1. University of halabja
department of physics
college of science
3rd stage
{Zeeman effect}
Properied by: supervised by:
shene Aziz mr.yousif
2. Out line
• History Zeeman effect
• Introduction Zeeman effect
• Definition Zeeman effect
• What is splitting in Zeeman effect
• Types of Zeeman effect
• different between normal and unnormal Zeeman effect
• Application Zeeman effect
• What is normal effect in quantum mechanic
• Why bhor can not explain Zeeman effect
3. History Zeeman effect
Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman made his namesake discovery in the late 1800s. He
noticed that powerful magnetic currents would widen the convergences of units of
sodium under intense heat. Further analysis demonstrated the extension was a clear
separation of spectral lines into more than a dozen entities.
4. introduction
Zeeman effect,, in physics and astronomy, the splitting of a spectral line into two or
more components of slightly different frequency when the light source is placed in a
magnetic field.
5. Definition Zeeman effect
The Zeeman effect is the name for the splitting of atomic energy levels or spectra
lines due to action of an external magnetic field.
6. What is the splitting?
The Zeeman effect is the splitting of the spectral lines of an atom in the presence of
a strong magnetic field. The effect is due to the distortion of the electron orbitals
because of the magnetic field The splitting of spectral lines in magnetic field
occurs due to Zeeman effect. Actually this Zeeman effect is the energy shift caused
by a magnetic field which arises due to the coupling of the electron orbital angular
momentum to the external magnetic field.
7. Types of Zeeman effect
• Normal Zeeman Effect: Normal Zeeman Effect is the splitting of spectral lines
of an atomic spectrum due to the interaction between the external magnetic field
and the orbital magnetic moment.
• Anomalous Zeeman Effect: Anomalous Zeeman Effect is the splitting of
spectral lines of an atomic spectrum that is caused by the interaction between the
magnetic field and the combined orbital and intrinsic magnetic momentum.
8. Different between normal and unnormal Zeeman
The main difference between normal and the anomalous Zeeman effect is that
normal Zeeman effect results in the formation of triplets by splitting a spectral line
into three lines whereas anomalous Zeeman effect results in different splitting
patterns from splitting of spectral lines.
9. Application Zeeman effect
• To measure the magnetic field.
• In nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron spin resonance
spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Mossbauer spectroscopy.
• It may also be utilized to improve accuracy in atomic absorption spectroscopy.
• To use the Zeeman effect for increasing the selectivity of laser isotope separation.
10. What is the normal Zeeman effect in quantum mechanics?
The normal Zeeman effect is observed in systems with closed shells of electrons
and arises due to lifting of the orbital degeneracy by an external magnetic field of
moderate strength. It is manifest as equally spaced fine structure lines, for example,
in absorption or emission spectra .
11. Why Bohr Cannot explain Zeeman effect?
It failed to explain the Zeeman effect when the spectral line is split into several
components in the presence of a magnetic field. It failed to explain the Stark effect
when the spectral line gets split up into fine lines in the presence of an electric field.
