More Related Content More from Indian Servers (13) How to Sell, A Book on Marketing & Sales by Gampa Nageswararao1. D: GAMPA [BOOKS] 01. Sales Book [VENKATESH] Page No. 1
BY
Gampa Nageshwar Rao
M.A.,(Psychology),
M.A., (Counselling and
Psychotheraphy),
M.Phil (Psychology),
E-Mail:
gamparao@gmail.com
U
FIRST EDITION
2013 September
U
COVER DESIGN
N. Sashidhara Rao
U
PUBLISHED BY
New Vision Publications
D.No. 1-9-644/A/1, Vidya Nagar,
Hyderabad - 500 044.
Ph: 040-27605829, 27663376.
99483 35306.
U
Printed At
Udyoga Sopanam Printers, 71 IDA
Pashamylaram, Hyderabad.
Pages : 112 Rs. : 50/-
QOÆOÆOÆ áê <åQˆQˆˆ âfifi◊fi◊fifi◊ ~ ü~å=Ù
2. JO^OEih PǨfixOKÕ ~°OQÆO
¿ã Öòû ~°OQÆO „Ѩ`ÕºHõ"≥∞ÿOk. XHõ HÀ}O #∞Oz gH˜Δ¿ãÎ WO^OE∞Ö’
Z=iÔH·<å „Ñ¨"Õâ◊O LO@∞Ok. =∞~À HÀ}O #∞Oz Ѩije¿ãÎ W`«~°
~°OQÍÅÖ’ HÍHõÅ∞ fi# Ü≥∂^èOE∞Öˇ·<å WO^OE∞Ö’ W=∞_»ÖË~°∞. JÖψQ XHõ
HõOÃÑh ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ ZO`«=∞Ok ѨxKÕã¨∞Î<åfl =∞~˘HõiH˜ J=HÍâ◊O
LO@∂<Õ LO@∞Ok. HÍh H˘xfl ã¨O^OE~åƒùÖ’¡ ¿ãÖòûÖ’ „Ѩuëêì`«‡Hõ _ç„wÅ∞<åfl
'MÏmÅ∞ÖË=Ù— J#fl ["å|∞ =ã¨∞ÎOk.
Uq∞@k?
Uq∞© Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~° q~°∞^OEú Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å∞ JO>Ë WO^OE∞‰õΩ xiÌ+¨ì"≥∞ÿ#
ã¨=∂^è•#O LOk.
Hõeã≤# Hõã¨ì=∞~üx PHõ@∞ìH˘x `«# L`«ÊuÎx J=∞‡QÆeˆQ <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO
QÆÅ "åiH˜ ¿ãÖòû ~°OQÆO ã¨^• PǨfi#O ѨÅ∞‰õΩ`«∞Ok. nxH˜ aè#flOQÍ D
<≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºOÖ’ "≥#∞Hõ|_ç Zxfl Ü≥∂Qƺ`å Ѩ„`åÅ∞ K«∂ã≤# '<À "≥ÔHhû— É’~°∞¤
"≥H˜¯iã¨∞ÎOk. JO^OE∞ˆH D =$uÎx Jëê=∂+‘QÍ fã¨∞HÀ‰õΩO_® ã‘iÜ«∞ãπQÍ
„¿Ñq∞OKÕ "åiHÀã¨O D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO.
„ѨÉèí∞`«fi „ÃÑ·"Õò ~°OQÍÅÖ’ Jáê~° L^ÀºQÍ=HÍâßÅ∞ QÆÅ cè=∂
~°OQÆO #∞Oz W`«~° U L`«ÊuÎ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ¿ãÖòû ~°OQÍÖ’¡#~Ú<å
P#∞áê#∞Å∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘x `«y# <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO ™êkèOz L#fl`« ÅHΔͺÅ"≥·Ñ¨Ù
^OE∂ã¨∞‰õΩáÈ"åÅ#fl `«Ñ¨# QÆÅ "åiHÀã¨"Õ∞ D z~°∞ѨÙã¨ÎHõO
Jaè#O^OE#Å`À...
– QÆOáê <åˆQâ◊fi~°~å=Ù
3. =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ! P^èOE∞xHõ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ "å}˜[º ~°OQÍxH˜ PÜ«Ú=٠Ѩ@∞ìÖÏO˜k.
z#fl Ñ¨Öˇ¡Å∞, Ѩ@ì}ÏÅ∞, #¨QÆ~åÅ∞ ^•˜ ~å„ëêìÅ ã¨iǨÏ^OE∞ÌÅ#∞ ^•˜áÈ`«∂, ^Õâ◊
q^ÕâßÖ’¡H˜ K˘K«∞Û‰õΩáÈ`«∂ "å}˜*Ϻxfl qã¨ÎiOK«»O, `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#ʼnõΩ y~åH©x
ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞ÛHÀ=_»O =~°‰õΩ Jxfl ~°OQÍÅ#∞ =ÚO^OE∞‰õΩ #_çÑ≤OK«QÆeˆQ â◊H˜Î XHõ¯
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ, ¿ãÖòû"≥∞<£ xѨÙ}∞Å ™⁄O`«O JO>Ë, ^•x „áê=ÚYºO, ^•x „áê^è•#º`«
ZO`« H©ÅHõ"≥∞ÿ#^À J~°úO KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
Jã¨Å∞ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ JO>Ë Uq∞˜? - =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ JO>Ë Uq∞’ XHõ¯ "åHõºOÖ’
K≥ѨÊ_»O J™ê^èOEºO. J~Ú`Õ, H˘O`« J=QÍǨÏ# ã¨OáêkOKÕO^OE∞‰õΩ D "åHõºO ѨijeOK«O_ç.
'JO^OE∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ L#fl Hõã¨ì=∞~°¡‰õΩ, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ, ÉèÏQÆ™êfi=ÚʼnõΩ, qã¨Î $`«
ã¨=∂[OÖ’x „Ѩu XHõ¯iH© "å~°∞ Ptã¨∞Î#fl suÖ’ qÅ∞=Å`À ‰õÄ_ç# L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞
JO^OE*ËÜ«∞_»O ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ Hõ$+≤ KÕ¿ã ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ ÖË^•, J@∞=O˜ L`åÊ^OE#Å `«Ü«∂sÖ’,
"å˜ QÆ∞iOz J=QÍǨÏ# HõeyOK«»OÖ’, "å˜x JOkOK«»OÖ’, |kb KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’
J#∞ã¨iOKÕ „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞Å`À ‰õÄ_ç# HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ J#=K«∞Û.
W^Õ Ñ¨^OEO QÆ∞iOz "å}˜[º-Hõã¨ì=∞~üÅ =∞^èOEº HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêŠѨikèÖ’ q=iOK«=Åã≤
=¿ãÎ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ JO>Ë .. Hõã¨ì=∞~°¡‰õΩ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# qÅ∞=Å`À ‰õÄ_ç# L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞
JO^OE*Ë¿ãO^OE∞‰õΩ gÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨˜+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# Hõã¨ì=∞~ü J#∞|O^è•Å#∞ ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩO@∂, "åiH˜
J@∞=O˜ qÅ∞"≥·# L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ JO^OE*Ëã≤ JO^OE∞‰õΩ „ѨuѶ¨ÅOQÍ qÅ∞=Å#∞ (#QÆ^OE∞
~°∂ѨOÖ’) ã¨OáêkOK«»O =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ J#=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
WHõ "å}˜[º =~åæÅ =∞^èOEº HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ QÆ∞iOz „Ѩ™êÎqOK«=Åã≤#ѨC_»∞, PÜ«∂
"å}˜[º ã¨Oã¨÷ʼnõΩ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# qÅ∞=Å`À ‰õÄ_ç# L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°Û_»O`Àáê@∞,
q+¨Ü«∞ã¨∂zHõ
KåÑ~ì¨~ì¨ ü 1 :.............................................................. 4
1. =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ JO>Ë...?
2. =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ XHõ âß„ã¨ÎO!
3. ¿ãÖòû .. Ju H˜¡+¨ì HÍ~°ºO!
KåÑ~ì¨~ì¨ ü 2 :.............................................................. 13
¿ãÖòû"≥∞<£ „áê^è•#º`« - „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞
4. Hõã¨ì=∞~üx PHõ@∞ìHÀ=_»O ZÖÏ?
5. ã¨=∞Ü≥∂z`« „Ѩ[˝ J=ã¨~°O!
6. ¿ãÖòû=∞<£ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åeû# 6 ã¨∂„`åÅ∞
KåÑ~ì¨ ü 3 :.............................................................. 37
QÆOáê <åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 4 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 5
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
c=∂ ~°OQÆO
7. q„HõÜ«∞„ѨѨOK«O : c=∂ ~°OQÆO
8. Jã¨Å∞ c=∂ åºáê~°O JOË...
KåÑ~ì¨ ü 4 :.............................................................. 45
rq`«c=∂ U*ˇOò
9. `˘e J_»∞QÆ∞Å∞
10. P`«‡qâßfiã¨Õ∞ Jã¨Öˇ·# PÜ«Ú^èOEO!
11. ã¨Ç¨Ï#O q[Ü«∞ ™Èáê#O
12. ÅHõΔ ºÕ∞ ÅHõΔÅ ÃÑ@∞ì!
KåÑ~ì¨ ü 5 :.............................................................. 70
PK«~°} ™ÈáêåÅ∞
13. ã¨=∞Ü«∞ áêÅ#`À ÅHõΔ º™ê^èOE#
14. qâ◊fiã¨hÜ«∞`Õ ¿ãÖòû‰õΩ âßfiã¨
15. q[Ü«∂Å ã¨$+≤ì
16. ¿ãflÇ¨Ï Ç¨Ïã¨ÎO - q[Ü«∞ Õã¨ÎO
4. Hõã¨ì=∞~ü J#fl Ѩ^OEOÖ’ =º‰õΩÎÅ∞, ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞, ≥Ú`«ÎO
ã¨=∂[O Wq∞_ç LO@∞Ok. J~Ú`Õ XHõ ã¨Oã¨÷
`å#∞ ã≤^OEúO KÕã≤# L`åÊ^OE#Å „áêuѨkHõ#
Hõã¨ì=∞~°∞¡ JOË Z=~°∞ J#fl q+¨Ü«∂xfl
x~åúiOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
å~°∞ x`«ºO Z^OE∞~˘¯Õ ã¨=∞㨺ʼnõΩ, Jq ã¨fiÅÊHÍeHõ≥∞ÿ#Õ J~Úå, n~°…HÍeHõ≥∞ÿ#Õ J~Úå,
å˜H˜ Ѩiëê¯~åÅ#∞ JO^OE*ËÜ«∞_»O =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ J#=K«∞Û.
WHõ¯_» Hõã¨ì=∞~ü J#fl Ѩ^OEOÖ’ =º‰õΩÎÅ∞, ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞, ≥Ú`«ÎO ã¨=∂[O Wq∞_ç LO@∞Ok.
J~Ú`Õ XHõ ã¨Oã¨÷ `å#∞ ã≤^OEúO KÕã≤# L`åÊ^OE#Å „áêuѨkHõ# Hõã¨ì=∞~°∞¡ JOË Z=~°∞
J#fl q+¨Ü«∂xfl x~åúiOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. XHõ KÀ@ L`åÊ^OE# `«Ü«∂s^•~°∞QÍ
L#flåàı§ =∞~ÀKÀ@ Hõã¨ì=∞~°∞¡QÍ =∂~°∞`å~°∞. D ã¨=∂[OÖ’ „Ѩu XHõ¯ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞O
‰õÄ_® J@∞ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ =~åæxH˜ HÍx, L`åÊ^OE#‰õΩHÍx, Hõã¨ì=∞~üQÍ HÍx qq^èOE
~°∂áêÅÖ’ J#fi~ÚOK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ „Ѩ^è•# ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞ =¸_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ K≥ѨCHÀåe 1. qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞
QÆ∞iÎOK« »O, 2. åix `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#Å „Ѩ`ÕºHõ`«Å ^•fi~å ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎѨ~°K« »O, 3.
JÖÏ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎѨ ç# qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#ʼnõΩ ^OE∂~°O H͉õΩO_®
HÍáê_»∞HÀ=_»O. =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ „áê^è•#º`«#∞ x*ÏxH˜ QÆ»z# Ô~O_»∞ =¸_»∞ â◊`åÉÏÌÅÖ’Õ
QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. ˆH=ÅO L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ«∞_»Õ∞ HÍ^OE∞. å˜x qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å J=ã¨~åʼnõΩ
`«y#@∞¡QÍ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«»O =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO x~°fiÇ≤ÏK«=Åã≤# =ÚYº Hõ~°Î=ºO.
JOË, =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO ≥Ú`«ÎO P ã¨Oã¨÷ ÅHΔͺÅ#∞ ^OE$+≤ìÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩx, ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ
x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩ#fl qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ áÈ©^•~°∞ÅHõåfl ≥∞~°∞ÔQ·# L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞, ¿ã=Å#∞
JOkOK«»O ^•fi~å, ã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î HõeyOK«»O HÀã¨Õ∞ ѨxKÕÜ«∞=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
åã¨ÎåxH˜ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ J#fl Ѩ^OEO „HõÜ«∞ q„HõÜ«∂Å∞ Ô~O_çO˜H© =iÎã¨∞ÎOk. H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ `«‰õΩ¯= ^èOE~°‰õΩ ¿ãHõiOK«»O, å}º`«#∞ HõzÛù`«OQÍ x~°‚~ÚOK«»O, J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ#
≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Å∞ kkÌ å˜x qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎHõ~°OQÍ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«»O „Ѩ^è•#≥∞ÿ#
Pâ◊Ü«∂Å∞QÍ LO_®e. JÖÏ ¿ãHõiOz# L`åÊ^OE##∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PHÍOHõΔÅ#∞,
PÖ’K«#Å#∞ ^OE$+≤ìÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩx åiH˜ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎHõ~°≥∞ÿ# ^èOE~°, å}º`«Å‰õΩ ÃÑ^OEÌ Ñ‘@
Õã¨∂Î JO^OE*ËÜ«∞QÆÅQÍe.
WHõ¯_» QÆ=∞xOK«=Åã≤# =ÚYº≥∞ÿ# =¸_»∞ JOâßÅ QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩx W`«~°
q+¨Ü«∂ÅÖ’H˜ ™êQÆ∞^•O. =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ JOË =¸_»∞ „Ѩ^è•# qÉèÏQÍÅ ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O.
JO^OE∞Ö’ L`åÊ^OE#Å∞/=∂Ô~¯ò x~°fiǨÏ} ≥Ú^OE˜k. JOË =∞# L`åÊ^OE#Å QÆ∞iOz#
ã¨Ê+¨ì≥∞ÿ# J=QÍǨÏ# =∞#‰õΩ LO_®e. `«~°∞å`« =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ Ptã¨∞Î#fl
L`åÊ^OE#Å QÆ∞iOz# ã¨Ê+¨ì≥∞ÿ# J=QÍǨÏ# =∞#‰õΩ LO_®e. `«~°∞å`«
=∂Ô~¯òÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ Ptã¨∞Î#fl L`åÊ^OE#Å „Ѩ`ÕºHõ`«Å∞, áÈ© L`åÊ^OE#ÅHõåfl
=∞# L`åÊ^OE#ʼnõΩ L#fl qt+¨ì ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞, JO^OE∞‰õΩ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ K≥e¡OK«=Åã≤#
=¸ÅºOÖ’ =∞#‰õΩ, áÈ©^•~°∞ʼnõΩ =∞^èOEº L#fl =º`åºã¨O QÆ∞iOz# ã¨Ê+¨ì≥∞ÿ#
J=QÍǨÏ# Hõey LO_®e. WHõ Ô~O_À JOâ◊O-=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨£. JOË
=∞# L`åÊ^OE#Å QÆ∞iOz qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ ã¨~°à◊≥∞ÿ#, ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎHõ~°≥∞ÿ#, ã¨OÉèÏ+¨}Ï
Kå`«∞~°ºO`À q=iOK«QÆÅQÆ»O. Wk XHõ ~°HõOQÍ ¿ãÖòû =º=Ǩ~åÅ#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕåiH˜
`«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ LO_»=Åã≤# ÅHõΔ}O. WHõ PYik-q„HõÜ«∞ ™ê=∞~°úºO, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞
KÕ~°∞‰õΩx, åiH˜ =∞# L`åÊ^OE#Å qt+¨ì`«Å#∞ q=iOK«»Õ∞ HÍHõ, áÈ© L`åÊ^OE#ÅHõåfl
=∞# L`åÊ^OE#Å „Ѩ`ÕºHõ`«Å q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ åiH˜ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î HõeyOz, =∞# L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞
åiH˜ q„Hõ~ÚOK«QÆÅQÆ»O =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ã≤|ƒOk JOu=∞ ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ LO_®e.
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ-JOË Uq∞’ =∞~À x~°fiK«åxfl QÆ=∞xOKåe.
Kå~°ì~ü¤ Wxã≤ì@∂ºò PѶπ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ-qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å J=ã¨~åÅ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«»O,
=ÚO^OEã¨∞ÎQÍ JOK«å ÕÜ«∞_»O, åix ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎѨ~°K«»O =O˜ ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å#∞ ã¨Oã¨÷‰õΩ
ÖÏÉèí^•Ü«∞HõOQÍ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ Ü«∂[=∂#º „Ѩ„H˜ÜÕ∞ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ.
H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ `«‰õΩ¯= ^èOE~°‰õΩ ¿ãHõiOK«»O,
å}º`«#∞ HõzÛù`«OQÍ x~°‚~ÚOK«»O, J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ#
≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Å∞ kkÌ å˜x qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ
ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎHõ~°OQÍ ~°∂á⁄OkOK« »O „Ѩ^è•#≥∞ÿ#
Pâ◊Ü«∂Å∞QÍ LO_®e.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 6 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 7
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
5. XHõѨC_»∞ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ JOË ã¨$[å`«‡Hõ≥∞ÿ# XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ Ѩi„â◊=∞QÍ
ѨiQÆ}˜OKÕå~°∞. WO^OE∞Ö’ å}˜[º „ѨKå~åÅ x~°fiǨÏ}, ѨOÑ≤}©, q„HõÜ«∂Å∞,
W`«~° åºáê~° HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ ã¨=¸Ç¨ÏOQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕå~°∞. JO^OE∞‰õΩ „Ѩ^è•# HÍ~°}O
- =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ q^èOE∞Å#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«»OÖ’ qq^èOE âß„ã‘ÎÜ«∞ q*Ï˝#O „áê^è•#º`«
KåÖÏ =ÚYºO J#∞‰õΩÕ å~°∞. WO^OE∞Ö’ ™ê=∂lHõ âß„ã¨ÎO, =∂#ã≤Hõ âß„ã¨ÎO ,
ã¨=∂[âß„ã¨ÎO, QÆ}˜`«âß„ã¨ÎO, Pi÷Hõ âß„ã¨ÎO, =∂#= q*Ï˝# âß„ã¨ÎO =O˜ qq^èOE
JOâßÅ#∞ J#fi~ÚOz =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ =ӺǨÅ#∞ x~åúiOK«∞HÀ=Åã≤ LO_Õk. WѨC_»∞
D =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÍxfl XHõ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ =$uÎQÍ Ñ¨i„â◊=∞Å∞ QÆ∞iÎã¨∞Îåfl~Ú. qq^èOE
qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∂Å∞ D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ ZOZãπã‘ HÀ~°∞ûÅ#∞ „áê~°Oaèã¨∞Îåfl~Ú ‰õÄ_®.
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ qq^èOE ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ`À ‰õÄ_ç# JOâßÅ∞ : =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ
J^èOEºÜ«∞#O, =∂Ô~¯ò =sæHõ~°}, åºáê~° „Ѩ}ÏoHõÅ ~°∂ѨHõÅÊ#, å˜ J=∞Å∞
Ѩ~°ºÕHõΔ}, z=iQÍ L`«ÊuÎ, L`åÊ^OE#Å q„HõÜ«∂Å ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ å˜ „ѨKå~°
HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å x~°fiǨÏ}. Wxfl qâıëêOâßÅ`À ‰õÄ_ç# =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO JO^OE∞‰õΩ
J`«ºO`« qâ◊fiã¨hÜ«∞≥∞ÿ# ã¨$[å`«‡Hõ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ#∞ „Ѩ^OEi≈OK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
„ѨѨOK«åºÑ¨ÎOQÍ ã¨∂Ѩ~ü =∂Ô~¯@∞¡ WѨC_»∞ ~ÀA~ÀAH© qã¨Îiã¨∞Îåfl~Ú. Jq
UÏ H˘xfl HÀ@¡ ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å#∞ ˆH=ÅO =∂Ô~¯ò J^èOEºÜ«∞åxH˜, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å
Pã¨H˜Îx `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ qxÜ≥∂yã¨∞ÎåflÜ«∞OË =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ „áê^è•#º`«Å#∞
QÆ∞iÎOK«=K«∞Û.
J=∞‡HÍÅ∞-P^•Ü«∂xH˜ ~åK«ÉÏ@
å}˜[º ~°OQÆOÖ’H˜ J_»∞QÆ∞Ãјì# U ã¨Oã¨÷ÔH·å Jxfl˜Hõåfl Ju =ÚYº≥∞ÿ#k
~å|_ç. P^•Ü«∞O ~ååÅOË `å=Ú qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å HÀã¨O ã≤^OEúO KÕã≤# L`åÊ^OE#Å∞
åiH˜ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î HõeyOKåe. JO`ÕHÍ^OE∞, å˜x H˘#_®xH˜ åiÖ’ Pã¨H˜Îx
ÃÑOá⁄OkOKåe. JÖÏ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ Kտ㠄Ѩu L`åÊ^OE# g∞^OE
ã¨Oã¨÷‰õΩ x~°fiǨÏ}‰õΩ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ P^•Ü«∞O ~ååe. JO^OE∞Ö’
ã¨=Úz`«≥∞ÿ# ÖÏÉèíO ã¨Oã¨÷‰õΩ KÕ‰õÄ~åe. ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ U ã¨Oã¨÷ J~Úå, P^•Ü«∞O,
ÖÏÉèÏÅ∞ D Ô~O_»∞ „Ѩ^è•#≥∞ÿ# ÅHΔͺŠ™ê^èOE#ˆH `«=∞ â◊H˜ÎÜ«Ú‰õΩÎÅ#∞ Jxfl˜h
ˆHO„nHõiã¨∞ÎOk. D ÅHõΔ º ™ê^èOE#Ö’ H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`« ã¨Oã¨÷ P^èOEfi~°ºOÖ’ ѨxKÕ¿ã
¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO.
L`«Ê`«∞ÎÅ∞ ZO`« å}º≥∞ÿ#q J~Úå, ZO`« `«‰õΩ¯= ^èOE~°‰õΩ q„Hõ~ÚOK«®xH˜
=∞#O ã≤^OEú≥∞ÿå, å˜ qt+¨ì ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ#∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ q=iOz, åix
å˜x H˘#_®xH˜ „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«»Õ∞ ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ „Ѩ^è•#≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`«.
JOË ã¨=∞~°÷=O`«≥∞ÿ# ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ÖˉõΩO_® ZO`« Q˘Ñ¨Ê L`åÊ^OE# J~Úå
=∂Ô~¯òÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ PHõ@∞ìHÀÖË^OE∞. JO^OEiH© `≥eã≤# q+¨Ü«∞Õ∞. å}˜[º
~°OQÆOÖ’H˜ J_»∞QÆ∞Ãјì# „Ѩu ã¨Oã¨÷‰õΩ P^•Ü«∞O ã¨=∞‰õĈ~Û „Ѩ^è•#≥∞ÿ# =∂~°æO-
åi L`åÊ^OE#Å J=∞‡HÍÅ∞, g∞~°∞ J#∞ã¨iOKÕ L`«ÊuÎ q^è•åÅ∞ ZO`« Q˘Ñ¨Ê≥·å,
g∞ L`åÊ^OE#Ö’ ZO`« Q˘Ñ¨Ê ™êOˆHuHõ q*Ï˝åxfl J#∞ã¨iã¨∞Îåfl, Pi÷HõѨ~°OQÍ g∞
ÅHΔͺÅ∞ ZO`« L#fl`«≥∞ÿ#q J~Úå, g∞ L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’H˜ „ѨÕâ◊Ãјì
L`«Ê`«∞ÎÅ∞ ZO`« å}º≥∞ÿ#q J~Úå, ZO`« `«‰õΩ¯=
^èOE~°‰õΩ q„Hõ~ÚOK«®xH˜ =∞#O ã≤^OEú≥∞ÿå, å˜
qt+¨ì ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ#∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ q=iOz,
åix å˜x H˘#_®xH˜ „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK« »Õ∞ ¿ãÖòû
qÉèÏQÆO x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ „Ѩ^è•#≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`«.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 8 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 9
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
6. qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ L`åÊ^•Å#∞ ѨiK«Ü«∞O KÕÜ«∞_»O
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO Hõ~°Î=ºO HÍQÍ, å˜x Pã¨H˜Î
QÆÅ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å KÕuH˜ KÕ~°Û=Åã≤# ÉÏ^èOEº`« ¿ãÖòû
qÉèÏQÆO KÕѨ»∞`«∞Ok. JOË ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ÖËHõáÈ`Õ,
=∞# L`åÊ^OE# qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_çH˜ KÕ~°Õ KÕ~°^OE∞.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ L`åÊ^•Å#∞ ѨiK«Ü«∞O KÕÜ«∞_»O =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO Hõ~°Î=ºO
HÍQÍ, å˜x Pã¨H˜Î QÆÅ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å KÕuH˜ KÕ~°Û=Åã≤# ÉÏ^èOEº`« ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO
KÕѨ»∞`«∞Ok. JOË ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ÖËHõáÈ`Õ, =∞# L`åÊ^OE# qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_çH˜
KÕ~°Õ KÕ~°^OE∞.
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ, ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍÅ „áê^è•#º`«
J~°úO KÕã¨∞HÀåÅOË XHõ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}#∞ QÆ=∞x¿ãÎ KåÅ∞. g∞~°∞ XHõ ã¨∂Ѩ~ü
=∂Ô~¯òÖ’H˜ J_»∞QÆ∞ÃÑÏì~°#∞HÀO_ç. JHõ¯_» g∞~°∞ XHõ ã¨|∞ƒ#∞ H˘åÅ#∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞.
g∞‰õΩ `≥Å∞ã¨∞.. JHõ¯_» Jxfl ~°HÍÅ ã¨|∞ƒÅ∞ LOÏÜ«∞x, J~Ú`Õ JHõ¯_» H˘xfl
ã¨|∞ƒÅ∞ „Ѩ=ÚYOQÍ =∞# Hõà◊§‰õΩ PHõ@∞ì‰õΩÕÖÏ „Ѩã¨∞Êù@OQÍ „Ѩ^OEi≈Oz LOKå~°∞.
q∞ye#q, P ≥#HÍÅ, Hõ#Ѩô Hõ#Ѩ»‰õΩO_® LO_ÕÖÏ J=∞~°Û|_ç Låfl~Ú.
WO^OE∞‰õΩ g∞‰õΩ `≥eã≤# HÍ~°}O Uq∞˜? PÖ’zOK«O_ç. KåÖÏ `ÕeHõQÍ, g∞~°∞
J~°ú=∞ÜÕ∞ºÖÏ K≥áêÊÅOË, Jk P L`åÊ^OEHõ ã¨Oã¨÷Ö’x =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl
K˘~°= Ѷ¨e`«O. åà◊√¡ P ã¨∂Ѩ~ü =∂Ô~¯ò Ü«∂[=∂åºxH˜ #K«ÛK≥Ñ≤Ê, `«=∞
L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ „Ѩ=ÚYOQÍ Hõ#ѨÕÖÏ „Ѩ^OEi≈OKÕÖÏ X_»O|_çHõ ‰õΩ^OE∞~°∞ÛHÀQÆeQÍ~°∞.
q∞ye# ã¨Oã¨÷Å åà◊√¡ P ã¨∂Ѩ~ü =∂Ô~¯ò Ü«∂[=∂åºxfl ã¨O„ѨkOK«ÕÖË^OEx
=∞#O QÆ=∞xOK«∞HÀåe. Wk =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO Hõ$+≤. WHõ P L`åÊ^OE##∞ XHõ
ã¨∂Ѩ~ü |*Ï~ü‰õΩ =∂„`«Õ∞ H͉õΩO_® „Ѩu zåfl, ÃÑ^•Ì ^OE∞HÍ}ÏÅ =~°‰õΩ fã¨∞ÔHo§
åà◊¡O`å ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE##∞ „Ѩ=ÚYOQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ P‰õ@∞ì‰õΩÕÖÏ
„Ѩ^OEi≈OKÕÖÏ #K«ÛK≥ѨÊ_»O åi Hõ~°Î=ºO.
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ âßY-¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ... ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O
D Ô~O_»∞ qÉèÏQÍÅ „Ѩ^è•#≥∞ÿ# q^èOE∞Å#∞, Hõ~°ÎåºÅ#∞ WO`«=~°‰õΩ ‰õΩ¡Ñ¨ÎOQÍ
`≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩåflO. =∞iH˘xfl q=~åÅ#∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕ =ÚO^OE∞, D Ô~O_»∞ qÉèÏQÍÅ
=∞^èOEº LO_»=Åã≤# ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O, PK«~°}Ö’ ^•x „áê^è•#º`«Å QÆ∞iOz H˘O`«
ã¨=∂Kå~°O `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O LѨÜ≥∂QÆHõ~°O. KåÖÏ ã¨Oã¨÷Ö’¡ D Ô~O_»∞ =ÚYº qÉèÏQÍÅ
=∞^èOEº XHõ ~°Hõ≥∞ÿ# ã¨Ê~°÷ HõxÑ≤ã¨∂Î LO@∞Ok. P~ÀQƺ=O`«≥∞ÿ# áÈ© LOË Jk
ã¨Oã¨÷‰õΩ Õ∞Å∞ KÕã¨∞ÎOk. =ºH˜ÎQÆ`«, „Ѩu+¨ìʼnõΩ áÈÜÕ∞ ã¨fiÉèÏ=O Ǩx KÕã¨∞ÎOk.
¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOk ZѨC_»∂ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ã≤|ƒOkx `«Ñ¨CѨ »∞`«∂ LOÏ~°∞.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å J=ã¨~åÅ∞, åi PÖ’K«#Å∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ=_»OÖ’
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ âßY qѶ¨Å=∞=Ù`ÀO^OEOÏ~°∞. ^èOE~°Å x~°‚Ü«∞OÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å
Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ q㨇iã¨∂Î LOÏ~°x q=∞i≈™êÎ~°∞. WHõ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ã≤|ƒOk ¿ãÖòû
qÉèÏQÆO ѨxÖ’ `«Ñ¨CÅ∞ ≥`«∞‰õΩ`«∂ LO@∞Ok. XHõi^OEÌ~°∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å
Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ =∂„`«Õ∞ ¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOk JuQÍ KÕã≤ `«=∞ÃÑ· XuÎç ÃÑOK«∞`ÀO^OEx
å~°∞ P~ÀÑ≤ã¨∂Î LOÏ~°∞. ZO`«¿ãÑ¨Ó `«HõΔ} q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ =∂„`«Õ∞ =∞#ã¨∞Ö’
ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩx n~°…HÍeHõ „ѨÜ≥∂[åʼnõΩ åà◊√§ QÆO_ç H˘_»∞`«∞OÏ~°x xO^OEÖËã¨∞ÎOÏ~°∞.
Ѷ¨e`«OQÍ, åºáê~° Jaè=$kúÖ’ „Ѩ^è•#≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«=Åã≤# åà◊§
=∞^èOEº ã¨Ü≥∂^èOEº Ö’Ñ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. Jk =∂Ô~¯ò „ѨÕâßxH˜ Jxfl q^è•ÖÏ ÃÑ^OEÌ J_»¤OH˜QÍ
=∂~°∞`«∞Ok. Jk Y~°∞ÛÅ#∞ qѨs`«OQÍ ÃÑOzÕã¨∞ÎOk. Jk ã¨Oã¨÷‰õΩ
¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOk ZѨC_»∂ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ã≤|ƒOkx
`«Ñ¨CѨ_»∞`«∂ LOÏ~°∞. qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å
J=ã¨~åÅ∞, åi PÖ’K«#Å∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜
fã¨∞HÀ=_»OÖ’ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ âßY qѶ¨Å=∞=Ù
`ÀO^OEOÏ~°∞.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 10 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 11
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
7. =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ã≤|ƒOk ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ѨxÖ’ `«Ñ¨CÅ∞
≥`«∞‰õΩ`«∂ LO@∞Ok. XHõi^OEÌ~°∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å
Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ =∂„`«Õ∞ ¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOk JuQÍ KÕã≤
`«=∞ÃÑ· XuÎ ç ÃÑOK«∞`ÀO^OEx å~°∞ P~ÀÑ≤ã¨∂Î
LOÏ~°∞.
#+¨ì^•Ü«∞Hõ=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. å˜ =∞^èOEº ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O ™êkèOK«»O Jxfl q^è•ÖÏ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i.
D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ ≥Ú^OE˜ ^OEâ◊-Jã¨Å∞ Ô~O_»∞ qÉèÏQÍÅ∞ ѨxKÕã¨∞Î#fl f~°∞#∞
ѨijeOz, Ö’@∞áê@¡#∞ QÆ∞iÎOz, å˜x ã¨ik^OEÌ®xH˜ „â◊^OEú fã¨∞HÀåe. JO^OE∞‰õΩ
J#∞ã¨iOK«=Åã≤# H˘xfl ã¨∂HΔ͇OâßÅ#∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO^•O.
Jã¨Ê+¨ì≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ, ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍÅ =∞^èOEº q^èOE∞Å∞, ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å#∞ 㨄Hõ=∞OQÍ, ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ
xˆ~ÌtOK«ÖË^OE#∞HÀO_ç. JѨC_»∞ P ã¨Oã¨÷Ö’ ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ ZÖÏ LOÏ~Ú.
QÆ=∞xOK«O_ç.
Z=i=∞@∞‰õΩ åà◊√§ `«=∞ ™⁄O`« ÅHΔͺÅ#∞, HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å#∞
x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞.
J~Ú`Õ ZHõ¯_» U z#fl ≥·+¨=∂ºÅ∞ `«ÖˇuÎå, XHõi Ѩ#∞Ö’¡ =∞~˘Hõ~°∞ ÕÅ∞Ãјì
`«=∞ PkèHõº`«#∞ x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ J`«∞º`åûǨÏO K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î LOÏ~°∞. ã¨Ç¨Ï[≥∞ÿ#
suÖ’ Z=i =∞@∞‰õΩ å~°∞ `«=∞ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ#∞ ≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ѩ~°∞K«∞‰õΩO@∂ `«=∞
â◊H˜ÎÜ«Ú‰õΩÎÅ#∞ Jaè=$kú Ѩ~°K«∞‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ „â◊^OEú fã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ LOÏ~°∞.
J~Ú`Õ, åi =∞^èOEº ã¨Ü≥∂^èOEº Ö’Ñ≤Oz#ѨC_»∞, åà◊§ ^OE$+≤ì `«=∞ ™ê=∞~åúºxfl
ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«∞‰õΩÕ q+¨Ü«∞Og∞^OE Hõåfl, Z^OE∞˜ åi q^è•åÅÖ’x Ö’áêÅ#∞
QÆ=∞xOK«®xH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= Pã¨H˜Î „Ѩ^OEi≈ã¨∞ÎOÏ~°∞.
åi =∞^èOEº ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O ≥∞~°∞QÍæ, ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎHõ~°OQÍ L#fl@¡~Ú`Õ, åà◊√¡
[i¿Ñ ã¨=∂ÕâßÅ∞, ã¨O„ѨkOѨÙÅ∞ HÍ~°ºjÅ≥∞ÿ# ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~° ^OE$HõÊ^ä•xfl „ѨuaOaã¨∂Î
LO@∞Ok. J^Õ ã¨Ô~·# J=QÍǨÏ#, ã¨Ü≥∂^èOEº ÖËx ѨHõΔOÖ’ åà◊√§ ã¨OÜ«ÚHõÎOQÍ
[i¿Ñ U ã¨=∂Õâ◊≥∞ÿå, ã¨OÉèÏ+¨}Öˇ·å qÉèË^•Å Ѩiëê¯~°Õ∞ „Ѩ^è•# Z*ˇO_®QÍ
™êQÆ∞`«∞Ok.
ã¨=∞`«∞ź≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O LOË...
WѨC_»∞ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ -¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍÅ =∞^èOEº ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O, ã¨Ê~°÷ J~°ú=O`«OQÍ
LOË P ã¨Oã¨÷ ™êkèOKÕ Ñ¶¨e`åÖË P Ѩiã≤÷ux J^OEÌOÖÏ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î LOÏ~Ú.
JÖÏO˜ ã¨Oã¨÷Ö’ åã¨ÎåÅ∞ ZÖÏ LOÏÜ≥∂ Ѩije^•ÌO.
ˆH=ÅO ÅHΔͺÅ#∞ x~°‚~ÚOK«∞HÀ=_»O, Z=i =∞@∞‰õΩ å~°∞ `«=∞ â◊H˜ÎÜ«Ú‰õΩÎÅ#∞
ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩO@∂ =ÚO^OE∞‰õΩ ™êQÆ»O HÍ^OE∞. ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O`À ѨxKÕÜ«∞_»Õ∞ ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ
qÉèË^•Å#∞ Jã¨Å∞ `«Öˇ`«Î‰õΩO_® xåiOK«®xH˜ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# qkè q^è•åÅ∞, xÜ«∞=∞
x|O^èOE#Å#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞‰õΩx å˜ J=∞Å∞ ^•fi~å ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ ã¨Oã¨÷ „ѨÜ≥∂[åÖË
^äպܫ∞OQÍ Hõ$+≤KÕÜ«∞_»OÃÑ·Õ ^OE$+≤ì ™êi™êÎ~Ú.
qå^•Å‰õΩ ^•if¿ã J=HÍâ◊O L#fl JOâßÅ#∞ =ÚO^OE∞QÍÕ QÆ∞iÎOz, å˜
q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ =º=ǨÏiOKÕ q^è•åÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz =ÚO^OE∞QÍÕ JOK«å Õã¨∞‰õΩO@∂,
=∞^äÕº=∂~åæxfl J#∞ã¨iOK«®xH˜ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ „â◊^OEú fã¨∞HÀ=_»O HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
åà◊√§ [i¿Ñ ã¨=∂ÕâßÅ∞, ã¨O„ѨkOѨÙÅ∞ qÉèË^•Å Ѩiëê¯~åxH˜ H͉õΩO_®,
ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ H˘xfl ÅHΔͺÅ#∞ Y~å~°∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ, å˜x ™êkèOK«®xH˜ Hõeã≤Hõ@∞ìQÍ
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ -¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍÅ =∞^èOEº ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O,
ã¨Ê~°÷ J~°ú=O`«OQÍ LOË P ã¨Oã¨÷ ™êkèOKÕ Ñ¶¨e`åÖË
P Ѩiã≤÷ux J^OEÌOÖÏ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∂Î LOÏ~Ú. JÖÏO˜
ã¨Oã¨÷Ö’ åã¨ÎåÅ∞ ZÖÏ LOÏÜ≥∂ Ѩije^•ÌO.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 12 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 13
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
8. ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆOÖ’x ã≤|ƒOk =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO åà◊√§
„Ѩ^è•#OQÍ J#∞ã¨iOKÕ ™êOˆHuHõ Ѩ^•Å#∞ J=∞Å∞Ö’
ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞. JÖψQ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ
ã≤|ƒOk ‰õÄ_® ã¨=∞Ü«∂xfl|˜ì, ã¨O^OE~åƒùxfl|˜ì ¿ãÖòû
qÉèÏQÆO åà◊§ q^èOE∞ÅÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ ã‘fiHõi™êÎ~°∞.
KÕѨ@ì=Åã≤# HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å#∞ J=∞Å∞KÕÜ«∞=Åã≤# =ӺǨ`«‡Hõ q^è•åÅÕ Z*ˇO_®QÍ
PK«~°}Ï`«‡Hõ ^OE$HõÊ^äOEO „Ѩ^OEi≈ã¨∞ÎOÏ~°∞.
J=QÍǨÏ#`À ‰õÄ_ç# ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O
U qÉèÏQÍxH˜ P qÉèÏQÆO `«=∞HõO@∂ ™⁄O`«OQÍ H˘xfl ÖHΔͺÅ#∞
x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞. J~Ú`Õ, XHõi ÅHΔͺʼnõΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ =∞~˘Hõ~°∞ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ`Õ
`«=∞ ÅHΔͺÅ#∞ =∂~°∞ÛHÀ=_®xH˜ ã≤^OEúOQÍ LOÏ~°∞. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ J=ã¨~åxfl|˜ì
¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆOÖ’x ã≤|ƒOk =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO åà◊√§ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ J#∞ã¨iOKÕ
™êOˆHuHõ Ѩ^•Å#∞ J=∞Å∞Ö’ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞. JÖψQ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ
ã≤|ƒOk ‰õÄ_® ã¨=∞Ü«∂xfl|˜ì, ã¨O^OE~åƒùxfl|˜ì ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO åà◊§ q^èOE∞ÅÖ’
ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ ã‘fiHõi™êÎ~°∞. WÖÏ LÉèíÜ«ÚÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® ã¨Oã¨÷ „ѨÜ≥∂[åʼnõΩ =∂„`«Õ∞
J`«ºkèHõ „áê^è•#º`« Wã¨∂Î LOÏ~°∞.
WÖÏ ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O`À ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«∞_»Õ∞ HÍ^OE∞, Jxfl „Ѩ^è•#≥∞ÿ# JOâßÖ’¡#∂
‰õÄ_® Hõeã≤Hõ@∞ìQÍ =º=ǨÏi™êÎ~°∞. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ „Ѩ}ÏoHõÅ#∞
~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞HÀ=_»OÖ’ HÍx, `«=∞ ã≤|ƒOkH˜ tHõΔ} W=fi=Åã≤# ã¨=∞Ü«∂Ö’¡#∂
‰õÄ_® Ô~O_»∞ qÉèÏQÍÅ∞ Ѩ~°ã¨Ê~°O ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOK«∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞.
UH©Hõ$`« =º=Ǩ~°â‹·e ...
ˆH=ÅO ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«∞_»Õ∞ HÍ^OE∞. X‰õ~°∞ PK«~°}Ö’ L`«Î=∞≥∞ÿ#qQÍ QÆ∞iÎOѨÙ
á⁄Ok# q^è•åÅ#∞ ã‘fiHõiOz J=∞Å∞KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ã≤^OEúOQÍ LOÏ~°∞. XHõ~°∞
K«∂Ñ≤Oz# Ѩx™ê=∞~°úºO „Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ#∞ Ô~O_À qÉèÏQÆO å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® Q“~°q™êÎ~°∞.
PK«iOK«®xH˜ ǨïO^•QÍ =ÚO^OE∞‰õΩ =™êÎ~°∞. JO`ÕHÍx J^Õ^À `«=∞‰õΩ JQ“~°=O
J#fl JǨÏOHÍ~åxH˜ KÀ@∞ LO_»^OE∞. WHõ XHõ~°∞ ™êkèOz# Ѷ¨e`åÅ#∞ `«=∞Õ##fl@∞¡
JO^OE~°∂ „Ѩâ◊Oã¨Å#∞ JO^OE∞‰õΩOÏ~°∞. å˜x ã‘fiHõi™êÎ~°∞.
ã¨Oã¨÷ „ѨÜ≥∂[åÅ#∞, ÅHΔͺÅ#∞ ™êkèOz ÃÑ@ì»OÖ’ Hõeã≤‰õ@∞ìQÍ 'q[Ü«∞≥∞ÿå,
F@q∞ J~Úå— JO^OEin J#fl UHÍ„QÆ =∞#ã¨∞¯Öˇ· Hõ$+≤ KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ã¨~°fiã¨#fl^OE∞úÖˇ·
LOÏ~°∞.
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO - x~°fiǨÏ}, ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ`« XHõ¯~ÀAÖ’ JO^OE~°∂ QÆ∞iÎOz# =∞ǨÏ`«Î~°≥∞ÿ# qâı+¨O
HÍ^OE∞. å}˜[º ~°OQÆO ѨÙ~ÀQÆq∞ã¨∞Î#fl H˘nÌ, åºáê~° qã¨Î~°} Jxå~°º≥∞ÿ# XHõ
„Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞QÍ =∂~°∞`«∞#fl HÍÅO`Àáê@∞ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ „áê^è•#º`« ‰õÄ_® k#kåaè=$kú
™êkèOzOk. „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞, åi L`åÊ^OE#Å∞, å~°∞ JOkOKÕ ¿ã=Å∞
|Ǩï=ÚYO J=Ù`«∞#fl P^èOE∞xHõ JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞ åºÑ¨Î åºáê~° HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ
ÕѨ^äOEºOÖ’ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO ^•^•Ñ¨Ù Ü«∂[=∂#ºOÖ’ XHõ =ÚYº≥∞ÿ#, J`«ºkèHõ
„áê^è•#º`« QÆÅ ™ê÷åxfl ã¨OáêkOK«∞‰õΩOk. WѨC_»∞ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ J#∞Éèí=O XHõ
„Ѩ`ÕºHõ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºOQÍ Q“~°åxfl á⁄O^OE∞`ÀOk.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å Jaè~°∞K«∞Å∞, PÖ’K«#Å∞, PHÍOHõΔÅ∞ ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ =∂~°∞`«∞#fl
„Ѩã¨∞Î`« å`å=~°}O =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ P=â◊ºHõ`«#∞, ^•x ã¨fi~°∂Ѩ ã¨fiÉèÏåÅ#∞
J#∂ǨϺOQÍ =∂iÛ Õã¨∞ÎåflÜ«∞#_»OÖ’ ZÖÏO˜ ã¨O^ÕǨÏO ÖË^OE∞. JO^OE∞=Å¡
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ JOË ... qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ KÕ~°∞=QÍ LO@∂ åi PÖ’K«#Ö’¡#∞,
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å Jaè~°∞K«∞Å∞, PÖ’K«#Å∞,
PHÍOHõΔÅ∞ ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ =∂~°∞`«∞#fl „Ѩã¨∞Î`«
å`å=~°}O =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ P=â◊ºHõ`«#∞, ^•x
ã¨fi~°∂Ѩ ã¨fiÉèÏåÅ#∞ J#∂ǨϺOQÍ =∂iÛ
Õã¨∞ÎåflÜ«∞#_»OÖ’ ZÖÏO˜ ã¨O^ÕǨÏO ÖË^OE∞.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 14 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 15
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
9. =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~åÅ`À „Ѩu
ã¨Oã¨÷ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ QÆ}hÜ«∞OQÍ
ÃÑOK«∞HÀ=_»O`Àáê@∞ JkèHõ ÖÏÉèÏÅ#∞ Pi˚OK«»O
WѨC_»∞ `«=∞ Ü«∂[=∂#º x~°fiǨÏ}Ö’ XHõ
=ÚYº≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`«QÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜ã¨∞Îåfl~Ú.
Jaè~°∞K«∞Ö’¡#∞, Pâ◊Ü«∂Ö’¡#∂, PHÍOHõΔÖ’#∂ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ ZѨʘHõѨC_»∞
J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕã¨∂Î, å˜x `«=∞ ã¨Oã¨÷ L`åÊ^OE#Ö’¡ „ѨuaOaOKÕO^OE∞‰õΩ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ#
K«~°ºÅ#∞ KÕѨ@ì®xH˜ gÅ∞QÍ Ü«∂[=∂åºxH˜ =∂~°æ^OE~°≈HõO KÕÜ«∞_»O, L`åÊ^OE#Ö’¡
=zÛ# H˘`«Î^OEåxfl, =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞, `å*Ï qt+¨ì JOâßÅ#∞ uiy qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ
`≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∞_»O =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«=Åã≤# „Ѩ^è•# Hõ~°ÎåºÅ∞QÍ P^èOE∞xHõ
åºáê~° =~åæÅ∞ ѨiQÆ}˜ã¨∞Îåfl~Ú. P ~°HõOQÍ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞
ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~åÅ`À „Ѩu ã¨Oã¨÷ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ QÆ}hÜ«∞OQÍ
ÃÑOK«∞HÀ=_»O`Àáê@∞ JkèHõ ÖÏÉèÏÅ#∞ Pi˚OK«»O WѨC_»∞ `«=∞ Ü«∂[=∂#º
x~°fiǨÏ}Ö’ XHõ =ÚYº≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`«QÍ Ñ¨iQÆ}˜ã¨∞Îåfl~Ú.
`˘e^OEâ◊Ö’ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ^OEâßkâß xˆ~Ìâ◊O JÕHõ =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ QÆ∞~°~ÚOk.
XHõѨC_»∞ L`«ÊuÎ qkèq^è•åÅ x~åú~°}‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂yOKÕå~°∞. „Hõ=∞OQÍ Jk åà◊§
L`åÊ^OE#Å ã¨fi~°∂áêxfl, å˜ å}º`«#∞ ≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ѩ~°K«»O HÀã¨O =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ
qÉèÏQÆO ѨxKÕ¿ãk. `«~°∞åu HÍÅOÖ’ q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ x~°O`«~°O ÃÑOK«»O, J=∞‡HÍÅ
™ê÷~Úx HÍáê_»»O ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ D qÉèÏQÆO `«# Ѩxf~°∞#∞ =∂~°∞Û‰õΩOk.
L`«ÊuÎ „áêuѨkHõ# =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ =º=Ǩ~åÅ#∞ 1950 ^OEâ◊HõO =~°‰õΩ å}˜[º
=~åæÅ∞ ѨiQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩÕq. JѨʒ¡ XHõ xiÌ+¨ì≥∞ÿ# L`åÊ^OE#/¿ãå ~°OQÆO
q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’Õ XHÀ¯ ã¨Oã¨÷ `«# ^OE$+≤ìx „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ ˆHO„nHõiOKÕk. D ÅHõΔ º ™ê^èOE#
„Hõ=∞OÖ’ Pi÷HõOQÍ ÖÏÉèí™ê˜ q^è•åÅÕ L`åÊ^OE#‰õΩ J#∞ã¨iOKÕq. JOË
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å JkèHõOQÍ Pã¨H˜Î K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î#fl L`åÊ^OE#/¿ã=Å#∞ åiH˜
JO^OE*ËÜ«∞_»Õ∞ ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ P ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ `«=∞ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ xˆ~ÌtOK«∞‰õΩÕq.
HõzÛù`«OQÍ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ qã¨Î $`«OQÍ _ç=∂O_£ L#fl 嘈H „áê^è•#º`«xKÕÛq. D
ã¨O^OE~°ƒùOÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PÖ’K«#Ö’¡ HÍx, JOK«åÖ’¡ HÍx ÃÑ^OEÌQÍ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
LO_»=#fl xtÛ`« Jaè„áêÜ«∞O JѨʘ Ü«∂[=∂åºÖ’¡ HõxÑ≤OKÕk.
P `«~°∞å`« qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å JOK«åʼnõΩ `«y#@∞¡QÍ `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#Ö’¡ =∞iO`«
å}º`«#∞ ™êkèOK«»OÃÑ· Ü«∂[=∂åºÅ∞ ^OE$+≤ì ™êiOKå~Ú. J`«∞º`«Î=∞ å}º`å
„Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ#∞ J#∞ã¨iOz#O`« HÍÅO `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#ʼnõΩ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ áÈ©
LO_»^OE#fl qâßfiã¨O åiÖ’ „Ѩ|ÅOQÍ LO_Õk. P HÍ~°}OQÍ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO
L`åÊ^OE#Ö’ å}º`« Ѩi~°HõΔ} ^äպܫ∞OQÍ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ãk.
D =∞^èOEº HÍÅOÖ’Õ XˆH L`åÊ^OE#ÃÑ· ^OE$+≤ìx xeÑ≤, L`«ÊuÎx, q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞
KÕѨ»∞`«∞#fl ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ ¿ãÖòû „áê^è•#º`«#∞ QÆ∞iÎOKå~Ú. JO^OE∞=Å¡ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO
`«# ^OE$+≤ìx q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ ÃÑOK«»O J#fl ÅHΔͺxfl ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ ÉÏ^èOEº`«QÍ ã‘fiHõiOKå~Ú.
D ^èÀ~°}˜ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ 1950-60 ^OEâßÉÏÌÅ HÍÅOÖ’ „Hõ=∞OQÍ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ =zÛOk.
D ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#Ö’x qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ PHõi¬OK«®xH˜ å}º`«#∞
ÃÑOK«»O ÖË^•, aè#fl≥∞ÿ# L`åÊ^OE##∞ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ „ѨÕâ◊ÃÑ@ì»O HÍx J=ã¨~°=∞x
å~°∞ ÉèÏqOKÕå~°∞ HÍ^OE∞. JOË `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE##∞ ™ê^èOEº≥∞ÿ#O`« `«‰õΩ¯= Y~°∞Û`À
L`«ÊuÎ KÕÜ«∞_»O, ^•xx ™ê^èOEº≥∞ÿ#O`« Z‰õΩ¯= =∞Ok qxÜ≥∂QOE^•~°∞ʼnõΩ JO^OE*ËÜ«∞_»Õ∞
ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO Hõ$+≤KÕ¿ãk. D q^è•#O P ã¨Oã¨÷ ^OEQÆæ~° KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯=
≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’ ã¨~°∞‰õΩ xÅfi LO_çáÈ~Ú# ã¨=∞Ü«∂Ö’¡#∞, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PHÍOHõΔÖ’¡
XˆH L`åÊ^OE#ÃÑ· ^OE$+≤ìx xeÑ≤, L`«ÊuÎx,
q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ KÕѨ_»∞`«∞#fl ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ ¿ãÖòû
„áê^è•#º`«#∞ QÆ∞iÎOKå~Ú. JO^OE∞=Å¡ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ
qÉèÏQÆO `«# ^OE$+≤ìx q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ ÃÑOK«»O J#fl
ÅHΔͺxfl ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ ÉÏ^èOEº`«QÍ ã‘fiHõiOKå~Ú.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 16 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 17
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
10. =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ WO@Ô~flò =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ Jx =º=ǨÏiã¨∞Îåfl~°∞. nÕfl
e-=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ÖË^• P£Öˇ·£ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ÖË^• ÃãiÛ WOl£ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ÖË^•
_≥ãπ¯ÏÑπ å}˜[º „ѨKå~åÅ∞/J#∞|O^èOE =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ Jx ‰õÄ_® JO@∞åfl~°∞. D
q^è•åÅhfl ‰õÄ_® ™êO„Ѩ^•Ü«∞Hõ q^è•åÅÖ’ J#∞ã¨iã¨∂Î =zÛ# =ӺǨÅ#∞
qaè#fl =ÚMÏÅ∞QÍ, aè#flaè#fl ~°∂áêÅÖ’ J#∞ã¨iOKÕO^OE∞‰õΩ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ =zÛ#
=∂~°∞ÊÖË Jx QÆ∞iÎOKåe. D q^è•åÅhfl ‰õÄ_® ÅH˜Δ`« qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ HõzÛù`«OQÍ
PHõ@∞ì‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ L^ÕÌtOz#ÕHÍ=_»O QÆ=∞å~°›O. g˜Ö’ WO@Ô~flò =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ
W`«~° q^è•åÅxfl˜Hõåfl Z‰õΩ¯= qã¨Î $u Hõey LO@∞O^OEx, Z‰õΩ¯= =∞Ok
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ KÕ~°∞HÀQÆÅ^OEx Ü«∂[=∂åºÅ∞ QƘìQÍ qâ◊fiã≤ã¨∞Îåfl~Ú. D
WO@Ô~flò =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣÖ’Õ JO`«~åƒùQÍÅ∞QÍ, D-≥∞~ÚÖò ^•fi~å HÍx, ≥·~üÖˇãπ
^•fi~å HÍx =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ =º=ã¨÷ `«=∞ ÅHΔͺÅ#∞ ™êkèOK«®xH˜ ^OE$+≤ì ™êiã¨∞Îåfl~Ú.
áêâßÛ`«º ^ÕâßÖ’¡ qq^èOE ã¨=∞Ü«∂Ö’¡ PK«~°}Ö’H˜ =zÛ# H˘xfl =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ
≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz ‰õÄ_® ‰õΩ¡Ñ¨ÎOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O „ѨÜ≥∂[#Hõ~°O. 1960
^OEâ◊HõOÖ’ „áê~°OÉèí≥∞ÿ# iÖË+¨£+≤Ñπ ae¤OQΣ ÖË^• iÖË+¨£+≤Ñπ Õ∞Õ*ò≥∞Oò q^è•#OÖ’
ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å^•~°∞ʼnõΩ, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ =∞^èOEº LÉèíÜ«∞`å~°Hõ≥∞ÿ# ™êxflÇ≤Ï`«ºO
≥ÅH˘ÅÊ_®xH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= „áê=ÚYº`« WKÕÛå~°∞. JOË, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ
J`«∞º`«Î=∞≥∞ÿ# ¿ã=Å#∞ JOkOK«»O ^•fi~å åi P^OE~°}#∞ x~°O`«~°O ã≤÷~°OQÍ
xeKÕ q^èOEOQÍ fiÛk^OEÌ»Õ∞ WHõ¯_» åi L^ÕÌâ◊O. D q^è•#O Õ˜H© å_»∞HõÖ’Õ
LOk.
1960 ^OEâ◊HõOÖ’ „áê~°OÉèí≥∞ÿ# iÖË+¨£+≤Ñπ ae¤OQΣ
ÖË^• iÖË+¨£+≤Ñπ Õ∞Õ*ò≥∞Oò q^è•#OÖ’
ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å^•~°∞ʼnõΩ, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ =∞^èOEº
LÉèíÜ«∞`å~°Hõ≥∞ÿ# ™êxflÇ≤Ï`«ºO ≥ÅH˘ÅÊ_®xH˜
Z‰õΩ¯= „áê=ÚYº`« WKÕÛå~°∞.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PÖ’K«#Å#∞ „ѨuѶ¨eOKÕ
q^èOEOQÍ LO_»»O qâı+¨O. P „Hõ=∞OÖ’ =zÛ#
=∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ =ÚYºOQÍ å}˜[º „Ѩ^è•#
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ, áêi„âßq∞Hõ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ J#=K«∞Û.
JO`«QÍ =∂~°∞Ê LO_»x ã¨=∞Ü«∂Ö’¡#∞ ÉÏQÍ LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨÕk.
1970 ^OEâ◊HõO `«~°∞å`«, WѨʘ=~°‰õΩ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ âßY Ѩxf~°∞ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ „Ѩ}ÏoHõÅ#∞ ã≤^OEúO KÕÜ«∞_»O, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PHÍOHõΔʼnõΩ `«y#@∞¡
L`åÊ^OE#Ö’¡ =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ ã¨∂zOK«»O, P ~°HõOQÍ JkèHõ q„HõÜ«∂ʼnõΩ `À_»Ê_»»O
D qÉèÏQÆO ѨxKÕÜ«∞_»O „áê~°OaèOzOk. WHõ¯_» XHõ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}#∞ ѨijeOK«=K«∞Û.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ÅÖ’ =ã¨∞Î#fl =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«®xH˜ XHõ ã¨Oã¨÷ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ
qÉèÏQÍxH˜ J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕ¿ã ÉÏ^èOEº`«#∞ JѨÊyOzOk. P J^èOEºÜ«∞#O ^•fi~å ≥Å¡≥·#
JOâßÅ∞ P^è•~°OQÍ `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#Ö’¡ KÕѨ@ì=Åã≤# =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ ã¨∂zOKÕ ÉÏ^èOEº`«#∞
‰õÄ_® JѨÊyOK«=Åã≤ ~å=K«∞Û. JÖÏ ã≤^OEúO KÕã≤# L`åÊ^OE##∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ
ѨiK«Ü«∞O KÕã≤ ^•x q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ =∞iO`« JkèHõO KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤#
K«~°ºÅ#∞ KÕѨËì ÉÏ^èOEº`«#∞ ‰õÄ_® JѨÊyOK«=Åã≤ ~å=K«∞Û.
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ =zÛ# P^èOE∞xHõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
W©=Å HÍÅOÖ’ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ~°OQÆOÖ’ =∞iH˘xfl =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ KÀ@∞
KÕã¨∞‰õΩåfl~Ú. W=hfl ‰õÄ_® qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PÖ’K«#Å#∞ „ѨuѶ¨eOKÕ q^èOEOQÍ
LO_»»O qâı+¨O. P „Hõ=∞OÖ’ =zÛ# =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞ =ÚYºOQÍ å}˜[º „Ѩ^è•#
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ, áêi„âßq∞Hõ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ J#=K«∞Û. Wq ã¨O™ê÷QÆ`« =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ÖË^•
™ê=∂lHõ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ~°∂áêÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_® ã¨O`«iOK«∞‰õΩOk. ™ê=∂lHõ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣÖ’
ã¨=∂[ „ѨÜ≥∂[åÅ#∞ ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ KÕã¨∞‰õΩx =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO `«=∞ Hõ$+≤x
ˆHO„nHõi™ÈÎOk. WqQÍHõ, WO@Ô~flò ã¨^OE∞áêÜ«∂Å ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞O`À KÕѨ »∞`«∞#fl
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 18 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 19
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
11. JÖψQ 1980 ^OEâ◊HõO #∞Oz J=∞Å∞Ö’ L#fl å}˜[º =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ/áêi„âßq∞Hõ
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ q^è•#OÖ’ qq^èOE ã¨Oã¨÷Å =∞^èOEº ã¨`«ûO|O^è•Å#∞ HÍáê_»»O ÅHõΔ ºOQÍ
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆO ѨxKÕã¨∞ÎOk. D `«~°Ç¨ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ q^è•åxfl ™ê^è•~°}
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ KÕѨËì ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ J#∞ã¨iOK«=Ù. ˆH=ÅO
=∞~À ã¨Oã¨÷‰õΩ LѨÜ≥∂QÆHõ~°≥∞ÿ# L`åÊ^OE#/¿ã=Å#∞ =∂„`«Õ∞ JO^OE*Ë¿ã ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞
D q^è•#O J#∞ã¨i™êÎ~Ú. JOË áêi„âßq∞Hõ L`«Ê`«∞ÎÅ∞, L`åÊ^OEHõ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ∞
(HͺÑ≤@Öò) =∂„`«Õ∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕ™êÎ~Ú. D HÍ~°}OQÍ D ã¨Oã¨÷Ö’¡x =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ
qÉèÏQÍÅ∞ `«=∞ ^OE$+≤ìx `å=Ú L`«ÊuÎ KÕ¿ã =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞ qxÜ≥∂yOKÕ W`«~° ã¨Oã¨÷Å#∞
PHõ@∞ì‰õΩÕO^OE∞ˆH Hõ$+≤x ˆHO„nHõi™êÎ~Ú. JO^OE∞HÀã¨O `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#Å QÆ∞iOz#
„ѨKå~° HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å∞, JO^OE∞HÀã¨O å}˜[º „ѨHõ@#Å∞ *Ïs KÕÜ«∞_»O, Pã¨H˜Î
L#fl qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ (ã¨Oã¨÷)#∞ KÕ~°∞Û‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ „Ѩܫ∞ufl™êÎ~Ú.
qã¨Î $`« ã¨=∂[ „ѨÜ≥∂[åÅ#∞ ^OE$+≤ìÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩx =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ
q^è•#O 1990 ^OEâ◊HõO #∞Oz ≥Ú^OEÅ~ÚOk. ã¨=∂[ „âıÜ«∞ã¨∞û „áêuѨkHõQÍ
`«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#Ö’ HÍx, åW `«Ü«∂s q^è•#OÖ’ HÍx, å˜ q„HõÜ«∞ q^è•åÖ’¡
HÍx ZÖÏO˜ ǨxHõ~°≥∞ÿ# JOâßʼnõΩ KÀ@∞ W=fi‰õΩO_® D qÉèÏQÆO =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ
=º=Ǩ~åÅ#∞ D q^è•#OÖ’ x~°fiÇ≤Ï™êÎ~°∞.
WѨC_»∞ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ ~°OQÆOÖ’ KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞Î#fl q^è•#O.. KåÖÏ
ÃÑ^OEÌ ã¨OYºÖ’x ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ QÍ_è»OQÍ qâ◊fiã≤ã¨∞Î#fl q^è•#O .. „ÉÏO_çOQΣ =∂Ô~¯ò
^èÀ~°}˜. JOË `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#ʼnõΩ Åaèã¨∞Î#fl „Ѩ*Ï^OE~°}#∞ `«=∞ „ÉÏO_£ Õ£∞QÍ
„ѨHõ˜OK«∞HÀ=_»O, ^•xfl =∞iO`«QÍ `«=∞ å}˜[º „ѨKå~åÖ’¡ LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=_»O
ã¨~°fi™ê^è•~°}OQÍ =∂iOk.
W
P^èOE∞xHõ áÈ© „ѨѨOK«OÖ’ KåÖÏ ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO K«∂Ñ≤OK«=Åã≤# q^èOE∞Ö’¡ XHõ˜.
≥Ú^OE˜~ÀA J™ê^èOEºO JxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. Ѩk ~ÀAÅ∞ QÆçKÕã¨iH˜ JÉ’ƒ KåÖÏ Hõ+¨ìO J#fl
ÉèÏ=# HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. HÍx ~ÀAÅ∞ QÆçKÕ H˘kÌ, =∞#Ö’ P`«‡qâßfiã¨O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂,
Ѷ¨e`åÅ∞ ~å=_»O ≥Ú^OEÅ∞ÃÑËì H˘nÌ WO`«˜ L`åûǨÏHõ~°≥∞ÿ# ÉÏ^èOEº`« =∞~˘Hõ˜ LO@∞O^•
J#fl QƘì #=∞‡HÍxfl HõeyOK«QÆÅ ÉÏ^èOEº`« Wk. D q^èOE∞Å x~°fiǨÏ}Ö’ ≥Ú^OE@ =∞#Ö’
~å=Åã≤# =∂~°∞Ê-=∞# QÆ∞iOz# =∞# ^OE$HõÊ^äOEO. 'Õ#∞ XHõ q„ˆH`«#∞. (¿ãÖòû=∂£),
å ÉÏ^èOEº`« qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ =∂ L`åÊ^OE#ÅÃÑ· Pã¨H˜Îx ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«»O, åix
å˜x H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕ¿ã q^èOEOQÍ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOK«»O, P „Hõ=∞OÖ’ =∞# ≥·Ñ¨Ù}Ϻxfl, ™ê=∞~åúºxfl,
J#∞Éèíåxfl x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞HÀåe— J#fl =∂#ã≤Hõ ã¨Oã≤^OEú`« Jxfl˜Hõåfl =ÚYºO.
=∞#O ã¨OáêkOK«∞‰õΩ#fl q^•º~°›`«Å∞, ã¨iìѶ≤ÔH@∞¡ P`«‡qâßfiã¨O`À ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞ KÕѨ@ì®xH˜
LѨÜ≥∂y™êÎ~Ú. JO`Õ, P `«~°∞å`«, å~°∞ ~ÀA~ÀA‰õΩ ™êkèOK«QÆeˆQ Ѷ¨e`åÖË åiH˜ J_»∞QÆ∞Å#∞
=ÚO^OE∞‰õΩ Õ¿ãO^OE∞‰õΩ „áÈ`åûǨÏO W=fiQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`åO. D ~°OQÆOÖ’ ѨÙ~ÀQÆu ™êkèOKåÅOË
J#∞Éèí=Õ∞ H©ÅHõO. ^•xH˜ Ѩ@∞ì^OEÅ `À_≥·`Õ WHõ F@q∞ J#flk ^OEQÆæ~°‰õΩ ~å^OE∞.
Jxfl KÀÏ¡, WѨC_»∞ x`«ºO ¿ãÖòû =∂º£ q^èOE∞Å∞ QÆ∞iOz ZÀfl ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞, 庙êÅ∞,
Ããq∞å~°∞¡, ã¨^OEã¨∞ûÅ∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∂Õ Låfl~Ú. å˜Ö’ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ, ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍÅ QÆ∞iOz#
q^èOE∞Å#∞, ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ =ӺǨÏOÖ’ JO`«~åƒùQÆOQÍÕ q=iã¨∞Îåfl~Ú.
ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞Hõ x~°fiK«#O „ѨHÍ~°O x[Õ∞. ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣÖ’ XHõ
„Ѩ`ÕºHõ`«#∞ ã¨O`«iOK«∞‰õΩåflÜ«∞#fl=∂@ ZO`« åã¨Î=≥∂, JO`« J~°ú ã¨`«ºO ‰õÄ_®.
x*ÏxH˜, åã¨ÎqHõ „ѨѨOK«OÖ’ XHõ ã¨Oã¨÷ HÍ~°ºx~°fiǨÏ}Ö’ ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO PkèHõº`«
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 20 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 21
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
12. x+¨ÊHõΔáê`« |∞kú`À, qaè#fl≥∞ÿ# Pâ◊Ü«∂Å`À, ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ
Jaè~°∞K«∞Å`À =º=ǨÏiOKÕ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ #K«Û*ˇÑ≤Ê
åix `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕ¿ãO^OE∞‰õΩ
ѨÙiH˘ÖËÊ ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ å~°∞ Z#fl_»∂
x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz LO_»~°∞.
㨈~, =∞i ¿ãÖòû=∂º£ J#∞ÉèíåÅ∞ ZÖÏ LOÏ~Ú? å~°O ~ÀAÅ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å#∞
=ÚO^OE∞QÍÕ ã≤^OEúO KÕã¨∞HÀåe. qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ J#∞≥·# ã¨=∞Ü«∂xfl
x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ åiH˜ =ÚO^OE∞QÍÕ á¶È£ KÕã≤, ã¨HÍÅOÖ’ ≥o§ åix HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩx,
åiH˜ `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE# QÆ∞iOz q=iOKåe. =∞# L`åÊ^OE#Ö’¡x qt+¨ì≥∞ÿ# JOâßÅ#∞,
áÈ© L`«ÊuÎÖ’ ÅaèOKÕ J=HÍâ◊O ÖËx „Ѩ`ÕºHõ`«Å∞ =∞# L`åÊ^OE#Ö’ Uq LåflÜ≥∂
åiH˜ PHõ~°¬}©Ü«∞OQÍ q=iOK«QÆÅQÍe. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ QÆO@Å H˘nÌ ÕzK«∂ã¨∂Î LO_®e.
≥∞ÿà◊¡ ^OE∂~°O „Ѩܫ∂}˜OKåe. qã¨∞QÆ∞, q~å=∞O ÖˉõΩO_® Ѩ~°∞QÆ∞Å∞ fã¨∂Î LO_®e.
H˘O^OEix =∞m¡ =∞m§ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩOËÕ HÍx „ѨÜ≥∂[#O HõxÑ≤OK«^OE∞. åiH˜ Pã¨H˜Î
LO@∞Ok. HÍx x~°‚Ü«∞O fã¨∞HÀ~°∞. åix `˘O^OE~°Ãјì#@∞ì HõxÑ≤OK«‰õΩO_® =∞#
L`åÊ^OE#≥·Ñ¨Ù åix PHõ@∞ìHÀåe. ZѨC_»∂ Z=ix HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩåfl~À, åi ã¨ÊO^OE##∞
QÆ∞iÎOz #≥∂^OE∞KÕã¨∞HÀåe. Ѩ@∞ì=^OEÅx q„Hõ=∂~°∞¯_çÖÏ J#∞x`«ºO áÈ~å_»∞`«∂
LO_®e. WO`« Hõ+¨ìѨç#O^OE∞‰õΩ ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ åi „â◊=∞ =$^è•HÍ^OE∞.
¿ãÖòû W|ƒOk `å=Ú J#∞‰õΩ#fl q^èOEOQÍ XHõ J=∞‡HÍxfl ѨÓiÎ KÕã¨∞Î#fl ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’
HõeˆQ P#O^OEO JO`å WO`å HÍ^OE∞. ~°HõÎO L`åûǨÏO`À L~°HõÖËã¨∞ÎOk. `«=∞ q^èOE∞Å
x~°fiǨÏ}Ö’ ¿ãfiK«ÛùQÍ =º=ǨÏiOK«®xH˜ L#fl J=HÍâßÅ∞ åiH˜ ZO`À qâßfi™êxflã¨∞ÎOk.
JkQÍHõ, D ~°OQÆOÖ’ L#fl åiH˜ HõeˆQ ѨiK«Ü«∂Å∞ åiHÀ JѨÓ~°fi≥∞ÿ# J#∞Éèí∂u
Hõeyã¨∞ÎOk. Jq W`«~°„`å Z^OE∞~°ÜÕ∞º Jxfl HõëêìÅ#∞Oz T~°@x™êÎ~Ú. D `«~°Ç¨
J#∞Éèí∂u, J#∞Éèí=O =∂=¸Å∞QÍ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆOÖ’Õ LO@∂ „Ѩ}ÏoHÍ q^èOE∞Å#∞
KÕѨ»∞`«∂, ¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOkH˜ =∂~°æ^OE~°≈HõO K«∂Ñ≤OKÕ ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞ L#fl åiH˜ 'g^èOE∞Ö’¡
u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ q[Ü«∂Å∞ ™êkèOKÕ g~°∞Ö’¡— (¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOk) HõeˆQ P#O^•#∞Éèí∂`«∞Å∞
ZO`« K≥Ñ≤Êå J~°úO HÍ=Ù.
HõzÛù`«OQÍ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ Hõåfl ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ qÅ∞≥·#k. â◊H˜Î=O`«≥∞ÿ#k.
¿ãÖòû qt+¨ì`«#∞ QÆ∞iÎOKÕ „Ѩܫ∞`«flOÖ’ =∞~À™êi =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ JOË Uq∞’ ѨÙ#â◊Û~°}
KÕã¨∞‰õΩOË ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞Ok. =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ =¸_»∞ „Ѩ^è•#≥∞ÿ# Õˆ~fi~°∞ q^èOE∞Å∞
LOÏ~Ú. Jq : =∂Ô~¯ò/L`åÊ^OE# Õ∞Õ*ò≥∞Oò, =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨£û, J=∞‡HÍÅ∞
(¿ãÖòû), H˘xfl ã¨O^OE~åƒùÖ’¡ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ JOkOKÕ ¿ã=Å#∞ ‰õÄ_® g˜Ö’ XHõ˜QÍ
ѨiQÆ}˜™êÎ~°∞. L`åÊ^OE# Õ∞Õ*ò≥∞Oò q^èOE∞Å∞ „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ.. L`åÊ^OE##∞ ≥∞~°∞QÍæ fiÛk^OEÌ»O,
^•x ^èOE~°=~°Å#∞ Y~å~°∞ KÕÜ«∞_»O, P „Hõ=∞OÖ’ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# ™êOˆHuHõ ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O
JOkOK«»O =O˜q- KÕѨËìO^OE∞‰õΩ Ñ¨iq∞`«≥∞ÿ LO@∞Ok. =∞#O =ÚO^OE∞=ÚO^OE∞
¿ÑrÖ’¡ L`åÊ^OE#‰õΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# JOâßÅ#∞ ѨHõ¯#ɡ˜ì, =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨£û
QÆ∞iOz =∂„`«Õ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO^•O. ZO^OE∞HõOË .. ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍxH˜ D qÉèÏQÆO #∞Oz
ÅaèOKÕ =∞^OEÌ`«∞, ã¨Ç¨ÏHÍ~°O KåÖÏ H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ#q.
1990 ^OEâß|úO =~°‰õΩ, =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨£û q^èOE∞Å#∞ Ü«∂[=∂åºÅ∞ KåÖÏ
`ÕeHõQÍ fã¨∞‰õΩÕq. JѨʘ=~°‰õΩ J=∞‡HÍʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz# Hõ~°Ñ¨„`åÅ#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕ»O,
Ѩ„uHõÖ’¡ åºáê~° „ѨHõ@#Å∞ *ÏsKÕÜ«∞_»O, å}˜[º „Ѩ^OE~°≈#Å∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«»O =O˜
ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å‰õΩ D qÉèÏQÍxfl Ѩiq∞`«O KÕâß~°∞. P^•Ü«∂xfl ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«»O, ÖÏÉèÏʼnõΩ
=∂~°æO K«∂Ѩ»O ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO ÉÏ^èOEº`«QÍ QÆ∞iÎOKåe. WÖÏ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ Hõ=¸ºxˆH+¨£û
qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ ѨxKÕã≤# KåÖÏ=∞Ok `«=∞ ã¨$[å`«‡Hõ PÖ’K«#Å`À#∞, q#∂`«fl qѨ¡å`«‡Hõ
ÉèÏ=*ÏÅO`À#∞ J^OE∞ƒù`«≥∞ÿ# „ѨÉèÏåxfl K«∂Ñ≤Oz Ü«∂[=∂åºxfl ≥∞Ñ≤ÊOz LO_»=K«∞Û.
HÍx åi „Ѩܫ∂㨠JO`å ѨÓiÎQÍ ã¨Oã¨÷ JO`«~°æ`«OQÍ L#fl ã≤|ƒOkx, L#fl`«
JkèHÍ~°∞Å#∞ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎѨ~°z LO@∞Ok. JO`ÕHÍx, åiH˜ |Ü«∞@∞O_Õ x+¨ÊHõΔáê`« |∞kú`À,
qaè#fl≥∞ÿ# Pâ◊Ü«∂Å`À, ~°Hõ~°HÍÅ Jaè~°∞K«∞Å`À =º=ǨÏiOKÕ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ
#K«Û*ˇÑ≤Ê åix `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕ¿ãO^OE∞‰õΩ Ñ¨ÙiH˘ÖËÊ ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å#∞
=∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ å~°∞ Z#fl_»∂ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz LO_»~°∞. P HÍ~°}OQÍ åiH˜ JO^OE∞Ö’x
™ê^èOEHõÉÏ^èOEHÍÅ∞ J~°úO HÍ=Ù. P q^èOEOQÍ ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO Z^OE∞~˘¯Õ ã¨åà◊§ QÆ∞iOz#
J=QÍǨÏ# åiH˜ U =∂„`«O LO_»^OE∞.
åã¨ÎqHõ „ѨѨOK«OÖ’ XHõ ã¨Oã¨÷ HÍ~°ºx~°fiǨÏ}Ö’
¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆO PkèHõº`« HõzÛù`«OQÍ =∂Ô~¯˜OQΣ Hõåfl
‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ qÅ∞≥·#k. â◊H˜Î=O`«≥∞ÿ#k.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 22 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 23
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
13. åã¨Î= „ѨѨOK«OÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ ¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩx, åi
åQÍ̘x q#_®xH˜ KåÖÏ ã¨O^OE~åƒùÅÖ’ ã¨∞=ÚYOQÍ LO_»~°∞. D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’
åi ã¨Ç¨Ï#O Ju `«‰õΩ¯= ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ LO@∞Ok. JO^OE∞Ö’#∞, ¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å∞
„ѨuáêkOz# =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ åiH˜ Pã¨H˜ÎÖË#ѨC_»∞, ÖË^• å~°∞ K≥¿ÑÊ
qâıëêOâßÅ∞ P^è•~°OQÍ `å=Ú Ptã¨∞Î#fl ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞ LåflÜ«∞#fl #=∞‡HõO
HõÅ∞QÆ#ѨC_»∞, åiÖ’ Jã¨Ç¨Ï#O =∞s Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ „ѨuѶ¨eã¨∞ÎOk. J~Ú`Õ,
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞x ^OE$+≤ìÖ’ Ju =ÚYº≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ x~°‚Ü«∞O fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤#
ã¨=∞Ü«∞O =zÛ#ѨC_»∞, ÖË^•, H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ# ã¨=∞㨺 Z^OE∞Ô~·#ѨC_»∞, ÖË^• åiH˜
Ѩiëê¯~°Õ∞n HõxÑ≤OK«x ã¨O^OE~°ƒùOÖ’#∞ åà◊√§ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ ¿ãÖòû=∂º£
ã¨ÅǨã¨∂K«#Å HÀã¨O Z^OE∞~°∞K«∂ã¨∂Î LOÏ~°∞. D ^èÀ~°}˜ 1970-80 ^OEâ◊HÍÖ’¡
Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ HõxÑ≤OzOk. JѨʒ¡ åiH˜ qq^èOE ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ PO^OE*Ë¿ã L`åÊ^OE#Å∞/
¿ã=Å q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ ã¨Ô~·# ã¨=∂Kå~°O JO^OE∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ LO_ÕkHÍ^OE∞. JO^OE∞=Å¡
¿ãÖòû ã≤|ƒOk WKÕÛ ã¨=∂Kå~°OÃÑ·Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨ç x~°‚Ü«∂Å∞ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i
JÜÕ∞ºk.
WO`«H© ¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞ʼnõΩ LO_»=Åã≤# =ÚYº≥∞ÿ# ÅHõΔ}ÏÖË Uq∞˜? D
„Ѩâ◊fl KåÖÏ HÍÅOQÍ Ü«∂[=∂åºxfl x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕѨC_»∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ `«=∞‰õΩ
J`«ºO`« LѨܫÚHõÎ≥∞ÿ# =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞ ÖË^• ¿ã=Å#∞ JOkOKÕ ã¨Oã¨÷ #∞Oz „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ
Ptã¨∞Î#fl =ÚYº≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞O Uq∞˜ J#fl JOâ◊OÃÑ·Õ ^OE$+≤ì ™êiOKå~°∞.
Ѩ^Õà◊§‰õΩ XHõ™êi x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# 㨈~fiÖ’¡ HõxÑ≤Oz# ã¨ÊO^OE#Å∞ QÆ=∞x¿ãÎ „Hõ=∞OQÍ
¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å∞ q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞^•~°∞Å Pã¨H˜Î `«yæáÈ`«∞#fl@∞¡ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
1970Ö’ KåÖÏ HõOÃÑhÅ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞ / ¿ã=Å#∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ã¨Ô~·# J=QÍǨÏ# LO_ç, |Ü«∞˜ ¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å ã¨ÅǨ ã¨∂K«#ÅÃÑ·Õ
P^è•~°Ñ¨»∞`«∂ LO_Õå~°∞. =∞i H˘O^OE~°∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞^•~°∞Å∞ ^èOE~°Å#∞, WOH˘O^OE~°∞
¿ã=Å „Ѩ`ÕºHõ`«Å#∞, q∞ye# å~°∞ å}º`« P^è•~°OQÍ#∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞‰õΩ =ÚO^OE∞‰õΩ
=KÕÛå~°∞. Ô~O_»∞ ^OEâßÉÏúÅ `«~°∞å`« H˘#∞QÀÅ∞^•~°∞Å ^èÀ~°}˜Ö’ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú. „Ѩu ã¨Oã¨÷ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ ã≤|ƒOkÖ’Õ H˘O^OEix „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ D
JOâ◊O K«∂¿ãO^OE∞‰õΩ xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞‰õΩx, åi ã¨ÅǨ ã¨∂K«#Å P^è•~°OQÍ
H˘#∞QÀÅ∞‰õΩ x~°‚Ü«∂Å∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞#fl f~°∞ HõxÑ≤OzOk. Wk ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÍÅ
qt+¨ì`«‰õΩ TÇ≤ÏOK«x PâßÉèíOQÆÕ∞. J~Ú`Õ P `«~°∞å`« 2000Ö’ ZÖÏO˜ 㨈~fi
[~°QÆHõáÈ=_»O`À `å*Ï Ñ¨iã≤÷uÃÑ· ã¨Ê+¨ì`« ÖË^OE∞. HÍx, `«~°K«∞QÍ qxÑ≤ã¨∞Î#fl
Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ QÆ=∞x¿ãÎ, ¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜, åi`À
=∂Ï¡ÕO^OE∞‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ =∞Ok ã≤^OEúOQÍ ÖË~°x ã¨Ê+¨ì=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. D ^èÀ~°}˜
WO@Ô~flò, D-≥∞~ÚÖò å}˜[ºO „áêK«∞~°ºOÖ’H˜ ~åHõ=ÚO^OE∞ å˜ Ñ¨iã≤÷u.
åã¨ÎåxH˜, D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ
q„HõÜ«∞ ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ U =∂„`«O Pã¨H˜Î K«∂Ñ≤OK«ÖË^OE∞ ‰õÄ_®. HÍx, ¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å∞QÍ
ˆHΔ„`«™ê÷~ÚÖ’ u~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl åà◊§H˜ =∂„`«O D q+¨Ü«∞O É’^èOEѨçOk.
^•^•Ñ¨ÙQÍ W^Õ Ñ¨iã≤÷u H˘O`«=~°‰õΩ WѨC_»∞ ‰õÄ_® HõxÑ≤™ÈÎOk. 1984Ö’
¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜, åi`À
=∂Ï¡ÕO^OE∞‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ =∞Ok ã≤^OEúOQÍ ÖË~°x
ã¨Ê+¨ì=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. D ^èÀ~°}˜ WO@Ô~flò, D-≥∞~ÚÖò
å}˜[ºO „áêK«∞~°ºOÖ’H˜ ~åHõ=ÚO^OE∞ å˜ Ñ¨iã≤÷u.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 24 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 25
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
14. ¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ ѨxKÕã≤# XHõ Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_ç J#∞Éèí=O Uq∞@OË, Ѩk=∞OkH˜
á¶È£Å∞ KÕ¿ã åiH˜ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ ã¨=∞Ü«∞O W=fi=∞OË Hõhã¨O Zxq∞k
=∞Ok ≥O@Õ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ ã¨ÊOkOKÕå~°∞. P =ºˆHÎ, Ѩ^Õà◊§ `«~°∞å`«, Ѩk=∞OkH˜
á¶È£ KÕ¿ãÎ W^OEÌ~À, =ÚQÆ∞æ~À =∂„`«Õ∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ, åi`À =∂Ï¡ÕO^OE∞‰õΩ
ã¨∞=ÚM`« =ºHõÎO KÕã¨∞Îåfl~°∞. WO@Ô~flò åºáê~°O „áê~°OÉèÏxH˜ =ÚO^OE∞ L#fl
Ѩiã≤÷u Wk. ZO^OE∞‰õΩ? Jx P~åf¿ãÎ ÖˇHõ¯‰õΩq∞H˜¯eQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ
JO^OE∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ L#fl Hͺ@ÖÏQΣÅ ã¨=∂Kå~°O, Jhfl XHõ¯KÀË ÅÉèíº=∞=Ù`«∞#fl ã¨∂Ѩ~ü
™Èì~°∞¡, á¶È£Å ^•fi~å =ã¨∞Î#fl „ѨHõ@#Å „ѨÉèÏ=O Jx `ÕeOk. D ÕѨ^äOEºOÖ’
¿ãÖòû åà◊§ J=ã¨~°O Z=iH˜ HõxÑ≤OK«ÖË^OE∞. W`«~° =∂~åæÅ ^•fi~å åiH˜ HÍ=Åã≤#
Ü«∂=`«∞Î ã¨=∂Kå~°O WѨC_»∞ JO^OE∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ LO_»»Õ∞ JO^OE∞‰õΩ =ÚYº≥∞ÿ#
HÍ~°}O.
D ~°Hõ≥∞ÿ# ^èÀ~°}˜ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ al≥ãπ @∞ al≥ãπ åºáê~°=~åæÖ’¡Õ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. =ÚYºOQÍ, HÍO„ωõΩìÅ∞ ‰õΩ^OE∞~°∞Û‰õΩx, |Ǩï=ÚY ¿ã=Å#∞ Ptã¨∞Î#fl
ÃÑ^OEÌ HõOÃÑhʼnõΩ WѨʘH© ¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å ^•fi~å J~Ú`ÕÕ „ѨÜ≥∂[#Hõ~°≥∞ÿ#
ÖÏå^ÕgʼnõΩ J=HÍâ◊O LO’Ok. J~Ú`Õ =ºH˜ÎQÆ`« J=ã¨~åÅ HÀã¨O, ˆH=ÅO
qx=∞Ü«∞ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞, ¿ã=Å#∞ PtOKÕ ™ê=∂#º „Ѩ*ÏhHõO q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ ¿ãÖòû
qÉèÏQÆO „áê^è•#º`« WOHÍ `«QÆæÖË^OE∞, =∞iO`« Z‰õΩ¯= J~ÚO^OEx ‰õÄ_® ÉèÏqOKåe.
¿ãÖòû =∂º£ .. XHõ ã¨Oã¨÷ `«~°Ñ¶¨Ù# ˆHΔ„`«™ê÷~ÚÖ’ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’ „ѨÕtOz, `«=∞
ã¨Oã¨÷ L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ _ç=∂O_£#∞ ÃÑOK« »O`Àáê@∞ Pã¨H˜Î, J=ã¨~°O L#fl
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ QÆ∞iÎOz, åix Jq H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ
ã≤^OEúѨ~°K«»OÖ’ H©ÅHõáê„`« áÈ+≤OKÕ =ºH˜Î Jx ã¨∂÷ÅOQÍ K≥ѨCHÀåe. P^èOE∞xHõ
=∂Ô~¯ò ѨiÉèÏ+¨Ö’ ¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å∞ ˆH=ÅO L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOK«»O =∂„`«Õ∞
HÍ^OE∞. `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ ™⁄O`«O KÕã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ W~°∞ѨHΔÍʼnõΩ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î HõeyOKÕ
q^èOEOQÍ q„HõÜ«∞ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂xfl q[Ü«∞=O`«OQÍ Ñ¨ÓiÎ KÕÜ«∞QÆÅ XHõ HõàÏHÍ~°∞_»∞
-JOÏ~°∞ XHõ xѨÙ}∞_»∞. WHõ¯_» *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ QÆ=∞xOK«=Åã≤# JOâ◊O Uq∞@OË..
W~°∞ ѨHΔÍʼnõΩ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î HõeyOKÕ q^èOEOQÍ... J#fl åã¨ÎqHõ ^OE$HõÊ^ä•xfl D ~°OQÆOÖ’
„ѨÕtOKÕO^OE∞‰õΩ L`åûǨÏO K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞Î#fl åà◊√§ Jxfl Õà◊ÖÏ QÆ∞~°∞ÎOK«∞HÀåe. D
q+¨Ü«∂Õfl =∞~À xѨÙ}∞_»∞-qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å qâßfi™êxfl K«∂~°Q˘#_»O, `«^•fi~å
åix `«# ã¨Oã¨÷‰õΩ âßâ◊fi`« „áêuѨkHõ`À q^èÕÜ«ÚÖˇ· LO_ÕÖÏ åi Jaè=∂åxfl
ã¨OáêkOK«»O-Jx x~°fizOKå_»∞.
al≥ãπ @∞ al≥ãπ H͉õΩO_® =ºH˜ÎQÆ`«OQÍ, =º‰õΩÎʼnõΩ L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOKÕѨC_»∞,
åi Jaè=∂åxfl, qâßfi™êxfl ã¨OáêkOK«∞HÀ=_»O ZO`« =ÚYº≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞≥∂ Õˆ~
K≥ѨÊ#Hõ¯~°ÖË^OE∞. ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ WÖÏ =ºH˜ÎQÆ`«OQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩx, åi`À
=º=ǨÏiOK«®xfl Ѩ~°û#Öò Ããe¡OQΣ JOÏ~°∞. Wk ˆH=ÅO q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ ™êkèOKÕ „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞
=∂„`«Õ∞ HÍ^OE∞. nxfl „Ѩu ã¨Oã¨÷ ‰õÄ_® `«=∞ L`å¯Ñ¨^OE#Å#∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ KÕ~°∞=
KÕ¿ãO^OE∞‰õΩ KÕѨËì „Ñ¨Kå~° L^OEº=∞O Jx ‰õÄ_® ÉèÏqOK«=K«∞Û. J~Ú`Õ D q^è•åxfl
¿ãÖòû qÉèÏQÆOÖ’ ѨxKÕã≤# XHõ Ü«Ú=‰õΩ_ç
J#∞Éèí=O Uq∞@OË, Ѩk=∞OkH˜ á¶È£Å∞ KÕ¿ã
åiH˜ HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ ã¨=∞Ü«∞O W=fi=∞OË
Hõhã¨O Zxq∞k =∞Ok ≥O@Õ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ
ã¨ÊOkOKÕå~°∞. P =ºˆHÎ, Ѩ^Õà◊§ `«~°∞å`«,
Ѩk=∞OkH˜ á¶È£ KÕ¿ãÎ W^OEÌ~À, =ÚQÆ∞æ~À =∂„`«Õ∞
HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ, åi`À =∂Ï¡ÕO^OE∞‰õΩ
ã¨∞=ÚM`« =ºHõÎO KÕã¨∞Îåfl~°∞.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 26 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 27
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
15. `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE# QÆ∞iOz `å#∞ JOkã¨∞Î#fl
ã¨=∂Kå~°O qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î
HõeyOK«»O ÖË^OEx QÆ∞iÎOz# ≥O@Õ `«#
^èÀ~°}˜Ö’ =∂~°∞Ê K«∂Ñ≤OK«=Åã≤# ã¨=∞Ü≥∂z`«
„Ѩ[˝ ¿ãÖòû „ѨuxkèH˜ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i.
≥ÚO_çQÍ J#∞ã¨iOK«»O ã¨`«Êùe`åÅ#∞ K«∂Ñ≤OK«^OE∞.
JѨʘHõѨC_»∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å ã¨ÊO^OE## |˜ì =∂~°∞ÛHÀ=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok.
`«=∞ L`åÊ^OE# QÆ∞iOz `å#∞ JOkã¨∞Î#fl ã¨=∂Kå~°O qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î
HõeyOK«»O ÖË^OEx QÆ∞iÎOz# ≥O@Õ `«# ^èÀ~°}˜Ö’ =∂~°∞Ê K«∂Ñ≤OK«=Åã≤#
ã¨=∞Ü≥∂z`« „Ѩ[˝ ¿ãÖòû „ѨuxkèH˜ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i.
WÖÏ =ºH˜ÎQÆ`« q„HõÜ«∂Å =ӺǨxfl J#∞ã¨iã¨∞Î#flѨC_»∞ ¿ãÖòû „ѨuxkèH˜ Z‰õΩ¯=
ã¨=∞Ü«∞O =$^è• HÍ^OE∞. ZO^OE∞HõOË qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å ã¨ÊO^OE# ™ê#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ LOË
JѨʘHõѨC_»∞ J=∞‡HõO [iyáÈ~Ú Ñ¶¨e`«O KÕuH˜ JO^OE∞`«∞Ok. D `«~°Ç¨ q„HõÜ«∂Ö’¡
å~Ú^• Ѩ^OEúu LO_»^OE∞. FˆH ÖË^• =^OE∞Ì JÕ åàı§ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ `å~°ã¨Ñ¨»∞`«∂ LOÏ~°∞.
KåÖÏ ã¨O^OE~åƒùÅÖ’ `«HõΔ} Ѷ¨e`«O LO@∞Ok. XHõ™êi qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_»∞ P
L`åÊ^OE#ÃÑ· ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎѨç`Õ, WHõ PÅ㨺O ÖˉõΩO_® ≥O@Õ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞‰õΩ =ÚO_»∞‰õΩ
=™êλ∞. åix Z‰õΩ¯=¿ãѨ٠=∞# „ѨKå~° P~åƒù@O`À T^OE~°Q˘@ì=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O
LO_»^OE∞. =∂=¸Å∞QÍ ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ KÕѨËì „Ñ¨Kå~åÅ∞, å}˜[º „ѨHõ@#Å∞
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å ^OE$+≤ìx PHõi¬OK« ®xH˜ =∂„`«Õ∞ Ѩiq∞`«=∞=Ù`å~Ú. åx˜
HõzÛ`«≥∞ÿ# q„HõÜ«∂Å∞QÍ =∂~°Û_»O ¿ãÖòû „Ѩuxkè =Å¡ =∂„`«Õ∞ ™ê^èOEº=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
=ºH˜ÎQÆ`« „ѨKå~åÅ HÍ~°}OQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å PÖ’K«#Å∞, PHÍOHõΔÅ∞, åiH˜
HÍ=Åã≤# „Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ∞ Uq∞’ Ü«∞[=∂xH˜ Õ~°∞QÍ `≥Å∞™êÎ~Ú. ZO^OE∞HõOË ¿ãÖòû
„Ѩuxkè ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ ≥o§ åix HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩx å˜ QÆ∞iOz q=iã¨∞Î#flѨC_»∞,
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_»∞ `«#‰õΩ HÍ=Åã≤# ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞ Uq∞’, P L`åÊ^OE#Ö’ PÜ«∂
QÆ∞}ÏÅhfl LåflÜ«∂ ÖË^• J#fl JOâßxfl `«~°z `«~°z „Ѩtfl™êÎ~°∞.Wk XHõ q^èOEOQÍ
=∞# L`åÊ^OE#Ö’¡ KÕѨ@ì=Åã≤# =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ Uq∞’ ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. Wk P
ã¨Oã¨÷ Éèíq+¨º`«∞ΉõΩ KåÖÏ LѨHõiã¨∞ÎOk.
D q^è•#O qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ „ѨÜ≥∂[åÅ#∞ KÕ‰õÄ~°∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
`«=∞ ã¨Oã¨÷ „ѨÕâ◊Ãјì# ã¨iH˘`«Î L`åÊ^OE#Å QÆ∞iOz åà◊§H˜ q=iOK«»O`Àáê@∞,
W`«~°„`å =∂Ô~¯òÖ’H˜ =zÛ# W`«~° L`åÊ^OE#Å QÆ∞iOz ‰õÄ_® q=iã¨∂Î, åiH˜
Jxfl q^è•ÖÏ J#∞‰õÄÅ≥∞ÿ# L`åÊ^OE##∞ ™⁄O`«O KÕã¨∞HÀ=_»OÖ’ `«=∞ J=¸Åº≥∞ÿ#
ã¨ÅǨ ã¨∂K«#Å#∞ JOkOK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å_»∞.
Ѩiq∞`«∞Å∞
D q^èOEOQÍ =ºH˜ÎQÆ`«OQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ ¿ãÖòû „Ѩuxkè HõÅ∞ã¨∞‰õΩx q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞
ÃÑOK«®xH˜ KÕѨËì =ӺǨxH˜ H˘xfl Ѩiq∞`«∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® Låfl~Ú. å˜Ö’ ≥Ú^OE˜k...
WO^OE∞Ö’ ¿ãÖòû q^èOE∞Å∞, „ѨKå~° q^èOE∞Å∞ Hõeã≤ L#fl HÍ~°}OQÍ Wk ÉèÏs Y~°∞Û`À
‰õÄ_ç# q^è•#O. q„HõÜ«∂Å HÀã¨O XˆH q^è•åxfl J#∞ã¨iOz=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O
HÍ~°}OQÍ, XHÀ¯ q„HõÜ«∂xH˜ JÜÕ∞º ã¨QÆ@∞ Y~°∞Û KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO@∞Ok. Ô~O_Àk..
XHõ Ѩiq∞`« HÍÅ =º=kèÖ’ Ѩiq∞`« ã¨OYºÖ’ =∂„`«Õ∞ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ D
q^è•#OÖ’ HõÅ∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O ™ê^èOEº=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. XHõ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ XHõ¯iÕ HõÅ∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O
™ê^èOEº=∞=Ù`«∞Ok Hõ^•. =¸_Àk .. XHõ L`åÊ^OE# QÆ∞iOz HÍx ¿ã= QÆ∞iOz HÍx
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ qã¨Î $`« ѨikèÖ’ K≥·`«#º=O`«∞Å#∞ KÕÜ«∞_»O ™ê^èOEºO HÍ^OE∞. WÖÏ
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ K≥·`«#º=O`«∞Å#∞ KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ å}˜[ºÑ¨~°≥∞ÿ# „ѨKå~åÖË Z‰õΩ¯=
„ѨÜ≥∂[#O Hõey™êÎ~Ú. z=~°QÍ, zÅ¡~° åºáê~°OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ, D `«~°Ç¨ ¿ãÖòû
q^è•åxfl J#∞ã¨iOK«»O qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å ^OE$+≤ìÖ’ KåÖÏ K«∞ÅHõ#QÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∂Î
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_»∞ `«#‰õΩ HÍ=Åã≤# ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞
Uq∞’, P L`åÊ^OE#Ö’ PÜ«∂ QÆ∞}ÏÅhfl LåflÜ«∂
ÖË^• J#fl JOâßxfl `«~°z `«~°z „Ѩtfl™êÎ~°∞.Wk
XHõ q^èOEOQÍ =∞# L`åÊ^OE#Ö’¡ KÕѨ@ì=Åã≤#
=∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ Uq∞’ ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 28 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 29
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
16. ¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’H˜ „ѨÕâ◊ÃÑËì=ÚO^OE∞
ã¨Ê+¨ì≥∞ÿ# =ÓºÇ¨Ï ~°K«# [~°QÍe. =ÚO^OEã¨∞Î „Ѩ}ÏoHõ
ÖˉõΩO_® KÕѨËì q^è•#O ѨÓiÎQÍ x~åâ◊Õ
q∞QÆ∞Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
LO@∞Ok. D q^è•#OÖ’ ¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Ö’¡ x*Ï~Úf Ö’Ñ≤™ÈÎO^OEx, H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
^•~°∞ÅÃÑ· åà◊√§ f„=≥∞ÿ# XuÎç fã¨∞‰õΩ=ã¨∞Îåfl~°x, åiH˜ å~°∞ q„Hõ~ÚOKÕ
L`åÊ^OE#ÅÃÑ· ã¨Ô~·# J=QÍǨÏ# LO_»»O ÖË^OEx q=∞~°≈Å∞ qxÑ≤ã¨∞Îåfl~Ú.
¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å#∞ =∂Ô~¯òÖ’H˜ „ѨÕâ◊ÃÑËì=ÚO^OE∞ ã¨Ê+¨ì≥∞ÿ# =ÓºÇ¨Ï ~°K«# [~°QÍe.
=ÚO^OEã¨∞Î „Ѩ}ÏoHõ ÖˉõΩO_® KÕѨËì q^è•#O ѨÓiÎQÍ x~åâ◊Õ q∞QÆ∞Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. ZO^OE∞HõOË,
=∂Ô~¯òÖ’ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ HõÅ∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O, åix `«=∞ L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
KÕ¿ãO^OE∞‰õΩ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OK«»O JO`« `ÕeÔH·# Ѩx HÍ^OEx WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Õ
=∞#O QÆ=∞xOKåO. ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ ¿ãÖòû≥∞£û =∂Ô~¯ò „ѨÕtOKÕ =ÚO^OE∞ H˘O`«
Hõã¨~°`«∞Î J=ã¨~°O. Jq Uq∞’ ‰õΩ¡Ñ¨ÎOQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O LѨÜ≥∂QÆHõ~°O.
„Ñ≤-¿ãÖò „Ñ≤Ѩˆ~+¨£
=ºH˜ÎQÆ`« ã¨O„ѨkOѨÙÅ ^•fi~å q„HõÜ«∂Å#∞ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOKÕO^OE∞‰õΩ =ÚO^OE∞QÍ =∞#
„Ѩuxkè =∞# L`åÊ^OE#Å QÆ∞iOz ѨÓiÎ J=QÍǨÏ# Hõey LO_®e. JOË J`«çH˜
=∞#O H˘O`« tHõΔ} WzÛ f~åe. JO^OE∞‰õΩ `«y# q^èOEOQÍ åà◊§x ≥∂˜Õò KÕÜ«∂e.
L`«ÊuÎ KÕã¨∞Î#fl Ü«∞[=∂x QÆ∞iOz, ã¨Oã¨÷ QÆ∞iOz, åà◊√§ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕ¿ã qq^èOE L`åÊ^OE#Å
QÆ∞iOz ã¨=∞„QÆOQÍ `≥eã≤ LO_®e. Jq Zxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ
q=iOK«QÆÅ ã¨=∂Kå~°O, ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO, =∂@ Kå`«∞~°ºO, ã¨Ç¨Ï#O, FÑ≤Hõ, qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞
J_çˆQ z„`«qz„`«≥∞ÿ# „Ѩâ◊flʼnõΩ ã¨=∞Ü«∞ã¨∂ÊùiÎ`À ã¨=∂^è•åÅ∞ K≥ѨÊQÆeˆQ Õ~°∞Ê
¿ãÖòû Ѩ~°û£ Hõey LO_®e. åà◊§H˜ „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ J=∞‡HõO ˇH˜flH±Å#∞ ÕiÊOKåe.
=ÚYºOQÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å =∞#ã¨Î`åfiÅ∞, ^OE$HõÊ^ä•Å∞, ã¨fiÉèÏ= ≥·~°∞^蕺Å∞ ≥Ú^OEÖˇ·#
å˜ÃÑ· J=QÍǨÏ# HõeÊOKåe. WO^OE∞‰õΩ åà◊§H˜ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ xѨÙ}∞Å`À tHõΔ} WÑ≤ÊOKåe.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å QÆ∞iÎOѨ٠/ ZOÑ≤Hõ : Wk KåÖÏ H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ# JOâ◊O. H˘kÌ
ã¨O=`«û~åÅ „H˜`«O =zÛ# XHõ ã≤x=∂Ö’ ÉèÏs ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞Å`À ≥ÅH˘eÊ# ã¨∂Ѩ~ü
|*Ï~üÅHõåfl, WO˜O˜H© ≥o¡ ÖË^• g^èOE∞Å z=~°Ö’¡ xez ã¨~°∞‰õΩÅ∞ q„Hõ~ÚOKÕ
å~°∞ JOkOKÕ ã¨~°∞‰õΩÅ @~Àfl=~ü KåÖÏ Z‰õΩ¯= Jx, JO^OE∞=Å¡ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞
^OEQÆæ~°‰õΩ J=∞‡HõO ^•~°∞ ≥à◊§_»Õ∞ L`«Î=∞≥∞ÿ# ¿ãÖòû q^è•#=∞x Ç‘Ï~À~Ú£ À@
K≥Ñ≤Ê™êλ∞. ÃÇ·Ï^OE~åÉÏ^£Ö’ ã¨OѨ#∞flÅ∞ J`«ºkèHõOQÍ x=ã≤OKÕ |O*Ï~åÇ≤ÏÖòû, Ac¡
Ç≤ÏÖòû =O˜ „áêO`åʼnõΩ ≥o§ ™ê=∂#º ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOKÕ =ã¨∞Î=ÙÅ#∞
q„Hõ~ÚOKåÅ#∞HÀ=_»O q[˝`« HÍ^OE∞ Hõ^•? JOË D `«~°Ç¨ L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
KÕ¿ã qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ ZHõ¯_» Låfl~À QÆ∞iÎOK«»O D q^è•#OÖ’ Ju H©ÅHõ≥∞ÿ#
HÍ~åºK«~°}. JѨC_Õ J#=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# „â◊=∞ #∞Oz =∞# „Ѩux^èOE∞Å#∞ HÍáê_ç#
åà◊§=∞=Ù`åO. JÖψQ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊H˜Î L#fl åà◊¡x QÆ∞iÎOz# `«~°∞å`«Õ =∞#
L`åÊ^OE# QÆ∞iOz åiH˜ q=iOK«»O =Å¡ =∞# ã¨=∞Ü«∞O, „â◊=∞ P^• J=Ù`å~Ú.
D =∞^èOEº WOw¡+¨μ _çHõ¬#sÅ#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOKÕ Ü«Ú=‰õΩÅ∞ =∂ WO˜H˜ =KåÛ~°∞. =∂
WO’¡ WѨC_»∞ K«^OE∞=Ù‰õΩO@∞#fl =Ü«∞ã¨∞Ö’ q^•º~°∞úÅ∞ Z=~°∂ ÖË~°∞. JOË åà◊√§
å`À QÆçÑ≤# Ѩk xq∞ëêÅ∞ =$^ä• J~Ú#Ë¡. JÖψQ, ~ÀAås P^•Ü«∞O g∞^OE
P^è•~°Ñ¨ç rqOKÕ åà◊§ WO˜H˜ ≥o§ „Ѷ≤*òÅ QÆ∞iOz HÍx, ≥∞ÿ„HÀX≥£Å QÆ∞iOz
HÍx K≥ѨÊ_»O x~°∞ѨÜ≥∂QÆÕ∞ Hõ^•. =Ü≥∂kè‰õΩÅ ^OEQÆæ~°‰õΩ ≥o§#ѨC_»∞ Jk åi
P~ÀQͺxH˜ LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨÕk J~Ú LO_®e. JÖψQ Jk åi H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊H˜Î
ѨikèÖ’ ÅaèOKÕÖÏ LO_®e. JѨC_Õ ¿ãÖòû „Ѩuxkè „Ñ¨Ü«∞`«flO H˘O`« =~°ÔH·å
Ѷ¨e`åÅ#∞ K«∂Ñ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. JO^OE∞=Å¡, =∂Ô~¯òÖ’H˜ J_»∞QÆ∞ÃÑËì =ÚO^OE∞ ¿ãÖòû
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ʼnõΩ q=iOK«QÆÅ ã¨=∂Kå~°O,
≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO, =∂@ Kå`«∞~°ºO, ã¨Ç¨Ï#O, FÑ≤Hõ,
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å∞ J_çˆQ z„`«qz„`«≥∞ÿ# „Ѩâ◊flʼnõΩ
ã¨=∞Ü«∞ã¨∂ÊùiÎ`À ã¨=∂^è•åÅ∞ K≥ѨÊQÆeˆQ Õ~°∞Ê ¿ãÖòû
Ѩ~°û£ Hõey LO_®e.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 30 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 31
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
17. qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_çx QÆ∞iÎOz# `«~°∞å`« J`«ç`À
=∂Ï¡Õ =ÚO^OE∞ J`«ç QÆ∞iOz# ѨÓiÎ q=~åÅ∞
JOË... á¶È£ #O|~°∞¡, JÅå@∞¡, H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊H˜Î,
PÖ’K«#Å∞, PHÍOHõΔÅ∞ =O˜q `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩx
LO_®e.
„Ѩux^èOE∞Å∞ `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ Wk=~°Hõ˜, „Ѩã¨∞Î`« qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å QÆ∞iOz# ѨÓiÎ
ã¨=∂Kå~°O J^èOEºÜ«∞#O KÕÜ«∂e. å˜ÃÑ· J=QÍǨÏ# ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«∞HÀåe.
ѨÅHõiOKÕ q^è•#O : qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_çx QÆ∞iÎOz# `«~°∞å`« J`«ç`À =∂Ï¡Õ
=ÚO^OE∞ J`«ç QÆ∞iOz# ѨÓiÎ q=~åÅ∞ JOË... á¶È£ #O|~°∞¡, JÅå@∞¡,
H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ â◊H˜Î, PÖ’K«#Å∞, PHÍOHõΔÅ∞ =O˜q `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩx LO_®e. JO^OE∞=Å¡
^Õx LѨÜ≥∂QÆO ^•xH˜ LOk. á¶È£ ≥O|~°∞ `≥eÜ«∞_»O =Å¡ J`«çH˜ J#∞≥·#
ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’Õ Hõeã≤ =∂Ï¡»=K«∞Û. JÅå@∞¡ `≥eÜ«∞_»O =Å¡ =∞# L`åÊ^OE#
Zxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨ»∞`«∞O^À =ÚO^OE∞QÍ x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩx q=iOK«»O
™ê^èOEº=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. H˘#∞QÀÅ∞â◊H˜Î QÆ∞iOz# J=QÍǨÏ# LOË J`«»∞ H˘#QÆÅ_À
ÖË^À =ÚO^Õ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk Hõ#∞Hõ =∞# ã¨=∞Ü«∞O, „â◊=∞ =$^ä• H͉õΩO_® K«∂ã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
ã¨OÉèÏ+¨} „áê~°OÉèíO ZѨC_»∂ KåÖÏ q#Ü«∞ã¨∂K«HõOQÍ LO_®e. ˆH=ÅO =Oy
=Oy ^OE}Ï‚Å∞ ÃÑ@ì»O =∂„`«Õ∞ q#Ü«∞O JxÑ≤OK«∞HÀ^OE∞. PÅ㨺OQÍ =zÛ#
‰õΩ„~å_»∞ `«~°QÆu QÆkÖ’H˜ J_»∞QÆ∞ÃÑ@ì®xH˜ ZO`« q#Ü«∞OQÍ ©K«~°∞ J#∞=∞u
HÀ~°∞`å_À JO`«Hõåfl =∞$^OE∞=ÙQÍ =∞# =∂@ f~°∞ LO_®e. JÖψQ, =ÚO^OE∞QÍÕ
=∞#O Ѷ¨ÖÏå =ã¨∞Î=Ù#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOK«®xH˜ =KåÛ=∞x K≥ѨÊ_»O =Å¡ J=`«e =ºH˜ÎÖ’
WHõ =∞# =∂@Å∞ q#=Åã≤# J=ã¨~°O ÖË^OEx ÉèÏq™êλ∞. ~î°‰õΩ¯# x~åã¨H˜Î, J~Ú+¨ì`«
=ºHõÎO KÕ™êλ∞. P =∂@ |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =zÛ# `«~°∞å`« WHõ åà◊§H˜ =∞#O U q^èOEOQÍ#∞
#K«ÛK≥ѨÊÖË=Ú. åi =$uÎ QÆ∞iOz, ‰õΩ@∞O| ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ QÆ∞iOz ™ê^è•~°}≥∞ÿ# „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞
ÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ gÅ∞QÍ ã¨OÉèÏ+¨}#∞ „áê~°OaèOK«»O LѨÜ≥∂QÆHõ~°O. ZHõ¯_® Ju
`≥eqx K«∂Ñ≤OK«‰õÄ_»^OE∞. =∞~˘Hõ~°∞ JHõ¯_» LOË `«# ~åHõ Z=iH© JÉèíºO`«~°O
HÍ^OE∞ J#fl q+¨Ü«∂xfl x~åú~°} KÕã¨∞‰õΩx, J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ`Õ H˘kÌ¿ãѨ٠Õz LO_»QÆÅQÍe.
W^OEÌ~°∞ Pã¨H˜Î K«∂Ñ≤¿ãÎ W^OEÌiH˜ =∞# L`åÊ^OE##∞ ѨiK«Ü«∞O KÕÜ«∂e. ≥Ú^OE˜
=∂@Å∞ åix PHõ@∞ì‰õΩÕÖÏ LOË KåÖÏ LѨÜ≥∂QÆHõ~°O.
L`åÊ^OE# ѨiK«Ü«∞O : WHõ¯_Õ ¿ãÖòû „Ѩuxkè =∞iO`« *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ =º=ǨÏiOKåe.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_ç ^OE$+≤ì =∞~À≥·Ñ¨Ù =∞o¡áȉõΩO_® =∞# L`åÊ^OE# QÆ∞iOz# q=~åÅ∞
`≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ Pã¨H˜Î HÀ֒ʉõΩO_® K«∂ã¨∞HÀåe. =∞# L`åÊ^OE# QÆ∞iOz
q=iOKÕ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ =ÚO^OE∞QÍ ‰õΩ¡Ñ¨ÎOQÍ q=iOK«®xH˜ =∂„`«Õ∞ „Ѩܫ∞uflOKåe.
„Hõ=∞OQÍ J=`«e =ºH˜ÎÖ’ HõxÑ≤OKÕ Pã¨H˜Îx, Jaè~°∞K«∞Å#∞ QÆ=∞xOz, =∞#
L`åÊ^OE#Ö’x qt+¨ì`«Å#∞, å˜x Zxfl q^è•Å∞QÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞ „ѨÜ≥∂[#Hõ~°OQÍ
LѨÜ≥∂yOK«∞HÀ=K«∞ÛÀ `≥eÜ«∞*ËÜ«∂e. P ~°HõOQÍ åiÖ’ Pã¨H˜Îx
ÃÑOá⁄OkOKåeû LO@∞Ok. D „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞Ö’ JO^OEiH© J#∞QÆ∞}≥∞ÿ# q^è•#O
JO@∂ Un ÖË^OE∞. =ºH˜Îx |˜ì JѨʘHõѨC_»∞ =∞# ≥·Yix ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞HÀåe.
„ѨÜ≥∂QÍ`«‡Hõ „Ѩ^OE~°≈# : qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ PHõ@∞ìHÀ=_»OÖ’ Wk XHõ L`«Î=∞
=∂~°æO. åà◊¡ Pã¨H˜Îx QÆ=∞xOz, ã¨O^OE~åƒù#∞™ê~°O, =∞# L`åÊ^OE# „Ѩ`ÕºHõ`«Å∞
J`«çH˜ J~°ú=∞ÜÕ∞ºÖÏ å˜x „Ѩ^OEi≈Oz, å˜ qt+¨ì`«Å#∞ J~°ú=O`«OQÍ q=iã¨∂Î
K«∂áêe. ™ê^èOEº≥∞ÿ#O`« `«‰õΩ¯= ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ `«# q=~°} ѨÓiÎ KÕ¿ãÜ«∂Å#fl P`«$`«
¿ãÖòû „Ѩuxkè „Ñ¨^OEi≈OK«‰õÄ_»^OE∞. qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_çH˜ FÑ≤Hõ`À J#∞=∂åÅhfl
`˘Åyã¨∂Î =∞# L`åÊ^OE#ÃÑ· Pã¨H˜Îx ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«®xH˜ „Ѩܫ∞uflOKåe. åi`À
å^OE#‰õΩ kQƉõÄ_»^OE∞.
á¶êÖ’ JÑπ Hõ$+≤ : qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ ≥∞Ñ≤ÊOz =∞# L`åÊ^OE##∞ H˘#∞QÀÅ∞
KÕ¿ãO^OE∞‰õΩ ã≤^OEúO KÕã≤# `«~°∞å`«, Jk J`«ç KÕuH˜ KÕ~°Û_»O, J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ`Õ, ^•x
J=∞iHõÖ’ `À_®Ê@∞ JOkOK«»O, =∞~À™êi ^•x å_»HõO q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’, LѨÜ≥∂QÆO
q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ q=~°}Å∞ WzÛ åà◊§‰õΩ =KÕÛ Jxfl J#∞=∂åÅ#∞ f~°Û_»O, ^•x
Ѩxf~°∞#∞ åi Z^OE∞~°∞QÍ Ñ¨sH˜ΔOz, ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎHõ~°OQÍ L#fl@∞¡ åi #∞Oz ã¨ÊO^OE#
fã¨∞HÀ=_»O á¶êÖ’JÑπ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å∞. KåÖÏ ã¨O^OE~åƒùÅÖ’ D JOâßÕfl ¿ãÖòû
„Ѩux^èOE∞Å∞ q㨇iã¨∞ÎOÏ~°∞. D HÍ~°}OQÍÕ åà◊§Ö’ z`«Îâ◊√kú, x*Ï~Úf
HõxÑ≤OK«»O ÖË^OE#fl q=∞~°≈ `«Öˇ`«∞Î`ÀOk.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 32 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 33
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
18. ¿ãÖòû „Ѩuxkè x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«=Åã≤# q^èOE∞Å∞, ÉÏ^èOEº`«ÖË KåÖÏ Hõ+¨ì≥∞ÿ#q. KåÖÏ
≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO`À x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKåe. x*ÏxH˜ U L^ÀºQÆ ÉÏ^èOEº`« J~Úå ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO`À,
ÉÏ^èOEº`«`À KÕÜ«∂eûO^Õ. JO^OE∞Ö’ J#∞=∂#O ÖË^OE∞. D =$uÎÖ’ Z^OE∞˜åiH˜
#K«ÛK≥ѨÊ=Åã≤# Hõà◊#∞ „Ѩ=ÚYOQÍ „Ѩ^OEi≈OK«=Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. `«#‰õΩ xÜ«∂=∞HõO
WzÛ# ã¨Oã¨÷ L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ q„Hõ~ÚOK«»Õ∞ J`«»∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«=Åã≤# =ÚYº≥∞ÿ#
ÉÏ^èOEº`«. JO^OE∞‰õΩ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_ç #∞Oz ã¨=∞‡ux-J`« ç W+¨ìѨÓ~°fiHõOQÍ
™êkèOK«»O-JO`« `ÕeÔH·# q+¨Ü«∞O UgHÍ^OE∞. JO^OE∞ˆH, D ~°OQÆOÖ’ ™êkèOKÕ
P^•Ü«∞O ѨÓiÎQÍ Hõ+¨ìÑ¨ç ™êkèOz#^Õ Jx XѨC‰õΩx f~åe. JÖÏO˜ ¿ãÖòû
„Ѩuxkèx x[≥∞ÿ# q*Ë`«QÍ JOwHõiOKåe.
D ~°OQÆOÖ’ ™ê=∞~°úºO x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞HÀåÅOË, H˘xfl „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞ LO_ç
f~åe. =∞øeHõ≥∞ÿ# H˘xfl˜ QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO^•O.
1. P`«‡qâßfiã¨O : D QÆ∞}Ïxfl ZO`« Ѩ˜+¨ìOQÍ, â◊H˜Î=O`«OQÍ JÅ=~°K«∞‰õΩOË
D ~°OQÆOÖ’ ~å}˜OK«®xH˜ Jxfl J=HÍâßÅ∞ HõxÑ≤ã¨∂Î LOÏ~Ú. ZO^OE∞HõOË,
q∞ye# ÅHõΔ}ÏÅhfl nxx J#∞ã¨iOz =KÕÛÕ. KåÖÏ ã¨Ç¨Ï#O`À
ÃÑOá⁄OkOK«∞HÀ=Åã≤# L`«Î=∞ QÆ∞}O Wk. D XHõ¯ QÆ∞}O Ö’Ñ≤Oz#@¡~Ú`Õ,
¿ãÖòû≥∞£QÍ q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOK«»O KåÖÏ Hõ+¨ìO.
2. =∂@ Õ~°Êi`«#O : =∂@ Õ~°∞Ê J#fl ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO Ѩiq∞u ÖËxk. =∂@
Õ~°∞Ê JOË ã¨ÉèíÖ’¡, ã¨=∂ÕâßÖ’¡ LѨ庙êÅ`À T^OE~°Q˘ËìÜ«∞_»O J#∞HÀ‰õÄ_»^OE∞.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 34
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
19. Z^OE∞ ˜åà◊√§ =∂Ï¡_®Å#∞‰õΩO@∞#fl@∞¡
QÆ=∞xOK«QÍÕ =∞#O =∞ø#O =Ç≤ÏOz åi
=∂@Å#∞ FÑ≤HõQÍ q#_®xH˜ „â◊^OEú K«∂Ñ≤OKåe.
åi Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ qx# `«~°∞å`«Õ =∞#
q=~°}#∞ H˘#™êyOKåe.
qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å#∞ PHõ@∞ì‰õΩÕ q^èOEOQÍ á⁄OkHõQÍ =∂Ï¡»∞`«∂, åi ã¨O^ÕǨÅ#∞
`˘Åyã¨∂ÎÕ , =∞# L`åÊ^OE# QÆ∞iOz åiÖ’ Pã¨H˜Îx, L`åûǨxfl ÃÑOK«®xH˜
Kտ㠄Ѩܫ∞`«flÕ∞ =∂@ Õ~°Êi`«#O. g∞~°∞ K≥|∞`«∞#fl q+¨Ü«∞O J=`«Å åà◊§H˜
ã¨∞ÅÉèíOQÍ J~°ú=∞ÜÕ∞ºÖÏ LO_®e. åà◊§ J=QÍǨÏ# ™ê=∞~°úºO ^OE$+≤ìÖ’ LOK«∞‰õΩx,
ã¨~°à◊≥∞ÿ# Ѩ^•Å#∞ LѨÜ≥∂yOKåe. JO`ÕHÍx, ˇH˜flHõÖò Ѩ^•Å`À åix
QÆO^OE~°QÀà◊Ѩ~°K«‰õÄ_»^OE∞. g∞`À =∂Ï¡»»O åiH˜ =∞iO`« W+¨ìO HõeyOKåe.
JO`ÕHÍx, qã¨∞QÆ∞ Ѩ٘ìOK«‰õÄ_»^OE∞.
3. ã¨Ç¨Ï#O`À q#_»O =∞Oz ÅHõΔ}O : ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ =∞#O W`«~°∞Å#∞
Hõe™ê=Ú JOË =∞# L`åÊ^OE##∞ åiH˜ q„Hõ~ÚOK« »O =∞# L^ÕÌâ◊O. D
ã¨O^OE~°ƒùOÖ’ åiH˜ JÕHõ J#∞=∂åÅ∞ ~å=K«∞Û. JÉèíºO`«~åÅ∞ LO_»=K«∞Û.
åi J#∞ÉèíåÅ HÍ~°}OQÍ åiÖ’ U =∂„`«O Pã¨H˜Î HõxÑ≤OK«HõáÈ=K«∞Û. JO^OE∞Hõx,
≥Ú^OE˜ =∂@Å#∞ q#QÍÕ u~°∞QÆ∞=ÚYO ѨËì ^èÀ~°}˜ „Ѩ^OEi≈OK«‰õÄ_»^OE∞.
Z^OE∞˜åà◊√§ =∂Ï¡®Å#∞‰õΩO@∞#fl@∞¡ QÆ=∞xOK«QÍÕ =∞#O =∞ø#O =Ç≤ÏOz
åi =∂@Å#∞ FÑ≤HõQÍ q#_®xH˜ „â◊^OEú K«∂Ñ≤OKåe. åi Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ ѨÓiÎQÍ
qx# `«~°∞å`«Õ =∞# q=~°}#∞ H˘#™êyOKåe. ™ê^èOEº≥∞ÿ#O`«=~°‰õΩ =∞#O =∞#
™⁄O`« Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞ ≥Å¡çOK«‰õΩO_® LO_»»O KåÖÏ =∞Ozk. JÖÏ FÑ≤HõQÍ
q#_»O JÅ=~°K«∞‰õΩ#flѨC_Õ åiH˜ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# L`åÊ^OE# =∞# ^OEQÆæ~° L#fl å˜Ö’
Uk J#∞≥·#^À g∞~°∞ x~°‚~ÚOK«∞HÀQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞. ^•xÃÑ· åiÖ’ Pã¨H˜Îx
ÃÑOK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞.
4. #K«ÛK≥ѨÊQÆÅQÍe : qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å JÉèíºO`«~åÅ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOz# `«~°∞å`«
=∞# L`åÊ^OE#Ö’¡ åiH˜ „ѨÜ≥∂[#Hõ~°≥∞ÿ# ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ#∞ q=iã¨∂Î åix ^•xfl
H˘ÕO^OE∞‰õΩ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOKåe. WO^OE∞‰õΩ å^OE#Å ~°∂ѨOÖ’ H͉õΩO_®,
„ѨÜ≥∂[åÅ „áêuѨkHõÕ LѨÜ≥∂yOKåe. JѨC_Õ åiÖ’ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅ ã¨ÊO^OE##∞
™êkèOK«QÆÅ~°∞. nxfl POQÆ¡OÖ’ ã¨∂zOKÕ XHõ å_»∞Hõ åHõºO ¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å
À˜Ö’ qxÑ≤ã¨∂Î LO@∞Ok. JOË =∞# L`åÊ^OE#Å qt+¨ì`«Å#∞ q=iOKåe.
„ѨÜ≥∂[åÅ#∞ åiH˜ JOkOKåe. qt+¨ì`«Å∞ =∞# L`åÊ^OEÕ ™⁄O`«O. å˜
„ѨÜ≥∂[åÅ QÆ∞iOz ÉèÏåÅ#∞ åiÖ’ HõeyOKåe. Jk ¿ãÖòû „Ѩuxkè
™êkèOK«=Åã≤# =ÚYº Hõ~°Î=ºO.
5. ã¨`«ûO|O^è•Å∞ : XHõ qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞x g∞~°∞ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤ÎѨiKå~°#∞HÀO_ç.
J`« ç`À `«~°K«∞QÍ =∂Ï¡ »∞`«∂ J`« çH˜ ã¨HÍÅOÖ’ J=ã¨~°≥∞ÿ# ¿ã=Å#∞,
ã¨Ç¨Ü«∂xfl JOkã¨∂Î J`«çx ≥∞Ñ≤ÊOKå~°#∞HÀO_ç. ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ `«# q∞„`«∞ÅO^OEiH©
q∞=∞‡efl ѨiK«Ü«∞O KÕ™êÎ »∞. JO`ÕHÍ^OE∞, g∞ L`åÊ^OE#ÅÃÑ· `«#‰õΩ `≥eã≤#
åà◊¡O^OEiH˜ K≥Ñ≤Ê åix ‰õÄ_® qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å *Ïa`åÖ’ KÕ~°®xH˜ `À_»Ê_»`å_»∞.
XHõ ~°HõOQÍ g∞‰õΩ |^OE∞Å∞QÍ g∞ L`åÊ^OE#Å#∞ „ѨKå~°O KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ ã¨Ç¨ÏHõi™êλ∞.
JO^OE∞ˆH ˆH=ÅO XHõ L`åÊ^OE##∞ q„Hõ~ÚOK«»OÖ’ P qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞_ç`À J=ã¨~°O
fiáÈ~ÚO^OE#fl ^èÀ~°}˜Ö’ ¿ãÖòû „Ѩux^èOE∞Å∞ =º=ǨÏiOK«‰õÄ_»^OE∞.
x`«ºq^•i÷ÖÏ LO_®e: XHõ q^•ºi÷ UÏ U q^èOEOQÍ `«# „ѨuÉèí#∞
≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ѩ~°∞K«∞HÀåÅx Pt™êÎÀ J^Õ q^èOEOQÍ, D ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞ KÕѨ˜ì# =ºH˜Î x`«ºO
`«# ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺʼnõΩ WOHÍ Ñ¨^OE∞#∞ ÃÑËì q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ J„Ѩ=∞`«ÎOQÍÕ LO_®e. Zxfl
q[Ü«∂Å#∞ ™êkèOzå WOHÍ Õ~°∞ÛHÀ=Åã≤# ≥∞ʼnõΩ=Å∞ LåflÜ«∞x
QÆ∞~°∞ÎOK«∞HÀåe. å˜x JÅ=~°K«∞‰õΩÕO^OE∞‰õΩ Hõ$+≤ H˘#™êyã¨∂ÎÕ LO_®e. JOË
`«#‰õΩ `å#∞ „¿Ñ~°} WK«∞Û‰õΩO@∂ J^OE#Ѩ٠≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅÃÑ· ^OE$+≤ì ™êiã¨∂Î LO_®e.
6. q[˝`«Ö’ ‰õÄ_ç# „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞ ÕÜ«∂e : qxÜ≥∂QÆ^•~°∞Å Jaè~°∞K«∞Å#∞
`≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_®xH˜ åix H˘xfl „Ѩâ◊flÅ∞ ÕÜ«∞_»O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i. D ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’
q[˝`«, ã¨=∞Ü«∞ã¨∂ÊùiÎ K«∂Ñ≤OKåe.ÖËHõáÈ`Õ, åiÖ’ =ºuˆ~Hõ Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å#∞
HõeyOz# åà◊¡=Ù`å~°∞.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 35 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 36
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
20. =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’¿ãÖòû U*ˇO@¡#∞ xÜ«∞q∞OK«∞HÀ=_»O ^•fi~å åºáê~åaè=$kú
HÀã¨O áê@∞Ѩ»∞`«∞#fl ~°OQÍÅ∞ JÕHõO Låfl~Ú. H˘xfl ÅHõΔÅ =∞Ok Ü«Ú=‰õΩÅ∞
PÜ«∂ ~°OQÍÅÖ’ `«=∞ ã¨`åÎ#∞ „Ѩ^OEi≈ã¨∞Îåfl~°∞. =∞Ô~O^OE~À x`«ºO D ~°OQÆOÖ’
H˘`«ÎQÍ J_»∞QÆ∞ ÃÑ_»∞`«∞åfl~°∞. KåÖÏHÍÅO ≥·^OEº~°OQÆOÖ’ B+¨^èOE `«Ü«∂s Ѩi„â◊=∞Å∞
qã¨Î $`« ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ U*ˇO@¡#∞ xÜ«∞q∞OK«»O JOiH© `≥eã≤O^Õ. D q^è•#O ^•^•Ñ¨Ù
WѨC_»∞ Jxfl ~°OQÍʼnõΩ qã¨ÎiOzOk. J~Ú`Õ, =∞#O „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ c=∂ ~°OQÆOÖ’
U*ˇO@∞¡, åi q^èOE∞Å∞, ÉÏ^èOEº`«Å∞, Ѩxf~°∞, åiH˜ LO_»=Åã≤# ÅHõΔ}ÏÅ∞
ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞ÛHÀ=Åã≤# ≥·Ñ¨Ù}ϺÅ∞ ≥Ú^OEÖˇ·# å˜ QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O, H˘`«Î
åiH˜ =∂~°æ^èOE~°≈HõO K«∂Ñ≤OK«»O WѨʘˆH D ~°OQÆOÖ’ ^OE∂ã¨∞‰õΩáÈ`«∞#fl åà◊¡‰õΩ
„áÈ`åûǨÏO JOkOK«»Õ∞ D zxfl ѨÙã¨ÎHõO ~°K«~Ú`« Pâ◊Ü«∞O. =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’
c=∂ ~°OQÆO rq`« c=∂ ã¨Oã¨÷ ~°∂ѨOÖ’ J_»∞QÆ∞Ãјì ^•^•Ñ¨Ù =O^OE ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞
QÆçzáÈÜ«∂~Ú.
c=∂ ã¨∂„`åÅ∞ – å˜ Ñ¨Ó~åfiѨ~åÅ∞
F ≥∂ã¨Î~°∞QÍ =º=™êÜ«∞O, åºáê~°O =º=ã‘÷Hõ$`«O J~Ú# å˜ #∞Oz
JOË H˘xfl ÕÅ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ #∞Oz `«#‰õΩ J#∞HÀ‰õΩO_® Z^OE∞~°=Ù`«∞#fl „ѨHõ$u
≥·Ñ¨s`åºÅ#∞Oz, JHÍÅ =∞~°}ÏÅ ^OE∞„+¨ÊÉèÏåÅ#∞Oz `«#‰õΩ, `«# ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxH˜
Éèí„^OE`«, ~°HõΔ} HÀã¨O =∂#=Ù_»∞ U^À XHõ ~°Hõ≥∞ÿ# #+¨ìѨiǨ~°O ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞Û‰õΩÕ
J=HÍâßÅ#∞ U~åÊ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂Õ =KåÛ_»∞. JO^OE~°∂ Hõeã≤, ã¨q∞+≤ìQÍ
U~åÊ@∞KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl P „Ѩ`åº=∂flÜ«∞O `˘e ^OEâ◊Ö’ H˘O`« =~°‰õΩ =∞Oz Ѷ¨e`åÅÕ
WzÛOk. J~Ú`Õ,ѨiǨ~°O ≥Ú`«ÎO, „Ѩ=∂^OE Ѷ¨∞@#Å f„=`« Z‰õΩ¯= JÜÕ∞º H˘nÌ
D ~°Hõ≥∞ÿ# ™ê÷xHõ U~åÊ@∞¡ JO`«QÍ PtOz# Ѷ¨e`åÅ#∞ W=fiÖËHõáÈÜ«∂Ü«∞Õk
åã¨Î=O. D ÕѨ^äOEºOÖ’ „ѨѨOK«=∞O`«Ï áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO ѨÙ~ÀQÆq∞OK«»O
„áê~°OÉèí≥∞ÿ# `«~°∞å`«Õ, H˘xfl â◊`åÉÏÌÅ #∞Oz, J^èOE∞xHõ c=∂ q^è•#O,Jn
XHõ ã¨fi`«O„`« ~°OQÆOQÍ k#kåaè=$kú K≥O^OE∞`«∂ =zÛOk. ^Õâ◊ q^ÕâßÖ’¡ LxH˜
Hõey, ^•^•Ñ¨Ù P~°∞ ÕÅ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ ã¨∞n~°… K«i„`« L#fl@∞¡ `≥Å∞™ÈÎOk.
D ~ÀA =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’ =O^Õà◊√æP J™ê^è•~°} ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ „Ѩ[Å
J^OE~åaè=∂åÅ#∞ ™⁄O`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl rq`« c=∂ ã¨Oã¨÷, WOQÆ¡O_£ #∞Oz
WO_çÜ«∂‰õΩ 1818Ö’ åºÑ≤OzOk. HÀÖòHõ`åÖ’ ≥Ú@ì≥Ú^OE˜ c=∂ ã¨Oã¨÷
FiÜ«∞O@Öò Öˇ·Ñ¶π W#∂ûÔ~£û#∞ H˘O^OE~°∞ Ü«¸~ÀÑ≤Ü«∞#∞¡ ≥ÅH˘ÖÏÊ~°∞. JѨʒ¡
U~°Ê_ç# rq`« c=∂ ã¨Oã¨÷Åxfl˜ L^ÕÌâ◊O `«=∞ ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ „ѨÜ≥∂[åÅ#∞
HÍáê_ÕO^OE∞‰õΩ =∂„`«Õ∞ D ~°OQÆOÖ’H˜ „ѨÕtOKå~Ú. å˜Ö’ =∞# ^ÕjÜ«ÚʼnõΩ
J=HÍâ◊O WKÕÛå~°∞ HÍ^OE∞.„Hõ=∞OQÍ P ã¨^OE∞áêÜ«∂Å#∞ =∞# ^ÕjÜ«ÚʼnõΩ
=iÎOѨKÕÜ«∞_»O „áê~°OÉèí≥∞ÿOk. HÍx åi qÅ∞= KåÖÏ `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ ÖˇH˜¯OKÕå~°∞.
KåÖÏ ÃÇÏK«∞Û ≥Ú`åÎÅx „Ñ‘q∞Ü«∞OQÍ =ã¨∂Å∞ KÕ¿ãå~°∞. P ^OEâ◊Ö’, ѨÓiÎQÍ
^ÕjÜ«∞OQÍ 1870Ö’ U~°Ê_ç# ÉÁOÉÏ~Ú =¸ºK«∞=Öò Öˇ·Ñ¶π Jã¨∂ºÔ~£û ™⁄Ãã·©
=∞# ^Õâ◊ „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ ‰õÄ_® ã¨=∂# Kås˚Å#∞ x~°‚~ÚOz, ã¨=Úz`« åºÜ«∞O
JO^OE*Ëã≤Ok. ѨÓiÎQÍ ^Õâ◊ÉèíH˜Î „¿Ñ~°}`À U~°Ê_ç# D ã¨Oã¨÷ =∞Ô~Àfl ã¨Oã¨÷Å U~åÊ@∞‰õΩ
„ѨѨOK«=∞O`«Ï áêi„âßq∞Hõ ~°OQÆO
ѨÙ~ÀQÆq∞OK«»O „áê~°OÉèí≥∞ÿ# `«~°∞å`«Õ, H˘xfl
â◊`åÉÏÌÅ #∞Oz, J^èOE∞xHõ c=∂ q^è•#O,Jn
XHõ ã¨fi`«O„`« ~°OQÆOQÍ k#kåaè=$kú K≥O^OE∞`«∂
=zÛOk.
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 37 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 38
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ
21. 1912 =~°‰õΩ =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’ rq`« c=∂
HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOKÕO^OE∞‰õΩ K«@ì|^OEú≥∞ÿ#
~°HõΔ} Un LO_Õk HÍ^OE∞.P ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ Öˇ·Ñ¶π
W#∂ûÔ~£û HõOÃÑhÅ K«@ìO, „áêq_≥Oò Ѷ¨O_£
K«@ìO ~°∂ѨÙk^OE∞̉õΩåfl~Ú.
ã¨∂ÊùiÎxzÛOk. ™ê=∂lHõ Éèí„^OE`« „áêuѨkHõÃÑ· ÉèÏ~°`« W#∂ûÔ~£û HõOÃÑh(1896),
Ü«Ú≥·ˇ_£ WO_çÜ«∂(K≥≥·fl), Õ+¨#Öò WO_çÜ«∞£ JO_£ Õ+¨#Öò W#∂ûÔ~£û(HÀÖòHõ`å),
HÀ–PѨˆ~˜£ Jã¨∂ºÔ~£û HõOÃÑh qâ◊fiqMϺ`« HõgO„^OE∞_»∞ ~°gO„^OE∞x WO@
Jq~°ƒùqOzOk. WÖÏO˜Õ =∞i H˘xfl : WO_çÜ«∞£ =∞~°¯OˇÿÖò, [#~°Öò JO_£
ã¨fi^Õj Öˇ·Ñ¶π `«~°∞å`« ÉÁOÉÏ~Ú Öˇ·Ñ¶π ã¨Oã¨÷QÍ =∂~°∞ÊK≥OkOk.
1912 =~°‰õΩ =∞# ^Õâ◊OÖ’ rq`« c=∂ HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOKÕO^OE∞‰õΩ
K«@ì|^OEú≥∞ÿ# ~°HõΔ} Un LO_Õk HÍ^OE∞.P ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’ Öˇ·Ñ¶π W#∂ûÔ~£û HõOÃÑhÅ
K«@ìO, „áêq_≥Oò Ѷ¨O_£ K«@ìO ~°∂ѨÙk^OE∞̉õΩåfl~Ú. „Ñ‘q∞Ü«∞O Ô~@∞¡, xiú+¨ìHÍÅ
=º=kèÖ’ P HõOÃÑhÅ qÅ∞=Å x~åú~°}‰õΩ XHõ Ѩ^OEúu xˆ~útOz#ѨʘH©, q^Õj
ã¨Oã¨÷ŠѨ@¡ ѨHõΔáê`« ^èÀ~°}˜`À LO_Õq. D HÍ~°}OQÍ =∞# ^ÕjÜ«∞ HõOÃÑhʼnõΩ
W|ƒO^OE∞Å∞ `«¿ÑÊq HÍ=Ù.
≥Ú^OE˜ 20 Uà◊¡ HÍÅOÖ’ åºáê~°O KåÖÏ =∞O^OEH˘_çQÍ ™êyOk. 44HõOÃÑhÅ∞
D ~°OQÆOÖ’ LO_»QÍ, å˜ åºáê~°O ≥Ú`«ÎO ~°∂.22.44HÀ@∞¡ =∂„`«Õ∞. 1938
å˜H˜ HõOÃÑhÅ ã¨OYº 176‰õΩ KÕ~°QÍ, å˜ åºáê~°O ~°∂.298HÀ@∞¡ J~ÚOk.
D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ H˘xfl =¸ã≤Õ`«‰õΩ QÆ∞~°Ü«∂º~Ú. 1938Ö’ =zÛ# c=∂ K«@ìO
c=∂ ã¨Oã¨÷Å#∞, W`«~° c=∂ÜÕ∞`«~° ã¨Oã¨÷Å#∞ Ѩ~°ºÕH˜ΔOK«®xH˜ LѨÜ≥∂QÆѨçOk.
1944Ö’ `«~°∞å`«, c=∂ ã¨Oã¨÷Å *ÏfÜ«∞O KÕÜ«∂Å#fl _ç=∂O_£ *’Ô~H˜¯Ok.
J~Ú`Õ 1956 å˜H˜ HÍx Jk HÍ~°º~°∂ѨO ^•ÅÛÖË^OE∞. [#=i 19,1956#
156c=∂ HõOÃÑhÅ∞, 16ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ HõOÃÑhÅ∞, 75„áêq_≥Oò Ѷ¨O_£ HõOÃÑhÅ∞
XHõ˜QÍ *ÏfÜ«∞=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. Ѩ~°º=™ê#OQÍ ÃãÃÑìO|~°∞ 1,1956# Öˇ·Ñ¶π W#∂ûÔ~£û
HÍ~˘Êˆ~+¨£ Pq~°ƒùqOzOk.„QÍg∞}∞ʼnõΩ D c=∂ ã¨^OE∞áêÜ«∂xfl qã¨ÎiOKåÅÕ
ã¨^OE∞^ÕÌâ◊O`À Wk `«# HÍ~°ºHõÖÏáêÅ#∞ „áê~°OaèOzOk. 1957 å˜H˜ ˆH=ÅO
~°∂.200HÀ@¡ H˘`«Î åºáê~åxfl ã¨OáêkOz# D ã¨Oã¨÷ 1985–86å˜H˜
~°∂.7000 HÀ@¡ ™ê÷~Úx ^•˜Ok.
W#∂ûÔ~£û ~°OQÆOÖ’ q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞ʼnõΩ J#∞=∞uxzÛ ã¨~°mHõ~°} KÕѨ˜ì#
`«~°∞å`« q^Õj HõOÃÑhÅ`À Hõeã≤ ã¨OÜ«ÚHõÎ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÖˇHõ¯‰õΩ q∞Oz# ÉϺOH˜OQΣ,
`«k`«~° ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ c=∂ åºáê~°O „áê~°OaèOKå~Ú. J~Ú#ѨʘH© Öˇ·Ñ¶π W#∂ûÔ~£û
ã¨Oã¨÷ ^Õâ◊OÖ’x Jxfl W`«~° c=∂ ã¨Oã¨÷ÅHõåfl Z‰õΩ¯= „Ѩ*Ï^OE~°}`À ≥Ú^OE˜
™ê÷#OÖ’ xÅ∞™ÈÎOk. JHÀì|~°∞,2005 å˜H˜ HÀ© ÅHΔÍ 32,955 H˘`«Î áêÅã‘Å#∞
*Ïs KÕã≤ H˘`«Î iHÍ~°∞¤ ™êkèOzOk.
W#∂ûÔ~£û ~°OQÆOÖ’ q^Õj ÃÑ@∞ì|_»∞ʼnõΩ
J#∞=∞uxzÛ ã¨~°mHõ~°} KÕѨ˜ì# `«~°∞å`« q^Õj
HõOÃÑhÅ`À Hõeã≤ ã¨OÜ«ÚHõÎ~°OQÆOÖ’ ÖˇHõ¯‰õΩ
q∞Oz# ÉϺOH˜OQΣ, `«k`«~° ã¨Oã¨÷Å∞ c=∂
åºáê~°O „áê~°OaèOKå~Ú.
W
QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 39 ¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ QÆOáê åˆQâ◊fi~ü~å=Ù 40
¿ãÖûò ãHÔ¨ ûãπ