Geological characters analysis is essential for micro hydropower plant (MHP) development planning. This paper presents an analysis of the geological aspect to determine the layout of MHP components based on remote sensing data as part of a solution to addressing power shortages in Sungai Are District, South Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra Province. Remote sensing and topographic map were extracted to identify the potential site. The topographic map and geological analysis were used to calculate the potential of electrical energy and the geological hazard risk, particularly floods and landslides. The results of the study identified four potential sites. Site 1 (Luas River, Ulu Danau Village) and site 3 (Putih River, Gintung Village) are suitable for MHP with a low cost of construction. Site 2 (Pecah Pinggan Village) and site 4 (Simpang Luas Village) are prone to flooding and landslides that makes it suitable for MHP but with a high cost of construction. Based on the geological aspect analysis, it is possible to optimize the hydropower capacity, by adding the volume of water flow from several nearby tributaries channeled into the hydropower flow system through civil construction engineering or by making a cascade design on the tailrace water flow
Micro hydropower plant potential study based on Landsat 8 operational land im...journalBEEI
Remote sensing technology has been widely applied in various fields, including oil, gas, and mineral exploration, spatial planning, and environmental monitoring. This paper describes the application of remote sensing technology for the potential study of a renewable micro hydropower plant (MHP) using Landsat 8 satellite data. The Sukaati Watershed, West Java, Indonesia, was selected as the case study area. Landsat 8 satellite data, acquired on August 21, 2020, was applied to extract information on land use, geology, and potential landslides. Drainage patterns, watershed boundaries, and head height were obtained from topographic map data. Drainage patterns, watershed boundaries, and land use are used to calculate flow rates. Geological map and landslide are the basis of layout of MHP components, such as water intake, dam, waterway, settling tank, penstock, and powerhouse. A field survey to acquire actual flow rate and head height was conducted to validate the results of the remote sensing data interpretation. Two potential sites of MHP were selected with a hydropower design of 129 kW and 5.18 MW. This study showed that remote sensing technology is beneficial for studying the potential of MHP because fieldwork can be done more quickly and efficiently.
Overview about GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for micro hydropower plant...journalBEEI
Morphology in South OKU District is the potential of a micro hydropower plant (MHPP) as an alternative power source. This potential has not been fully utilized, although many un-electrified villages are in several remote areas. Identification planning for MHPP is one of the most critical planning tasks and requires excellent multi-criteria spatial analysis. GIS and multi-criteria analysis have played an essential role in analyzing suitable locations for MHPP development. GIS and multi-criteria spatial analysis consist of detailed investigations of ongoing sites and suitability for specific planning. This research aims to overview GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for MHPP site suitability based on electricity South OKU demands. The most critical data and criteria to decide the best site suitability are un-electrified villages, rivers, land use, slope, landslide vulnerability, and elevation. All of the data were generated into the raster data format. Quantitative modeling used AHP as a multi-criteria analysis method, and a weighted score is determined by considering the comparison of each criterion. Finally, the criterion layer was calculated by open-source QGIS to create a site suitability map. The field study verified the resulting map, and there is a match between the preferred locations and the field survey. The research results preferred Sungai Are, Sindang Danau, and Kisam Tinggi Sub-district as the best suitability for MHPP development.
DESIGN PLANNING OF MICRO-HYDRO POWER PLANT IN JANGAILULU RIVERIAEME Publication
Jangailuluvillage is a village that has not been reached by PLN, so people still use diesel fuel as a fuel for generators. Whereas in the village, there is potential for discharge and high fall which can be used as a Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH). The PLTMH is planned to use a water level regulator (weir) that directs the flow to the intake channel and flows back towards the Jangailulu River. To determine the design debit using a mainstay discharge with a probability of 90%. The discharge is then used to determinethe hydraulic design of the carrier channel. Also, weirs are also needed to raise the water level. Determination of turbines using a graph of the ratio of height to fall and discharge. The results of Q90 discharge calculation = 0.650 m3 /s. The dam is planned with a width of 18 m and a height of 1.5 m. With a height falling of 8 m, the Jangailulu MHP uses a turbine propeller. The power generated from Jangailulu MHP is 33.39 kW
Delineation of irrigation infrastructural, potential and land useIAEME Publication
This study assessed irrigation infrastructure in Muzaffarnagar district, India using satellite imagery. The main canals are Tikri Branch, Nirpura Branch, and Kurthal Branch, with several minor canals branching off. Satellite imagery was used to measure canal lengths and compare to official data. Most canal lengths matched well, but Gadidbra minor was found to be shorter than officially reported. Irrigation potentials were also estimated and found to match closely with official data, except for Gadidbra minor which had lower potential than expected due to its shorter length. Land use/land cover of the study area was classified, finding agricultural land covers 48.64% of the total area.
IRJET- Selection of Artificial Recharge Structures using GIS and GEO Physical...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the selection of artificial groundwater recharge structures in the Nelamangala area of Bengaluru Rural District, Karnataka, India using GIS and geophysical methods. It aims to identify suitable sites for artificial recharge through an integrated approach using remote sensing, GIS, and geophysics. Depleting groundwater levels due to overextraction have become a major issue in many parts of India. The study area has experienced critical groundwater depletion. The document reviews literature on using remote sensing, GIS, and geophysical methods to identify groundwater potential zones and select artificial recharge sites. It describes the study area location and outlines the objectives to map groundwater potential zones, understand recharge-discharge relationships,
Since the recent development of UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and digital sensors technology has enabled the acquisition of high-resolution image data, it is considered that the image data of riverside can be analysed. Therefore, this study analyses the applicability of remote sensing techniques through image analysis in river systems and habitats. The target stream in this study was the Cheongmi stream and the applicability of the river environmental evaluation technique was analysed through image analysis. The satellite images used for the analysis of river topography and environments were compared with the aerial images taken by a micro UAV), and the river environmental evaluation was carried out with the field research at the same time. The data acquisition range and application limit by river environmental evaluation technique proposed previously were evaluated, and as a result, it was found that it was possible to draw various evaluation parameters using a drone that could take an image at a low altitude in comparison to satellite images.
A LandSAT-driven approach to describe meander stream phenomenon in Mahakam Wa...Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The role of the Mahakam River in society is undeniably vital because it is the cornerstone of product distribution channels from upstream to downstream, namely forestry, agricultural, and even mining commodities. Especially with the National Capital (IKN) plan, the Mahakam River is in a buffer zone. Satellite imagery in Mahakam is available in various seamless access, including those of the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). This study provides an overview of Mahakam Watershed's dynamics through Landsat Imagery's perspective. The Landsat observation is preliminary research from a research grant in Geomorphometry of the Mahakam Watershed, utilizing Landsat image data by combining bands 7, 5, and 3 for Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (Land Satellite 8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor) and bands 7, 4, and 2 as Landsat 5 STM (Land Satellite 5 Sensor Thematic Mapper). The study examines the pattern and changes in the direction of the Mahakam River flow, as well as the phenomenon of the presence of three lakes. So, to the results of the identification, the Mahakam Watershed is divided into three sub-watersheds, upstream, central, and downstream. The Central sub-watershed is characterized by the presence of three natural lakes parallel to the change in flow direction caused by tectonic processes. The impact narrows the river channel, so the velocity experiences a backwash effect and anastomosing reach. Meanwhile, from the morphography aspect, the three lakes in the Mahakam Watershed are in the half-graben framework due to the second strain of the formation of Samarinda Anticlinorium. This research will continue to the measurement, calculation, and modeling stages to have more comprehensive benefits in predicting flood and drought hazards from the dynamics of the Mahakam Watershed.
Identification of Groundwater Potential Survey Using QGIS of DBATU campus, Ma...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS tools to identify potential groundwater zones on the campus of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University in Maharashtra, India. The researchers created various thematic maps of the study area using data on geomorphology, land use/land cover, drainage density, slope, and vectors. Electrical resistivity tests were conducted at three points on campus to determine subsurface rock and water conditions. Point 1 found water-bearing weathered rock from 1-23 meters. Point 2 found water-bearing weathered and fractured rock from 4-26 meters. Point 3 detected only hard, impermeable rock with no water. The study aims to identify suitable locations for future construction
Micro hydropower plant potential study based on Landsat 8 operational land im...journalBEEI
Remote sensing technology has been widely applied in various fields, including oil, gas, and mineral exploration, spatial planning, and environmental monitoring. This paper describes the application of remote sensing technology for the potential study of a renewable micro hydropower plant (MHP) using Landsat 8 satellite data. The Sukaati Watershed, West Java, Indonesia, was selected as the case study area. Landsat 8 satellite data, acquired on August 21, 2020, was applied to extract information on land use, geology, and potential landslides. Drainage patterns, watershed boundaries, and head height were obtained from topographic map data. Drainage patterns, watershed boundaries, and land use are used to calculate flow rates. Geological map and landslide are the basis of layout of MHP components, such as water intake, dam, waterway, settling tank, penstock, and powerhouse. A field survey to acquire actual flow rate and head height was conducted to validate the results of the remote sensing data interpretation. Two potential sites of MHP were selected with a hydropower design of 129 kW and 5.18 MW. This study showed that remote sensing technology is beneficial for studying the potential of MHP because fieldwork can be done more quickly and efficiently.
Overview about GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for micro hydropower plant...journalBEEI
Morphology in South OKU District is the potential of a micro hydropower plant (MHPP) as an alternative power source. This potential has not been fully utilized, although many un-electrified villages are in several remote areas. Identification planning for MHPP is one of the most critical planning tasks and requires excellent multi-criteria spatial analysis. GIS and multi-criteria analysis have played an essential role in analyzing suitable locations for MHPP development. GIS and multi-criteria spatial analysis consist of detailed investigations of ongoing sites and suitability for specific planning. This research aims to overview GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for MHPP site suitability based on electricity South OKU demands. The most critical data and criteria to decide the best site suitability are un-electrified villages, rivers, land use, slope, landslide vulnerability, and elevation. All of the data were generated into the raster data format. Quantitative modeling used AHP as a multi-criteria analysis method, and a weighted score is determined by considering the comparison of each criterion. Finally, the criterion layer was calculated by open-source QGIS to create a site suitability map. The field study verified the resulting map, and there is a match between the preferred locations and the field survey. The research results preferred Sungai Are, Sindang Danau, and Kisam Tinggi Sub-district as the best suitability for MHPP development.
DESIGN PLANNING OF MICRO-HYDRO POWER PLANT IN JANGAILULU RIVERIAEME Publication
Jangailuluvillage is a village that has not been reached by PLN, so people still use diesel fuel as a fuel for generators. Whereas in the village, there is potential for discharge and high fall which can be used as a Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH). The PLTMH is planned to use a water level regulator (weir) that directs the flow to the intake channel and flows back towards the Jangailulu River. To determine the design debit using a mainstay discharge with a probability of 90%. The discharge is then used to determinethe hydraulic design of the carrier channel. Also, weirs are also needed to raise the water level. Determination of turbines using a graph of the ratio of height to fall and discharge. The results of Q90 discharge calculation = 0.650 m3 /s. The dam is planned with a width of 18 m and a height of 1.5 m. With a height falling of 8 m, the Jangailulu MHP uses a turbine propeller. The power generated from Jangailulu MHP is 33.39 kW
Delineation of irrigation infrastructural, potential and land useIAEME Publication
This study assessed irrigation infrastructure in Muzaffarnagar district, India using satellite imagery. The main canals are Tikri Branch, Nirpura Branch, and Kurthal Branch, with several minor canals branching off. Satellite imagery was used to measure canal lengths and compare to official data. Most canal lengths matched well, but Gadidbra minor was found to be shorter than officially reported. Irrigation potentials were also estimated and found to match closely with official data, except for Gadidbra minor which had lower potential than expected due to its shorter length. Land use/land cover of the study area was classified, finding agricultural land covers 48.64% of the total area.
IRJET- Selection of Artificial Recharge Structures using GIS and GEO Physical...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the selection of artificial groundwater recharge structures in the Nelamangala area of Bengaluru Rural District, Karnataka, India using GIS and geophysical methods. It aims to identify suitable sites for artificial recharge through an integrated approach using remote sensing, GIS, and geophysics. Depleting groundwater levels due to overextraction have become a major issue in many parts of India. The study area has experienced critical groundwater depletion. The document reviews literature on using remote sensing, GIS, and geophysical methods to identify groundwater potential zones and select artificial recharge sites. It describes the study area location and outlines the objectives to map groundwater potential zones, understand recharge-discharge relationships,
Since the recent development of UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and digital sensors technology has enabled the acquisition of high-resolution image data, it is considered that the image data of riverside can be analysed. Therefore, this study analyses the applicability of remote sensing techniques through image analysis in river systems and habitats. The target stream in this study was the Cheongmi stream and the applicability of the river environmental evaluation technique was analysed through image analysis. The satellite images used for the analysis of river topography and environments were compared with the aerial images taken by a micro UAV), and the river environmental evaluation was carried out with the field research at the same time. The data acquisition range and application limit by river environmental evaluation technique proposed previously were evaluated, and as a result, it was found that it was possible to draw various evaluation parameters using a drone that could take an image at a low altitude in comparison to satellite images.
A LandSAT-driven approach to describe meander stream phenomenon in Mahakam Wa...Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The role of the Mahakam River in society is undeniably vital because it is the cornerstone of product distribution channels from upstream to downstream, namely forestry, agricultural, and even mining commodities. Especially with the National Capital (IKN) plan, the Mahakam River is in a buffer zone. Satellite imagery in Mahakam is available in various seamless access, including those of the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). This study provides an overview of Mahakam Watershed's dynamics through Landsat Imagery's perspective. The Landsat observation is preliminary research from a research grant in Geomorphometry of the Mahakam Watershed, utilizing Landsat image data by combining bands 7, 5, and 3 for Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (Land Satellite 8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor) and bands 7, 4, and 2 as Landsat 5 STM (Land Satellite 5 Sensor Thematic Mapper). The study examines the pattern and changes in the direction of the Mahakam River flow, as well as the phenomenon of the presence of three lakes. So, to the results of the identification, the Mahakam Watershed is divided into three sub-watersheds, upstream, central, and downstream. The Central sub-watershed is characterized by the presence of three natural lakes parallel to the change in flow direction caused by tectonic processes. The impact narrows the river channel, so the velocity experiences a backwash effect and anastomosing reach. Meanwhile, from the morphography aspect, the three lakes in the Mahakam Watershed are in the half-graben framework due to the second strain of the formation of Samarinda Anticlinorium. This research will continue to the measurement, calculation, and modeling stages to have more comprehensive benefits in predicting flood and drought hazards from the dynamics of the Mahakam Watershed.
Identification of Groundwater Potential Survey Using QGIS of DBATU campus, Ma...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS tools to identify potential groundwater zones on the campus of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University in Maharashtra, India. The researchers created various thematic maps of the study area using data on geomorphology, land use/land cover, drainage density, slope, and vectors. Electrical resistivity tests were conducted at three points on campus to determine subsurface rock and water conditions. Point 1 found water-bearing weathered rock from 1-23 meters. Point 2 found water-bearing weathered and fractured rock from 4-26 meters. Point 3 detected only hard, impermeable rock with no water. The study aims to identify suitable locations for future construction
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
Abstract Remote sensing has its application in various fields like geology and mineral exploration, geomorphology and modern geomorphic process modeling, nature mitigation studies, hazard zone mapping, eco system study in hills, plains, riverine, coastal, marine and volcanic landforms, forest and biomass inventory, fishery. Remote sensing plays a vital in various fields. This technique along with the GIS has been to study the geomorphological, hydro geological, land use/land cover, lithological, structural aspects/ features in the parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block of TamilNadu. Integrated approach using geographic information system provides cost effective support in resources inventory including land use mapping, comprehensive data base for resources, analytical tools for decision making and impact analysis for plan evaluation. GIS accept large volumes of spatial data derived from a variety of sources and effectively store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. Maps and statistical data can be obtained from the spatial integration and analysis of an area using GIS software. In order to assess the natural resource availability and its potentiality in parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block, Tamil Nadu, an integrated remote sensing and GIS based study has been conducted by adopting the standard procedures. The groundwater potential zone of any area is depends on geological formations; geomorphologic unit’s recharges characters, topography, and thickness of weathered and fractured zones. In the present study, area was taken to locate groundwater potential zones by integrated different thematic maps, remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. To find out the ground water potential zones, different thematic maps have been prepared and integrated each of them. They are mainly geology, geomorphology, land use / land cover, lineament etc. Groundwater potential zones have been prepared with help of integrating different thematic maps. This study area is finally to get the groundwater potential zones we have to classified few area such as high, moderate and low potential zones. Index Terms: Remote sensing, GIS, lithology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, landforms etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
In order to solve the water scarcity problem in South Malang, East Java,
Indonesia, we have attempted to investigate groundwater by assessing the subsurface
geology and groundwater potential zones. An attempt had been made to identify the
subsurface lithology and aquifer zones by VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding) method
in Pagak, Kepanjen, Kromengan and Gondanglegi district. The study area consists of
major subsurface litho units like sand, silt, clay, tuff, limestone and andesit. In order
to explore the groundwater resources of the study area with an aerial extent of 100
km2, electrical soundings have been conducted by adopting Schlumberger technique
in 12 locations with AB/2 200 m and 5 resistivity profiles were acquired. The field
data were interpreted and processed qualitatively and quantitatively by using
computer software. Considering the geological, geomorphology and hydrogeological
conditions the VES interpretation was done. The study has shown that the region is
underlain by 5 geoelectric layers within the depth penetrated. The groundwater
potential in South Malang reveals four distinct classes (zones) representing ‘Very
good’, ‘good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’ groundwater potential in the area. From the
interpretation result the VES no. 7 (Pagak), and VES no. 9 (Kepanjen) are found to be
prospective for groundwater. It’s also identified that Groundwater occurs under
water table conditions the depth of water table ranges from 5 to 30 m.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
This study aims to analyze the hydrological characteristics as a result of changes
in land use with the help of the SWAT hydrological model and can provide
recommendations on the best land use in the Koto Panjang Electric Power catchment
area. Based on the results of the analysis using the SWAT hydrological model, it was
seen that there were effects of land use changes in 2011 and 2014 on hydrological
characteristics; yield of water (WATER YLD) of 2,413.38 mm, and 1.008, 65 mm,
runoff coefficient (C) of 0.19 and 0.063 respectively, and river regime coefficient
(KRS) of 11.449 and 12.212, respectively. The best land use to be developed in
agricultural cultivation areas as a recommendation to maintain water stability in the
Koto Panjang hydropower catchment area is a simple and complex agroforestry
pattern in scenario III, which is run together with hydrological characteristics in the
form; water yield (WATER YLD) of 1.038, 41, surface runoff coefficient (C) of 0.023,
and river regime coefficient (KRS) of 11.13. The hydrological characteristics in
scenario III are far better than 2014 land use characteristics (existing).
BIS Complete Floating PV-Dianing & S.Abduh.pdfSyamsirAbduh2
One of the Indonesian goals is to reach 23% of renewable energy share in 2025. It is mentioned in the national energy
general (RUEN) that Indonesia has the potential for renewable energy about 443.208MW. However, only about 2% has been
utilized. These are caused by several reasons such as lack of land, high investment costs, and lack of information or research in
their field. As the capital city of Indonesia, the provincial government of DKI Jakarta is certainly in the spotlight regarding climate
change and pollution. Efforts were also made to reduce emissions. For example, the Low Emission Zone (LEZ) policy began to be
implemented in Kota Tua starting in February 2021. This is one of the efforts to reduce emissions in the cultural heritage area of
the old city and make the area cleaner. For this reason, this initial research is expected to help the development of science, especially
floating photovoltaic in the water surface area which is not large enough. With the existence of floating photovoltaic, the DKI
Provincial Government and PT. KAI can participate in utilizing new renewable energy. In addition, floating photovoltaic can also
be an attraction. and can also be an education for the community, especially for tourists visiting the Kota Tua which is one of the
tourist attractions in Jakarta. The result shows that the Kota Tua river potential is about 8.4MW which spread in rivers along the
Kota Tua area.
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
Techniacl seminar from Government Engineering College.pptxArjunPLinekaje
This document presents a study that aims to estimate ground water levels in tropical peatland forests using machine learning. An Internet of Things system was deployed with sensor nodes to collect temperature, humidity, wind speed, rainfall and ground water level data from a forest in Malaysia. A neural network model was developed to predict ground water levels based on the collected data. The results showed high correlation between the predicted and actual ground water levels, validating the feasibility of the approach. The study aims to help predict fire risk in peatlands by incorporating estimated ground water levels into an existing fire weather index system.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
This document summarizes a study analyzing groundwater flow in the Jakkur catchment area of Bangalore, India using the Visual MODFLOW software. The study area was conceptualized as having two layers - an upper weathered and fractured layer and a lower fractured hard rock layer. Field data on open wells and borewells in the area was collected. A numerical groundwater model was developed in Visual MODFLOW using a 1km by 1km grid. The model was run in steady state and transient conditions and calibrated by adjusting hydraulic conductivity values. Sample results showed calculated heads matched observed heads in 50-60% of wells. The zone budget analysis indicated decreasing groundwater availability over time. The modeling helped quantify inputs, outputs
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In developing accurate hydro geomorphological analysis, monitoring, ability to generate information in spatial and temporal domain and delineation of land features are crucial for successful analysis and prediction of groundwater resources. However, the use of RS and GIS in handling large amount of spatial data provides to gain accurate information for delineating the geological and geomorphological characteristics and allied significance, which are considered as a controlling factor for the occurrence and movement of groundwater used IRS LISS II data on 1: 50000 scale along with topographic maps in various parts of India to develop integrated groundwater potential zone
This document discusses flood modelling and prediction in Kerala using GIS and remote sensing. It provides background on Kerala's geography and climate, which causes frequent flooding. It then describes how GIS and remote sensing tools like digital elevation models, land use data, and rainfall data can be used as inputs to model flood inundation areas and predict future flooding. The outputs of these models, like flood extent maps, can help with disaster management and planning flood prevention measures.
Application of Soft Computing Techniques for Analysis of Groundwater Table Fl...drboon
Being a good quality water resource, groundwater was over used during the last three decades to serve high water demand due to rapid growth in Bangkok and its vicinity. Excessive pumping rate of groundwater in Bangkok results in land subsidence problem and groundwater quality deterioration due to saltwater intrusion into shallow aquifers adjacent to the coast. This study applied a simple linear Genetic Algorithm (GA) model as an alternative tool for monitoring and forecasting of groundwater table. Nonthaburi aquifer, one of three major aquifers amongst seven aquifers in greater Bangkok area, was analyzed in the study. Monthly groundwater table of 43 monitoring wells, amongst 92 wells, 12 years (1997-2009) data was analyzed with land use map. GA was used to divide groundwater basin into sub-regions. Comparison between capability of GA and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for prediction of groundwater level reveals that ANN model has a better performance for all cases. However, GA model might be used to predict groundwater level with an acceptable accuracy (9% to 26% relative error). Better performance was obtained in medium to high residential area and industrial area (9-19% relative error). Due to its simplicity as well as period of record length of data requirement, GA is another appropriate alternative tool for monitoring and forecasting groundwater table fluctuation particularly for insufficient data area.
This document proposes research to determine the groundwater table in Hawa Galan catchment, Ethiopia using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods. The study area has a population of over 123,000 people relying on groundwater sources like hand dug wells as there are no permanent surface water sources. Previous studies in the region focused on geology and igneous petrology but not groundwater. This research will involve collecting VES data along profiles and analyzing the results to map subsurface resistivity and identify potential high-yield aquifers and drilling locations to address the need for sustainable groundwater resources in the community. A detailed work plan and budget are provided outlining field work, data analysis, and reporting over an anticipated one year
Geohydrological investigation using vertical electrical sounding at banaras h...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used vertical electrical sounding (VES) to investigate the geohydrology of the main campus of Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India. Nine VES surveys were conducted and interpreted to identify four subsurface layers and map variations in thickness. Four geoelectrical cross-sections were generated that correlated well with borehole data. The results indicate suitable conditions for good aquifers that can ensure a continued groundwater supply to support development in the expanding university campus.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Similar to Geological aspect analysis for micro hydro power plant site selection based on remote sensing data
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
Abstract Remote sensing has its application in various fields like geology and mineral exploration, geomorphology and modern geomorphic process modeling, nature mitigation studies, hazard zone mapping, eco system study in hills, plains, riverine, coastal, marine and volcanic landforms, forest and biomass inventory, fishery. Remote sensing plays a vital in various fields. This technique along with the GIS has been to study the geomorphological, hydro geological, land use/land cover, lithological, structural aspects/ features in the parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block of TamilNadu. Integrated approach using geographic information system provides cost effective support in resources inventory including land use mapping, comprehensive data base for resources, analytical tools for decision making and impact analysis for plan evaluation. GIS accept large volumes of spatial data derived from a variety of sources and effectively store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. Maps and statistical data can be obtained from the spatial integration and analysis of an area using GIS software. In order to assess the natural resource availability and its potentiality in parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block, Tamil Nadu, an integrated remote sensing and GIS based study has been conducted by adopting the standard procedures. The groundwater potential zone of any area is depends on geological formations; geomorphologic unit’s recharges characters, topography, and thickness of weathered and fractured zones. In the present study, area was taken to locate groundwater potential zones by integrated different thematic maps, remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. To find out the ground water potential zones, different thematic maps have been prepared and integrated each of them. They are mainly geology, geomorphology, land use / land cover, lineament etc. Groundwater potential zones have been prepared with help of integrating different thematic maps. This study area is finally to get the groundwater potential zones we have to classified few area such as high, moderate and low potential zones. Index Terms: Remote sensing, GIS, lithology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, landforms etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
In order to solve the water scarcity problem in South Malang, East Java,
Indonesia, we have attempted to investigate groundwater by assessing the subsurface
geology and groundwater potential zones. An attempt had been made to identify the
subsurface lithology and aquifer zones by VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding) method
in Pagak, Kepanjen, Kromengan and Gondanglegi district. The study area consists of
major subsurface litho units like sand, silt, clay, tuff, limestone and andesit. In order
to explore the groundwater resources of the study area with an aerial extent of 100
km2, electrical soundings have been conducted by adopting Schlumberger technique
in 12 locations with AB/2 200 m and 5 resistivity profiles were acquired. The field
data were interpreted and processed qualitatively and quantitatively by using
computer software. Considering the geological, geomorphology and hydrogeological
conditions the VES interpretation was done. The study has shown that the region is
underlain by 5 geoelectric layers within the depth penetrated. The groundwater
potential in South Malang reveals four distinct classes (zones) representing ‘Very
good’, ‘good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’ groundwater potential in the area. From the
interpretation result the VES no. 7 (Pagak), and VES no. 9 (Kepanjen) are found to be
prospective for groundwater. It’s also identified that Groundwater occurs under
water table conditions the depth of water table ranges from 5 to 30 m.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
This study aims to analyze the hydrological characteristics as a result of changes
in land use with the help of the SWAT hydrological model and can provide
recommendations on the best land use in the Koto Panjang Electric Power catchment
area. Based on the results of the analysis using the SWAT hydrological model, it was
seen that there were effects of land use changes in 2011 and 2014 on hydrological
characteristics; yield of water (WATER YLD) of 2,413.38 mm, and 1.008, 65 mm,
runoff coefficient (C) of 0.19 and 0.063 respectively, and river regime coefficient
(KRS) of 11.449 and 12.212, respectively. The best land use to be developed in
agricultural cultivation areas as a recommendation to maintain water stability in the
Koto Panjang hydropower catchment area is a simple and complex agroforestry
pattern in scenario III, which is run together with hydrological characteristics in the
form; water yield (WATER YLD) of 1.038, 41, surface runoff coefficient (C) of 0.023,
and river regime coefficient (KRS) of 11.13. The hydrological characteristics in
scenario III are far better than 2014 land use characteristics (existing).
BIS Complete Floating PV-Dianing & S.Abduh.pdfSyamsirAbduh2
One of the Indonesian goals is to reach 23% of renewable energy share in 2025. It is mentioned in the national energy
general (RUEN) that Indonesia has the potential for renewable energy about 443.208MW. However, only about 2% has been
utilized. These are caused by several reasons such as lack of land, high investment costs, and lack of information or research in
their field. As the capital city of Indonesia, the provincial government of DKI Jakarta is certainly in the spotlight regarding climate
change and pollution. Efforts were also made to reduce emissions. For example, the Low Emission Zone (LEZ) policy began to be
implemented in Kota Tua starting in February 2021. This is one of the efforts to reduce emissions in the cultural heritage area of
the old city and make the area cleaner. For this reason, this initial research is expected to help the development of science, especially
floating photovoltaic in the water surface area which is not large enough. With the existence of floating photovoltaic, the DKI
Provincial Government and PT. KAI can participate in utilizing new renewable energy. In addition, floating photovoltaic can also
be an attraction. and can also be an education for the community, especially for tourists visiting the Kota Tua which is one of the
tourist attractions in Jakarta. The result shows that the Kota Tua river potential is about 8.4MW which spread in rivers along the
Kota Tua area.
Morphometric analysis of vrishabhavathi watershed using remote sensing and giseSAT Journals
Abstract Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of India (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and the boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base map and thematic maps. The recent changes are updated with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepared with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the watershed have been determined. These dimensionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) stream ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km2. Index Terms: Morphometric analysis, Remote Sensing, GIS, SOI Topomap and Vrishabhavathi Watershed
Techniacl seminar from Government Engineering College.pptxArjunPLinekaje
This document presents a study that aims to estimate ground water levels in tropical peatland forests using machine learning. An Internet of Things system was deployed with sensor nodes to collect temperature, humidity, wind speed, rainfall and ground water level data from a forest in Malaysia. A neural network model was developed to predict ground water levels based on the collected data. The results showed high correlation between the predicted and actual ground water levels, validating the feasibility of the approach. The study aims to help predict fire risk in peatlands by incorporating estimated ground water levels into an existing fire weather index system.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
This document summarizes a study analyzing groundwater flow in the Jakkur catchment area of Bangalore, India using the Visual MODFLOW software. The study area was conceptualized as having two layers - an upper weathered and fractured layer and a lower fractured hard rock layer. Field data on open wells and borewells in the area was collected. A numerical groundwater model was developed in Visual MODFLOW using a 1km by 1km grid. The model was run in steady state and transient conditions and calibrated by adjusting hydraulic conductivity values. Sample results showed calculated heads matched observed heads in 50-60% of wells. The zone budget analysis indicated decreasing groundwater availability over time. The modeling helped quantify inputs, outputs
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In developing accurate hydro geomorphological analysis, monitoring, ability to generate information in spatial and temporal domain and delineation of land features are crucial for successful analysis and prediction of groundwater resources. However, the use of RS and GIS in handling large amount of spatial data provides to gain accurate information for delineating the geological and geomorphological characteristics and allied significance, which are considered as a controlling factor for the occurrence and movement of groundwater used IRS LISS II data on 1: 50000 scale along with topographic maps in various parts of India to develop integrated groundwater potential zone
This document discusses flood modelling and prediction in Kerala using GIS and remote sensing. It provides background on Kerala's geography and climate, which causes frequent flooding. It then describes how GIS and remote sensing tools like digital elevation models, land use data, and rainfall data can be used as inputs to model flood inundation areas and predict future flooding. The outputs of these models, like flood extent maps, can help with disaster management and planning flood prevention measures.
Application of Soft Computing Techniques for Analysis of Groundwater Table Fl...drboon
Being a good quality water resource, groundwater was over used during the last three decades to serve high water demand due to rapid growth in Bangkok and its vicinity. Excessive pumping rate of groundwater in Bangkok results in land subsidence problem and groundwater quality deterioration due to saltwater intrusion into shallow aquifers adjacent to the coast. This study applied a simple linear Genetic Algorithm (GA) model as an alternative tool for monitoring and forecasting of groundwater table. Nonthaburi aquifer, one of three major aquifers amongst seven aquifers in greater Bangkok area, was analyzed in the study. Monthly groundwater table of 43 monitoring wells, amongst 92 wells, 12 years (1997-2009) data was analyzed with land use map. GA was used to divide groundwater basin into sub-regions. Comparison between capability of GA and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for prediction of groundwater level reveals that ANN model has a better performance for all cases. However, GA model might be used to predict groundwater level with an acceptable accuracy (9% to 26% relative error). Better performance was obtained in medium to high residential area and industrial area (9-19% relative error). Due to its simplicity as well as period of record length of data requirement, GA is another appropriate alternative tool for monitoring and forecasting groundwater table fluctuation particularly for insufficient data area.
This document proposes research to determine the groundwater table in Hawa Galan catchment, Ethiopia using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods. The study area has a population of over 123,000 people relying on groundwater sources like hand dug wells as there are no permanent surface water sources. Previous studies in the region focused on geology and igneous petrology but not groundwater. This research will involve collecting VES data along profiles and analyzing the results to map subsurface resistivity and identify potential high-yield aquifers and drilling locations to address the need for sustainable groundwater resources in the community. A detailed work plan and budget are provided outlining field work, data analysis, and reporting over an anticipated one year
Geohydrological investigation using vertical electrical sounding at banaras h...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used vertical electrical sounding (VES) to investigate the geohydrology of the main campus of Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, India. Nine VES surveys were conducted and interpreted to identify four subsurface layers and map variations in thickness. Four geoelectrical cross-sections were generated that correlated well with borehole data. The results indicate suitable conditions for good aquifers that can ensure a continued groundwater supply to support development in the expanding university campus.
Similar to Geological aspect analysis for micro hydro power plant site selection based on remote sensing data (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
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Geological aspect analysis for micro hydro power plant site selection based on remote sensing data
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 12, No. 3, June 2022, pp. 2300~2312
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp2300-2312 2300
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Geological aspect analysis for micro hydro power plant site
selection based on remote sensing data
Yugo Kumoro1
, Yuliana Susilowati1
, Pudji Irasari2
, Wawan Hendriawan Nur1
, Yunarto1
1
Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
2
Research Center for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Mar 29, 2021
Revised Dec 27, 2021
Accepted Jan 10, 2022
Geological characters analysis is essential for micro hydropower plant
(MHP) development planning. This paper presents an analysis of the
geological aspect to determine the layout of MHP components based on
remote sensing data as part of a solution to addressing power shortages in
Sungai Are District, South Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra
Province. Remote sensing and topographic map were extracted to identify
the potential site. The topographic map and geological analysis were used to
calculate the potential of electrical energy and the geological hazard risk,
particularly floods and landslides. The results of the study identified four
potential sites. Site 1 (Luas River, Ulu Danau Village) and site 3 (Putih
River, Gintung Village) are suitable for MHP with a low cost of
construction. Site 2 (Pecah Pinggan Village) and site 4 (Simpang Luas
Village) are prone to flooding and landslides that makes it suitable for MHP
but with a high cost of construction. Based on the geological aspect analysis,
it is possible to optimize the hydropower capacity, by adding the volume of
water flow from several nearby tributaries channeled into the hydropower
flow system through civil construction engineering or by making a cascade
design on the tailrace water flow.
Keywords:
Geological aspect analysis
Layout components
Micro hydropower plant
Remote sensing data
Site selection
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Yugo Kumoro
Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Komplek LIPI Jl Sangkuriang Gd. 80, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
Email: ykumoro@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Hydro energy is currently the largest renewable energy source in the world, which meets about
16-17% of the world's electricity needs [1]. With abundant hydropower potential, which is around
75,000 MW, Indonesia ranks 4th
in Asia [2]. Amongst renewable energies in Indonesia, hydropower is the
most extensively used, after which geothermal, solar, wind, and biomass are respectively [3].
Micro hydropower plant (MHP) is a clean energy source generated from falling water through an
opened or closed waterway and eventually rotating the turbine connected to an electric generator. MHP is
thought to be suitable renewable energy for homes, ranches, and distant settlements. MHP technology is the
most mature one among other renewable energy power plants with higher efficiency (70-90%) compared to
wind, wave, and solar power plants [3]. The electric power generated by MHP can be used for various needs.
With proper system planning and design, MHP can generate electricity continuously and connected directly
to the load without having to go through an energy storage system [4]–[6]. MHP efficiency and stability of
power networks can be improved by applying a variable speed mechanism [7].
The main criteria for the development of MHP in an area are hydrological characteristics with water
flow and head that match the electrical energy requirements and have geological natures that support the
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development of MHP components with an environmental carrying capacity that is free from floods and
landslides [8], [9]. The geological profile can be obtained by taking measurements in the field. However, this
method is time-consuming and expensive, so the initial study is usually carried out by remote sensing and
field measurement is used for verification. Together with a topographic map, remote sensing is also helpful to
determine the energy potential of various energy sources such as hydropower [10], wind energy [11], and
photovoltaic solar energy [12]. Satellite images depict the entire or a portion of the world, and the images
obtained can be used to create topographic maps, military maps, and weather forecast maps [13].
The study of hydropower potential with remote sensing technology is generally only to identify
potential locations and get information about the amount of generated power, as was done by [10], [14]–[17].
In references [18] and [19], remote sensing is deployed to quantify and detect the sedimentation in
hydropower dams. Related to hydropower components, remote sensing-based disaster risk analysis is more
focused on dams or reservoirs, as discussed in [20], [21]. Their research includes finding potential
dam-building areas by prioritizing the primary water management approach to solve floods and drought [20]
and observing three forms of erosion in a reservoir in southwest China [21]. Remote sensing is also applied
to investigate how the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam-building gives an impact on land-cover alterations [22].
In [23] proposed a new method to map landslide obtained from a large-scale remote profile using contour
based morphological operations and digital elevation model. Meanwhile, remote sensing combined with a
geographic information system (GIS) is employed for landslide hazard zoning mapping [24], [25], land-use
change mapping and its dynamics in Awash River Basin [26], and studying the Tana River along
Saka-Mnazini ranges in terms of the time-based and spatial channel fluctuations and their dynamics [27].
Another study combines the hydrological model coupled routing and excess storage snow with remote
sensing to evaluate climate- and human-induced influences on the Lancang River within 1980-2014 [28].
The utilization of renewable energy, such as MHP, can be optimized primarily in remote locations
having no electricity service network [29]. Rural residents deserve a sustainable, reliable, and cost-effective
energy system to function as an alternative to the environmentally unfriendly and expensive electricity
supplied by conventional energy systems [30]. The site of this study is in South Sumatra Province. With an
electricity deficit of 4.1%, this province is subjected to a rolling blackout daily [31]. Therefore, an additional
electrical power supply is crucial. One of the rivers having the potential to become a source of electrical
energy generation is the Luas River located in remote areas, precisely in Sungai Are District, the westernmost
of the South Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU) Regency, South Sumatra Province. The district requires electrical
energy for household needs and processing plantation products, such as coffee, rubber, and palm oil. In
respect of that, this research is part of a solution to addressing electricity demand in the area.
The hydroelectric potential of Sungai Luas will be finding out by applying remote sensing
technology along with geological analysis supported field checks at potential locations. It emphasizes image
interpretation and geological aspects to optimize the layout of MHP components, including weir, waterway,
penstock, and powerhouses, and select the MHP potential site's best location. Analysis of the geological
features will reveal the surface soil and rocks' physical and technical characteristics, beneficial to minimizing
floods and landslides hazard. The geological aspect will explain rock types, structural patterns, and
geological processes that affect the layout of the MHP components. It will also optimize the interpretation of
satellite imagery emphasized on the analysis of rock and soil conditions, structural patterns, landslides, and
floods on the placement of MHP components. In addition to the potential of electrical energy, the
combination of satellite imagery interpretation and geological analysis will also result in the security of the
MHP component building against flooding, landslides, and earthquakes. In this regard, the impact on
component construction cost will also be included, whether high or low.
2. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1. Research method
The research methodology as shown in Figure 1 was carried out in three stages: data collecting, data
processing, and data analysis. Sungai Are District was selected as a case study area because it is presumed to
have a good hydropower potential for electric power generation. Data collection in stage 1 includes
topographic maps, remote sensing data, and field measurement. The 2013-2019 electricity situation issued by
Bappeda is utilized as a reference for predicting the growth of the customer numbers, installed capacity,
electricity sold, and electricity production until 2030. Landsat 8 and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
(SRTM) download data from USGS-USA. The topographic map was extracted from Rupa Bumi Indonesia
(RBI), published by the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG), Indonesia. The rainfall map and Earth Quake
Hazard potential map were obtained from Regional Development Planning Agencies (Bappeda), South OKU
Regency. Measurement data of head and water flow are obtained from the fieldwork in August 2019, during
the dry season when the river experienced minimum discharge. The water flow was measured using a current
meter and a stopwatch to determine the water velocity. The cross-sectional area is obtained by measuring the
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 3, June 2022: 2300-2312
2302
average breadth and depth in several points along the river. The head of MHP is measured using Theodolite.
Data processing in stage 2 covers geological and land use mapping, head and water flow calculation, and data
verification. The head and water flow can be extracted from remote sensing data and topographic maps. A
topographic map was utilized to calculate the head height. Digital elevation model (DEM) data was used for
the head estimation, in which the higher the DEM resolution, the more accurate the head value acquired. The
SRTM-DEM was used in this study because it has a good, precise resolution of 1 arcsec (30×30 m). The
weakness of Landsat is the presence of clouds [32]. The water flow was obtained through the analysis of
rainfall data. The field measurement data verified the interpreted and estimated data.
A geological survey was conducted to verify the interpretation of remote sensing data regarding the
layout of the MHP components, which are related to geological, geomorphological, and disaster
environmental conditions. RS satellite imagery for geological applications assists in cost-effective energy
exploration and identifying geothermal and other energy potentials [33]. The combination of interpretation of
satellite imagery and field geological surveys can determine the layout of the MHP components that are
efficient and low cost or high cost. The emphasis of geological surveying is on the physical appearance of
recorded morphological features and other parameters such as river patterns, shape, and disaster risk, which
includes land changes, flooding, and faults. Water flow was estimated based on the area of the watershed
together with the volume of water rainfall, geological and land use map was interpreted regarding Landsat 8
remote sensing satellite data [21], [34]–[36], while geological map and land use map were employed as a
reference for mapping of Geotechnical engineering, the potential hazard of flood and landslide.
The growth trend forecast of customer numbers, installed capacity, electricity sold, and electricity
production until 2030 is performed by employing linear, quadratic, and exponential mathematical models.
Furthermore, the errors are compared using the equations mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute
percentage error (MAPE). The best curve is selected based on the smallest percentage of error.
In stage 3, data analysis consists of predicting electrical situations until 2030, the design of
hydropower output, and components layout. The location of the MHP components is determined using global
positioning system (GPS). Some recommendations were proposed to develop MHP on the four potential sites
based on geological aspect analysis.
Figure 1. Research method
2.2. Electricity condition in South OKU District
Sungai Are District is the westernmost area of South OKU Regency, which is directly adjacent to
the Bengkulu province. Sungai Are District can be reached by local land transportation from Muaradua. The
distance from Muaradua, the capital regency, is approximately 60 km, which makes it costly for MHP
development. In 2013, only 153 of the 262 villages had electricity service. Of the 80.7% who have benefited
electricity as shown in Table 1, only 56.69% are served by the state electricity company (SEC). A total of
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26.01% of households in South OKU regency receive non-SEC electricity. Until now, there are 19.3% of
households whose source of lighting is non-electricity. Until 2016, Sungai Are District has no electricity
service. People in this district use oil lamps or candles for lighting. A total of 1143 households spread across
nine villages use the non-SEC electricity. In 2018, there are only 2492 (87%) out of 2832 families got the
electric supply. The surrounding villages, such as Pecah Pinggan, Gintung, and Simpang Luas, are also
remote and have no electricity.
The availability of electrical energy becomes a measure of the standard of living of the community.
Unfortunately, South OKU is one of the regencies that are yet incapable of meeting the electricity needs of
all its community. The mathematical models to forecast the growth of the electricity situation of South OKU
Regency in 2013-2019 are presented by the (1), (2), and (3) as shown in Table 1 [37]. The mean absolute
error and mean absolute percentage error were calculated to decide the best model for the forecasting
analysis expressed by (4) and (5) [38].
Linear model:
𝑌′
= 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡 (1)
quadratic model:
𝑌′
= 𝑎 + 𝑏1 𝑡 + 𝑏2 𝑡2
(2)
exponential model:
𝑌′
= 𝑎𝑒𝑏𝑡
(3)
𝑀𝐴𝐸 =
1
𝑛
∑ |𝑌𝑡
𝑛
𝑡=1 − 𝑌̇𝑡| (4)
𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐸 =
1
𝑛
∑
|𝑌𝑡−𝑌̇𝑡|
𝑌𝑡
𝑛
𝑡=1 𝑥 100% (5)
where Y’is trend value, t is time period, a is constant, b is gradient, Yt is actual value, 𝑌̇𝑡 is the prediction of
the value of t, n is the amount of data.
Table 1. Number of customers, installed capacity, electricity sold and electricity production of South OKU
Regency, year 2013-2019 [39]
Year Number of customers (Household heads) Installed capacity (VA) Electricity sold (kWh) Electricity production (kWh)
2013 37,180 31,997,100 38,233,167 49,353,063
2014 37,576 35,443,250 39,531,550 52,147385
2015 45,504 40,506,600 47,739,479 60,457,708
2016 47,164 42,088,800 46,112,246 62,852,300
2017 52,074 47,199,555 48,263,607 64,947,259
2018 57,315 52,382,650 54,446,345 66,257,498
2019 63,946 63,379,123 63,379,123 71,712,491
2.3. Hydrological condition
Sungai Are District having two main rivers, namely Luas and Are River. Luas River is sited
between coordinates 4° 28' 38.1" S 103° 31' 25.6" E and 4° 28’ 46.4" S 103° 26' 43.9" E, has 36,113 ha water
catchment and has a continuous discharge that is suitable for MHP as shown in Figure 2(a). Luas River
originates from Mount Garanggahan located in the north of South OKU Regency and flows westward and
disembogues into the Indonesian Ocean. Luas and Are rivers have a steep valley with plenty of heavy river
flow and waterfalls in several spots that provide opportunities for the use of MHP. The geological
characteristics dominated by young and old volcanic rocks also bolster the development of MHP in this area.
The landscape strongly influences the availability of water sources for MHP. These geomorphological
characteristics will determine the quantity of electrical energy that can be exploited.
The main components of MHP as shown in Figure 2(b) are the dam, water intake, channel, forebay
tank, penstock, and powerhouse. The power generated is proportional to the flow rate and head. Therefore,
these two parameters can be adjusted according to site conditions to gain the desired capacity. The
hydropower output expressed by the (6) is [40]:
𝑃 = 𝜌 × 𝑔 × 𝑄 × 𝐻eff × 𝜂 (6)
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 3, June 2022: 2300-2312
2304
where P is the hydropower output (W), ρ is the mass density of water = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
, g is the
gravitation = 9.81 𝑚2
/s, Q is the discharge (m3
/s), Heff is the effective head height (m), and is the
efficiency = 80%.
(a)
(b)
Figure 2. Study area and schematic diagram (a) potential site of luas watershed and (b) layout of MHP
components [41]
2.4. Remote sensing application and geological conditions of Sungai Are District
Physiographically, Sungai Are District is located in the Barisan Mountains System with hilly and
mountainous morphology with a slope angle of 10-70. The hilly area with a waterfall in the canal drops is a
suitable location for MHP. The employment of satellite imagery has the advantage of covering a large field
with adequate accuracy in describing the landscape of the earth's surface. By deploying this satellite image,
environmental conditions can be mapped quickly, such as morphological, geological conditions, and river
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flow patterns. A combination of Landsat 8 bands of near infra-red (NIR) and short wave infrared (SWIR) can
be employed to extract information about rocks and geology [41]–[43]. The combination of NIR and SWIR
produces optimal reflection against rocks so that rock type information can be recognized well, while the
variation of visible and NIR Bands is applied to extract information about vegetation for making land use
maps and estimating water discharge [44]–[46]. Geospatial data generated from remote sensing analysis can
be used widely in various fields, one of which is disaster mitigation of the infrastructure to be built [47].
This study emphasizes the interpretation of satellite imagery to obtain geological conditions,
morphology, and potential areas for landslides and other disasters. From the satellite data, thematic maps are
made, such as geological maps, land cover maps, river flow maps, and several other MHP related maps. The
interpretation of satellite images is employed to determine the locations of the weir, waterway, and
powerhouse. Afterward, a site survey was performed for verification. The head and the area of water
catchment were estimated by referring to contour maps. Water discharge is calculated based on the watershed
area multiplied by the average annual rainfall.
Information on the potential for the geological hazard of an area is essential as the basis for
development planning consideration of the region. The potential site with the high vulnerability of geological
hazards will have a high-cost construction. The geological aspect is one of the fundamental parameters for
MHP design, especially regarding the component layout. The feasible site of MHP has to have a proper
geological condition [48], [49].
Geological aspect analysis of MHP components refers to the interpretation of satellite images,
topographic maps, and visual reading of field observation. Analysis of the geological characteristics is
descriptive-observative so that the data source relies on the results of field observations, which are then
supported by other field data. The analysis was executed by observing cases or geological issues encountered
in the field and related to the position of the MHP components. Several geological assessments in
determining the location of the power plant components include: i) Field observations based on the
interpretation of satellite images cover river conditions, measurement of discharge, and slope of river valleys;
ii) Detail observation of the geological environment, such as rock types, geological structures, and technical
properties of soil and rocks; and iii) Geomorphological interpretation of river environmental conditions
related to vulnerability to landslides, floods and other disasters. Geologically, the Luas watershed area has
very distinctive rock characteristics because almost all the rocks are the result of volcanic eruptions, both old
and young volcanoes shown by the topography, which are mostly mountainous and hilly areas with deep
valleys and high slope angles. The application of satellite imagery is utilitarian to delineating areas that are
prone to disasters, such as floods, landslides, and others.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Forecast of electricity growth trend
The actual and forecast of electricity condition of South OKU Regency are displayed in Figure 3.
Based on the statistical modeling, the growth trends are quadratic for customer numbers, exponential for
installed capacity and electricity sold, and linear for electricity production. Electricity sold represents
electricity demand consumed by the customers. The graphs show that before 2021 there is a surplus of
electricity production. Unfortunately, after mid-term 2021 a meeting point occurs between electricity
production and electricity sold that signifies the start of a deficit in electricity production. In this regard, there
must be a scenario to keep the electricity supply able to meet demand on an ongoing basis.
3.2. Hydrological analysis
The SRTM data as shown in Figure 4(a) and the Landsat 8 satellite data as shown in Figure 4(b)
shows the Luas watershed is weak to stiff undulating hills with a height difference between hills and valleys
of approximately 20-120 m and slope angles between 20
-70
. The morphology of the mounts includes in the
Barisan mountain system that stretches northwest-southeast, which is shown by the very tight contours of the
elevation on the topographic map of this area. The morphology that is usually arranged by volcanic-rock-
Garanggahang Hill, Cabut Hill, Mount Besar, Pandan Hill, and other hills are in the Luas River watershed.
The Luas River originates in Garanggahang Hill, Besar Hill, and Cabut Hill, to south, turns west in the
village of Pecah Pinggan in the same direction as the Sumatra Fault and turns back south and empties
into the Indian Ocean. The area of Luas watershed catchment is 36,113 ha and the precipitation is
100-150 mm/month. This area is a high-risk area of earthquake potential hazards.
The land use map as shown in Figure 4(c) presents the current land use, while the land allocation
map indicates the allocated land for future development plans. In determining the land use of an area, it is
necessary to know the land use map. Climatic factors considerably affect the type of land cover. The Luas
watershed area, especially in the northern part, has a dry climate so that it is dominated by plants, which
generally do not have wide canopies to reduce evaporation. Based on the land cover classification, the Luas
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watershed area consists of nine classes of land covers, namely forests, swamp forests, lakes, rivers,
settlements, rice fields, plantations/gardens, shrubs, and moor/fields. Land cover in the form of forests and
vegetation is in the northern and southern parts of the Luas watershed, which are rain forest catchments that
serve to conserve water sources.
The slope map of the Luas watershed as shown in Figure 4(d) shows that site 1 and 3 has a slope of
15-25%, while site 2 and 4 have a ramp of 0-8%. Mountain slopes are generally steep. The slopes formed by
volcanic rocks are mostly quite steep. The flow pattern of the river follows the morphological conditions that
are usually formed by volcanoes. Where the cone shape is still clearly visible, a radial flow pattern develops,
and in other places, the river tends to be a dendritic pattern.
Figure 3. Electricity condition of South OKU Regency
3.3. Geological aspects analysis
The geological condition of the Luas watershed as shown in Figure 4(e) was obtained from Landsat
8 satellite data interpretation and field observation for the ground truth check. Geological condition analysis
refers to the geological maps of Manna and Enggano Sheet as well as the Baturaja Sheet. Imaging and
interpretation of geological structures can be obtained through the digital elevation model (DEM), displaying
the geomorphology, in which the geological structures of hard rock and sediments are represented [50].
The Luas watershed is an area with very distinctive rock characteristics since almost all of the rock
in it comes from volcanic eruptions, either old or young volcanoes. These characteristics are clarified by the
topography, which are mostly mountainous and hilly areas with deep valleys and high slope angles. The
shape of the Luas River resembles the letters "V" and "U" that indicates that the vertical erosion is more
dominant than the horizontal one. Landscapes immensely affect the availability of water sources for power
plants; the geomorphological characteristics will determine the capacity of the generated electric power.
The geology of the Luas watershed is composed of units of breccias, lava, and tuffs from the
Hulusimpang formation with its spread in the middle part of the east-west, then sandstone, claystone, shale,
and conglomerate units of the Seblat Formation with an extension in the center and west, and a few breccias
with intercalation of sandstones and claystone from the Lakitan Formation with local distribution in the
northern part, as well as young volcanic rock units covering most of this watershed area in the north and
south consisting of andesitic, tuff, and breccia. Geological analysis indicates that there is a lineament, which
is probably a fault in the Northwest-Southeast direction. Fortunately, the lineament is far from the location of
the power plant, so that the vulnerability to earthquakes is small. However, civil construction still has to
follow the principles of earthquake-resistant buildings based on the applicable Indonesian National Standard
(SNI) provisions. The power plant construction in this area could have a long operating life.
Figure 4(f) shows the map of landslide vulnerability, where the high potential for landslides is found
in the hills/mountains north of Sungai Are District (red color), which is characterized by a steep slope and
volcanic rock types that are not yet compact, so this amplifies that the soil is still loose. Meanwhile, other
areas in the watershed have medium landslide hazards (light brown color) characterized by moderate slopes,
and the constituent rocks are old volcanic rocks, which are relatively compact. The risk of landslides of sites
1 and 3 are at the medium level, while sites 2 and 4 are at the high one.
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Figure 4. Thematic map of Luas watershed (a) SRTM satellite data, (b) landsat 8 satellite data, (c) land use
map, (d) slope map, (e) geological map, and (f) landslide vulnerability map
3.4. Hydropower output and layout of MHP components
The integration of geological data and image interpretation shows that four locations in the Luas
River have the potential to build MHP. The four potential sites of MHP were analyzed to obtain the
estimated, measured, and designed of hydropower output. Head and water flow data obtained from the
estimation, measurement, and designs, and their associated hydropower output, are presented in Table 2.
Estimated hydropower output is overestimate compared to measured hydropower output because the
reference topographic map is less detailed, which is on a scale of 1:25,000, and the applied average rainfall
data has a low level of accuracy to determine the rainfall value in the watershed area. The design of
hydropower output takes smaller values of Q (50% of the measured value) because it considers the risk of
minimum discharge in the dry season and anticipates land-use changes and population growth in the area.
Figure 5 presents the layouts of the MHP components of the four potential sites. The geological aspect
analysis using the integration of geological data and image interpretation shows that there are four potential
sites of MHP in the Luas River as shown in Table 3.
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Table 2. Estimated, measured and designed of hydropower output
Site Watershed Estimated Measured Designed
Area (ha) Heff (m) Q (m3
/s) P (kW) Heff (m) Q (m3
/s) P (kW) Heff (m) Q (m3
/s) P (kW)
1 7,417.460 25 1.717 337 22 1.500 259 20 1.000 188
2 14,399.990 75 3.333 1,962 82 1.870 1,203 75 0.935 881
3 5,225.860 100 1.209 949 112 1.490 1,310 100 0.745 935
4 36,113.550 50 8.359 3,280 52 5.310 2,167 50 2.665 1,667
Table 3. Geological aspect analysis of MHP potential site
Site Designed Analysis Hazard vulnerability
Power
(kW)
Water
way(m)
Penstock
(m)
Geology Aspect Land-slide Flood Recommen-
dation
1. Ulu Danau
Village
S 103° 33' 46,89"
E 4° 27' 26,30"
188 500 40 Quarternary Andesitic lavas,
tuff, volcanic breccia
products of Bt Garanggahang
(Qv).
Low Low Suitable, Low
cost
construction
2. Pecah Pinggan
Village
S 4° 28' 11.5"
E 103° 30' 36.0"
881 2,800 142 Tertiary Andesitic lava,
volcanic breccia, tuff and
intercalation of sand stone
(Hulusimpang Formation)
High High Suitable, High
cost
construction
3. Gintung Village
S 4° 26' 40.9"
E 103° 28' 38.9"
935 1,000 145 Quarternary Andesitic lavas,
tuff, volcanic breccia
products of Bt Garanggahang
(Qv).
Low Low Suitable, low
cost
construction
4. Simpang Village
S 4° 28' 38.0"
E 103° 27' 59.9"
1,667 3,490 110 Tertiary Alternating
sandstone, siltstone,
claystone with intercalation
of thin limestone (Seblat
Formation)
High High Suitable, High
cost
construction
Site 1, Luas River, Ulu Danau Village, as shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b) and site 3, Putih River,
Gintung Village, as shown in Figures 5(c) and 5(d) have the same characteristics, which are in high elevation
locations with steep slopes, have low power potential due to small water flow. The geological condition is
mainly lava rock and massive volcanic breccias, which have relatively thin weathering soil thickness. This
location is safe against flood and landslide hazards, suitable for MHP with a low cost of construction. Site 2,
Pecah Pinggan Village, as shown in Figures 5(e) and 5(f) and site 4, Simpang Village as shown in
Figures 5(g) and 5(h) are located at a small degree of elevation zone with a flat slope and have substantial
potential power due to heavy water flow. The constituent rocks consist of sandstone, siltstone, and clay from
the Hulusimpang Formation and Seblat Formations, which are fragile and easily weathered, and their thick
soil is weathered. This location is prone to flooding and landslides, suitable for MHP with a high cost of
construction.
The best spot is site 3 (Gintung Village), a tributary of the Luas River, precisely at the confluence of
the Putih and Gintung. The weir is at coordinates 4° 26' 40.9" S and 103° 28' 38.9" E with an altitude of
655 msl. The water flow and the head of the Putih River are 1.49 m3
/s and 50 m consecutively. The
hydropower generated is 935 kW with 1000 m waterway length. The short and straight conduit is preferable
to increase the energy generated by the proposed MHP.
Site 3, Putih River, Gintung Village, consisted of sandstone, claystone, and conglomerate units, as
well as alluvial, which was dominated by loose gravel and andesite hunk. The morphology in the power plant
area is undulating hills-mountains with slopes ranging from 20°-45°. The U-shape river basin of the Luas
watershed provides an advantage in reducing the risk of landslides.
For the continuity of the hydropower generation, the head and water flow must be in a stable
condition. The stability of the head height depends on the robustness of the penstock construction to
withstand a certain level of landslides, floods, or earthquakes. Meanwhile, the stability of the water flow is
dependent on the rainfall and the type of land cover in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the land
cover and keep it having an infiltration coefficient that is sufficient to absorb water that produces water flow
according to the hydropower needs. The land-use alteration will not be a problem as long as the infiltration
coefficient does not decrease the water flow in the area.
The impact of climate change on precipitation also needs to be considered out to ensure the water
flow at the hydropower site is not lower than the designed discharge. It is necessary to install a rainfall station
and flow meter at the plant site. If there is a decrease in precipitation and water flow in the area, balancing
action must be taken by increasing the land cover with a higher infiltration coefficient (planting trees with
thick roots and canopy) so that the discharge is maintained.
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
Figure 5. Layout of MHP components based on RS satellite and contour data (a) remote sensing data of Site
1, Ulu Danau Village, (b) countur map of site 1, (c) remote sensing data of site 2, Gintung Village,
(d) countur map of Site 2, (e) remote sensing data of Site 3, Pecah Pinggan Village, (f) countur map of site 3,
(g) remote sensing data of site 4, Simpang Village, and (h) remote sensing data of site 4
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4. CONCLUSION
This paper has evaluated micro-hydropower potential on the Luas River. The interpretation of
topographic maps and remote sensing satellite imagery are integrated with a site survey to obtain: the best
spot for the MHP components and the potential of electric power. A geological aspect interpretation was
conducted to minimize the disaster risk. The area of South OKU Regency, especially in the Luas watershed
area, has a high potential for MHP development, which is supported by relatively stable morphological,
geological, and river flow conditions. Designed power at the 4 locations observed ranged from
188-1,667 kW. The integration between satellite image analysis and geological aspects is significantly
helpful in determining the layout of MHP components covers weirs, waterways, penstock, and powerhouses.
It is found that Ulu Danau and Gintung Villages have low hazard vulnerability, which means the power
plant's construction cost will be low as well. Exploiting the potential of MHP in this area will help to
overcome the problem of lack of electricity production in this area. Based on the geological aspect analysis, it
is possible to optimize the hydropower capacity, which is by adding the volume of water flow from several
nearby tributaries channeled into the hydropower flow system through civil construction engineering or by
making a cascade design on the tailrace water flow.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Mrs. Juliana ST from Bappeda of OKU Selatan Regency, Indonesia, for her
support for this research. We also thank Ir. Suwijanto for an in-depth discussion of the geological analysis.
Some of the funds and facilities in carrying out this research has been provided by DDRF-Coremap CTI LIPI
Project, the fiscal year 2021-2022. We wish to thank the head of the Research Center of Oceanographic-LIPI
with staff and the coordinator of the DDRF-Coremap CTI LIPI with the team who support this research.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Yugo Kumoro received the Bachelor degree for Geological Engineering, Faculty
of Mineral Technology, UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Currently, he is working as a
senior researcher in the Research Center for Geotechnology at National Research and
Innovation Agency, Indonesia. His research interests include geology, geological engineering,
and natural hazard. He can be contacted at email: ykumoro@mail.com.
Yuliana Susilowati holds a Ph.D. in 2005 in the field of Computer Engineering
from Electrical Engineering Department of Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia.
Currently, she is working as a senior researcher in the Research Center for Geotechnology at
National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia. Her research interests include digital
image processing, remote sensing, GIS, and environmental modeling. She can be contacted at
email: yuliysl486@mail.com.
Pudji Irasari received electrical engineering degree in 1994 from Brawijaya
University and master degree in renewable energy in 2003 from Oldenburg university. Her
research areas include renewable energy and electric machine design. Currently she is a senior
researcher under research group of Power Electronics at National Research and Innovation
Agency. She can be contacted at email: pudj003@brin.go.id.
Wawan Hendriawan Nur received the Masters in Engineering from the School
of Electrical and Informatics Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia.
Currently, he is working as a researcher in the Research Center for Geotechnology at National
Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia. His research interests include spatial information
systems, geographical information systems, machine learning and spatial databases. He can be
contacted at email: wawanhn@gmail.com.
Yunarto received the Masters in Engineering from the Padjadjaran University,
Bandung, Indonesia. Currently he is working as a senior researcher in the Research Center for
Geotechnology at National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia. His research interests
include geology, natural hazard, vulnerability hazard, and socio-economical hazard. He can be
contacted at email: yunarto@gmail.com.