Being a good quality water resource, groundwater was over used during the last three decades to serve high water demand due to rapid growth in Bangkok and its vicinity. Excessive pumping rate of groundwater in Bangkok results in land subsidence problem and groundwater quality deterioration due to saltwater intrusion into shallow aquifers adjacent to the coast. This study applied a simple linear Genetic Algorithm (GA) model as an alternative tool for monitoring and forecasting of groundwater table. Nonthaburi aquifer, one of three major aquifers amongst seven aquifers in greater Bangkok area, was analyzed in the study. Monthly groundwater table of 43 monitoring wells, amongst 92 wells, 12 years (1997-2009) data was analyzed with land use map. GA was used to divide groundwater basin into sub-regions. Comparison between capability of GA and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for prediction of groundwater level reveals that ANN model has a better performance for all cases. However, GA model might be used to predict groundwater level with an acceptable accuracy (9% to 26% relative error). Better performance was obtained in medium to high residential area and industrial area (9-19% relative error). Due to its simplicity as well as period of record length of data requirement, GA is another appropriate alternative tool for monitoring and forecasting groundwater table fluctuation particularly for insufficient data area.
LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS IAEME Publication
In this study a mathematical model used to simulate the groundwater lowering in the Ancient Babylon City, located 90 kilometres south of the capital Baghdad, Iraq. The solution proposed within this study is constructing of subground in addition to use 21 discharging wells with (45)m depth
distributed around the study area, which covers about (11) km2 Four scenarios are presented basing on the number and location of subground dams used. For each scenario, wells discharge and time of operation are varied and the results were analyzed. The results showed that installing of subground dam effects significantly groundwater elevations in the studied region and reduce time and efforts required to lower the Ancient Babylon City.
The surface soil moisture content (SSMC) is of great importance to the discipline of hydrology as well as to the other relevant studies and applications. Pioneer studies have pointed out that the most promising technique to retrieve SSMC regarding to accuracy and cost-effective belongs to the micro-wave remote sensing. By means of field observed SSMC dataset collected from the Yihe watershed located on the Linyi district, Shangdong province, China, we analyzed and validated the daily AMER-E SSMC products for the year of 2006 with the focus to examine the products quality of AMER-E SSMC for further studies by using the products. The results suggested that the temporal variation trend of AMER-E remotely sensed SSMC is reasonably consistent to the field observed, but is systematic lower than the ground truth in value in the whole year. The correspondence of AMSR-E SSMC product is significant enough compared with the field observed for the whole year except of the month of July and August.
Contributions of Satellite Images in the Diachronic Study of the Stanley-Pool...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With increased population now days, there is a marked change in morphology of the land when it comes the analysis of space images (satellite) using remote sensing. This study covers a sample application of the use of spatial imagery for mapping land cover in the Stanley-Pool (Congo - Brazzaville). The approach used here is based on confrontation of satellite data acquired on different dates (2001-2005). These images were chosen because of realization a demographic growth during this period. The results of this study show a great advance in land occupation which affected the whole of the autonomous port of Brazzaville.
In developing accurate hydro geomorphological analysis, monitoring, ability to generate information in spatial and temporal domain and delineation of land features are crucial for successful analysis and prediction of groundwater resources. However, the use of RS and GIS in handling large amount of spatial data provides to gain accurate information for delineating the geological and geomorphological characteristics and allied significance, which are considered as a controlling factor for the occurrence and movement of groundwater used IRS LISS II data on 1: 50000 scale along with topographic maps in various parts of India to develop integrated groundwater potential zone
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
DEEP PERCOLATION CHARACTERTISTICS VIA SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR APPROACH IN SAIGON...IAEME Publication
As a critical factor of the groundwater balance, the deeper percolation rate plays
an essential role in determining sustainable yields for groundwater resources,
especially in water managements for consecutive drought years. Although, there are
many methods to estimate deeper percolation, investigation of deeper percolation
somehow remains a challenging task. Hence, the paper focused on to explore deep
percolation characteristics of three soil type utilizing Richard’s function (Hydrus 1D)
and observed soil moisture via field moisture sensors. The maximum deep percolation
rate of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay are estimated to be 4.5 mm/day, 3.5
mm/day, and 2.4 mm/day, respectively. The annual percolation ratios of sand clay
loam, sand clay, and clay are 0.34, 0.27 and 0.04, respectively. The average monthly
percolation rates of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay vary 2-4.5 mm/day, 1.5-3.5
mm/day, and 0.5-2 mm/day, respectively with the rainfall intensity of 4-14 mm/day.
The experiment gave an insight on deeper percolation characteristics as well as
potential land recharge from rainfall utilizing soil moisture approach for future
groundwater balance evaluation
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can contribute significantly to groundwater modeling efforts. Remote sensing provides spatial data on land cover, vegetation, rainfall, and terrain that are important model inputs. GIS allows integration of diverse data layers, conceptualization of recharge/discharge areas, and output visualization. However, remote sensing has limitations, such as an inability to directly measure groundwater levels or recharge. Overall, combining remote sensing, GIS, and field data can improve conceptual models and produce more accurate modeling results for groundwater management.
LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS IAEME Publication
In this study a mathematical model used to simulate the groundwater lowering in the Ancient Babylon City, located 90 kilometres south of the capital Baghdad, Iraq. The solution proposed within this study is constructing of subground in addition to use 21 discharging wells with (45)m depth
distributed around the study area, which covers about (11) km2 Four scenarios are presented basing on the number and location of subground dams used. For each scenario, wells discharge and time of operation are varied and the results were analyzed. The results showed that installing of subground dam effects significantly groundwater elevations in the studied region and reduce time and efforts required to lower the Ancient Babylon City.
The surface soil moisture content (SSMC) is of great importance to the discipline of hydrology as well as to the other relevant studies and applications. Pioneer studies have pointed out that the most promising technique to retrieve SSMC regarding to accuracy and cost-effective belongs to the micro-wave remote sensing. By means of field observed SSMC dataset collected from the Yihe watershed located on the Linyi district, Shangdong province, China, we analyzed and validated the daily AMER-E SSMC products for the year of 2006 with the focus to examine the products quality of AMER-E SSMC for further studies by using the products. The results suggested that the temporal variation trend of AMER-E remotely sensed SSMC is reasonably consistent to the field observed, but is systematic lower than the ground truth in value in the whole year. The correspondence of AMSR-E SSMC product is significant enough compared with the field observed for the whole year except of the month of July and August.
Contributions of Satellite Images in the Diachronic Study of the Stanley-Pool...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With increased population now days, there is a marked change in morphology of the land when it comes the analysis of space images (satellite) using remote sensing. This study covers a sample application of the use of spatial imagery for mapping land cover in the Stanley-Pool (Congo - Brazzaville). The approach used here is based on confrontation of satellite data acquired on different dates (2001-2005). These images were chosen because of realization a demographic growth during this period. The results of this study show a great advance in land occupation which affected the whole of the autonomous port of Brazzaville.
In developing accurate hydro geomorphological analysis, monitoring, ability to generate information in spatial and temporal domain and delineation of land features are crucial for successful analysis and prediction of groundwater resources. However, the use of RS and GIS in handling large amount of spatial data provides to gain accurate information for delineating the geological and geomorphological characteristics and allied significance, which are considered as a controlling factor for the occurrence and movement of groundwater used IRS LISS II data on 1: 50000 scale along with topographic maps in various parts of India to develop integrated groundwater potential zone
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
DEEP PERCOLATION CHARACTERTISTICS VIA SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR APPROACH IN SAIGON...IAEME Publication
As a critical factor of the groundwater balance, the deeper percolation rate plays
an essential role in determining sustainable yields for groundwater resources,
especially in water managements for consecutive drought years. Although, there are
many methods to estimate deeper percolation, investigation of deeper percolation
somehow remains a challenging task. Hence, the paper focused on to explore deep
percolation characteristics of three soil type utilizing Richard’s function (Hydrus 1D)
and observed soil moisture via field moisture sensors. The maximum deep percolation
rate of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay are estimated to be 4.5 mm/day, 3.5
mm/day, and 2.4 mm/day, respectively. The annual percolation ratios of sand clay
loam, sand clay, and clay are 0.34, 0.27 and 0.04, respectively. The average monthly
percolation rates of sand clay loam, sand clay, and clay vary 2-4.5 mm/day, 1.5-3.5
mm/day, and 0.5-2 mm/day, respectively with the rainfall intensity of 4-14 mm/day.
The experiment gave an insight on deeper percolation characteristics as well as
potential land recharge from rainfall utilizing soil moisture approach for future
groundwater balance evaluation
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can contribute significantly to groundwater modeling efforts. Remote sensing provides spatial data on land cover, vegetation, rainfall, and terrain that are important model inputs. GIS allows integration of diverse data layers, conceptualization of recharge/discharge areas, and output visualization. However, remote sensing has limitations, such as an inability to directly measure groundwater levels or recharge. Overall, combining remote sensing, GIS, and field data can improve conceptual models and produce more accurate modeling results for groundwater management.
Morphometric Analysis of Markandeya River Sub Basin (MRSB), Belgaum District,...IJERD Editor
This document discusses a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to analyze the morphometric parameters of the Markandeya River Sub-Basin located in Belgaum district, Karnataka, India. The study categorized the basin into 4 mini-watersheds and analyzed various linear and shape parameters including stream order, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, circularity ratio, and form factor. Key findings were that the watershed has a sub-dendritic to dendritic drainage pattern with weak structural control. The form factor values indicate moderately high peak flows for shorter durations. Based on the compound parameter values calculated, Watershed 1 was found to have the highest priority for soil conservation measures due to its high erosion potential.
Quantitative Morphometric analysis of a Semi Urban Watershed, Trans Yamuna, ...IJMER
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the morphometric characteristics of a semi-urban watershed in Allahabad, India using Cartosat DEM data and GIS. Key findings include:
1) The total stream length was found to be 430.39 km representing a dense drainage network, with lengths of 266.38, 88.15, 39.17, 17.17, 10.62, 4.0, 4.7, and 0.2 km for stream orders I through VIII, respectively.
2) Over ten morphometric parameters were analyzed to characterize the linear, areal, and relief aspects of the watershed.
3) GIS tools were used to extract the drainage network
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and ...Beniamino Murgante
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and Topography for a Coastal Watershed in Mississippi - Vladimir J. Alarcon and Charles G. O’Hara
IDENTIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRA...IAEME Publication
The document describes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to identify groundwater potential zones in the Konakaluva sub-basin of India. Various thematic maps were generated from satellite imagery and other data sources. These maps were overlaid and assigned weights based on their influence on groundwater occurrence. Soil data was given the highest weight of 40%, while land use/cover and drainage density were also significant at 25% and 10%, respectively. An integrated groundwater potential zones map was produced that classified areas as very good, good, fair, moderate or poor potential zones based on the overlay analysis. The results can help with better planning and management of groundwater resources in the study area.
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
This document describes a method for automatically extracting coastlines from satellite images. The method involves the following steps:
1. Pre-processing Landsat TM, ETM+, and Landsat 8 images through layer stacking, registration, and calibration.
2. Performing unsupervised classification or edge detection on infrared bands or band ratios to identify coastline edges.
3. Converting the raster coastline edges into vector layers using GIS tools.
4. Applying editing tools to enhance the extracted coastlines.
The method was tested on Landsat images of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast from different years. Band 5 and ratios of band 2 to band 4 or 5 produced the clearest coastline edges. The
IRJET- Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of Panchganga Basin using GISIRJET Journal
This document presents a quantitative morphometric analysis of the Panchganga river basin in Maharashtra, India using GIS technology. Key findings include:
- The Panchganga basin has a dendritic drainage pattern and is elongated in shape. It has a total of 25043 streams of all orders and a stream length of 7201 km.
- The mean bifurcation ratio across all orders is 4.67. Relief-related parameters show the basin has a relief ratio of 3.78, absolute relief of 508 m, and channel gradient of 2.54%.
- Analysis of linear, areal and relief aspects revealed the basin has experienced significant erosion. There is an immediate need for development to conserve natural resources
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SUKE SUB-WATERSHED OF TAWA RESERVOIR CATCHMENT AREA ...Journal For Research
The study area covers 732.95 Km2 in suke sub-watershed of Tawa reservoir catchment area of Hoshangabad, Bhopal (M.P.). the drainage network of suke sub watershed and measurement of Linear, Aereal and Relief aspects of basin by digitized using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The drainage network shows that the terrain exhibits dendritic drainage pattern. Stream order ranges from one to sixth order. The drainage density in the area 2.06km/km.2 belong to moderate category.Stream frequency in the area 2.82 and texture ratio 4.08 is range to belong moderate condition. The form factor indicate the sub watershed are less elongated in shape. The high value of circulatory ration the sub watershed is characterize by high to moderate relief and drainage system structurally controlled but the study area Rc is less than .50 indicating they are less elongated in shape.
Watershed delineation and LULC mappingKapil Thakur
Watershed Delineation - a watershed as an enormous bowl. As water falls onto the bowl’s rim, it either flows down the inside of the bowl or down the outside of the bowl. The rim of the bowl or the watershed boundary is sometimes referred to as the ridgeline or watershed divide. This ridge line separates one watershed from
another.
Topographic maps created by the United States Geological Survey can help you to determine a watershed’s boundaries.
Land use and land cover map (LULC Mapping) -
Land cover indicates the physical land type such as forest or open water whereas land use documents how people are using the land. … Land cover maps provide information to help managers best understand the current landscape. To see change over time, land cover maps for several different years are needed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Morphometry and Hydrology relationship in Lidder valleyShakil Romshoo
Morphometric analysis of the Lidder catchment was carried out using geospatial technique.The analysis revealed that the area has uniform lithology and is structurally permeable. The high drainage density of all
subwatersheds indicate more surface runoff.The morphometric analysis also indicates that the area is more prone to weathering due to very-coarse to coarse drainage texture.
This document discusses a study on using GIS to simulate a water quality model for Hussain Sagar Lake in Hyderabad, India. The study uses geospatial modeling techniques to understand water quality dynamics in the watershed and simulate parameters like BOD, DO, and nutrient loads entering the lake. The multi-layer GIS model results are expected to show agreement between measured and simulated water quality parameters. This will help prioritize effective management strategies to protect water quality in the lake.
1. This document describes a field laboratory activity using geophysical methods for civil engineering site investigations. The goal is to build competency in preliminary site assessment.
2. Two geophysical methods are used: resistivity and seismic refraction. Resistivity involves passing electrical currents through the ground to determine subsurface resistivity. Seismic refraction uses the travel time of seismic waves to determine subsurface layer velocities.
3. The equipment, layout, and processing software for each method is described. The laboratory report will interpret materials based on velocity, discuss rippability, determine the water table, and identify structural geology features.
This document discusses flood modelling and prediction in Kerala using GIS and remote sensing. It provides background on Kerala's geography and climate, which causes frequent flooding. It then describes how GIS and remote sensing tools like digital elevation models, land use data, and rainfall data can be used as inputs to model flood inundation areas and predict future flooding. The outputs of these models, like flood extent maps, can help with disaster management and planning flood prevention measures.
Runoff is one of the most significant hydrological variables used in most of the water resources applications. Physiographically the area is characterized by undulating topography with plains and valleys. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers also known as hydrologic soil group method were used in this study. This method is adaptable and suitable approach for quick runoff estimation and is approximately easy to use with minimum data and it gives good result. From the study yearly rainfall and runoff were estimated easily. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Rainfall runoff is one of the important hydrological variables in determining land
and water resources application. Curve Number method is widely used and efficient
method to estimate the infiltration characteristic of the watershed in accordance with
the land use/land cover property and soil property. In this study to estimate the
rainfall runoff modeling in this study area with an area of 152.81 sq km using Soil
Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method and GIS. The estimated
amount average annual rainfall 1322.29mm from 1999 to 2013.The runoff varied
from 285 mm–4053mm, which is corresponds to 61.6% of annual average rainfall of
Thiruvalur district. These details are used for better watershed management and
conservation purpose.
This document describes using an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict groundwater levels 30 days in the future near a public well field in Montville Township, New Jersey. The ANN model uses inputs like daily pumping rates, precipitation, and temperature. Analysis of historical data showed climatic factors influence water levels over short periods. The ANN was trained on data from 1999-2001 and accurately predicted water levels in testing and validation data, outperforming a linear regression model. A sensitivity analysis found initial water level and precipitation were the most important predictors of future water levels. The conclusions state ANNs can accurately predict water levels for areas with limited data and do not require expensive aquifer tests.
Application of GIS in Mine Contamination and Associated Environmental ImpactsArsalan Syed, PMP
This document discusses the application of GIS and remote sensing methods to measure environmental impacts from mining contamination. It outlines two case studies where GIS was used: 1) A study in Turkey that generated DEM and flow accumulation maps from ASTER satellite imagery to identify trace element contamination patterns from an abandoned coal mine. Higher concentrations were found along flow pathways downstream from contamination sources. 2) A study with the Navajo tribe that created water hauling and soil restriction maps using GIS to develop an effective risk communication strategy about uranium exposures from abandoned mines. The maps aided risk understanding but language barriers remained a limitation. In conclusion, remote sensing and GIS provide low-cost alternatives for mapping contamination to inform remediation efforts.
This document summarizes a study that used GIS and the Natural Resources Conservation Service Curve Number (NRCS-CN) method to estimate runoff in the Kardeh watershed in Iran. The study aimed to determine runoff depth using the NRCS-CN method with GIS and examine the effect of slope on runoff generation. Land use, soil, and slope maps were generated in GIS and used to assign CN values. Estimated runoff depths were compared to observed data and a positive correlation was found, though some estimated values differed from observed by over 50%. The results supported using the NRCS-CN method with GIS to estimate runoff in ungauged watersheds in the region.
Soft computing is a set of computational techniques that aim to mimic human-like reasoning and decision making. The main techniques are fuzzy logic, neural networks, evolutionary computing, machine learning, and probabilistic reasoning. Each technique has strengths and weaknesses, but they complement each other. When used together, soft computing techniques can solve complex problems that are difficult for traditional mathematical methods. The paper reviews these soft computing techniques and explores how they could be applied to problems in various domains.
Soft computing is an emerging approach to computing that aims to solve computationally hard problems using inexact solutions that are tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. It uses techniques like fuzzy logic, neural networks, evolutionary computation, and probabilistic reasoning to model human-like decision making. Unlike hard computing which requires precise modeling and solutions, soft computing is well-suited for real-world problems where ideal models are not available. The key constituents of soft computing are fuzzy logic, evolutionary computation, neural networks, and machine learning.
Morphometric Analysis of Markandeya River Sub Basin (MRSB), Belgaum District,...IJERD Editor
This document discusses a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to analyze the morphometric parameters of the Markandeya River Sub-Basin located in Belgaum district, Karnataka, India. The study categorized the basin into 4 mini-watersheds and analyzed various linear and shape parameters including stream order, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, circularity ratio, and form factor. Key findings were that the watershed has a sub-dendritic to dendritic drainage pattern with weak structural control. The form factor values indicate moderately high peak flows for shorter durations. Based on the compound parameter values calculated, Watershed 1 was found to have the highest priority for soil conservation measures due to its high erosion potential.
Quantitative Morphometric analysis of a Semi Urban Watershed, Trans Yamuna, ...IJMER
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the morphometric characteristics of a semi-urban watershed in Allahabad, India using Cartosat DEM data and GIS. Key findings include:
1) The total stream length was found to be 430.39 km representing a dense drainage network, with lengths of 266.38, 88.15, 39.17, 17.17, 10.62, 4.0, 4.7, and 0.2 km for stream orders I through VIII, respectively.
2) Over ten morphometric parameters were analyzed to characterize the linear, areal, and relief aspects of the watershed.
3) GIS tools were used to extract the drainage network
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and ...Beniamino Murgante
Scale-dependency and Sensitivity of Hydrological Estimations to Land Use and Topography for a Coastal Watershed in Mississippi - Vladimir J. Alarcon and Charles G. O’Hara
IDENTIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRA...IAEME Publication
The document describes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to identify groundwater potential zones in the Konakaluva sub-basin of India. Various thematic maps were generated from satellite imagery and other data sources. These maps were overlaid and assigned weights based on their influence on groundwater occurrence. Soil data was given the highest weight of 40%, while land use/cover and drainage density were also significant at 25% and 10%, respectively. An integrated groundwater potential zones map was produced that classified areas as very good, good, fair, moderate or poor potential zones based on the overlay analysis. The results can help with better planning and management of groundwater resources in the study area.
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
This document describes a method for automatically extracting coastlines from satellite images. The method involves the following steps:
1. Pre-processing Landsat TM, ETM+, and Landsat 8 images through layer stacking, registration, and calibration.
2. Performing unsupervised classification or edge detection on infrared bands or band ratios to identify coastline edges.
3. Converting the raster coastline edges into vector layers using GIS tools.
4. Applying editing tools to enhance the extracted coastlines.
The method was tested on Landsat images of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast from different years. Band 5 and ratios of band 2 to band 4 or 5 produced the clearest coastline edges. The
IRJET- Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of Panchganga Basin using GISIRJET Journal
This document presents a quantitative morphometric analysis of the Panchganga river basin in Maharashtra, India using GIS technology. Key findings include:
- The Panchganga basin has a dendritic drainage pattern and is elongated in shape. It has a total of 25043 streams of all orders and a stream length of 7201 km.
- The mean bifurcation ratio across all orders is 4.67. Relief-related parameters show the basin has a relief ratio of 3.78, absolute relief of 508 m, and channel gradient of 2.54%.
- Analysis of linear, areal and relief aspects revealed the basin has experienced significant erosion. There is an immediate need for development to conserve natural resources
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SUKE SUB-WATERSHED OF TAWA RESERVOIR CATCHMENT AREA ...Journal For Research
The study area covers 732.95 Km2 in suke sub-watershed of Tawa reservoir catchment area of Hoshangabad, Bhopal (M.P.). the drainage network of suke sub watershed and measurement of Linear, Aereal and Relief aspects of basin by digitized using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The drainage network shows that the terrain exhibits dendritic drainage pattern. Stream order ranges from one to sixth order. The drainage density in the area 2.06km/km.2 belong to moderate category.Stream frequency in the area 2.82 and texture ratio 4.08 is range to belong moderate condition. The form factor indicate the sub watershed are less elongated in shape. The high value of circulatory ration the sub watershed is characterize by high to moderate relief and drainage system structurally controlled but the study area Rc is less than .50 indicating they are less elongated in shape.
Watershed delineation and LULC mappingKapil Thakur
Watershed Delineation - a watershed as an enormous bowl. As water falls onto the bowl’s rim, it either flows down the inside of the bowl or down the outside of the bowl. The rim of the bowl or the watershed boundary is sometimes referred to as the ridgeline or watershed divide. This ridge line separates one watershed from
another.
Topographic maps created by the United States Geological Survey can help you to determine a watershed’s boundaries.
Land use and land cover map (LULC Mapping) -
Land cover indicates the physical land type such as forest or open water whereas land use documents how people are using the land. … Land cover maps provide information to help managers best understand the current landscape. To see change over time, land cover maps for several different years are needed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Morphometry and Hydrology relationship in Lidder valleyShakil Romshoo
Morphometric analysis of the Lidder catchment was carried out using geospatial technique.The analysis revealed that the area has uniform lithology and is structurally permeable. The high drainage density of all
subwatersheds indicate more surface runoff.The morphometric analysis also indicates that the area is more prone to weathering due to very-coarse to coarse drainage texture.
This document discusses a study on using GIS to simulate a water quality model for Hussain Sagar Lake in Hyderabad, India. The study uses geospatial modeling techniques to understand water quality dynamics in the watershed and simulate parameters like BOD, DO, and nutrient loads entering the lake. The multi-layer GIS model results are expected to show agreement between measured and simulated water quality parameters. This will help prioritize effective management strategies to protect water quality in the lake.
1. This document describes a field laboratory activity using geophysical methods for civil engineering site investigations. The goal is to build competency in preliminary site assessment.
2. Two geophysical methods are used: resistivity and seismic refraction. Resistivity involves passing electrical currents through the ground to determine subsurface resistivity. Seismic refraction uses the travel time of seismic waves to determine subsurface layer velocities.
3. The equipment, layout, and processing software for each method is described. The laboratory report will interpret materials based on velocity, discuss rippability, determine the water table, and identify structural geology features.
This document discusses flood modelling and prediction in Kerala using GIS and remote sensing. It provides background on Kerala's geography and climate, which causes frequent flooding. It then describes how GIS and remote sensing tools like digital elevation models, land use data, and rainfall data can be used as inputs to model flood inundation areas and predict future flooding. The outputs of these models, like flood extent maps, can help with disaster management and planning flood prevention measures.
Runoff is one of the most significant hydrological variables used in most of the water resources applications. Physiographically the area is characterized by undulating topography with plains and valleys. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Numbers also known as hydrologic soil group method were used in this study. This method is adaptable and suitable approach for quick runoff estimation and is approximately easy to use with minimum data and it gives good result. From the study yearly rainfall and runoff were estimated easily. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Rainfall runoff is one of the important hydrological variables in determining land
and water resources application. Curve Number method is widely used and efficient
method to estimate the infiltration characteristic of the watershed in accordance with
the land use/land cover property and soil property. In this study to estimate the
rainfall runoff modeling in this study area with an area of 152.81 sq km using Soil
Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method and GIS. The estimated
amount average annual rainfall 1322.29mm from 1999 to 2013.The runoff varied
from 285 mm–4053mm, which is corresponds to 61.6% of annual average rainfall of
Thiruvalur district. These details are used for better watershed management and
conservation purpose.
This document describes using an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict groundwater levels 30 days in the future near a public well field in Montville Township, New Jersey. The ANN model uses inputs like daily pumping rates, precipitation, and temperature. Analysis of historical data showed climatic factors influence water levels over short periods. The ANN was trained on data from 1999-2001 and accurately predicted water levels in testing and validation data, outperforming a linear regression model. A sensitivity analysis found initial water level and precipitation were the most important predictors of future water levels. The conclusions state ANNs can accurately predict water levels for areas with limited data and do not require expensive aquifer tests.
Application of GIS in Mine Contamination and Associated Environmental ImpactsArsalan Syed, PMP
This document discusses the application of GIS and remote sensing methods to measure environmental impacts from mining contamination. It outlines two case studies where GIS was used: 1) A study in Turkey that generated DEM and flow accumulation maps from ASTER satellite imagery to identify trace element contamination patterns from an abandoned coal mine. Higher concentrations were found along flow pathways downstream from contamination sources. 2) A study with the Navajo tribe that created water hauling and soil restriction maps using GIS to develop an effective risk communication strategy about uranium exposures from abandoned mines. The maps aided risk understanding but language barriers remained a limitation. In conclusion, remote sensing and GIS provide low-cost alternatives for mapping contamination to inform remediation efforts.
This document summarizes a study that used GIS and the Natural Resources Conservation Service Curve Number (NRCS-CN) method to estimate runoff in the Kardeh watershed in Iran. The study aimed to determine runoff depth using the NRCS-CN method with GIS and examine the effect of slope on runoff generation. Land use, soil, and slope maps were generated in GIS and used to assign CN values. Estimated runoff depths were compared to observed data and a positive correlation was found, though some estimated values differed from observed by over 50%. The results supported using the NRCS-CN method with GIS to estimate runoff in ungauged watersheds in the region.
Soft computing is a set of computational techniques that aim to mimic human-like reasoning and decision making. The main techniques are fuzzy logic, neural networks, evolutionary computing, machine learning, and probabilistic reasoning. Each technique has strengths and weaknesses, but they complement each other. When used together, soft computing techniques can solve complex problems that are difficult for traditional mathematical methods. The paper reviews these soft computing techniques and explores how they could be applied to problems in various domains.
Soft computing is an emerging approach to computing that aims to solve computationally hard problems using inexact solutions that are tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. It uses techniques like fuzzy logic, neural networks, evolutionary computation, and probabilistic reasoning to model human-like decision making. Unlike hard computing which requires precise modeling and solutions, soft computing is well-suited for real-world problems where ideal models are not available. The key constituents of soft computing are fuzzy logic, evolutionary computation, neural networks, and machine learning.
What is Soft Computing ? Difference between Soft Computing and Hard Computing. Classical Sets ,operations on classical sets ,Properties of classical sets
1. The document provides an overview of the history and development of UNIX/Linux operating systems. It originated from projects in the 1960s and was further developed by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and others.
2. UNIX became popular due to its modular design, use of a hierarchical file system, treating all system resources as files, and ability to combine simple programs together.
3. The basic architecture of UNIX involves application programs interacting with the kernel via system calls to perform tasks like process and memory management.
This document provides an introduction to soft computing techniques including fuzzy logic, neural networks, and genetic algorithms. It discusses how these techniques are inspired by human intelligence and can handle imprecise or uncertain data. Examples of applications are given such as fuzzy logic in washing machines to optimize the washing process based on sensor readings, and using genetic algorithms to design optimal robotics.
Artificial intelligence is a field of study that uses computational techniques to simulate human intelligence processes like learning, reasoning, and problem solving. It includes approaches like expert systems, neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic systems, and swarm intelligence methods. The goal is to develop tools that can perform tasks requiring human-level intelligence.
Soft computing is an approach to computing that aims to model human-like decision making. It deals with imprecise or uncertain data using techniques like fuzzy logic, neural networks, and genetic algorithms. The goal is to develop systems that are tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, and approximation to achieve practical and low-cost solutions to real-world problems. Soft computing was initiated in 1981 and includes fields like fuzzy logic, neural networks, and evolutionary computation. It provides approximate solutions using techniques like neural network reasoning, genetic programming, and functional approximation.
This document provides an introduction to soft computing. It discusses intelligent systems and how traditional approaches use mathematical models and rule-based systems. Soft computing aims to mimic human reasoning using fuzzy systems, neural networks, evolutionary computing, and probabilistic reasoning. Soft computing is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truths, and approximations. It has advantages over hard computing by being closer to human thinking and using linguistic models that are simple, comprehensible, and fast. Soft computing has become widely used with over 24,000 publications to date.
Soft computing is an emerging approach to computing that aims to mimic human reasoning and learning in uncertain and imprecise environments. It includes neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms. The main goals of soft computing are to develop intelligent machines to solve real-world problems that are difficult to model mathematically, while exploiting tolerance for uncertainty like humans. Some applications of soft computing include consumer appliances, robotics, food preparation devices, and game playing. Soft computing is well-suited for problems not solvable by traditional computing due to its characteristics of tractability, low cost, and high machine intelligence.
Neural networks are inspired by biological neural networks and are composed of interconnected processing elements called neurons. Neural networks can learn complex patterns and relationships through a learning process without being explicitly programmed. They are widely used for applications like pattern recognition, classification, forecasting and more. The document discusses neural network concepts like architecture, learning methods, activation functions and applications. It provides examples of biological and artificial neurons and compares their characteristics.
IRJET- Estimation of Surface Runoff using Curve Number Method- A Geospatial A...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that used the Curve Number method and GIS techniques to estimate surface runoff in the KCAET Campus area of Malappuram district, Kerala, India. Land use maps from 2006 and 2018 were digitized from satellite imagery and soil data was collected to determine hydrologic soil groups. Curve numbers were assigned based on land use and soil type to calculate runoff potential. Rainfall data from 2004-2007, 2018-2019 was analyzed. Results found 28.5% of the area has high runoff potential, 33.7% medium, and 37.7% low. Annual rainfall-runoff varied from 16-23%. Curve numbers were 57.77 and 58.95 for 2006 and
This document summarizes a study analyzing groundwater flow in the Jakkur catchment area of Bangalore, India using the Visual MODFLOW software. The study area was conceptualized as having two layers - an upper weathered and fractured layer and a lower fractured hard rock layer. Field data on open wells and borewells in the area was collected. A numerical groundwater model was developed in Visual MODFLOW using a 1km by 1km grid. The model was run in steady state and transient conditions and calibrated by adjusting hydraulic conductivity values. Sample results showed calculated heads matched observed heads in 50-60% of wells. The zone budget analysis indicated decreasing groundwater availability over time. The modeling helped quantify inputs, outputs
The document provides details of a study conducted on the management of floods in the urban environment of Bengaluru, India. It includes an abstract, introduction, problem statement, study area description, literature review, objectives and methodology, results and discussion, conclusion, and future work. The study analyzed hydrological parameters like rainfall and evapotranspiration to understand flood patterns. Land use, drainage characteristics, slope, and soil properties were examined using geospatial tools. Structural measures like subsurface drainage systems and stepped aprons were designed and evaluated.
Since the recent development of UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and digital sensors technology has enabled the acquisition of high-resolution image data, it is considered that the image data of riverside can be analysed. Therefore, this study analyses the applicability of remote sensing techniques through image analysis in river systems and habitats. The target stream in this study was the Cheongmi stream and the applicability of the river environmental evaluation technique was analysed through image analysis. The satellite images used for the analysis of river topography and environments were compared with the aerial images taken by a micro UAV), and the river environmental evaluation was carried out with the field research at the same time. The data acquisition range and application limit by river environmental evaluation technique proposed previously were evaluated, and as a result, it was found that it was possible to draw various evaluation parameters using a drone that could take an image at a low altitude in comparison to satellite images.
Flood is the most devastating environmental hazard throughout the world causing loss of precious human lives
and damage to infrastructure. They occur by unusual overflow of water over the banks of rivers or channels
thus inundating the surrounding area. The magnitude and intensity of floods depends on hydrological and
physical characteristics of the catchment and river channel. Adverse effects of these floods can be alleviated
through mapping of floodplain which is essentially the area around the channel which is likely to be flooded.
One of the methods of floodplain delineation is modeling the river flow using computer models such as the
Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). In this study the application of 2D HEC-RAS
river model is used to develop a floodplain map of river Kabul.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Identification of Groundwater Potential Survey Using QGIS of DBATU campus, Ma...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS tools to identify potential groundwater zones on the campus of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University in Maharashtra, India. The researchers created various thematic maps of the study area using data on geomorphology, land use/land cover, drainage density, slope, and vectors. Electrical resistivity tests were conducted at three points on campus to determine subsurface rock and water conditions. Point 1 found water-bearing weathered rock from 1-23 meters. Point 2 found water-bearing weathered and fractured rock from 4-26 meters. Point 3 detected only hard, impermeable rock with no water. The study aims to identify suitable locations for future construction
Implementation of a Finite Element Model to Generate Synthetic data for Open ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the implementation of a finite element model to generate synthetic groundwater data for dewatering an open pit mine. The model considers different pumping scenarios with varying numbers of pumping wells. It includes details on the conceptual model of the pit geometry and aquifer properties. The model is discretized into finite elements and simulated using FEFLOW software. Four scenarios are modeled with 3, 6, 9, or 12 pumping wells operating over 5 months. Results show decreasing water levels in the pit lake with increasing numbers of wells, but flooding would still occur with only 6 wells after 5 months of pumping.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IRJET- Selection of Artificial Recharge Structures using GIS and GEO Physical...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the selection of artificial groundwater recharge structures in the Nelamangala area of Bengaluru Rural District, Karnataka, India using GIS and geophysical methods. It aims to identify suitable sites for artificial recharge through an integrated approach using remote sensing, GIS, and geophysics. Depleting groundwater levels due to overextraction have become a major issue in many parts of India. The study area has experienced critical groundwater depletion. The document reviews literature on using remote sensing, GIS, and geophysical methods to identify groundwater potential zones and select artificial recharge sites. It describes the study area location and outlines the objectives to map groundwater potential zones, understand recharge-discharge relationships,
Evaluation of morphometric parameters derived from Cartosat-1 DEM using remot...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is
an important aspect of characterization of watersheds.
Using watershed as a basin unit in morphometric analysis
is the most logical choice because all hydrological and
geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The
Budigere Amanikere watershed a tributary of Dakshina
Pinakini River has been selected for case illustration.
Geoinformatics module consisting of ArcGIS 10.3v and
Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) version 1 of
resolution 1 arc Sec (*32 m) data obtained from Bhuvan
is effectively used. Sheet and gully erosion are identified in
parts of the study area. Slope in the watershed indicating
moderate to least runoff and negligible soil loss condition.
Third and fourth-order sub-watershed analysis is carried
out. Mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) 3.6 specify there is no
dominant influence of geology and structures, low drainage
density (Dd) 1.12 and low stream frequency (Fs) 1.17
implies highly infiltration subsoil material and low runoff,
infiltration number (If)1.3 implies higher infiltration
capacity, coarse drainage texture (T) 3.40 shows high
permeable subsoil, length of overland flow (Lg) 0.45
indicates under very less structural disturbances, less runoff
conditions, constant of channel maintenance (C) 0.9 indicates
higher permeability of subsoil, elongation ratio (Re)
0.58, circularity ratio (Rc) 0.75 and form factor (Rf) 0.26
signifies sub-circular to more elongated basin with high
infiltration with low runoff. It was observed from the
hypsometric curves and hypsometric integral values of the
watershed along with their sub basins that the drainage
system is attaining a mature stage of geomorphic development.
Additionally, Hypsometric curve and hypsometric
integral value proves that the infiltration capacity is high as
well as runoff is low in the watershed. Thus, these mormometric
analyses can be used as an estimator of erosion
status of watersheds leading to prioritization for taking up
soil and water conservation measures.
Demarcation of Ground Water Potential Zone of Kanpur CityIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that used remote sensing, GIS, and the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) to delineate groundwater potential zones in Kanpur City, India. Nine factors that influence groundwater occurrence and recharge - lithology, precipitation, geomorphology, slope, soil thickness, soil, land use/land cover, distance to rivers, and lineament density - were analyzed. Weights were assigned to the factors based on their relative importance using AHP. The weighted factors were then overlaid in GIS to produce a map of groundwater potential zones for the study area, which was classified into five classes - very good, good, moderate, poor, and very poor. The model was validated using depth to
IRJET- Rainfall-Runoff Analysis of the Watershed for River AIEIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the rainfall-runoff relationship of the Aie River watershed in Bhutan using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Key steps included delineating the watershed boundaries using ASTER DEM data, defining land use and soil types, acquiring meteorological data, running hydrologic simulations from 1995-2014, and analyzing the water balance. The SWAT model effectively simulated the rainfall-runoff dynamics in the ungauged watershed and provided insights into its hydrologic response to precipitation patterns.
Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Monitoring of Land Use Change in Nagpur District...IRJET Journal
This study investigated land use and land cover changes in Nagpur District, India between 2002 and 2016 using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The key findings were:
1) Built-up areas increased by 10-47 km2 while fallow lands increased by 164-2063 km2, indicating urbanization and conversion of agricultural lands.
2) Crop lands, forest lands, and water bodies decreased significantly - by 57-2372 km2, 112 km2, and 189 km2 respectively, due to development and land conversion.
3) Water bodies also declined by 19-74 km2, underscoring the need for effective watershed management practices to protect local hydrological resources amid rapid urbanization.
IRJET- Morphometric Analysis of Venna River Basin using Geospatial ToolIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a morphometric analysis of the Venna River basin in India using geospatial tools. Key findings include:
1) The Venna basin has a drainage area of 324 sq km and consists of streams up to the 7th order. Linear aspects show the total stream length is 1805.02 km and bifurcation ratios range from 2 to 5.12.
2) Areal parameters indicate the basin has an elongated shape with a length of 128.46 km and perimeter of 324 sq km. Drainage density is 5.57 km/sqkm.
3) Relief analysis reveals a total basin relief of 824 m, ruggedness number of 4.58, and relief ratio of
This document presents a case study of coupling surface water and groundwater models in the Netravathi river basin located in southern India. It summarizes the data collected and methodology used. Key data included a digital elevation model, soil data, land use/land cover maps, rainfall and weather data, hydrological data including streamflow, and groundwater levels. The methodology involved using SWAT to model surface water hydrology and estimate groundwater recharge, then coupling the SWAT outputs to a MODFLOW groundwater model to allow a more complete analysis of the regional hydrological system.
Geological aspect analysis for micro hydro power plant site selection based ...IJECEIAES
Geological characters analysis is essential for micro hydropower plant (MHP) development planning. This paper presents an analysis of the geological aspect to determine the layout of MHP components based on remote sensing data as part of a solution to addressing power shortages in Sungai Are District, South Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra Province. Remote sensing and topographic map were extracted to identify the potential site. The topographic map and geological analysis were used to calculate the potential of electrical energy and the geological hazard risk, particularly floods and landslides. The results of the study identified four potential sites. Site 1 (Luas River, Ulu Danau Village) and site 3 (Putih River, Gintung Village) are suitable for MHP with a low cost of construction. Site 2 (Pecah Pinggan Village) and site 4 (Simpang Luas Village) are prone to flooding and landslides that makes it suitable for MHP but with a high cost of construction. Based on the geological aspect analysis, it is possible to optimize the hydropower capacity, by adding the volume of water flow from several nearby tributaries channeled into the hydropower flow system through civil construction engineering or by making a cascade design on the tailrace water flow
Storm Water Drain Network System in Bengaluru IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the storm water drainage network in Bengaluru, India. The study finds that rapid urban development has altered natural drainage systems and increased surface runoff. This has overwhelmed existing storm drains, leading to flooding. The study uses modeling software to analyze flow quantities and velocities in drains, finding most are prone to failure from excess capacity, erosion, or sediment deposition. It recommends redesigning drains to address these issues and prevent further flooding from extreme rain events.
Physically Based Runoff and Sediment Modelling of Rawal WatershedIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the SHETRAN model to simulate flow and sediment yield from the Rawal Watershed in Pakistan. The model was calibrated using available monthly flow data and sediment data generated from the flow-sediment relationship, yielding good results. The calibrated model was then used to analyze the impact of land use (vegetation) on sediment yield. The results confirmed that SHETRAN is a reliable tool for catchment sediment modeling and simulation of different land uses. Increasing the forest area in the catchment could help decrease sediment yield.
Similar to Application of Soft Computing Techniques for Analysis of Groundwater Table Fluctuation in Bangkok Area and Its Vicinity (20)
11(7) 2020 ITJEMAST's published research articlesdrboon
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between positivity, positive affect, negative affect, and perceived stress among cardiac patients. The study hypothesized that perceived stress would mediate the relationship between positivity and positive/negative affect. Researchers surveyed 519 cardiac patients, assessing positivity, perceived stress, and positive/negative affect. The results found that perceived stress mediated the relationship between positive affect and positivity, as well as between negative affect and positivity. Specifically, positivity was negatively correlated with negative affect and perceived stress, while perceived stress was positively correlated with negative affect. The findings suggest that reducing stress and increasing positive emotions can help reduce negative feelings in cardiac patients.
11(4) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articlesdrboon
Research papers 2020 Behavioral finance; Personality traits; Behavioral factors; Overconfidence bias; Locus of control; Decision-making; Biased behavior Carbon (CO2) emissions; Economic Growth; Energy consumption; Trade; ARDL Approach; Granger Causality; Energy use Pedestrian start-up time; Street crosswalk, Pedestrian traffic signals; Pedestrians traffic lights; zebra crossings; Intersection crossings Service Attributes; Relationship quality; Relationship outcomes; Banking services; Electronic Customer Relationship Management; Virtual relationships; eBanking; eCRM College town landscape; College town character; Campus community; Urban identity; College town space; Sense of a place; Public Space; University gardens; Cultural identity; Campus identity; Businesses in college towns Emotional quotient; Self-emotional appraisal; Workplace Advice Network (WAN) Centrality; Service Sector Organizations; Sociometric matrix; Interconnectivity of nodes
11(3) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articles drboon
Non-destructive testing method Heat loss Thermal conductivity Specific heat Know-how Psychological contract breach Employees' Workplace behaviour Workplace spirituality Human resource management (HRM) Power sector Positive classroom Male teachers Classroom management system Public primary schools Private primary school Positive motivation students Quality primary education Grout rheology Construction workings High-precision lining Tunneling complex Cement slurry Reinforcement solutions Smart building systems Green architecture Green roof Green design Sustainable environmental architecture Smart energy management Architecture technology Neo-Functionalism Trade integration CPEC agreement Economic integration Regional cooperation Pak-China relations Pak-Iran relations Central Asia Republics Sino-Pakistan Agreement
11(2)2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Ap...drboon
Multidisciplinary Management, Journalism and Mass Communication Science (Information and Media Sciences), Political Sciences (International Affairs), Global Studies), Animal Sciences, Feeding Technology, Healthcare Management.
V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & ...drboon
Research articles published in V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ==>
Awareness of Passive Design on Apartment Façade Designs in Putrajaya, Malaysia
127
Comparative Analysis of Low-Cost Housing Policies in Malaysia and Nigeria
139
A Study on Kevin Lynch’s Urban Design Elements: Precinct 9 East Putrajaya
153
Investigating Urban Design Elements of Bandar Baru Sentul, Kuala Lumpur
169
A Study on Sharing Home Ownership Schemes in Malaysia
183
The Impact of Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) and Glazing Type on Energy Consumption in Air-Conditioned Office Buildings
197
Competitiveness Factors of Thai Construction Industry within the AEC Context: A Qualitative Approach
209
Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Government Construction Procurement Problems in Thailand
221
In 3 sentences:
The document discusses the key elements to consider when designing streets for livable cities, including pedestrians, vehicles, parking, and transportation options. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach that considers all users and aspects, such as transportation, safety, the environment, and the economy. The goal is to create streets that are social spaces where people can easily and safely walk, bike, access transit, and spend time, rather than only focus on traffic flow.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the impact of building envelope modifications on the energy performance of high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Three high-rise apartment buildings were modeled using EnergyPlus software to analyze the effects of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings. The study found that integrating passive envelope design measures like improved insulation and higher performing glazing could help reduce energy consumption and peak cooling loads in the apartments. Modifying elements of the building envelope, especially the walls and windows, may enable significant energy savings potential for high-rise residential buildings in hot and humid climates.
Enhancement of Space Environment Via Healing Gardendrboon
Green nature, sunlight and fresh air have been known as important component of healing in healthcare facilities. This paper presents the finding of an exploratory study on healing garden elements in healthcare facilities. The purpose of the paper is to find the elements of healing gardens and its healing factors in the existing garden design. In conducting this research study, site observation and informal interview at selected healthcare facilities have been performed. The study reveals the elements of existing garden design, the interactivity and the end users expectation on a garden. The finding shows that lacking some of the elements of garden design lead to less user friendliness and interactivity in the garden. It also shows that the visibility, accessibility, quietness and comfortable condition in the garden give impact to the utilization of the garden.
Design of Quadruped Walking Robot with Spherical Shelldrboon
We propose a new quadruped walking robot with a spherical shell, called "QRoSS." QRoSS is a transformable robot that can store its legs in the spherical shell. The shell not only absorbs external forces from all directions, but also improves mobile performance because of its round shape. In rescue operations at a disaster site, carrying robots into a site is dangerous for operators because doing so may result in a second accident. If QRoSS is used, instead of carrying robots in, they are thrown in, making the operation safe and easy. This paper reports details of the design concept and development of the prototype model. Basic experiments were conducted to verify performance, which includes landing, rising and walking through a series of movements.
Motion Analysis of Pitch Rotation Mechanism for Posture Control of Butterfly-...drboon
We developed a small flapping robot on the basis of movements made by a butterfly with a low flapping frequency of approximately 10 Hz, a few degrees of freedom of the wings, and a large flapping angle. In this study, we clarify the pitch rotation mechanism that is used to control its posture during takeoff for different initial pitch and flapping angles by the experiments of both manufactured robots and simulation models. The results indicate that the pitch angle can be controlled by altering the initial pitch angle at takeoff and the flapping angles. Furthermore, it is suggested that the initial pitch angle generates a proportional increase in the pitch angle during takeoff, and that certain flapping angles are conducive to increasing the tendency for pitch angle transition. Thus, it is shown that the direction of the flight led by periodic changing in the pitch angle can be controlled by optimizing control parameters such as initial pitch and flapping angles.
Analysis of Roll Rotation Mechanism of a Butterfly for Development of a Small...drboon
1) The document analyzes the roll rotation mechanism of a butterfly through computational fluid dynamics simulations using boundary conditions from high-speed camera footage.
2) It finds that during typical pitch rotation flight, differential pressure concentrates at the tip of the forewings, producing roughly matched reaction forces on the left and right wings.
3) During roll rotation flight, differential pressure distributes across the entire wings, with the right reaction force twice as great as the left during the initial downstroke, leading to a large change in roll angle.
Effect of Oryzalin on Growth of Anthurium andraeanum In Vitrodrboon
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Application of Soft Computing Techniques for Analysis of Groundwater Table Fluctuation in Bangkok Area and Its Vicinity
1. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://www.TuEngr.com, http://go.to/Research
Application of Soft Computing Techniques for Analysis of Groundwater Table
Fluctuation in Bangkok Area and Its Vicinity
a* b c
Uruya Weesakul , Kunio Watanabe , and Natkritta Sukasem
a
Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND
b
Geosphere Research Institute, Saitama University, JAPAN
c
Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: Being a good quality water resource, groundwater was over
Received 1 August 2010
Received in revised form used during the last three decades to serve high water demand due
20 September 2010 to rapid growth in Bangkok and its vicinity. Excessive pumping
Accepted 27 September 2010 rate of groundwater in Bangkok results in land subsidence problem
Available online
12 October 2010 and groundwater quality deterioration due to saltwater intrusion into
Keywords: shallow aquifers adjacent to the coast. This study applied a simple
Groundwater; linear Genetic Algorithm (GA) model as an alternative tool for
Artificial Neural Network (ANN);
Genetic Algorithm (GA)
monitoring and forecasting of groundwater table. Nonthaburi
aquifer, one of three major aquifers amongst seven aquifers in
greater Bangkok area, was analyzed in the study. Monthly
groundwater table of 43 monitoring wells, amongst 92 wells, 12
years (1997-2009) data was analyzed with land use map. GA was
used to divide groundwater basin into sub-regions. Comparison
between capability of GA and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
models for prediction of groundwater level reveals that ANN model
has a better performance for all cases. However, GA model might
be used to predict groundwater level with an acceptable accuracy
(9% to 26% relative error). Better performance was obtained in
medium to high residential area and industrial area (9-19% relative
error). Due to its simplicity as well as period of record length of
data requirement, GA is another appropriate alternative tool for
monitoring and forecasting groundwater table fluctuation
particularly for insufficient data area.
2010 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied
Sciences & Technologies. Some Rights Reserved.
*Corresponding author (Dr. Uruya Weesakul). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3189. E-mail addresses:
wuruya@engr.tu.ac.th 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied 53
Sciences & Technologies. Volume 1 No.1. eISSN: 1906-9642
Online Available at http://tuengr.com/V01-01/01-01-053-065{Itjemast}_Uruya.pdf
2. 1. Introduction
Rapid growth of Bangkok and its vicinity in population, business, industries and tourism
results in increasing in water demand dramatically. Groundwater, as another good quality water
resources was over-abstraction during the last three decades in order to fulfill such high
requirement. Excessive pumping rate of groundwater in Bangkok and its adjacent 6 provinces
area (Nonthaburi, Pranakhon Si Ayutthaya, Patumthani, Samut-Prakan, Samut-Sakorn and
Nakhonpatom so called, Greater Bangkok area) results in land subsidence problem (AIT, 1982)
as well as groundwater quality deterioration due to saltwater intrusion into shallow aquifers
adjacent to the coast (Ramnarong, 1983 and Ramnarong, 1991).
Several studies were conducted in order to investigate appropriate measurement to alleviate
such problems, for example: mitigation of groundwater crisis and land subsidence in Bangkok
(Ramnarong and Buapeng, 1991), groundwater resources of Bangkok and its vicinity: impact and
management of groundwater and land subsidence in the Bangkok Metropolitan area and its
vicinity (JIGA, 1995) and groundwater impact beneath a major metropolis: the Bangkok
experience (Ramnarong, 1996) etc. A number of attempt were implemented in order to remedy
the problems such as control of groundwater use (mainly in the critical zone) to reduce
groundwater abstraction since 1983, effective use of groundwater Act of 1977 (since June 1978)
and enforcement of groundwater charges policy since 1985, (Ramnarong, 1999). Due to such
measurement and policy, presently, the groundwater situation in greater Bangkok seems to be
gradually recovered (Limskul and Koontanakulvong, and Phien-wej et. al, 2006). Particularly,
the strict policy on pricing measures in the year 2003 can alleviate over-abstraction problem
resulting in gradually increasing in groundwater level in greater Bangkok area (as shown in
Figure 6). However, it is still necessary to monitor and forecast fluctuation of groundwater level
for management and warning system.
Several methods were proposed and manipulated for monitoring system for groundwater
resources management in the area. For example, the three-dimensional groundwater flow model
(MODFLOW) and the one-dimensional consolidation model were successfully coupled and
calibrated to simulate the piezometric levels and land subsidence in the Bangkok aquifer system.
MODFLOW results can replicate the observed amount and variation of piezometric levels and
land subsidence better than the quasi 3-D model results (AIT, 1998). Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) model was applied to monitor groundwater level for management system in greater
54 Uruya Weesakul, Kunio Watanabe, and Natkritta Sukasem
3. Bangkok area, the results reveal that ANN can be applied very well to interpret artificial effect
and natural effect to groundwater system, therefore, it is very appropriate tool for monitoring and
management environmental and engineering problem (Watanabe and Weesakul, 2004).
However, it seems that the various models already developed require either a number of data
or mathematical skill for complicate manipulation, it is interesting to try to use a simple linear
Genetic Algorithm (GA) model requiring only monthly data with short term record length (less
than 10 years record) to analyzed and forecast a fluctuation of groundwater table in Bangkok
area. Therefore, this study tries to propose a simple linear Genetic Algorithm (GA) model to
apply to monitor and forecast fluctuation of groundwater table in Bangkok area and its vicinity,
as another alternative tool for groundwater resources monitoring and management system.
2. Study Area and Data Collection
2.1 Study Area
Bangkok has no distinctive geological feature. The area consists entirely of alluvial deposits,
which accumulated during the Pleistocene period until the present day. It consists of very fine-
grained sediment mainly grayish or brownish clay forming a very thick layer with some silt, sand
or gravel lens. The deposits replenished every year by flooding of the Chao Phraya river. The
land is somewhat flatten with the elevation averaging around 1-2 metres above MSL. The
deposition took place somewhere around 25 million years ago and was part of the main central
flood plain regime of Thailand. Groundwater trapped in void between gravel and sand grains of
flood plain and lower terrace deposits, consisting of multiple aquifers from the depth of 40
meters. These aquifers are underlain and overlain by layer of relatively impermeable clays and
typically known as confined aquifer. Water quality is normally suitable for drinking as well as
household and industrial usages except in some areas and some aquifers, locally.
The ground surface of Bangkok is entirely underlined by blue to gray marine clay, 15-30
metres in thickness, known as the Bangkok Clay. Unconsolidated and semi-consolidated
sediments overlying the basement have a total thickness of about 400 metres to more than 1,800
metres. From detailed study of logs of groundwater wells, Department of Mineral Resources
(DMR) identified and named eight aquifers within 550 metres depth. These aquifers consist
*Corresponding author (Dr. Uruya Weesakul). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3189. E-mail addresses:
wuruya@engr.tu.ac.th 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied 55
Sciences & Technologies. Volume 1 No.1. eISSN: 1906-9642
Online Available at http://tuengr.com/V01-01/01-01-053-065{Itjemast}_Uruya.pdf
4. mainly of sand and gravel separated by clay beds. Details of these aquifers are as shown in Table
1.
Table 1 Aquifers in Bangkok and its vicinity
Thickness Depth from ground elevation
Aquifer name
(m) (m)
Bangkok 30 16-30
Phra Pradaeng 20-50 60-80
Nakhon Luang 50-70 100-140
Nonthaburi 30-80 170-200
Sam Khok 40-80 240-250
Phaya Thi 40-60 275-350
Thonburi 50-100 350-400
Amongst these aquifers, Pha Pradaeng (PD), Nakhon Luang (NL) and Nonthaburi (NB)
aquifer are extensively utilized due to their availability of amount of water as well as their good
quality. According to availability of groundwater table data, and present extensively use,
groundwater from Nonthaburi (NB) aquifer was selected to be analyzed in this study.
2.2 Data Collection
The groundwater monitoring network in Bangkok was firstly established in 1987 under the
comprehensive study program on groundwater and land subsidence. The network was aimed at
monitoring potentionmetric and water quality in the three main aquifers of Phra Pradaeng (PD)
Nakhon Luang (NL) and Nonthaburi (NB). A network of groundwater monitoring system
consists of 279 monitoring wells, with 93 wells for PD, 94 wells for NL and 92 wells for NB.
Groundwater table data from 92 wells of NB aquifer were collected in the study. Preliminary
analysis of data reveals that only monthly data was recorded and some stations were just
implemented for few years. Based on availability of data, only 43 monitoring wells were selected
for further analysis in this study. Figure 1 shows distribution of location of these wells over
landuse map of greater Bangkok area. Landuse map in 2007 was collected and used in the further
clustering analysis.
56 Uruya Weesakul, Kunio Watanabe, and Natkritta Sukasem
5. Kilome
Figure 1: Location of monitoring wells on land use map of greater Bangkok area.
3. Analysis of Groundwater Table Fluctuation
3.1 Analysis of Correlation between Monitoring Wells
An agglomerative procedure was adopted in the study in order to investigate correlation of
groundwater table fluctuation between monitoring wells so that the similar behavior of
fluctuation can be grouped together. The result of analysis through correlation matrix reveals that
monitoring wells can be roughly grouped into 3 categories. The first group (7 wells) has low
correlation with correlation coefficient less than 0.9. The second group (26 wells) has medium
correlation with correlation coefficient between 0.9 and 0.95. The last group (16 wells) has high
correlation with correlation coefficient greater than 0.95. Table 2 shows classification of these
monitoring wells in each group.
*Corresponding author (Dr. Uruya Weesakul). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3189. E-mail addresses:
wuruya@engr.tu.ac.th 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied 57
Sciences & Technologies. Volume 1 No.1. eISSN: 1906-9642
Online Available at http://tuengr.com/V01-01/01-01-053-065{Itjemast}_Uruya.pdf
6. Table 2 Classification of monitoring wells based on correlation coefficient and type of landuse
Correlation
coefficient
<0.90 0.90 0.95 >0.95
Landuse type
Low density NB61,NB86,NB88, NB02,NB35,NB46,
residential area NB89,NB90,NB91, NB47,NB64,NB82 -
and agricultural area NB92
NB24,NB38,NB58,NB63,
Medium density NB65,NB68,NB30,NB45,
residential area - NB50,NB51,NB55,NB62, -
NB81,NB87
NB11,NB25,NB27,NB28,
High density
NB29,NB32,NB36,NB42,
residential area
NB53,NB54,NB56,NB57,
and industrial area
- - NB59,NB66,NB76,NB83
3.2 Clustering by Landuse Type
In order to be able to describe different behaviour of fluctuation of groundwater table in
different groups (as shown in Table 2). Landuse type was introduced to investigate locations of
wells in each group. It has been found that pattern of fluctuation of groundwater table in
agricultural area is less correlated to each other since use of groundwater for agricultural
purposes depends on amount of rainfall related to variation in climate situation. However, for
medium density to low density residential area, fluctuation of groundwater table has higher
correlation than agricultural area (0.90≥ρ≤0.95), since water supply system from surface water is
quite well distributed and behaviour of water use in the area is more predictable. The highest
correlation between wells was found in high density residential area and industrial area where
behavior of water use is quite certain and predictable. Table 2 shows classification of group of
wells based on type of landuse.
58 Uruya Weesakul, Kunio Watanabe, and Natkritta Sukasem
7. 4. Division of Groundwater Flow Subbasin Using GA Model
Genetic algorithms (GA) is traditionally a procedure for operational similarities with the
biological and behavioral phenomena of living beings. In the last decade a flourishing literature
has been devoted to their application to real problems, after the pioneering work by John Holland
(1975). The basic of the method can be found in Goldberg (1989). Various application can be
found in Chambers (1995).
Kilomete
Figure 2: Groundwater flow sub-basin for low density residential area and agricultural area with
low correlation coefficient (ρ<0.9).
It is interesting to use GA model as a tool to describe groundwater flow region resulting in
division of groundwater flow sub-basin. Groundwater monitoring wells in each category as
shown in Table 2 were analyzed by using GA model. Each monitoring well in each group (Table
2) was then tested as a target well to be predicted by its neighboring wells with in the same
group. The resulted weighted coefficients (α) in linear equation of GA were used as indicator to
group monitoring wells within the same sub-basin. After successive processes of GA, for all
wells in each category, division of groundwater flow sub-basins can be identified as shown in
Figures 2 to 5.
*Corresponding author (Dr. Uruya Weesakul). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3189. E-mail addresses:
wuruya@engr.tu.ac.th 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied 59
Sciences & Technologies. Volume 1 No.1. eISSN: 1906-9642
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8. Kilometres
Figure 3: Groundwater flow sub-basins for low density residential area and agricultural area with
high correlation coefficient ( >0.9).
Kilometers.
Figure 4: Groundwater flow sub-basins for medium density residential area.
60 Uruya Weesakul, Kunio Watanabe, and Natkritta Sukasem
9. Kilomete
Fig. 5. Groundwater flow sub-basins for high density residential area and industrial area
5. Forecasting of Groundwater Table Fluctuation Using GA and ANN
Models
In order to test capability of GA model for forecasting groundwater table fluctuation, GA
model was used to analyze fluctuation of groundwater table fluctuation of each monitoring wells
in each sub-basin (as shown in Figures 2 to 5) by using monthly groundwater data from 1997 to
2003 (7 years) as calibration period. Then monthly groundwater data from 2004 to 2009 (6 years)
was used for testing of performance of GA model in forecasting fluctuation of groundwater table.
Relative error between forecasted and observed groundwater table was adopted as indicator to
evaluate performance of model. ANN model was also used in the same manor for the purpose of
comparison with GA model. Figure 6 illustrates an example of results by comparison between
observed and forecasted groundwater table by GA and ANN models at monitoring well located at
Chatu Chak district, Bangkok (industrial area). It reveals that performance of GA model in
forecasting fluctuation of groundwater table is not much difference from ANN model. Table 3
*Corresponding author (Dr. Uruya Weesakul). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3189. E-mail addresses:
wuruya@engr.tu.ac.th 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied 61
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10. summarizes the results of all cases, it has been found that ANN model can predict groundwater
table better than GA model for all cases, with average relative error of 9.64% for ANN model and
average relative error of 15.37% for GA model. However, considering simplicity of GA model
and short-term data record length requirement, GA model is an appropriate alternative tool for
forecasting groundwater table with acceptable accuracy, particularly for insufficient groundwater
data area.
Table 3: Comparison of performance of GA and ANN models in forecasting fluctuation of
groundwater table.
Relative error (%)
GA model ANN model
Landuse type Monitoring well
Calibration Prediction Calibration Prediction
1997-2003 2004-2009 1997-2003 2004-2009
Low density NB88,NB89,NB90, 18.32 26.41 9.65 17.49
residential NB91,NB92
area and
agricultural
9.08 11.67 4.28 8.64
area NB35,NB46,NB47,
<0.90 NB82
Medium NB24,NB38,NB58, 5.63 9.17 3.05 6.51
density NB63,NB65
residential area NB30,NB50,NB55, 10.98 13.98 2.79 5.16
0.90≤ρ≤0.95 NB81,NB62
High density NB11,NB27,NB32, 10.66 19.74 6.8 11.79
residential NB42,NB59
area and
industrial area NB53,NB54,NB66, 8.4 11.3 4.59 8.25
>0.95 NB76
Average 10.51 15.37 5.19 9.64
62 Uruya Weesakul, Kunio Watanabe, and Natkritta Sukasem
11. -22
Calibrat Predi
Groundwater level depth from assumed
-24
-26
ground elevation(m.)
-28
-30
-32
Observed
-34
GA model
-36 ANN model
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
Figure 6: Comparison between observed and forecasted groundwater table by GA and ANN
models at Chatu Chak, Bangkok (NB0042).
6. Conclusion
A simple linear Genetic Algorithm (GA) model was proposed to be used as another
alternative tool for monitoring and forecasting fluctuation of groundwater table in Bangkok area
its vicinity. Nonthaburi aquifer, one of three major aquifers amongst seven aquifers in greater
Bangkok area, was analyzed in the study. Monthly groundwater table of 43 monitoring wells
amongst 92 wells in the area, during 12 years (1997-2009) was analyzed with landuse map. GA
was used to divide the area into sub-regions of groundwater basin. Comparison between
capability of GA and ANN models reveals that ANN model has a better performance for all
cases. However, GA model can be used to predict groundwater level with an acceptable accuracy
(with 9% to 26% relative error). Better performance was obtained in medium to high residential
area and industrial area (9%-19% relative error). Due to its simplicity as well as short period of
record length of data requirement, GA is another appropriate alternative tool for monitoring and
forecasting groundwater table fluctuation particularly for insufficient data area.
*Corresponding author (Dr. Uruya Weesakul). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3189. E-mail addresses:
wuruya@engr.tu.ac.th 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied 63
Sciences & Technologies. Volume 1 No.1. eISSN: 1906-9642
Online Available at http://tuengr.com/V01-01/01-01-053-065{Itjemast}_Uruya.pdf
12. 7. Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the research collaboration between Saitama University and
Thammasat University under the International Collaborative Graduate Program on Civil and
Environmental Engineering (ICGP). Groundwater data was kindly provided by Department of
groundwater resources. All these supports are gratefully acknowledged.
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Holland J.J. Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. University of Michigan Press. Ann
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Dr. Uruya Weesakul is Associate Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Thammasat University. She received her B.Eng. (Civil Engineering) with Honors from Khonkhen University,
Thaialand. She received M.A. (Water resources Engineering) from Asian Institute of Technology (Thailand).
Also, she focused on remote sensing and gained M.A. (Remote sensing) GDTA , Toulouse (France). Later, she
received her PhD (Mechanical and Civil Engineering) from University of Montpellier II (France). Her current
research interests involve hydrological process in tropical southeast Asian area. Currently, Dr. Uruya Weesakul
is the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, Thailand.
Dr. Kunio WATANABE is Professor of the Geosphere Research Institute, Saitama University, Japan. He
received D.Eng. from University of Tokyo. He was JICA Expert at Thammasat University, Thailand (1997-
1998). Dr. WATANABE is specialized in ground water engineering, ground environmental engineering, and
geology.
Natkritta Sukasem was a graduate student at the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Thammasat University. She received her B.Eng. from Kasetsart Univesity, Thailand. She is interested in
analysis of groundwater table fluctuation.
*Corresponding author (Dr. Uruya Weesakul). Tel/Fax: +66-2-5643001 Ext.3189. E-mail addresses:
wuruya@engr.tu.ac.th 2010. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied 65
Sciences & Technologies. Volume 1 No.1. eISSN: 1906-9642
Online Available at http://tuengr.com/V01-01/01-01-053-065{Itjemast}_Uruya.pdf