The Pros And Cons Of Technology And Science

The Pros And Cons Of Technology And Science
Inventions and Discoveries
Human lifestyle has recently changed through the inventions and discovery of new technology and
science. Technology and science are closely related hence, the technology uses science to answer
problems, while science uses technology to come up with new discoveries. However, technology
and science target different objectives. The objective of science is to provide an answer to the
critical questions, thus help to increase knowledge while the goal of technology is to find answers to
real problems. Even though they have a different objective, they, however, work together to
facilitate each other to grow. The knowledge posed from science led to the creation of technology
like telescope while the telescope technology led to a microscope that allows researchers to discover
nature in a new era.
According to an article by Rice University, a telescope is one of the dominant instruments of what
has been referred to as the Scientific Revolution. However, according to the article, they believe that
telescope was not the invention of scientists but the product of craftsmen. Rice University argue that
glass were cheap, hence the technology for crushing and polishing glasses had development
extensively allover (Rice University). Hence, the development led to a solution for a condition
known as presbyopia. This condition majorly faced the aging where they were unable to read letters
held at a relaxed distance from the eye (Rice University). This led to the
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Electron Microscope Essay
Electron Microscope
The electron microscope has become one of the most widely utilized instruments for materials
characterization. An electron microscope is a scientific instrument that allows us to "see" objects so
small that they cannot be seen in any other way. (CITE) Electron microscopes have allowed
scientists to see individual molecules and atoms for the first time.
Most microscopes, including those in schools and laboratories today, are optical microscopes. They
use glass lenses to enlarge, or magnify, an image. An optical microscope cannot produce an image of
an object smaller than the length of the light wave in use. To see anything smaller than 2,000
angstroms (about 1/250,000 of an inch) a wave of shorter length would ... Show more content on
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(CITE) By 1931, with the help of partner Dr. Max Knoll Ruska had produced a working model of
the first electron microscope.
Several types of electron microscopes have been developed since Ruska's first model.
Some are so large that they are housed in silos several stories high while others are small enough to
fit in the palm of a hand. These instruments have given scientists a new look at the world around us.
Ruska's working model was a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It sends a beam of
electrons, rather than light, through the object being viewed. The object to be viewed must be very
thin so the electrons can pass through it. Because air is too dense for electrons to pass through, the
object must be placed in a vacuum chamber. A beam of electrons is then focused on the object.
Magnetic lenses that act in the same way as glass lenses in an optical microscope spread the part of
the beam that passes through the object.
Finally, the beam strikes a fluorescent screen. The magnified image of the object can be seen on the
screen of a television–like monitor. The images formed by a transmission electron microscope are
black and white like an X–ray picture. Computers can be used to translate the image information
into a three–dimensional colored image.
In 1970, another electron microscope called the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was
developed. The scanning electron microscope is used to study the smallest

The Study Of Cells From 330 Years Ago
The study of cells started about 330 years ago. Before that time cells escaped notice because of their
small size. With the invention of the microscope and its subsequent improvement, cells became
visible and many new discoveries were made about them. Even today the study of cells reveals more
detail, and its secrets, which are in fact the secrets of life itself, are revealed with ever increasing
clarity. In 1665, English Scientist and Microscopist Robert Hooke described a honeycomb–like
network of cellulae (Latin for little storage rooms) in cork slice using his primitive compound
microscope. Robert Hooke used the term cells to describe units in plant tissue (thick cell walls could
be observed). Of course he saw only cell walls because cork cells are dead and without protoplasm.
He drew the cells he saw and also coined the word cell. The word cell is derived from the latin word
cellula which means small compartment. Hooke published his findings in his famous work,
Micrographia. Hooke anticipated some of the most important discoveries and inventions of his time
but failed to carry many of them through to completion. He formulated the theory of planetary
motion as a problem in mechanics, and grasped, but did not develop mathematically, the
fundamental theory on which the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton formulated the law of
gravitation. Hooke 's most important contributions include the correct formulation of the theory of
elasticity, which states that an elastic body

Characterizing The Structure Of Composite Material
Characterizing the structure of composite material in a fishing rod
Muad Saleh
Abstract
This report introduces the dependence of the mechanical properties of a fishing rod made from
glass–reinforced epoxy on the orientation, morphology, and volume fraction of the fibers used in
making the rod. This has been achieved by studying the surface of multiple cross–sections of the
fishing rod that are mounted on epoxy by using optical microscopes. Then through analyzing
different cross section, the mechanical properties of the studied fishing rod have been linked to
orientation, size, shape, and volume fraction of the fibers.
Introduction Composites, which are one of the primary branches of materials in addition to metals,
polymers and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fiber phase is usually made from materials that are usually stronger and have a higher modulus
of elasticity than that of the matrix, but they are often very brittle [2]. Therefore, the matrix phase is
usually the source of the composites' ductility, whereas the fiber is the source of its strength.
Furthermore, composited have a wider range of properties than the other types of material; thus,
they are used in more application. For instance, the material used in fishing poles should have a high
tensile and compressive strengths, and a high modulus of elasticity, as that they are subject to high
stresses, which they need to withstand without failing or going through much plastic deformation.
Moreover, fishing poles have to be ductile and flexible, as that they should have the ability to bend.
Such properties cannot often be achieved by using a single type of material; however, those
properties can be found in different composites. According to Philips [3], fishing rods are commonly
made of fibers glass or carbon embedded in a matrix of epoxy or lignin.
Because of the unlimited number of matrix/ fiber combinations that can be used to form composites,
and the great number of variables that can be controlled in composite materials, composites can
attain a wide range of mechanical properties. For instance, the mechanical properties depend on the
properties of both the matrix and the fiber phases; as that, the

Sodium Chlorine Lab Report
Student added solutions of 0.9% of sodium chlorine, 10% of sodium chlorine and distilled water to
individual slides containing a drop of blood, then placed under the microscope, the following
observation listed below took place, and were compared to the original slide number one.
Slide#1 with one drop of sheep's blood.
The first slide was placed under the microscope under the magnification of 40x, and a thick red
layer appeared with a white streak on the side. There was little air bubble spread on the layer, which
looked like a piece of meat with lean on it.
The slide was then placed under the magnification of 100x, and the layer looked like little air
bubbles or tiny little circles in the color white. The circle was had a thick dark surrounding. Nothing
was moving. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cells were not moving at all, and spread on top of each other. Some of the areas where deep red
and brown.
Slide#2 with a drop of blood and 0.9% of Sodium Chlorine.
The second slide was placed under the microscope under the magnification of 40x, after the solution
of 0.9% sodium chloride was added into the blood. There was a line in the color of light red, and
underneath it was tiny little dots or specs of blood (or red dot) spread everywhere.
The slide was then placed under the magnification of 100x, the image showed was the same as
shown under the magnification of 40x, but this time a little more focused that the 40x.
At last the slide was place under the magnification of 400x, and round white shaped little circles
laying one on another was shown. There were million of them moving a little bit, if focused on one
cell at a time in slow motion. The color was mostly white everywhere.
Slide#3 with a drop of blood and 10% of Sodium

The Pros And Cons Of The Glass Age
Humankind has gone through many ages including the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, the
Middle ages, Machine age, and the period we are in today. Many valid arguments for what period
we are in today including the Big Data Age, Social Age, or even Information Age. However, I think
a valid argument can also be made for the Glass Age. Throughout this course we have covered many
topics while using a wide variety of equipment and technology all made possible through the
advancements of glass. From window panes absorbing UV radiation, microscope lenses or eye
glasses, to the fiberoptic cable that keeps us in an information age. Todays world would not be
possible without glass.
The first manmade glass was discovered in eastern Mesopotamia around 3500bc. Around 2000 years
later glass vessels were being created and more and more glass was being used. At this time glass
was still in its infancy and very little was known about it. However, shortly after this, glass
technology started to increase at a drastic rate as information about glass was transferred from
civilization to civilization. In the first century glass blowing was discovered which allowed for more
consistent results and was much easier to create. Around the same time mold blowing also took
affect which created consistent results and allowed for easy production of vessels. Glass blowing
flourished during the roman empire and the romans even had glass windows on some of their
important buildings. It wasn't until the

Science Fair Project Research Report
Engineering Project Robert Lauv Period 3 Science Fair Project Research Report Magnification is
one of the world's greatest inventions. It made people learn about the creatures that are too small for
the human eye to see normally. But sometimes, the image given by magnification is unclear. And
here is a solution: colored magnifying lens. Colored glasses lens change the way people see, so why
not improvise and add that feature to magnifying glasses? (not saying to create prescription
magnifying glasses) One of the most basic tools for magnification is the magnifying glass, invented
by Alhazen and used for scientific studies by Roger Bacon. The magnifying glass is a tool used to
make things appear bigger. They are made of a convex lenses, ... Show more content on
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Resolution makes an item seem to be closer to the views another. Without resolution, the virtual
world would be confusing. Focal length is the distance from the point that light rays meet to the area
the virtual image is actually shown. The longer the focal length, the higher the magnification. The
lower the focal length, the lower the magnification. Magnification helps scientists learn about
microscopic life and things far away, which is why it's so important. A couple of things our planet
learned about using magnification are about how bacteria lives and the creatures that live with them,
about the planets, asteroids, and even galaxies. Magnification is one of the world's great discoveries.
There is nothing online about how colored lenses affects magnification, which is what this
engineering project is planned to be about (increasing one thing about magnification using colored
lenses). But the thought that the color of a convex lens could change something is the reason for
continuing this project. Okay, no that's a lie. The only reason for continuing this project instead of
starting a new one is the belief it's too late to change projects and the engineer of this project doesn't
want to think

Microscope Research Paper
How are the photographs taken with a 3D microscope different than those taken with a regular
camera? How are they similar?
They are different, because you can see so much more when you look through a microscope. For
instance, you can see a strand of hair through a camera, at a tenth of a millimeter, but not a cell, at
100th of a millimeter.
How can photography allow us to view the world around us in different ways?
By taking memories, and valueing them. Teaching us to cherish the times spent with loved ones, and
when they are gone, to be grateful for that time with them, and grateful for the beautiful visual
memories, and the beautiful mental memories of our time spent with them.
How did the grains of sand from the moon differ from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The sand on the earth, is particals of jewels, volcanos, and tiny particals of differnet kinds of rocks,
all collecting billions and billions, perhaps even trillions, on only one beach.
Of the micro photographs in the video, which one did you like the best? Why?
The pollen, because it shows so many aspects to something so tiny. Something so small, having so
so many layers, that we cant even see!
If you were given a 3D microscope to use for photography, which object(s) would you most want to
photograph? Why?
I would want to photograph things like fruits, flowers, and people. Because it's important for people
to be able to see completely what they are seeing. Frankly, we have kind of bad eyesight as humans.
It's important for people to see and appreciate, the little things in life.
What is your favorite photograph in the presentation? Why?
My favorite, has to be the refuge. Her eyes certianly tell a story, and you can see so many emotions
in them. They tell a story that words cannot, they tell a story that no one else would ever be able to
see, otherwise.

What is special about

Using A Microscope And View Living Cells
Using a microscope to view living cells
Introduction
Living cells are the most basic unit of life, however, they are impossible to see without the
magnification of a microscope. There are different types of microscopes with alterations to serve a
specific function, but the general use is the same. It is a tool invented with a curved lense that
magnifies things that cannot be seen with the naked eye. A microscope can be used to see many
things, in this particular lab they were used to observe cells of different organisms. We began by
looking at a few sample slides of euglena, salmonella, and lilium and recording our observations.
Then we created the slides ourselves with living matter. The first set of cells that we looked at were
onion cells, which we looked at by gathering a sample of onion epidermis from one of the onion's
layers and creating a slide to be placed on the stage of the microscope. Next, we took a look at
human cheek cells by obtaining a sample and again creating a slide by swabbing the inside of a
mouth with a toothpick. Finally, we looked at pond water by creating a slide with a small amount
that was collected in a dropper.
Purpose
The purpose of this lab was to gain more knowledge on the use of lab equipment, focusing
principally on the microscope by observing a variety of cells underneath its magnifying lense at
different levels of objective power and recording those observations.
Materials
Microscope
Slides: euglena, salmonella, lilium
Iodine
Onion

Nt1310 Unit 3 Lab Report Essay
Task:
A. Students will receive direct instruction during a lab which covers the different parts of a
microscope, and the functions that each part cover. After direct instruction, the teacher will model
how each part of the microscope functions, after which the students will discuss among small groups
how the microscope works, then demonstrate within small groups how to use a microscope. During
this time, the teacher will move around the student lab stations and assist students in further
understanding of the functions of a microscope.
1. The teacher first poses a question to the students, such as 'How do we study cellular structures?',
activating the engagement stage of the bscs learning model. Once the topic has been broached, the
teacher will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The coarse adjustment knob is used for:
A. Focus on oil
B. Focus on scanning
C. Adjusting the stage
D. Adjusting the diaphragm
2. Objective lenses generally contain:
A. 10X, 40X, 100X
B. 40X, 100X, 400X
C. 5X, 10X, 40X
D. 100X, 200X, 400X
Circle 'T' (True) or 'F' (False):
3. An eyepiece or ocular lens uses lenses of 10X or 15X. True False
4. A fine adjustment knob is used for focus on oil. True False
5. A resolving nosepiece has holders for the eyepiece or ocular lenses. True False
a. The data from the pre–test can be used to adjust what the teacher covers during the activity, such
as a student understanding the difference of the adjustment knobs and instead needing a deeper
understanding of how each knob affects the image of the specimen. This could also be seen in an
improvement from the pre–test to the post–test, such as a student meeting the objective successfully
after instruction. Both assessments could also be used to gauge how well the students understood the
information the activity presented and help the teacher adjust further learning and lessons
afterwards, by including more instruction on how the microscope functions during a practical
application test, such as an experiment using a

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Electron Microscope
INTRODUCTION
Electron microscopes are generally microscopes that use electrons as a source of illumination to
create an image, unlike light microscopes that relays on light. One of these types of microscopes is
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), This microscope uses electrons to scan the surface of a
sample giving an observer a highly magnified image of the sample. The electron microscope has
been an amazing tool for research purposes around the world for many decades and the technique
was discovered and developed throughout the years.
A SEM consist of a column that is situated at the top which generates an electron beam, and at the
bottom there is a sample stage, a thermionic cathode in the column is heated up by an electric
current and emit electrons into the vacuum and below it is an anode connected to a ... Show more
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Another limitation to this technique is that it's expensive to buy and to maintain.
SEM is limited to solid samples so all the liquids and gaseous materials cannot be viewed under this
microscope, also samples that cannot withstand vacuum pressures cannot be viewed under this
equipment. Since the scanning electron microscope is more focused on the surface it cannot
accurately give information about the bulk at once. For samples that are not metallic like biological
samples like tissues and cells coating is necessary since they are not electrically conductive, this
becomes a limitation because a living cell cannot be viewed since coating would kill it so these are
some of the

Compound Microscope Lab
Erik Wicks
Mrs. Slattery
Biology
Lab Report #1: Using a Compound Microscope
Section: 5
Objective: What is the proper way to use a compound microscope and prepare a wet–mount slide?
Hypothesis: A compound microscope is being used properly when the light source, nosepiece lens,
and eyepiece lens work together to bring a magnified image to one's eye. A wet–mount is properly
prepared when a drop of liquid containing the sample is placed between the slide and a thin glass
coverslip.
Materials:
Compound Microscope
Lens Paper
Prepared Slide
Scissors
Newspaper
Microscope Slide
Dropper Pipette
Coverslip
Dissecting Probe
Procedure:
The microscope was obtained, brought to the workstation, and placed 10 centimeters from the edge
of the table. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the medium power objective, the objective magnification was 10x, the eyepiece magnification
was 10x, and the total magnification was 100x. For the high power objective, the objective
magnification was 43x, the eyepiece magnification was 10x, and the total magnification was 430x.
Based on these observations taken, total magnification increases as both the objective and eyepiece
magnifications increase.

While placed on the slide of the microscope, the letter e is right–side up. When viewed through the
microscope, the e rotates and is upside down. (AAC #3)
When observing an ant through a microscope, the movements are opposite to what is observed not
through the microscope. An ant moving toward the bottom of the slide and turning right under a
microscope is actually moving toward the top of the slide and toward the left not under the
microscope. (AAC #4)
Light is not reflected off specimen so scientists cut a thin slice from a biological sample before they
can view it with a microscope. (AAC

Microscopy Is A Practical Field For Using Microscope
Microscopy is a practical field for using microscopes to view object that cannot being seen with the
naked eye or object that contained by the resolution range of the normal eye.
There are two fundamentally different types of microscope.
1. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE:– Consist of electromagnetic lenses to focus a beam of light .
– Having magnification power up to 200000.
LIGHT MICROSCOPE:– consist of a single or a series of glass lenses to focus light in order to form
an image. – Having maximum ability of magnification is 1500.
The simplest form of microscope consists of a single glass lense mounted in a metal frame called
magnifying glass. More advanced light Microscope is constant of more than one lense system is
known as COMPOUND MICROSCOPE.
THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:
The modern light microscopes is made up of more than one glass lense in combination. When an
object is placed at the focus of convex lense , its magnified, inverted and real image is obtained.
PARTS OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE:– It consist of different parts which is as follows–
Head
Base
IMAGE OF COMPOUND MICROSCOPE WITH ALL PARTS
1. LENSE SYSTEMS:– The compound microscope consist of three lense system.
a).Eye piece/oculars:– it occurs at the top of microscope and used

Unit 3 Objective Lenses
1. Eye piece/ ocular lens: An eye piece is a magnifying lens exists to the microscope which assists in
enlarging the sample object.
2. Body tube: A body tube is an necessary part of the microscope. It helps to extend the eye piece
and connect eye piece to the objective.
3. Arm: Arm is the part which connected with the base of the microscope. It can be easier to carry
the microscope.
4. Revolving nose piece: part of the microscope. This can be holding the objective lenses. At the
same time to provide a range of magnification to observe the same specimen in different dimension.
5. Objective lenses: part of the microscope executive for magnifying the image of the sample/
object. There are three objective lenses. ( 10 , 40 ,100 ) High power objective lens (100 ), middle
power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stage clips: It is used to hold slides in the stage and also Stage clips are provides support to the
slides.
7. Stage: stage is the essential part of the microscope. Its have the flat surface used to keep the slides
with sample/ object.
8. Diaphragm: rotating disk under the stage above the condenser. Its used to control the light
entering through the object.
9. Condenser: It is a part of microscope under the stage. Used to collect the light from the
illuminator and focus the light onto the object/ sample. They can be provides clear& sharper images.
10. Coarse adjustment: it is present on the arm of microscope. Used to move the object with the
slides back or forward to adjust the slides bring it to focus and show clear image as possible.
11. Fine adjustment: it is a part of the coarse adjustment used to bring the sample/ object into sharp
focus.
12. Light source: it also known as illuminator. Usually it is situated at the base of the microscope.
Used to provide light to the sample in order to facilitate the experiment.

13. Base: it is the bottom part of the microscope. Usually the base of microscope made up of durable
material for provide stability& strength to the

40x Magnification Lab
Conclusion
The purpose of this lab was to introduce students on how to properly use a compound binocular
microscope to observe organisms. Additionally, learning how to find the size of the field of view and
organisms was part of the purpose of this lab. There were two lab observations made, one finding
the diameter of the field of view for each magnification and observing three organisms underneath
the microscope. Upon entering the lab for the clear ruler observations, it was hypothesized that if the
ruler was able to be clearly seen and measurements taken on the 40x magnification then it would be
able to be seen and estimated for all magnifications. That was proven incorrect. The higher
magnifications made the field of view so small on the ruler that an accurate measurement could not
be taken. The ruler was measured under 40x, 100x, and 400x magnification. First, the ruler was
measured under 40x magnification and had a diameter across the field of view of about 4.5
millimeters. The fit number was converted to 4,500 micrometers. When the magnification increased
to 100x magnification, the field of view decreased to 1.8 millimeters in diameter. ... Show more
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Clostridium Tetani is an anaerobic bacteria from the species Clostridium. Clostridium Tetani is
found in soil or in animals and can result in Tetanus, a rare but painful muscular disease that can
lead to respiratory failure and death. The toxin causes tetanus when introduced into damaged or
dead tissue. Approximately 50–75% of patients with generalized tetanus have lockjaw, the inability
to open the mouth. As the disease progresses, patients have generalized muscle rigidity with spasms
in response to stimuli such as touch or noise while suffering with severe pain. The spasms can cause
fractures, tendon ruptures, and respiratory failure. Clostridium Tetani averages between 3–7
micrometers in length, while in this lab it was estimated about ___micrometers

Lab Report Biology Cell Lab
Introduction
When God created the world he knew the structure of the cell, he had every detail planned out. This
shows how amazing and detail oriented our God truly is. In this lab we explored his creation more
and looked at individual cells using microscopes. The microscopes were introduced in the first lab
and were important to look at the cells more closely. While using either premade samples or the
student's cheek cells, the students learned how to use the microscopes well through adjusting the
slide to find cells or focus the microscope so one could see the slides clearly. Through the
microscope, the nucleus is visible because it is dyed darker than the other parts of the cell. This was
true for all of the light microscope slides. The students were introduced to the inverted microscope
containing mouse cells. The students ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first day we started using microscopes and getting used to them. We expected to not see much
only because we didn't know what to look for and also we were not used to the microscopes quite
yet. The second day of lab it was pretty neat how the nucleus was visible because it was dyed darker
than the other parts of the cell. As in the intro you can tell what was the nucleus and what wasn't
because there were some cells darker than the others. The third day everyone looked at onions/plant
and fish cells through the microscope. We were all more experienced more and we knew exactly
what we were looking for. As we did the class average it was neat how many of our percentages
were close together. It took a while to find a bunch of cells in a group but we ended up being very
successful. It was cool seeing interphase, prophase, etc in person. They looked a lot different in
person than on the power points. That's what made it a little difficult but we just had to keep
zooming in, focusing in, an just staring really carefully to tell which was which

Unstained Check Cells
Summary of Results
An experiment was conducted to observe the organelles of several classifications of cells including:
check cells, onion cells and elodea cells.
In Figure 1 an unstained check cells is shown clearly under a light microscope of a magnification of
100. According to Figure 1, the unstained check cell is not entirely visible under the microscope
because no stains are used. Figure 1, shows some clusters of bubble–like structures, however can not
be concluded that they're check cells.
Furthermore, the stained check cells in Figure 2 under a magnification of 100 clearly identifies a
cluster of check cells, positioned adjacent to the pointer. According to Figure 2, the stained check
cells have apparently shown three cells, each with visibly distinct cell membrane and nucleus. The
cell membrane is shown by the dark outline surrounding the cell, and the nucleus is the only visibly
circular component within the cell. Although there are many other ... Show more content on
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Figure 3 identifies a cluster of tightly compacted onion cells with two distinct outlines surrounding
the cell. The first visible outline is the cell wall and the second distinct outline is the cell's plasma
membrane. On account that the onion cell has not been stained, hence the nucleus and other
organelles are not visible in this onion cell under this magnification.
Moreover, an unstained Elodea cell in Figure 4 under a magnification of 400 distinctively identifies
a well organised cluster of Elodea cells. As visible in Figure 4, the green Elodea cells are tightly
packed with distinctly perceptible cell wall and cell membrane. According the Figure 4, the
unstained Elodea cell shows visibly scattered chloroplast with green and round like structures
throughout the cell. However, unlike the check cell, the nucleus is imperceptible under this

Future Development of Telepathology
With telemedicine becoming so popular in the healthcare system, it is not surprising that
telepathology is also becoming more and more popular. Technology has been, and continues, to
improve on a regular basis. Telepathology is not a new concept in the telemedicine arena. Even with
the wide availability to doctors and physicians, there has been a slow adoption of telepathology in
everyday practice. High operating and maintaining costs used to be the main reason physicians gave
for not accepting telepathology, but now most of the negative attitudes are contributed to the "lack
of education and clear guidelines" (Cross, 2002, p. 14) for new incorporators of telepathology. There
is no secret that the current system has problems, including incompatibility within systems, and the
expensive microscopes that are dedicated to telepathology, but future developments are being
researched and produced to help offset the high costs. Low–cost internet solutions,
videoconferencing, integrated digital pathology workstations, and virtual microscopes are just a few
of the developments in the works. Low–Cost Internet Solutions One of the most ideal situations for
the future of telepathology would be the creation of one universally compatible system that wouldn't
require expensive microscopes to be dedicated exclusively for the field of pathology (Cross, 2002).
Professor Peter Purness and Dr Jeremy Rashbass researched the vision described above. They
discovered that creating a new

The Evolution of the Microscope Essay
Microscope Research Paper The evolution of the microscope. The first form of the microscope was
a crystal that was found by someone from a long time ago. The crystal was thick in the middle, but
thinner around the egdes. The crystal made things look bigger when someone looked through it. The
pearson also noticed that if the sun shone through the crystal, certain things could get burnt or set on
fire. They were known as "magnifiers". Magnifiers were mentioned in the writings of the two
Roman philosophers, Seneca and Pliny. Apperantly, maginfiers weren't really used much until the
invention of the spectacles. The oldest actual microscope was actually just a tube with a plate at one
end and a glass lens at the other end. They magnified ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the 19th century, a man named Carles A. Spencer had made major improvements to the
microscope. He made the microscope have a magnification of 1250 diameters with ordinary light,
and a magnification of up to 5000 diameters with blue light. Successes of the Microscope. The
microscope has succeded at multiple things. It succeded at allowing scientists to study small, tiny
things that cannot be seen, or barely can be seen, to the human eye. It has allowed scientists to make
extraordinary discovieries. Failures of the Microscope. While the microscope has many successes,
there are also failures that it has had. The microscope has a limited magnification, unfortanetly not
allowing some small things to be seen. Feilds/Proffesions that use the Microscope. There are many
jobs that use a microscope. One of those jobs is Microbiologists. Microbioligists use microscopes to
identify microorganisms such as bacteria. The health care industry uses microscopes to identify
pathogens in tissue samples. Another Profession that uses the microscope are Chemists and
Biochemists. Microscopes are used in these professions to observe materials at molecular level or
below. Microscopes help chemists and biochemists do research on how substances react. It also
helps others develop new materials or products. Zoologists and wildlife biologists also use
microscopes. They usually study wildlife, but they also do lab work. They use microscopes to
analyze samples, so

Cell Structures Under Different Magnifications Essay
Title: Cell Structures under different magnifications
Abstract
As per the cell hypothesis, the cell is the essential natural unit, the structure having the attributes of
life. The principle target is to watch different cases of protected plant and animal cells to recognize
contrasts between the two cell sorts and to distinguish regular organelles unmistakable in these
examples. Cells can be characterized by sort, for example, prokaryotic or eukaryotic or plant or
creature cells. These sorts have particular, identifiable contrasts that adjust the capacities and
abilities of the cells. While plant and animal cells are both cases of a eukaryotic cell, there are
contrasts that you ought to have the capacity to see in lab. The cell structures when viewed under
different power of magnification, depicts different clarity of organelles.
Introduction
The assorted qualities of structure and capacity in the cell world parallel the differences of species in
the biosphere. Numerous plant and creature cells are steadfastly altered as a major aspect of
multicellular tissues (Pruitt, 2002). The morphology of tissue cells is very associated with their
capacity (Alberts, 2002). Notwithstanding basic and hierarchical contrasts, varieties in cell measure
likewise add to the differing qualities of cell sorts, as far as possible (Bregman & Bregman, 1990).
The littler the cell the more noteworthy the surface territory/volume proportion and the more
proficient the development of fundamental

Ap Biology Lab
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this lab was to practice proper handling of the light microscope, learn the names and
functions of the light microscope parts, acquire skill in using the light microscope by carefully
following all directions, prepare a wet mount, and locate objects under low and high power
magnification. In addition, we will learn to position objects when viewed with a microscope, adjust
the diaphragm correctly to achieve proper light under low and high power, learn to locate objects at
various places in the "depth of field" and use stains (iodine) as an aid.
METHODS:
The materials needed for this lab were: a light microscope, lamp (if needed or available),
microscope slide, coverslip, tweezers, preserved insect leg (or a parakeet's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
First, we discovered that we should start with low power objective to observe. To focus the image,
use the coarse adjustment knob to adjust it. When looking at high power objectives, the fine
adjustment knob can be used. Also we discovered that when you move the slide towards you, it
appears to move away. When observing the letter "e", we discovered that the images observed under
the light are inverted and reversed. Although we could not easily tell with the feather, threads, and
potato, it became noticeable with the letter "e". The "e" was placed like "e", however when looked
into the eyepiece, the "e" was upside down. This shows that the microscopes works in an inverted
way. We also discovered that to adjust the amount of light entering the microscope, we could use the
iris lever to adjust the diaphragm. For example, the white thread required little light to see the cotton
fibers, compared to the feather or letter "e". Therefore, we learned that by altering the diaphragm,
we can fix many of the problems associated with the observations. Lastly, we discovered that only
one depth can be seen clearly at a time under high power. When working with the crossed strands of
thread, we had to turn the fine wheel adjustment back and forth while looking through the
microscope to focus one strand. All in all, the lab supported the purpose. We were able to
identify,function the parts of a light microscope, and prepare a wet mount(of a feather, letter "e",
black and white thread, and a potato). Furthermore, we located objects using high and low power
objectives, adjusted the diaphragm to attain correct lighting, and used stains for an easier and more
detailed

Correlation Between A Cell And Its Background
Introduction:
When viewing live specimens with the microscope it can be very difficult to see. What makes slides
hard to examine is the contrast between a cell and its background, which are both primarily water. In
order to provide information and characteristics about the chemistry of a specimen a method called,
staining is used to increase its differences. Stains/dyes are a salt that colors the ion it penetrates.
There are two types of colors retrieved when staining; in a basic stain the color appears in the
positively charged ion, while in an acidic stain the color is in the negatively charged ion. Examples
of basic dyes include: methylene blue, crystal violet, and safranin. Generally, if a staining procedure
only uses one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three bacterial specimens used were: Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus
aureus.
Materials:
– Microscope slides – Kem Wipes
– Broth of Escherichia coli – Broth of Staphylococcus aureus
– Broth of Bacillus subtilis – Inoculating loop
– Bunsen Burner – Rope connector for Bunsen Burner
– Test tube rack – Wax pencil
– Stain (methylene blue) – Compound Microscope
– Clothes pin
Procedure:
1. First and most importantly, hands and work area were sanitized with antiseptic and paper towel.
2. Collected all the materials needed, stated above, and placed them in the work area.
3. Cleaned a microscope slide with a Kem Wipe to avoid bacteria lingering in the air or fingerprints
being seen on it, and continued by adding one or two drops o f distilled water on to the slide.
4. On the opposite side of the slide drew a circle, with the wax pencil, for indication on where the
bacteria were being placed.
5. Assembled Bunsen burner and turned it on so that the flame observed on the inner portion was
light blue and outer portion was dark blue.
6. Once the desired flame was seen, sterilized the loop by placing it on a 45̊ angle so that the entire
piece of metal was sterilized. Waited until the loop turned a red/orange color, then removed it and
allowed the loop to cool off.
7. Made sure to keep the loop, slide, and specimens a couple inches near the flame in order to keep
them sterile.
8. Removed the broth of Bacillus subtilis from

In order to isolate bacteriophage specific for Salmonella,...
In order to isolate bacteriophage specific for Salmonella, we will following procedures below.
Firstly, we will inoculate 5 mL tryptic soy broth with Salmonella. Then we touch a colony of
Salmonella by using a sterile needle and transfer it to the tube consisting LB broth. After that, we
incubate the culture overnight at 37oC. The next day, we will inoculate another tube with 4.5 mL of
water sample that we take from poultry farm nearby that we suspect as source of Salmonella
contamination on the squid water farm. We also add 0.5 mL of overnight Salmonella culture and 0.5
mL of 10X tryptic soy broth. The mixture will be incubate for about 24 to 48 hours at 37oC. During
this incubation period, we expect phage in water sample will be able to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A confluent lawn of bacteria will appear covering the agar. The phage will infect and kill the
bacteria in the center of the plate. This will creates a visible region of zero bacteria or also known as
plaque. Characterization of bacteriophage.
The next step is by extract individual plaque from the overlay agar medium by using a pipette. The
plaque expected to contain specific bacteriophage against Salmonella. So, the extracted plaque will
undergo several re–culture processes with Salmonella. After we get the phages, we need to do
characterization by examine their morphology and doing staining process. In this case, we use
negative staining. In negative staining, we will place a single drop of nigrosin on a clean microscope
slide. By applying aseptic technique, we will transfer a little bit of our phage from the plaque and
mix it into the drop of nigrosin on the slide. Another microscope slide will be used to spread out the
drop into a film. Air dry the film and observe the slide under microscope according to correct
techniques.
High purity of bacteriophage preparation can be obtained by using ion–exchange chromatography,
high–speed centrifugation and other modern purification. Besides, we also can use advanced
purification techniques to purify phages and to ensure that they are free form unwanted bacteria. We
will determine the viability and titer of phages before using them therapeutically.
Laboratory testing on effect of

A Study On Brain Atlases
1. ABSTRACT
A region of embryonic rat brain was digitally photographed with an Olympus BX40 Microscope
equipped with a 10MP (MU1000) video camera using four different objectives (4x, 10x, 20x, 40x).
The different objectives were used to analyze the value of different resolutions in balancing the
amount of work needed to make the pictures with the worth (or information value) of the image
when using Photoshop (version 12.0). The images captured were montaged and arranged into series.
This information will be used in preparation of a digital microscopic atlas of different aged
embryonic rat brains.
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1. Brain Atlases in General
An atlas of a brain can help locate specific structures, as well as give an understanding to size and
structure of a brain. A brain atlas can be widely used in neuroscience research and education. In
neuroscience, brain atlases are just as important as a map is in geography, and they can be accessed
worldwide (Bakker, et al., 2015). Although no two brains are identical, it is important to refer to a
multitude of atlases while studying a brain. Structures that may not be exactly the same in two
brains include: cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecture, blood flow distributions, metabolic rates,
behavioral and pathologic correlates and a multitude of other structures (Mazziotta, et al., 1995). A
brain atlas can differ from brain to brain, which may be a result of evolution, maturation, and/or
abnormalities. Brain atlases

Cheek Cells Lab Report
Analysis
In the experiment, the scientist observed a series of cells, the first one being cheek cells. After
swabbing the inside of their cheeks and preparing a slide, the scientists were able to see the
cytoplasm, nucleus and cell membrane of this undyed cell. While observing these cells under 400X,
they noticed that the cheek cells varied in shape, some being almost perfectly spherical, while others
resembled an oval figure. Additionally, these cells appeared to be grouped up and messily stacked
on top of one another. The team then observed the same cheek cells, but dyed them, allowing them
to more clearly see the different organelles. They noticed that the nucleus look more defined and the
pigmented cell membranes made it easier to distinguish the different cells from one another.
Moreover, the biologists could see specs within each of the cell's cytoplasm, probably resembling its
various organelles. After drawing what they observed through the compound light microscope, the
scientists moved onto the dyed and undyed onion cells.
Under 400x, the scientists discovered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the other cells appeared translucent, the bacteria types were stained with a purple pigment.
While examine this organism, the team discovered that this cell was very "stringy" in comparison to
the previous cells. They noticed that the center of a "bacteria blob" appeared darkly colored, mostly
likely due to the bacteria cells piling up, while individual strands extending out of the middle. These
bacteria cells were very similar to the cheek cells, as both things were messily stacked, unlike the
organized layout of the onion cells. Although the biologists could distinguish a cell membrane and a
cell wall, they noticed that the cell did not contain a nucleus. The scientists also noticed that the cell
did not contain any visible membrane bound organelles, leading them to believe that this was a
prokaryotic

The Earliest Microscopes and Pond Ecology Essay
The earliest microscope magnified the object ten times the actual size. They were made up of a tube
with a plate for the object at one end and, at the other, a lens which magnified the object. In 1609,
Galileo worked with the lenses and made more advanced instrument with a focusing device. Anton
van Leeuwenhoek taught himself methods of polishing tiny lenses of extreme curvature which gave
best magnification of that time up to 270 diameters. This led to the building of his microscopes and
his discoveries. He was also the first to see and explain yeast plants, bacteria, life in a drop of water,
and the circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries. In his life, he used his microscope to make lots
of discover on living and nonliving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fine adjustment knob is mainly used to bring slide in focus on high power and coarse is used move
stage up and down. The revolving nose piece holds two or more objective lenses with different
objective power. Many microscopes have Diaphragm or Iris control the intensity and size of light.
All these parts in microscope help observe the specimen. Pond Ecology is the interaction of life in
pond with environment. Pond have low oxygen levels, little animal life, and lack of food supply. A
pond contains mostly water, few nutrients, and less aquatic life. Organisms live, grow, and die in the
pond. The remains decay in pond and are released back to keep the cycle going. The aquatic
organism take four organism carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus to be made. In winter, the
organism in pond are amphibians meaning their body temperature falls as the water temperature
drops decreasing the organism respiration rate and energy needed. Pond organism such as turtles and
frog bury themselves in mud at bottom of sea and hibernate. To conclude, pond have a life cycle
they go through (intext cite) Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals of the phylum Rotifera. They
live in pond water and in moist soil. They can also be found in lake bottoms, mosses and lichens
growing on tree trunks and rocks. They are not visible by naked eye and have mostly soft bodies.
Only hard parts they have are jaws that can be preserved in fossil record. Rotifers are multi –cellular

The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century...
The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century Forgery?
Throughout history, the discovery of an ancient artifact has always brought with it much excitement.
The idea that we are able to look at something that existed so long ago intrigues us. However, along
with the excitement of new discoveries, there is often much controversy. One such discovery, the
Vinland Map, has been the cause of much debate since 1957.
The Vinland Map, first presented to the public in 1965 in a book written by Skelton, was discovered
in 1957 (Skelton 1965, p.3). In the 1960's the map was bought and donated to Yale University where
it remains today. The Vinland Map was originally thought to be a 15 th century depiction of
medieval Africa, Asia, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first of these three methods is microscopy, used most notably by Walter C. McCrone. As
defined by McCrone, microscopy is "the use of any tool or technique that allows us to identify
microscopic objects." This includes the use of the light microscope as well as more advanced types
of microscopes such as the electron microscope and x–ray diffraction (McCrone 1976, p. 676 A).
McCrone's methods using microscopy were desirable because they allow observations to be made
on small samples so that no visible damage is done to the item being tested. When testing the
Vinland Map, McCrone used a small needle with rubber cement on the tip to pick up ink particles.
Particles were then observed, first using an optical stereo microscope, and then observed more
closely with a series of more advanced microscopic techniques such as the electron microscope and
x–ray diffraction (McCrone 1976).
The second method, used by Donahue, Olin, and Harbottle in their testing of the Vinland Map is
radiocarbon dating (Donahue, Olin, Harbottle, 2000). Radiocarbon dating is based on the decay of a
specific carbon isotope known as 14C. All organisms contain 14C and once an organism dies,
scientists are able to measure how much 14C has decayed in an organism. By measuring this rate of
decay, scientists are able to date the age of an organism (Higham). Since the Vinland Map is drawn
on

How Forensic Scientists Help Assist Police In Solving A Crime
Introduction
Main Topic: The topic that was chosen to be researched was Forensic Science.
Topic POV: The point of writing this essay is to discuss how a forensic scientist help assist the
police in solving a crime.
Guiding questions: What is forensic science? What is a forensic scientist and what do they do? What
are some equipment's that are used? Kinds of forensic scientist. Skills/ Qualifications
What is forensic science?
Forensics is the basis of the crime–fighting unit. It is devised to assist in the solving of a crime by
providing explicit and reliable evidence. There are many different components of forensic science,
which include: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), fingerprints, hair samples, ballistics and toxicology
(what is a forensic scientist). There are many different types of forensic scientist such as an
anthropologist, ballistics expert, chemical scientist, fingerprint expert, photographer and toxicologist
[3]. There are a variety of different forensic scientists that specialize in different fields and they all
use their specific knowledge to work together and come to a conclusion.
What does a forensic scientist do?
Daily tasks and procedures there are many different daily tasks that a forensic scientist has to
complete depending on their specialist field. Generally forensic scientists will attend a crime scene
and complete a variety of tasks in a specific order. Firstly, a forensic scientist will arrive at a crime
scene and secure it to ensure that no

Lab Report Physics
Discussion: When objects are placed under the microscope, it appears upside down and backwards.
In part A, the letter E is placed right side up. But, when viewed through a microscope it looks as if it
was placed upside down and backwards. In part B, the cotton strands with low power appears
sharper when there is less light from the diaphragm. This is because with less light there is a sharper
focus and when there is too much light coming from the diaphragm, the object can get blurry and
out of focus. When there are two objects under a microscope on high power only one and in a
specific spot can be in focus. In part C, there are two pieces of string,1 cm long, made to look like
an X with one on top of the other at high power. One of the strings is blue and the other is light blue.
The dark blue one is the one in focus because it's on top, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Conclusion: This lab focuses on different activities to learn how to get the best results when using a
microscope and using the metric system to convert actual measurements of different activities. The
reason why objects appear upside down and backwards is because the light rays from the ocular
lense into the objective lens cross. If a scientist wants the object to appear right side up through the
lense than the object would have to be placed upside down and backwards on the stage to begin
with. When there is too much light coming from the diaphragm, the object can get blurred out
because of the overpowering light. On low power, less light is better to keep the object in focus. But
under high power it's better to use more light because when zoomed into one specific spot with little
light the object appears black and like it's not even there. When there are two objects on the stage,
like the two pieces of string, only one can be in focus and observed clearly at one time. It's
impossible for both to be in focus at the same time when at different depths because the

Micro lab report 1 Blood and Bacteria Essay
Name and Course Section: Camile Manradge & Michele McNeill, Section 704
Title and Number: Observing Bacteria and Blood – Lab # 1
Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to gain knowledge of the functions and operations of the
compound light microscope and an immersion oil lens by observing prepared slides of various
bacteria and blood slides. We are also learning to indentify and observe the various shapes and
characteristics of bacteria, as well as, yogurt cultures (fresh and prepared) and blood samples under
a microscopic view. We will also be able to distinguish between blood cultures and bacteria
specimens.
Procedure:
Exercise 1: Viewing Prepared Slides
The first step is to assemble the compound light microscope. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Penicillum, w/conidia
Green with many web–like connections. Looks like a pile of thin strands of thread jumbled together
with thicker green tops that resemble grass
Many strands with tops that look like broccolini bunched together
Many groups of vertical branches resembling broccolini with several small dots along each branch
Anabaena, w.m
Many pink spheres and rod shapes (maybe Staphylococci and Streptobacillus), a few clusters with
small dots (maybe ribosomes, rings of spherical chains, star shaped body
Vibrio shapes, large vein shaped structure with internal lines
Bunches of spherical shapes (Staphylococci) looks mosaic, Streptobacillus, the veined structure is
more pronounced, Vibrio shapes (slightly curved, but not distinctly spiral)
Ascaris eggs, w.m
Clear branches and networks with green spheres (eggs?) scattered about in clusters, very few
singular spheres
Larger branch, looks like a flower with a dark outline and green hue on the inner lining, some of the
spheres are transparent
Some of the green spheres have jagged edges, the branch now looks grey

Exercise 2: Observing Bacteria Cultures in Yogurt
Slide
10x
40x
100x
Fresh Yogurt
Thousands of close knit black and white specks that resemble coarse gravel or the wind making
waves in the ocean or a lot of bubbles
Resembles a dry scab, with

Microscopy Essay
The resolution of optical microscopes is fundamentally limited by the diffraction of light, as
postulated by German physicist Ernst Abbe in 1873. This means that a microscope cannot
distinguish two objects located closer than λ/2NA, where λ is the wavelength of light and NA is the
numerical aperture of the imaging lens (2). Although elucidation of cell functions and subcellular
processes has benefited from advances in fluorescent microscopy, this diffraction limit has
fundamentally hindered optical microscopy for over a century (1). Recently, however, several new
developments in imaging have emerged which can circumvent this limit. By delivering optical
images with spatial resolutions below the diffraction limit super–resolution microscopy techniques
now permits biologists to visualize structures and processes of cells at the molecular level, down to
several nanometers. This incredible improvement in spatial resolution has allowed biologists to
address important new questions requiring resolutions below 250nm, involving details such as the
fine architecture of cell structures, focal adhesions, microtubules, and coated vesicles. Internal
dynamic processes can also now be studied, including the movement of focal adhesion complexes
and bacteria polarity complexes (3). Super–resolution techniques used for live–cell imaging studies
can generally be divided into three categories: those based on highly localized fluorescence
emission volumes; those based on structured illumination;

Using A Compound Microscope Lab Report
Olivia Silvestri Due: 10/19/15
Using a Compound Microscope Lab Report E Period
Abstract
The purpose of this lab is to learn about the parts and uses of a compound microscope. It is also to
learn how to properly use and take care of the microscope. This lab showed me what materials and
parts of the microscope I should use when examining an object.
Introduction
The microscope was invented by a father and son, Hans and Zaccharias Janssen. They were once
looking at the lens of a magnifying glass and decided to put the lenses in a tube. When they looked
through the tube, they noticed that the object underneath the magnifying lenses, was enlarged. That
was the first invention of the compound microscope. Overtime, more advancements and
improvements were made by other scientists to this microscope (1. microscope–microscope.org). A
scientist that contributed to the cell theory is Robert Hooke. Robert Hooke was the first person to
use the word "cell" to describe the basic unit of life. He was also known for his observations of
thinly sliced cork. Robert Brown contributed to the cell theory by discovering the nucleus of a plant
cell (2. brighthub.com). The scientist Schleiden, made the statement about cells that all plant tissues
were made up of cells and that cells are the basic building blocks of all plants. Schwann discovered
that both plants and animals are made up of cells.

History of Medicine Essay
The practice of medicine has been shaped through the years by advances in the area of diagnostic
procedures. Many of these advances were made possible by scientific breakthroughs made before
the 20th century. Modern medicine arguably emerged. Both normal and abnormal functions
(physiology and pathology) were increasingly understood within smaller units, first the tissues and
then the cells. Microscopy also played a key role in the development of bacteriology. Physicians
started to use stethoscope as an aid in diagnosing certain diseases and conditions. New ways of
diagnosing disease were developed, and surgery emerged as an important branch of medicine.
Above all, a combination of science and technology underpinned medical knowledge and ... Show
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By using their microscopes, they found that every living plant and animal they examined was made
of cells. As microscopes were improved, scientists were able to see smaller and smaller organisms.
They found that no matter how large or small the organism was, it was made of cells, leading to cell
theory. For example, a German biologist, Theodor Schwann discovered that all plant and animal
cells were divided into cells by looking through his microscope. He also discovered that the cell is
the basic unit of organization in organisms. Cells can be grouped together to form tissues, which can
in turn be grouped together to make an organ. Organs can be grouped together to form a system,
which is part of an organism. He was able to use microscopes to see the ways that cells work and
help to determine which kind of microorganisms (bacteria) is causing the disease and making people
ill. This is particularly valuable in the study of the components of organisms, where physicians are
able to overcome a treatment of method to kill disease cells and restore people¡¦s health. The
microscope revealed not only the cellular structure of human tissues, but also the organisms that
cause diseases. The discovery of cells led scientists to study cells and discover more information
about cells; this, allowed scientists to find ways to prevent or cure diseases. The use of microscopes
has made many

Lab Report On The Lab
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:
In this laboratory, the purpose of this lab was to allow the lab students to understand the effects of
the different antibiotics (CAM, Amp, and Strep) on the bacteria growths. This lab also allowed the
lab students to understand the importance of staining, bright–field microscopy, spectrophotometry,
and the fluorescence microscopy. The hypothesis for this lab would be that for the mixture without
the antibiotic would have an increase in the absorbance rate. The mixtures with the antibiotics
(CAM, Amp, or Strep) would affect the formation of new bacterial cells that would cause the
absorbance rate to be lowered.
DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION
In this lab, the regular media was mixed with different antibiotics: Ampicillin (Amp),
Chloramphenicol (CAM), and Strep (Streptomycin). The LB media was used as a control. The
bacteria that was used in this lab was E. Coli. E. Coli was easy to be used and it have a high
doubling time. We used the spectrophotometer to obtain the absorbance readings for Culture A to C.
For Culture D, we got the data from another group. The starter culture in the flask, the media was
cloudy, but the turbidity of the bacterial culture was still visible. With our absorbance readings for
Culture A to D, we have to convert it to the number of cells by using the formula: (1 x 〖10〗
^8)/absorbance_(t=o) x absorbance=# of cells. Each of the antibiotics caused different bacterial
growth trends to occur. The lab students get to use the Bright–field

The Principles and Limitations of Transmission and...
The Principles and Limitations of Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopes
Introduction
Microscopy has a major role in cytology.From the very beginning researchers have tried to develop
ways of looking directly at living cells.This examination has revealed much about the morphology
of cells and tissues.In recent years,development in microscopes,dyes,staining and preparatory
techniques have helped reveal even more about the structure and function of cells.Microscopes have
a certain magnification and resolving power.In any microscope the the resolving power is more
important than the magnification.The resolving power of a microscope is the least distance between
two objects where the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
be examined by light microscopy must be sufficiently transparent and thin enough for light to pass
through .They are cheap,portable and easy to handle.However they cannot resolve anything that is
less than 0.2 micro metre apart This limit is due to the wavelength of light.For this reason they can't
examine minute organisms like viruses nor can they readily allow scientists to examine individual
tiny parts of cells in detail.It has low resolution(200nm) and low magnification.(X1500).Howver
light microscopes only allow us to determine the shape of whole cells or large organelles.It does not
let us see smaller organelles.Those which are visible lack clarity (appear fuzzy).Hence the
magnification is less important than the resolution.The low resolution of light microscopes is due to
the low wavelength of light (500nm)
Principles and Limitations of electron microscopy
The other type of microscope is the electron microscope (which consists of transmission electron
microscope and scanning electron microscope).It works by focussing a beam of electrons at the
specimen.The electrons have a higher wavelength than photons of light hence the resolving power is
greater.The beam of electrons are produced by a heated filament ,focussed on the specimen by the
condenser lens and the image then magnified by the objective and projector lenses.The beam can be
bent and focussed by electromagnetic

Wayne Williams: Atlanta Child Killer Fiber Forensics Study
Wayne Bertram Williams: Atlanta Child Killer
Police circulated this photo at the time showing victims of the Atlanta killings.
Photo from CNN Forensic Fiber Analysis Case Study The best–known, if not the best–reasoned
fiber case in American legal history involving fiber evidence issues is the Wayne Williams trial
growing out of the famous Atlanta murders of twelve African–American males in 1979–1980. The
Williams case involved all of the subjects still in controversy as we enter the world of forensic
science and forensic evidence in the 21st century (Kiely 142).
Wayne Bertram Williams was born on in Atlanta Georgia on May 27, 1958. Both his parents, Faye
and Homer Williams were both school teachers. Wayne graduated ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, a scanning electron microscope was used occasionally by the state's experts. (Supreme
Court) Agent Deadman testified about the fibers taken from Williams', the cars, and his dwelling. He
took samples of fibers from a bedspread, a blanket, and carpeting in Williams' bedroom, fibers from
the carpet in a white station wagon and a LTD, trunk liner fibers from a Plymouth and the LTD,
fibers from a throw rug and a carpet used on the porch or garage, carpet fibers in a workroom,
vacuum sweepings from the station wagon and from

Analysis And Discussion: Analysis And Reflection
Analysis and Discussion
1. MAGNIFICATION: The overall magnification can be determined by multiplying the eyepiece's
power by the power of the objective lens that it currently being used. Parts of the microscope that
are used for this include the eyepiece and the objective lens. Within the microscope, there are three
different magnifications available; these are the 10x, 40x, and 100x. You would use each one
according to what it is you are looking at, so the smaller the object, the more magnification you
would need. For example, 10x magnification would be ideal for whole mounds, while the 40x would
be better for wet mounds. To go beyond 1000x magnification, you would need to have a drop of oil
on the glass in order to ensure a quality image. Different materials and tools, such as specific
microscopes, like the Home 1000x LED Microscope, can be used to observe things that are
incredibly small, and sensitive to the eye.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(n.d.). Retrieved November 4, 2014.
Microscopy with Oil Immersion. (n.d.). Retrieved November 4, 2014.
2. ORIENTATION: Specimen orientation refers to the alteration or inversion of the specimen when
looked at through the lens. This means that it is inverted through the X–axis and the Y–axis, due to
the fact that, (for example), when the specimen was actually moved to the right, you see the
organism move to the left through the microscope. Image enlargement and quality are among the
factors that are affected by the orientation, due to the fact that the focal length of the microscope's
lenses is small. This means that while we see images clearly, they are inverted, and flipped over the
X–axis.
Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Specialized Microscopy Techniques – Specimen
Orientation Effects on DIC Images – Interactive Java Tutorial. (n.d.). Retrieved November 4,

Keyence Vhx-5000 Week 3 Problem Analysis Paper
The digital microscope Keyence VHX–5000 is a method, which is easy to handle and supports
research with high–resolution images and the calculation of 3D–surface–models. Several functions
make it easy and quick to work with: The 3D–function also allows clear 2D images of a rough
surface, because all levels are focused automatically and a sharp image of all levels will be created.
This function makes it easy to analyse deep cuts, which can be only partially focused in light
microscopy or electron microscopy. To calculate a 3D– surface–model the lower and upper border
of the depth of interest has to be determined, by focusing on these levels. Between these borders a
level difference of five microns were chosen. In other words, after every scan the lens moves five
microns from the sample away. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To avoid steps between the different levels, the edges will be rounded. Therefore a minimal
resolution of five microns is valid for the cut mark measurements, although the software allows
measurements till to decimals because of its logarithm to calculate the surface. In this dissertation,
all measurements are fully specified. However, a less accuracy of values less than five microns must
not be forgotten. Higher resolutions till one micrometre are also possible, but the number of scanned
levels is restricted. Therefore it is possible to analyse fine cut marks in a higher resolution, but in
this case, cuts were up to 1 mm deep and a smaller resolution is sufficient. Using this resolution, the
ends of cuts, which are very flat, were excluded because their size is approximately under 15
microns and therefore inaccuracies in measurement increase, which might influence the

Understanding the Greatness of the Microscope
Diseases and plagues have claimed millions of lives over the course of human history. Many of the
illnesses that plagued the human race could be found at the microscopic level. The microscope, one
of the greatest human inventions, has helped find treatments for many of these illnesses, solve
crimes, and see into the cells that make humans what they are.
To understand the greatness of the microscope, the history of the microscope should be made
known. The origins of the microscope can be traced back to the Roman invention of glass in the first
century A.D. When the Romans experimented with different shapes of glass, they discovered that
when the middle of the glass was thicker than the edges, things that were seen through the glass
appeared larger. This discovery evolved into the first eye glass, which was made in the thirteenth
century. The first true microscope was first invented in 1590 by the Dutch glasses makers Zacharias
Janssen and his father, Hans. The first person to build and actually use the microscope scientifically
was Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the seventeenth century. He achieved much greater magnification
than other scientists had, and because of this, he was able to be the first to see miniscule creatures
such as bacteria and microorganisms living in a drop of water.
One of the reasons the microscope is a great invention is the help it has provided in the field of
medicine. The microscope has helped to diagnose and find treatments for diseases.

The Pros And Cons Of Technology And Science

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