INFLAMMATION PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

1. INFLAMMATION
Presented by:
SARA BEGUM ,
BSc nursing 2nd Year ,
SVS COLLEGE OF NURSING.
Under the guidance of
Heena Parveen M.Pharm ,
Asst.Professor,
Pharmacology Dept.

2. Inflammation is a process by which your body's white blood cells and the
things they make protect you from infection from outside invaders, such
as bacteria and viruses.

3. • Inflammatory process in response to injurious stimulus can be evoked by Noxious
agents:
Infections,
Antibodies,
Physical injuries.
• Classic Inflammatory responses include:
i. PALOR-Warmth
ii. DOLOR-Pain
iii. RUBOR-Redness
iv. TUMOR-Swelling
Inflammatory responses occurs by 3 distinct Temporal phases, by different mechanisms.
1) An Acute phase- Characterised by Transient local vasodilation & Increased
capillary permeability.
2) Sub-acute phase- Characterised by Infiltration of leucocytes & Phagocytic cells.
3) A chronic proliferative phase- Tissue degeneration & Fibrosis occurs.

6. Activated Endothelial cells plays a key role in “Targeting” circulatory
cells to Inflammatory sites.
Expression of adhesion molecules vary among cell types involved in
Inflammatory response.
Cell adhesion occurs by Recognition of cell surface Glycoprotein &
carbohydrates on circulating cells. Thus, Endothelial activation results
in lecucocyte adhesion as lecucocytes recognise newly expressed L-
selectin & P-selectin.
In addition to CAM, inflammatory cells recruitment to injury site
involves the concerted interactions of types of soluble mediators
include:
PAF, Complement factor C5a, Ecosanoid LTB4, Several cytokines (IL-1
& TNF).

7. Working in concert with each other & various cytokines & growth
factors (include IL-8 ; GM-CSF) ;induce Gene expression & protein
synthesis in variety of cells to mediate & promote inflammation.
• IL-1 comprise of 2 distinct polypeptides -- IL-1 α & IL-1 β; Binds to
same IL-1 receptors ( 80kd & 68kd ) .
• Active Inflammation –seen in Increased IL- 1 levels.
• TNF[CACHECTIN] because of its ability to produce a wasting
syndrome.TNF has 2 proteins -- MATURE TNF- α ;
LYMPHOTOXIN TNF- β.
TNF receptors are 2 types :
75kd –Type -1 Receptor &
55kd—Type -2 Receptor.
• IL-1;TNF produce many of the same Pro-inflammatory responses.
Other Cytokines /Growth factors [IL-2,IL-6,L-8];GM-CSF—Contributes
to Inflammatory response.

8. • Some substances like Substance-P –promotes firing of pain fibres ,are
also elevated in concert with cytokines at Inflammation site.
• Histamine is one of the 1st identified Inflammatory mediators.
• Bradykinin , 5-HT also mediate Inflammation.
• PAF-also mediate Inflammation.