, =∞ǨÏ=∞‡^£ ëœHõ`ü Jb =ÚY∞ºÅ∞. ™êy# ѨÅ∞ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@¡‰õΩ „¿Ñ~°}QÍ xÅz ¿ãfiKåÛù–™êfi`«O„`åºÅ‰õΩ D áÈ~åÏÅ∞ =ǨÏcÅ #∞O_ç Z^Œ∞~°=Ù`«∞#fl f„= „ѨuѶ∞@##∞ ã¨ÇÏOK«Öx „a©+π =Å㨠áêʼnõΩÅ∞ ¨ ≤ Ë ÉÏ@Å∞ "Õâß~Ú. „a©+π áêÅ# g∞^Œ qK«∞ÛHõ`«∞ÎÅ`À q~°∞K«∞Hõ Ѩ_ç JyflÜ«ÚQÍxfl =ǨÏcÅ g∞^Œ J<ÕHõ ‰õΩ„@ ˆHã¨∞Å∞ |<å~ÚOz =O^ŒÖÏk =ǨÏc g~°∞Å#∞ ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ ã¨$+≤ìOz#, qѨ¡=HÍ~°∞ʼnõΩ =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HõO HÍ=@"Õ∞H͉õΩO_® ã¨∂ÊùiÎ^•Ü«∞HõOQÍ f„= tHõ∆ʼnõΩ QÆ∞iKÕâß~°∞. xez#O^Œ∞# P áÈ~å@ g~°∞Å#∞ 㨇iOK«x ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞ K«i„`« Jã¨OѨÓ~°‚O. P HÍÅOÖ’<Õ Ñ¶s^£ÑÓ~ü‰Ωõ K≥Ok# Ñ‘~ü +¨sÜ«∞`«∞ÖÏ¡ <Õ`$« `«fiOÖ’ =∞~À áÈ~å@O ¨ ¨ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿOk. D áÈ~°∞ Ѷ¨Ô~·r L^Œº=∞OQÍ „ѨMϺu QÍOzOk. Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ „a©+¨~°¡ áêe@ ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~°∞_»∞ ˜Ñ¨Ó HõOÃÑhH˜ `˘`«∞ÎÖˇ·# [g∞O^•~°∞¡, =_ô¤ "åºáê~°∞Å∞, `ÕÜ«∂‰õΩ `À@Å Ü«∞[=∂#∞Å∞ P „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ ~å[º qã¨Î~°} HÍOHõ∆#∞ QÆ∞iÎOz# ˜Ñ¨Ó ã¨∞ÖÏÎ<£ =ÚOK«∞‰õΩ „áêO`«O Ô~·`«∞Å g∞^Œ, ™ê=∂#º [#O g∞^Œ ™êyã¨∞Î#fl Ñ‘_»#‰õΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ D ~å#∞#fl „Ѩ=∂^ŒO QÆ∞iOz ã¨=∞HÍb# áêʼnõΩÅ#∞ ÃÇÏK«ÛiOKå~°∞. ˜Ñ¨Ó ã¨∞ÖÏÎ<£QÍ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿOk. D `˘`«∞ÎʼnõΩ JO_» MϺuQÍOz# Ѷ¨`Õ Pb "≥∞ÿã¨∂~ü ™ê„=∂*Ϻkè<Õ`«. ^ŒO_»QÍ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩÅ∞ ~å=@O`À L^Œº=∞ ˜Ñ¨Ó ã¨∞ÖÏÎ<£ „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ ‰õΩ„@Å∞ ‰õΩÜ«Ú‰õΩÎÅ#∞ Ѩã≤QÆ ˜ì# HÍ~°∞Å J„ã¨Îâ◊„™êÎÅ∞ „a©+π =Å㨠áêʼnõΩÅ"≥·Ñ¨Ù PÜ«∞# P q+¨Ü∂Å#∞ q=iã¨∂Î 1780 ^ŒâHOÖ’<Õ « ◊õ QÆ∞i ÃÑ@ì|_®¤~Ú. ã¨fi^ÕjáêʼnõΩʼnõΩ J<ÕHõ L`«Î~åÅ∞ ~åâß~°∞. „a©+π D L^Œº=∂xH˜ ǨÏr Ñ‘~ü +¨sÜ«∞`«∞ÖÏ¡ áêʼnõΩÅ Z`«∞ÎÅ#∞ z`«∞Î KÕã¨∂Î g~Àz`«OQÍ áÈ~å NHÍ~°O K«∞˜ì#ѨʘH˜ P L^Œº=∞O ^Œâ◊#∞ kâ◊#∞ _»∞`«∂ ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩefl `«#`À HõÅã≤ ~å"åeûOkQÍ =∂iÛ ã¨=∞~°jÅ áÈ~å@OQÍ „a©+¨~°¡#∞ YOQÆ∞ HÀ~å~°∞. =ÚO^Œ∞K«∂Ѩ٠ÖËx ™êfi~°Ñ~∞° Öˇ# áêʼnõΩÅ∞ ÷ ¨ · uxÑ≤Oz# =∞ǨÜ≥∂^èŒ∞_»∞ ^Œ∂^Œ∞ q∞Ü«∂. PÜ«∞# ˜Ñ¨Ó ÃÇÏK«ÛiHõÅ#∞ MÏ`«~°∞ KÕÜ«∞HõáÈQÍ, „a©+π <Õ`«$`«fiOÖ’ Ô~·`åOQÆO, qq^èŒ =$`«∞ÎÅ ™ê=∂#º Ǩr +¨iÜ«∞`«∞ÖÏ¡ áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ `˘`«∞Å∞QÍ =∂~å~°∞. 'ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ∞ Î 17 18
  • 12. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ ˜Ñ¨Ó =∂@#∞ Q“~°qOz LO>Ë D<å_»∞ D <ÕÅ g∞^Œ "Õ∞O áêʼnõΩÅ∞QÍ LO_Õ"åà◊§O ÉËQÆO Ǩτ[`ü =∞ǨÖò ÉèísÎHõO_ç... =∂`«$^Õâ◊O HÀã¨O ™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl áÈ~å@OÖ’ HÍ^Œx— „a©+π JkèHÍ~°∞ÖË „ѨHOKå~°O>Ë ˜ÑÓ „ѨÜ∞« `åflÅ∞ ZO`« ˜ „áê=ÚYº`«QÅ"À õ ˜ ¨ Æ ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=ÚÅ=fiO_ç. â◊„`«∞=Ù‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOK«HõO_ç. J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. P„â◊Ü«∞O W=fiHõO_ç...— 1799 "Õ∞ 4# „a©+π Ãã·#ºO`À áÈ~å_»∞`«∂ ˜Ñ¨Ó ã¨∞ÖÏÎ<£ J=∞~°∞_»Ü«∂º~°∞. P<å_»∞, ‘..these shortsighted individu- als (the rebels) seem unmindful of the Brit- ˜Ñ¨Ó =∞$u K≥O^•~°x `≥eã≤, ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ =zÛ =∞$`«^ÕǨxfl ѨijeOz, =∞~°}Ïxfl ish supremacy and do their best to ruin myself x~åú~°} KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl `«~°∞"å`«QÍx „a©+π Ãã·xHÍkèHÍi [#~°Öò Ǩiãπ D<å˜ #∞O_ç and the whole country ( The Politics of a Popu- WO_çÜ«∂ =∞#^Õ#x „ѨHõ ˜OKÕ™êǨÏã¨O KÕÜ«∞ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂_»O>Ë, WO_çÜ«∂#∞ lar Uprisings- Bundelkhand in 1857, Tapti Roy, HõÉoOKåÅx HõÅÅ∞ HõO@∞#fl „a©+π áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ "≥∞ÿã¨∂~ü ѨÙe ZO`«QÍ OUP, 1994), JO@∂ Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ HõOÃÑh áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ q#flqOK«∞‰õΩ#fl ~°≠Ïhû P@OHõ=∞Ü«∂º_À „QÆÇ≤ÏOK«=K«∞Û. ~å}˜ ÅH©∆ ‡ÉÏ~ÚH˜ ÅaèOz#O`« „áêK«∞~°ºO ÉËQÆO ǨÏ[~°`ü =∞ǨÖò‰õΩ ÅaèOK«ÖË^Œ∞. „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O „a©+π Ãã·<åºÅ#∞ J_»∞QÆ_»∞QÆ∞<å =∞˜ìHõiÑ≤ã¨∂Î =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ™êQÍ~°∞ =∞øbfi JǨÏ=∞‡^Œ∞ÖÏ¡ëê ÃÑ*ÏÉÏk. „a©+π Ãã<åºÅ#∞ =ÚѨCuѨÊÅ∞ Ãј# =∞øbfix ã¨r=OQÍ ·¶ · ì ˜Ñ¨Ó `«~°∞"å`« 1857Ö’ "≥ÚQÆÖò áê^Œ∞ëê ÖËHõ xs˚=OQÍ Ñ¨ ˜ì`≥zÛ# "åiH˜ 50"ÕÅ ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å #[~å<å#∞ Dãπì WO_çÜ«∂ |ǨÏ^Œ∂Ì~ü ëê [Ѷ¨~ü <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiOÖ’ ™êy# ã¨=∞~°O HõOÃÑh „ѨH OzOk. P ÉèÏs #[~å<å HÀã¨O #=∞‡Hõ „^ÀǨÏO`À XHõ qâßfiã¨Ñ∂`« õ ˜ ¨¶ „Ѩ^=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞OQÍ „Ѩãkú K≥OkOk. D Œä ≤ áÈ~å@OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ J=^£‰õΩ K≥Ok# ÉËQÆO ǨÏ[~°`ü ‰õΩ_»∞ PÜ«∞##∞ |e fã¨∞Hõ<åflHõ, L`«Î~° ÉèÏ~°`« ^Õâ◊OÖ’x „Ѩ^è•# â◊„`«∞=Ù J_»∞¤ =∞ǨÖò q^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ`À áÈ~å_ç "åix `«iq∞H˘˜ì, `˘eyOk Jx „a©+π Ãã·<åºkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ ѨO_»QÆ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. K«∞@∞ì=Ú˜ì# â◊`«$|ÅQÍÅ#∞ ã¨"åÖò KÕã≤14 =∂™êÅ D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅÖ’ ^Õâ◊O Ѩ@¡ „¿Ñ=∂aè=∂<åÅ#∞ „áÈkKÕ¿ã áê@∞ xÅ∞=iOz, HõÅã≤ =zÛ# ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ ÖËYÅ∞ ~åã≤# Jr=ÚÖÏ¡ MÏ<£, =∞~ÀHõ =∞ǨÜ≥∂^è∞_»∞ <å<å™êÃÇÏÉò ѨHÍ# áÈ~åÏÅ Œ ∆ ã¨∂ÊùiÎxã¨∂Î, ã¨OH˜¡+¨ì ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ ~å[ºÉèÏ~åxfl =ӺǨÏ~°K«# KÕã≤ â◊„`«∞=Ù`À Jq„âßO`«OQÍ áÈ~å_®~°∞. ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ Ñ¨Ü«∂"Õ∞ P*Ïk =Ç≤ Ï OzOk. 㨠fi Ü« ∞ OQÍ U#∞QÆ ∞ JOÉÏi<≥ H ˜ ¯ |ǨÏ^Œ∂Ì~ü ëê [Ѷ¨~ü J#∞ Ѩ„uHõ#∞ #_çÑ≤ P<å˜ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~°Ü≥∂^èŒ∞ʼnõΩ =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HõO KÕâß~°∞. POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ`À ™êy# áÈ~åÏÅÖ’ P"≥∞ áêÖÁæOk. L`ÕÎ*ÏxKåÛ~°∞. „Ѩ[ÅÖ’ ^Õâ◊ÉèíH˜Î ÉèÏ=#Å#∞ ÃÑOá⁄OkOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ, POˆQ¡Ü«ÚʼnõΩ ã¨fi^ÕjáêʼnõΩÅ#∞, „Ѩ[Å#∞ ÃÇÏK«Ûiã¨∂Î, POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ ‰õΩ„@Å#∞ `Õ@`≥Å¡O =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ „Ѩ[Å#∞ ‰õÄ_»Q>O^Œ∞‰õΩ ѨÜ∂"Õ∞ P*Ïk Ѩ„uHõ#∞ Ç≤ÏOn, L~°∂Ì ÉèÏ+¨Ö’¡ Æ ìË « KÕã¨∂Î, qHÀìiÜ«∂ =∞Ǩ~å}˜ „ѨHõ@‰õΩ n@∞QÍ ÉËQÆO ǨÏ[~°`ü =∞ǨÏÖò Kåi„`å‡Hõ Jr=ÚÖÏ¡ MÏ<£ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ „ѨK«∞iOKå~°∞. =∞~åiî ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ ‰õÄ_® P Ѩ„uHõ#∞ „ѨH@##∞ q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕâß~°∞. P „ѨH@# D q^èOQÍ ™êyOk. '....Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤OʼnõΩ õ õ Œ ¡ #_ç¿ÑO^Œ∞‰õΩ „ѨÜ∞`åflÅ∞ [iQÍ~Ú. P Ѩ„uHõÖ’ '..ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÖÏ~å, =Úã≤O « ¡ ^è~‡° O, P`«‡Q“~°=O, „áê}O, ^è#O J#∞ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ JOâßÅ∞ „Ѩ^•#O. D JOâßÅ#∞ Œ Œ è ÖÏ~å ÖË=O_ç. ™È^Œ~°∞ÖÏ~å ÖË=O_ç. ^≥·=O =∞x+≤H˜ Z<Àfl =#~°∞Å#∞ WKåÛ_»∞. ˆH=ÅO ã¨fi^Õj áêÅ#Ö’, ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ „Ѩ™êkOK«QÆÅ~°∞. HõOÃÑh Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ „Ѩ[Å#∞ ^ÀK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. P`«‡Q“~°"åxfl =∞O@HõÅ∞ѨÙ`«∞<åfl~°∞. „ã‘ÎÅ JO^Œ∞Ö’ qÅ∞"≥·#k ™êfi`«O„`«ºO..— JO@∂ "≥ÚQÆÖò K«„Hõ=iÎ |Ǩï^Œ∂Ì~ü ëê [Ѷ¨~ü g∞^Œ JѶ¨∂~Ú`åºÅ∞, J`åºKå~åÅ∞ [~°∞ѨÙ`«∞<åfl~°∞...Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡O áœ~°∞Å#∞ „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ WzÛ# Ñ≤Å∞ѨÙ#∞ „ѨK«∞iOKå~°∞. =∂`«$ ^Õâßxfl H©iÎã¨∂Î, ÉÏx㨠|O^èŒ<åÅ ÃÇÏK«Ûiã¨∞<åflO. P`«‡Q“~°=O`À, ^è~‡° |^ŒOQÍ „ѨâßO`« rq`«O ™êyOKåÅO>Ë ã¨fi^Õj Î Œ ú #∞O_ç q=ÚH˜Î HÀã¨O áÈ~°∞ÉÏ@ #_»==∞O@∂ „Ѩɒ^èŒ w`«O D Ѩ„uHõÖ’ „ѨK«∞i`« áêÅ# HÀã¨O â◊„`«∞=ÙʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ KÕѨ@ìO_ç. ã¨fi^Õj Ãã·#ºOÖ’ "≥∞ÿOk. L~°∂Ì ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ „ѨK«∞i`«"≥∞ÿ# P w`«O WÖÏ ™êyOk. 19 20
  • 13. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ 'ǨÏ"£∞ ÃÇ·Ï WãπˆH =∂eH± D áÈ~å@OÖ’ Jã¨OMϺHõ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ ‰õÄ_® Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂™êú<£ ǨÏ=∂~å ! ÉËQÆO JrA<£ áêÖÁæ<åfl~°∞. D =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ʼnõΩ ã¨∂Êùi^•Ü«∞HõO Î áêH± =`«<£ ÃÇ·Ï M∫"£∞HÍ [#fl`ü¿ãaè áêº~å ÉËQO ǨÏ[~°`ü =∞ǨÖò, POˆQÜ∞« Ü«Ú=`«∞ÖË Æ ¡ ÜÕ∞ ÃÇ·Ï Ç¨Ï=∂s q∞e¯Ü«∞`ü, PÜ«Ú^è•Å∞ KÕѨ@ì@O Z~°∞QÆx ~ÀAÖ’¡ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂™êú<£ ǨÏ=∂~å ! =∞Ç≤ÏàÏ Ãã·xHÍ^ŒàÏÅ∞ U~åÊ@∞ KÕÜ«∞@"Õ∞ WãπH© ã¨ÖÏq∞Ü«∞`ü¿ã ~À+¨<£ ÃÇ·Ï [Q∑™ê~å H͉õΩO_®, ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ tHõ∆} QÆiÑ≤, <å<å H˜`«<å Yn"£∞, H˜`«<å #~¸"£∞ ™êÃÇÏÉò ѨH∆Í# ~°}~°OQÆOÖ’ g~°qǨ~°O ã¨Éò ^Œ∞xÜ«∂¿ãñ <åº~å KÕã≤# áêuˆHà◊§ Ѩ_»∞K«∞ ÉËQÆO JrA<£ Hõ~°f ÃÇ·Ï [~üMË*ò l¿ã P^Œ~°≈O. PHõã≤‡Hõ ^•_»∞Å`À „a©+π Ãã·xHõ QÆOQÍ [=Ú<åH© ^è•~å ! ta~°OÖ’ ÉèíÜ≥∂`åÊ`«O HõeæOzOk ѨK«Û TѨ~ü |sÊùb Ѩ~°fi`ü ѨǨÏÔ~^•~ü ǨÏ=∂~å ! ^Œ∞ã¨∞Å J*Ï˝`« =$^Œ∞~åÅ∞, =∂`«$^Õâ◊ q=ÚH˜Î Î ú hKÕ ™êǨÏÖòѨ~ü |*ò`å, ™êQÆ~ü #Hͯ~å HÀã¨O ™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl áÈ~å@OÖ’ ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ PÜ«∂ Ѷ≤~°Ow ^Œ∂~ü¿ã S™ê =∞O`«~ü =∂~å ! ê Lix ã‘fiHõiOz# ÉËQÆO ǨÏcÉÏ, „a©+π Ãã·xHõ =¸HõÅ#∞ ™êÜ«Ú^èŒOQÍ Z^Œ∞~˘¯#fl Å∂Ï ^À<À Ǩ`ÀO ¿ã ÉËQÆO ~°Ç≤Ï=∂, ~°≠Ïhû ÅH©∆ ‡ÉÏ~ÚH˜ "≥#flO˜ xez P"≥∞`À áê@∞QÍ POˆQ¡Ü«∞ áêº~å =`«<£ ǨÏ=∂~å ! JkèHÍ~°∞Å `«∞áêH˜ QÆ∞à◊§‰õΩ |Öˇ·áÈ~Ú# =ÚO^Œ~ü ÖÏO˜ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ =∞iH˘O^Œ~°∞. J*ò +¨Ç‘Ï^Àñ<Õ `«∞"£∞HÀ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å ‰õΩ@∞O|O #∞O_ç =zÛ, J#fl^Œ=Ú‡Å`À HõÅã≤ áÈ~°∞ ÉÏ@# JÃÇÏÖË =`«<£ ÅÖòHÍ~å ! #_»=@"Õ∞ H͉õΩO_®, Ѩ@∞ì|_®¤Hõ ^ŒO_»∞ ~°Ç¨Ï㨺O K≥ѨÊ_®xH˜ x~åHõiOz Pyfl `À_À QÆ∞ÖÏg∞ˆH [Orˆ~, |~°™ê"À JOQÍ~å ! =∞O@ʼnõΩ PǨï`≥· áÈ~Ú# ™êǨÏã≤ Jã¨æs ÉËQÆO ÖÏO˜ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ`À Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂, =Úã¨Öχ<£ ã≤Mò ǨÏ=∂~å U=∂„`«O fã≤áȉõΩO_® `«=∞^≥·# ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=∂ºxfl JOkOz `åºQÆK«i`«ÅÜ«∂º~°∞. ÉèÏ~¸ ÉèÏ~¸ áêº~å „Ñ¨^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞O qѶ¨Å =∞Ü«∂ºHõ ‰õÄ_® „a©+π áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ ÜÕ∞ ÃÇ·Ï P*ÏkHÍ ~°≠O_®, =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ ^èŒ~°‡Ü«Ú^ŒúO KÕÜ«∞=∞O@∂ =Úã≤¡OÅ#∞ „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤Oz# =∞øÖÏ<å Ѷ¨*òÖË W¿ã ã¨ÖÏ"£∞ ǨÏ=∂~å ! —. ǨÏMò#∞ D ã¨O^Œ~ƒOQÍ QÆ∞~°∞Î `≥K∞ÛHÀHõ `«ÑÊ^Œ∞. P Ñ≤Å∞ѨÙ`À P„QÆÇÏOz# áêʼnõΩÅ∞ °ù « ¨ ≤ ( ÉèÏ~°`« Ѩ„uHõÖ’¡ =Úã≤¡OÅ áê„`«, "åºã¨Hõ~°Î ó =ÚHÍÎ~ü, w@∞~å~Ú "å~°Ñ¨„uHõ, PÜ«∞##∞ |OkèOz, Hõ∆=∂aHõ∆ HÀi`Õ ¿ãfiK«Ûù „Ѩ™êk™êÎ=∞<åfl, JOwHõiOK«‰õΩO_® ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞, 25–04–2003 <å˜ ã¨OzHõ, ¿Ñr 23. ) JO_»=∂#∞ *ˇÅ∞‰õΩ P#O^ŒOQÍ "≥o§ JHõ¯_Õ PÜ«∞# J=∞~°∞_»Ü∂º~°∞. D ã¨O„QÍ=∞OÖ’ · « ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 27 "ÕÅ =∞Ok =Úã≤¡O „ã‘Î, ѨÙ~°∞+¨µÅ#∞ „a©+π Ãã·<åºÅ∞ ѨÅ∞ „áêO`åÅÖ’ D "Õ∞~°‰õΩ „a©+π áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ J_»∞QÆ_»∞QÆ∞<å ZkiOz# Ü≥∂^èŒ∞ÅÖ’ Lif™êÜ«∞x, `«QÆ∞Å ÉˇÏìÜ«∞x, „‰õÄ~°OQÍ K«OáêÜ«∞x, =∞~À 30 "ÕÅ=∞Okx =∞øÖÏ<å eÜ«∂Y`ü Jb MÏ<£, Ç≤ÏHõ‡`«∞ÖÏ¡ MÏ<£, „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~°Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å ã¨~fi¿ã<åx =∞ǨÏ=∞‡^£ ÉèHα MÏ<£, Ѩ~^jÜ«ÚÅ PkèÑ`åºxfl J_»∞QÆ_∞QÆ∞<å Z^Œ∞~˘¯#fl ° í ° Õ ¨ » „Ѩ"åã¨tHõ∆ʼnõΩ QÆ∞iKÕâßÜ«∞x K«i„`« "≥Å¡_çã¨∞ÎOk. ~å[ã≤OǨÏO Ã+ǨÏ*Ï^• Ѷ≤~À*ò ëê, ~°≠Ïhû~å}˜x u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞‰õΩ ѨÙiH˘eÊ# |H©¬+π D „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∞OÖ’ =Úã≤¡O [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å∞ ZO`«QÍ Jb „Ѩ^•# áê„`« =Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞. P<å˜ áÈ~°∞Ö’ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂– =Úã≤OÅ SHõº`«‰Ω „ѨfHõQÍ è ¡ õ áêÖÁæ<åflÜ«∞O>Ë, POˆQ¡Ü«∂kèHÍi Henry Mead D q+¨Ü«∂xfl „Ѩ™êÎqã¨∂Î, this MÏ<£ |Ǩï^Œ∂Ì~ü MÏ<£ xeKå~°∞. rebellion, in its present phase, cannot be called a sepoy Mutiny. It did 21 22
  • 14. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ begin with the sepoys, but soon its true nature was reveled, it was an P áêÑ≤+ì≤ ™⁄=Ú‡ =∂ SHõº`« =ÚO^Œ∞ kQÆ^∞Œ _»∞Ѩ٠Jx „Ѩ[Å∞ u~°ã¯¨ iOKå~°∞. Islamic revolt J<åeû =zÛOk. P _»|∞ƒ HÀã¨O =∂ SHõº`«#∞ |e KÕ¿ãk ÖË^x ã¨Ê+¨O „ѨHOKå~°∞. `«=∞ =ÚOyà◊§Ö’H˜ Œ ì õ ˜ P<å_»∞ ɡOQÍÅ∞ ã≤qÖò ã¨sfiã¨∞Ö’ JkèHÍiQÍ Ñ¨x KÕã# Henry Harrington ≤ `«~°e =zÛ _»|∞ƒ ã¨OK«∞Å#∞ u~°Q˘æÏì~°∞. z=~°‰õΩ HõOÃÑh Y*Ï<å #∞O_ç kQÆ∞=∞u Thomas 1858 Ö’ ~åã≤# Rebellion in India and our future policy J#∞ KÕã≤# ™⁄=Ú‡#∞ uiy Y*Ï<å‰õΩ ѨOÑ≤OKåeû =zÛOk. ji¬Hõ QÆÅ Hõ~°Ñ¨„`«OÖ’, 'I have stated that the Hindus were not the contriv- D q+¨Ü«∂xfl T. R Metcalf `«# The Aftermath of Revolt J#∞ ers or the primary movers of the 1857 rebellion and I now shall attempt to show that it was the result of an Mohammad conspiracy...left to their „QÆO^äŒ OÖ’, 'Sir James Outram (1803-63) failed to raise Hindus in resources, the Hindus never would or could have compassed such an Rohilkhand against the regime of Khan Bahadur Khan and had to re- undertaking..’ Jx "åºMϺxOKå_»∞. turn money granted for the purpose unspent to the treasury.' ( page 299 ), Jx ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞. "≥e¡qiã≤# J^Œ∞ƒù`« SHõº`« =∂ =∞`åÅ∞ "ÕÔ~·<å =∂ =∂`«$Éèí∂q∞ XHõ¯>Ë, =∂ =∂~°æO XHõ¯>Ë, =∂ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«ºã¨O„QÍ=∞OÖ’ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏhHõO =∞^茺# ÅHõ∆ ºO XHõ¯>Ë##∞‰õΩ#fl „Ѩ[Å∞, =∞`«O ¿Ñi@ =∞#∞+¨µefl peÛ `«=∞ Ѩ|ƒO "≥e¡qiã≤# SHõº`« POˆQ¡Ü«ÚÅ QÆ∞O_≥Ö’¡ QÆ∞|∞Å∞ ~°yeOzOk. ™ê=∂#º „Ѩ*ÏhHõO QÆ_»∞ѨÙH˘"åÅ#∞‰õΩ#fl „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ Z`«∞ÎÅ#∞ „uÑ≤ÊH˘Ïì~°∞. D ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ =∂„`«"∞ H͉õΩO_® ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ Õ â◊„`«∞=Ù`À áÈ~°∞ ™êyOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ѩ[ÅÖ’ =ºHõÎ"≥∞ÿ# ã¨Oã≤^Œú`«, "≥Å¡_≥·# SHõº`«, „a©+π qÉèË^•Å#∞ =∞iz SHõºOQÍ L=∞‡_ç â◊„`«∞=Ù#∞ JkèHÍ~°∞ÅÖ’ HõOѨ~°O Ѩ٘ìOzOk. D SHõº`«#∞ qzÛù#O QÍqOK«x^Õ `«=∞ áêÅ#‰õΩ =∞#∞QÆ_»ÖË^Œx „QÆÇ≤ÏOz# Z^Œ∞~À¯=@O "åi ™ê„=∂[º qã¨Î~°} HÍOHõ∆‰õΩ áêʼnõΩÅ∞ ÉèÏ~°`« ^Õâ◊OÖ’x „Ѩ^è•# ™êOѶ‘∞Hõ [#„âı}∞Öˇ·# Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡OÅ#∞ qѶ¨∂`«O HÍQÆÅ^Œx ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. =∞`«O ¿Ñ~° "Õ~°∞KÕÜ«∞ÏxH˜ Z`«∞ÎÅ#∞, ‰õΩÜ«Ú‰õΩÎÅ#∞ Ü«∞^èÕK«ÛùQÍ ™êyOKå~°∞. „a©+π „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨O„QÍ=∂xH˜ KÀ^ŒHõâ◊H˜ÎQÍ xezOk =Úã≤¡OÅ#fl ÉèÏ=#`À#∞#fl áêÅHõ áêʼnõΩÅ∞ ZO`«=~°‰Ωõ "≥àϧ~°O>Ë =Úã≤OÅ áêÅ#HõO>Ë „a©+π áêÅ# Hõ_∞» "≥∞~°∞Q#^Œ#fl ¡ Ô· =~åæÅ∞, „Ѩ*ÏhHõOÖ’ =∞`« qÉèË^•Å#∞ =∂#ã≤Hõ ÉèÏ=# Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ [#ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂ÅÖ’ HõÅ∞QÆ *Ë¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ K«i„`«#∞ =„H©HiOz õ ã¨$+≤Oz,¿ãflÇ¨Ï ã¨O|O^è•Å#∞ qzÛù#O KÕã,≤ `«=∞ ì ~å¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ ѨÓ#∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. QÆ`« =Úã≤¡O áêʼnõΩʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ K«i„`«#∞ u~°QÆ =∞#∞QÆ _ » ‰ õ Ω Z@∞=O˜ =ÚѨ C ÖË ‰ õ Ω O_® ~å~ÚOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. JÖÏ ~åã≤# K«i„`«‰õΩ |Ǩïà◊ „ѨKå~°O HõeÊOKå~°∞. MÏ<£ |ǨÏ^Œ∂Ì~ü MÏ<£ D q+¨Ü«∂xfl „Ѩ™êÎqã¨∂Î POQÆ¡ ~°K«~Ú`« J.S. Grewal `«# ѨÙã¨ÎHõO K«∂ã¨∞HÀ"åÅx J#∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. ã¨fi^Õj áêʼnõΩ Å#∞, u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ Ü≥∂^è∞Å#∞ J}˜z "Õ¿ãO ^Œ∞‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® D Z`«∞Î LѨÜ∂yã¨∞O^Œ#∞ Œ ≥ Î Muslim Rule in India : The Assessment of British Historian (Oxford Uni- ‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. versity Press,1970) Ö’ ‘..British administrators scholars, historians and =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∞=ÙÅ#∞ Ô~K«ÛQ˘˜ì, =∞ÉèíºÃјì _»|∞ƒ`À missionaries all became seriously involved in making the people to „Ѩ[Å ^Õâ◊ÉèíH˜Îx H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÉèÏsQÍ _»|∞ƒ ã¨OK«∞Å#∞ ~°Ñ≤ÊOKå~°∞. D believe that British rule was better than the medieval Muslim Rule.' "Õ∞~°‰õΩ ~ÀÇ≤ÏÖò YO_£Ö’ _»|∞ƒ ã¨OK«∞Å ^•fi~å Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ ™È^Œ~°∞ʼnõΩ ÅOKåÅ∞ J<åfl_»∞. WzÛ, Ji÷Hõ ™œHõ~åºÅ Pâ◊ K«∂ã≤Oz PHõ@∞ì‰õΩx, „Ѩ[Å#∞ =∞`«O ¿Ñi@ peÛ D „ѨÜ∞« `åflÅ∞ KåÖÏ =~°‰Ωõ „a©+~‰Ωõ J#∞‰õÄŠѶe`åÅxKåÛ~Ú. P<å_»∞ ¨ ¡° ¨ J<≥·Hõº`« ã¨Ê+≤ìO KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ POˆQ¡Ü«∂kèHÍi *Ë"£∞û B„ÏO (James Outram ) „a©+¨~°¡‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ_ç# P ~°K«#Å∞ D<å_»∞ ‰õÄ_® =Úã≤¡O =ºuˆ~Hõ â◊‰õΩÎʼnõΩ qѶ¨ÅÜ«∞`«flO KÕâß_»∞. LѨÜ∂QÆÑ_∞» `«∞<åfl~Ú. =Úã≤O [<å=oH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ JáÈǨÏÅ∞, Jáê~å÷Å∞ ã¨$+≤Oz ≥ ¨ ¡ ì 23 24
  • 15. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ „ѨKå~°OQÍqOKÕ â◊‰ΩʼnõΩ, =º‰õΩʼnõΩ D „QÆO^ä•Å∞ „Ѩ^•#OQÍ P^è•~°O J=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú. õÎ Î è POˆQ¡Ü«∞ =Åã¨áêʼnõΩÅ∞ `«=∞ ‰õΩ˜Å „Ѩܫ∞`åflÅ`À ^Õâßxfl pÅÛQÆeˆQO`« =~°‰õΩ q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOz<å, ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅ SHõºáÈ~åÏŠѶ¨e`«OQÍ z=~°‰õΩ =¸@ =ÚÖË¡ ã¨~°∞̉õΩx áêiáÈHõ `«Ñ¨ÊÖË^Œ∞. D "Õ∞~°‰õΩ WeÜ«∞ò, _Òã¨<£, =∂ůO, „aQ∑û, ZeѶ≤<£ ™Èì<£ ÖÏO˜ JkèHÍ~°∞ Å#∞, K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å#∞ K«i„`« =„H©Hõ~°}‰õΩ, „Ѩ`ÕºHõ K«i„`« ~°K«#‰õΩ xÜ«∞q∞OKå~°∞. P ã¨=∞Ü«∂# qeÜ«∞O ǨÏO@~ü ÖÏO˜ JkèHÍ~°∞Å∞ 'WO_çÜ∞« <£ =Úã≤OÅ∞— J#∞ „QÆO^ä•xfl ¡ ~åã≤ =Úã≤¡OʼnõΩ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO KÕѨÏìeû# ѨÅ∞ K«~°ºÅ∞#∞ q=iã¨∂Î, =Úã≤¡OÅ∞ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ *Ïu [#∞Å∞QÍ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞. PÔ~ã¨∞ì KÕã≤ nfiáêO`«~° "å™êxH˜ ѨOáê~°∞. P „Hõ=∞OÖ’ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ JǨÏ=∞‡^£ 1857 AÖˇ· 17# áÈ~°∞ã¨Å∞Ê`«∂ „áê}ÏÅ∞ q_çKå~°∞. É’Ü«∞#Ѩe¡Ö’ „a©+π Ãã·xHÍkèHÍi `≥Å∞QÆ∞*Ïu =Ú^Œ∞Ìa_»¤Å∞ HõÅflÖò _Õq_£ã¨<£#∞ K«O¿Ñ „Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ [ǨÏOw~ü MÏ<£ J#∞ =∞~À Ü≥∂^èŒ∞_»∞ „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅÃÑ· u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ KÕã≤# "åiÖ’ =∞# ~å„ëêìxH˜ K≥Ok# HÍeÛ"ÕÜ«∞|_®¤~°∞. =Ú^Œ∞Ìa_»¤Å∞ LO_»@O `≥Å∞QÆ∞*Ïu QÆifiOK«^Œy# JOâ◊O. 1857Ö’ „a©+π Ô~ã≤_≥hû PO„^èŒ „Ѩ^âòÖ’x qâßYѨ@flO „a©+µ Ãã#ºOÖ’ ÃãxHÍkèHÍiQÍ Ñ¨xKÕã∞#fl Õ ¨ · · ¨Î g∞^Œ ™êÜ«Ú^èŒ∞Öˇ· ^ŒO_≥uÎ# ^ŒàÏʼnõΩ <åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ Ѩ~îå<£ `«∞„ˆ~ÉÏ*ò MÏ<£, AÖˇ·Ö’ ã¨∞ÉË^•~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞‰õΩ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO =Ç≤ÏOKå~°∞. D u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ "≥∞^ŒH± ã¨g∞áê# „a©+π Ãã·#ºO`À áÈ~å@O [iáê~°∞. D áÈ~°∞Ö’ ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞ÅO^Œsfl JǨÏ=∞‡^£ "≥O@ #_çz# u~°∞QÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ ã≤áê~¸ÅO^Œifl PÜ«∞# Hõà◊§ =ÚO^Õ HÍeÛ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# PÜ«∞# â◊„`«∞=Ù KÕ`« zHõ¯~å^Œ#fl Ѩ@∞ì^ŒÅ`À „Ѩܫ∞uflOKå~°∞. â◊`«$Ãã·<åºÅ K«O¿Ñâß~°∞. z=~°‰õΩ ã¨∞ÉË^•~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£#∞ Ѷ≤~°Oy Q˘@ìѨ٠~°O„^è•xH˜ Hõ ˜ì ¿ÑeÛ Hõà√§QÆÑÊ JO`«~åú#=∞Ü«∂º~°∞. PÜ«∞# HÀã¨O J<Õfi}# ™êyOk. PÜ«∞##∞ |OkèOz ◊ ≤ "Õâß~°∞. D "Õ∞~°‰õΩ „a©+¨µ "åiH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ ™êy# ѨÅ∞ áÈ~å@ÅÖ’ áêÖÁææ#fl JѨÊyOz#"åiH˜ JѨʒ¡<Õ „ѨÉèí∞`«fiO 5 "ÕÅ ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å∞ #[~å<å ‰õÄ_® „ѨHõ O ˜ Ü≥∂^èŒ∞Å∞ ZO`À =∞Ok L<åfl~°∞. D g~°∞ÅO`å `≥Å∞QÆ∞ QÆ_»¤‰õΩ K≥Ok#"å~°∞ HÍ=@O zOk. Ju „Ѩܫ∂㨠q∂^Œ „a©+¨µ Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ QÆifiOK«^Œy# JOâ◊O. PÜ« ∞ ##∞ JÔ ~ 㨠∞ ì KÕ â ß~° ∞ . P Ü≥ ∂ ^è Œ ∞ _ç fl z„`«Ç≤ÏOã¨Å‰õΩ QÆ∞i KÕã≤, LitHõ∆ qkèOKå~°∞. áê„uˆHÜ«Ú_»∞ =∞ǨÏ=∞‡^£ ÉÏHõ~ü `åºQÆO „a©+¨µ =ºuˆ~Hõ áÈ~°∞‰õΩ <åÜ«∞Hõ`«fiO =Ç≤ÏOz #O^Œ∞# `«∞„ˆ~ÉÏ*ò MÏ<£ÃÑ· Hõã≤f~°x „a©+π 1857Ö’ <å˜ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞OÖ’ P<å˜ Ñ¨„uHõÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® áêʼnõΩÅ∞ PÜ«∞# Éè∫uHõHÍÜ«∂xfl „Ѩã¨∞Î`«O |$ǨÏ`«Î~°"≥∞ÿ# áê„`«#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKå~Ú. P<å_»∞ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ _èçb¡ ˆHO„^ŒOQÍ#∂, W`«~° ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞Ö’x ã¨∞ÖÏÎ<£ |*Ï~°∞ áÈbãπ ¿ãì+¨<£ „áêO`åÅ #∞O_ç '_èçb¡ JH̓~ü—, 'H˘Ç≤Ï#∂~ü—, ' `åiMò–Z–ÉèíQÆ=`ü–Z–Ç≤ÏO^£ —, ÃãO@~ü Ö ’ |Ç≤ Ï ~° O QÍ „"Õ Ö Ï_» n ã≤ `« = ∞ '=Ú+≤~ü–Z–^ŒHõ¯<£ —, '=H©Öò— =O˜ ѨÅ∞ Ѩ„uHõÅ∞ „a©+π =ºuˆ~Hõ`«#∞ „Ѩ*ÏhHõOÖ’ ÃÑ·âßzHõ`åfixfl Kå@∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. „áÈk KÕã¨∂Î ™êǨÏã¨=O`«"≥∞ÿ# áê„`«#∞ áÈ+≤OKå~Ú. P ÉÏ@Ö’ #_çz, `«∞„ˆ~ÉÏ*ò MÏ<£‰õΩ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~åxH˜ u~°∞QÆ∞ÖËx =∞^ŒÌ`«∞xã¨∂Î u~°∞QÆ∞ ÉÏ@∞^•~°¡Ö’ =∞øbfi JÖÏ¡=ÙnÌ<£ „a©+π áêʼnõΩŠѨ@¡ f„= „ѨuѶ¨∞@# *ÏfiÅÅ#∞ =∞O_çOzOk ''_èçb¡ JH̓~ü—— Ѩ„uHõ. JO_»^ŒO_»Å∞ JOkOz# =∞øbfi JÖÏ¡=ÙnÌ<£#∞ 25 26
  • 16. ÉèÏ~°`« ™êfi`«O„`Àº^Œº=∞O–=Úã≤¡OÅ∞ ã¨Ü«∞º^£ #j~ü JǨÏ=∞‡^£ „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞ P Ѩ„uHõ ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÖˇ·# =∞øbfi =∞ǨÏ=∞‡^£ ÉÏHõ~ü#∞ 1858Ö’ ^Œ∞+¨Êi}Ï=∂ŠѶ¨e`«O D<å˜H© ‰õÄ_® ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ =Úã≤¡OÅ "≥#∞HõÉÏ@∞ `«#OÖ’ JÔ~ã¨∞ì KÕã≤ ^•~°∞} z„`«Ç≤ÏOã¨Å‰õΩ QÆ∞iKÕã≤ ǨÏ`«ºQÍqOKå~°∞. D q^èŒOQÍ Ñ¨„uHÍ „ѨuѶ¨eã¨∞ÎOk. ¿ãfiK«ÛùÔH· „áê}ÏÅiÊOz# `˘e áê„uˆHÜ«ÚÅ∞QÍ =ÚǨÏ=∞‡^£ ÉÏHõ~ü K«i„`«Ö’ P<å_»∞ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂–=Úã≤¡O „Ѩ*ÏhHõO =∞^茺 <≥ÅH˘#fl |Å"≥∞ÿ# SHõº`«#∞ xezáÈÜ«∂~°∞. K«∂ã≤ áêʼnõΩÅ∞ HõÅ=~°O K≥O^•~°∞. D Ô~O_»∞ ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ [# ã¨=Ú^•Ü«∂Å#∞ P<å˜ Ñ¨„uHõÅhfl q^Õj áêÅHõ â◊‰ΩÅ g∞^Œ `«=∞ JHõ~åÜ«Ú^è•Å#∞ „ѨÜ∂yO õÎ ∆ ≥ pÖËÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ ‰õΩ„@ѨÓi`«OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKå~°∞. K«i„`«#∞ =„H©HiOKå~°∞. =Úã≤O áêʼnõΩÅ õ ¡ K«@O`À cèue¡# áêʼnõΩÅ∞ Ѩ„uHõÅ#∞ x¿+kèOz, ã¨Oáê^Œ‰Ωõ Å#∞, „ѨK∞« ~°} Hõ~Å<ÕHÍHõ, ΰ HõO>Ë `«=∞ áêÅ# "≥∞~°∞ÔQ·#^Œ#fl Jaè„áêÜ«∞O ÉèÏ~°fÜ«ÚÅÖ’ HõÅ∞QÆ∞ KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ áê~î°‰õΩÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® f„= x~°ƒO^è•Å‰õΩ QÆ∞i KÕâß~°∞. D HÍ~°}OQÍ<Õ 1853 <å˜H˜ POˆQ¡Ü«∞ K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ „QÆO^äŒ ~°K«# ™êyOKå~°∞. =Úã≤¡O áêʼnõΩÅ∞ Ѩ~°=∞`« L#fl 35 L~°∂Ì Ñ¨„uHõÅ∞ HÍ™êÎ 1858 <å˜H˜ 12 `«yæáÈÜ«∂Ü«∞O>Ë „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞ q^Õfi+¨µÅ∞QÍ, ~åHõã∞Å∞QÍ z„fHõiã¨∂Î K«i„`« ~°K# QÍqOKå~°∞. P q^èOQÍ =„H©H~}, ∆ ¨ « Œ õ° ZO`« „‰õÄ~°OQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKå~À `ÕeQÍæ<Õ TÇ≤ÏOK«=K«∞Û. z„fHõ~°}ʼnõΩ QÆ∞Ô~·# K«i„`« P^è•~°OQÍ P `«~°∞"å`« HÍÅOÖ’ ÉèÏ~°`« K«i„`« ~°K«# =Úã≤¡OÅ TK«HÀ`« ™êQÆ@O =Å# ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ<Õ ã¨fi^Õj K«i„`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ P „ѨÉèÏ"åxH˜Ö’<≥·, =Úã≤¡OÅ „Ѩ^=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~åxfl „áê~°OaèOz#"å~°∞, áêÖÁæ#fl"å~°∞, „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOz# Œä „a©+π =ºuˆ~Hõ g~Àz`« QÍ^èŒÅ#∞ q㨇iOKå~°∞. "å~°∞ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ =Úã≤¡OÖË##fl Jaè„áêÜ«∂xH˘zÛ# „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞ 27 "ÕÅ =∞Ok =Úã≤¡OÅ#∞ qq^èŒ „áêO`åÅÖ’ Lifâß~°x K«i„`« iHÍ~°∞¤Å∞ K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞ HÍO„ÔQãπÖ’ |$ǨÏ`«Î~° áê„`« D ã¨OYº HõO>Ë J<ÕHõ Ô~@∞¡ P<å_»∞ [iy# ™ê=¸Ç≤ÏHõ ǨÏ`åºHÍO_»OÖ’ „Ѩ[Å∞ „Ѩ^äŒ=∞ ™êfi`«O„`«º ã¨=∞~°O `«~°∞"å`« ã¨∞=∂~°∞ =¸_»∞ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ HÍÅO „áê}ÏÅ∞ HÀÖ’ÊÜ«∂~°∞. JѨʘ #∞O_ç =Úã≤¡O ‰õΩb# =~åæÅ`Àáê@∞, ™ê=∂#º =ÚyÜ«∞Hõ=ÚO^Õ1885Ö’ U~°Ê_ç# ÉèÏ~°`« *ÏfÜ«∞ HÍO„ÔQãπ *ÏfÜ≥∂^Œº=∞ „Ѩ*ÏhHÍxfl ‰õÄ_® Jxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ Hõ$OQÆnã≤ xsfi~°ºO KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ J#∞"≥# Ѩ^HÍÅ∞, · Œä <åÜ«∞Hõ`åfixfl ã‘fiHõiOzOk. P<å˜ `˘e^Œâ◊ #∞O_ç =∞e^Œâ◊ =~°‰Ωõ ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ =Úã≤OÅ∞ ¡ q^è•<åÅ∞ „a©+π áêʼnõΩÅ∞ J=∞Å∞Ѩ~åÛ~°∞. P<å_»∞ J=∞Å∞ KÕã≤# Ѩ^äŒHÍÅ∞ 27 28