It includes NERVOUSSYSTEM CLASSIIFCATION; PARTS OF CEREBUM & FUNCTIOS; PARS OF CEREBELLUM & FUCTIONS ; PATS OF BRAIN STEM & THEIR FUNCTION WITH CRANIAL NERVES

1. HEENA PARVEEN
Asst.professor ,
Dept. of Pharmacology,
DNVP.

2. NERVOUS SYSTEM
PNS
SOMATIC
AUTONOMIC
CNS
BRAIN & SPINAL CORD

3. CNS: BRAIN
 FOREBRAIN (Prosencephalon)
Telencephalon Diencephalon
Cerebral cortex Thalamus
Basal ganglia Hypotalamus
Corpus callosum Epithalamus
Hippocampus Metathalamus
 MIDBRAIN (Mesencephalon)
 HINDBRAIN (Rombencephalon)
Metencephalon Myelencephalon
Cerebellum Medulla oblongata
Pons Varoli
Pontine tegmentum

4. PNS: SOMATIC
Cranial(Afferent)
Spinal (Efferent)
AUTONOMIC
Sympathetic
Parsympathetic

14. Cerebrum- “Seat of intelligence”, Largest part.
It provides us
Abity to read, write,& speak;
To make calculatins & compose music;
To remember past & plan future, Imagine things.
Outer -Cerebral cortex & Internal region- Grey & white matter.
Cerebral cortex------Cortex= Rind / Bark (A region of Gray
matter that forms outer rim of cerebrum).
It is about 40% of the weight of brain & cotains billions of
neurons arranged in layers .
Grey matter– Enlarges faster than the deeper white matter.
Hence, Cortical regions folds –These folds are called as
Gyri/Covolutions.

15. The shallowgrooves between folds are ---SULCI.
The deepest grooves between folds are---
FISSURES.
Longitudinal fissure—Separates the cerebrum
into Right & Left Hemispheres.

16. Each C.H can e divided into lobes & named according to bones of skull.
 FRONTAL LOBE & PARIETAL LOBE –
Separated by “Central Sulcus”.
 FRONTAL LBE &TEMPORAL LOBE– separated by “Lateral cerebral
sulcus”
 PARIETAL LOBE & OCCIPITAL LOBE—
Separated by “Pareto-occipital sulcus”.

17. It consists primarily of Myelinatedaxons in 3 types of TRACTS:
Association Tracts: Conduct nerve impulses between Gyri of same
C.H.
Commisural Tracts: conducts impulse from gyri in 1C.H – gyri of
another C.H.(Corpus callosum; Anterior & Posterior Commisure).
Projection Tracts: Conducts impulse from CS to lowers brain parts
(Thalamus, Brain stem& S.C)

18. Deep within cerebral hemispheres are Masses of grey matter—Basal
Nuclei/Basal ganglia(3).
2 are side-by-side, lateral to thalamus—Globus pallidus & Putamen
(Togetherly , known as Lentiform Nucleus).
3rd Basal nuclei– Caudate Nucleus.
Lentiform Nucleus & Caudate Nuclei --- Corpus striatum.
Claustrum– A thin sheet of grey matter situated lateral to Putamen.
Functions:
 Recieves Input from the cerebral cortex & provide output to motor
parts of cortex .
 It helps to regulate initiate & terminate movements.
 It also controls subconscious contractions of skelatal muscle.
Ex: Automatic arm swings while walikng ; Laughter on joke.
Initiate & terminate cognitive functions—Attention,Memory,Planning.

20. Specific types of Sensory, Motor, integrative signals are processed
areas of cortex.
Sensory areas– Receive sensory information & involved in Perception.
Motor areas-- Control execution of Voluntary movements.
Association areas– Deal with integrative fncns--
Memory,Emotions,Reasoning,Will,Judgement,Intelligence.
Sensory Areas
Sensory impulses arrive in posterior half of Both C.H. Some Sensory areas are:
Primary somato-sensory area(Touch,Pressure,Temparature,Pain)
Primary Visual area(EYE)
Primary Auditory area(Ear/Sound)
Primary Gustatory area(Taste)
Primary olfactory area(Smell).

21. Motor areas
Motor output from the cerebral cortex flows mainly from anterior part of each
hemisphere. Some of them are:
Primary Motor area(Voluntary contractions of muscles)
Broca’s speech area(Speaking , Understandng of language)
Association areas
They consists of occipital, Parietal,Temporal,Frontal lobes anterior to motor
areas.
Somato-sensoryA.A (Deter exact shape,Textr of object)
Visual A.A(To recognise & evaluate seen objects)
Facial Recognition area(faces )
Auditory A.A(Rcognse particular noise,speech,sound)
Wernicke’s area (Interpretes the meaning of speech by recognising
spoken words)

24. It is the 2nd largest part of brain.
Location– Behind Pons & immediately below the posterior
portion of Cerebrum.
Shape– Oval has 2 Hemispheres( Seperated by VERMIS).
Grey matter @ periphery & White matter @ centre.
Functions :
Concerned with coordination of voluntary muscular
movement, Posture & balance.
Impulses from the ear & eye provide information about
the position of the head in the space.
Integrates the information to regulate skeletal muscle
activity.
Plays roe in Learning & language processing.

28. It is the area of the brain (2.5cm long)–situated around the
CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT between Cerebrum & below
PONS.
It consists of nuclei & nerve fibres/tracts –connects the
cerebrum with lower pats of brain
& with S.C.
Nuclei (SUBSTANTIA NIGRA)acts as Relay stations for
ascending & descending nerve fibres & have important roles
in Auditory & visual reflexes.
Posterior part of MB is TECTUM has 2 rounded
Elevations—2 superior colliculi [Head movement& visual
stimulii]
2 Inferior colliculi[Auditory pathways]

29. Lcn- In front of cerebellum, below MB & above M.O.
T has 2 structural components– Ventral region &
Dorsal region .
Nuclei with in the pons acts as relay stations &
associated with cranial nerves.
Other cetres are – Pneumotaxic & Apoustic
centres[works in association with respratory centre
for respiration].

30. 2.5cm long ; is in cotinuation with superior part of
S.C & inferior part of Brain stem.
Nuclei acts as relay stations for reflexes.
CV Centre– controls Rate & force of heart beat &
Blood vessel diametre.
Respiratory centre– Controls basic rhythm of
Breathing.
Vomiting centre/CTZ-- causes vomitting.
Deglutition centre– promotes swallowing.
Sneezing, coughing & Hiccupping.

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