READ IT

1. BIOSAFETY
AND RISK
MANGMENT
PRESENTATIO
N
Presented By: Shumaila

2. CONTENT
• What is GMOs?
• Advantages of GMOs
• Disavantages of GMOs
• Types of Gmos
• How GMOs created?
• Example of Genetically modified Crops
• Article: “Golden Rice: Genetically Modified to Reduce
Vitamin A Deficiency, Benefit or Hazard?”
• .

3. INTRODUCTION
What are Gmos?
A GMO (genetically
modified organism) is a
plant, animal, or
microorganism that has had
its genetic material (DNA)
changed using technology
that generally involves the
specific modification of
DNA, including the
transfer of specific DNA
from one organism to
another.

4. Advantages of GMOS
•Pest resistant
•GMOs are simpler to grow.
•Herbicide tolerant.
•GMO crops use fewer chemicals than
other crops.
•GMOs can conserve water, soil, and
energy.

5. Disadvantages of GMOS
• Toxicity
• Allergic Reactions
• Antibiotic Resistance
• Immuno-suppression
• Cancer
• Loss of Nutrition

6. 1. Genetically
Modified
Crops
2. Genetically
Modified
Microorganisms
3.Genetically
Modified
Animals
4. Gene-
Edited
Organisms 5. Pharmaceutical
GMOs

7. • Step 1 - DNA Extraction
• Step 2 - Copying the Gene
How GMOs
have been
Created?

8. How
GMOs
have been
Created?
• Step 3 - Modifying the Gene
• Step 4 - Putting the New Gene into a Plant.
Step 5 - Breeding Transgenic Plant with an Elite
Line

9. Genetically modified Crops
Introduction
• Genetically modified crops (GMCs, GM crops, or
biotech crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA
of which has been modified using genetic engineering
techniques. Genetic engineering is the simple addition,
deletion, or manipulation of a single trait in an
organism to create a desired change. In most cases, the
aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does
not occur naturally in the species.
• The first GM crop was produced in 1982, an antibiotic
resistant tobacco plant.

10. • Corn:
Corn is the most commonly grown crop in the United States,
and most of it is GMO. Most GMO corn is created to resist
insect pests or tolerate herbicides.
• Soybean:
Most soy grown in the United States is GMO soy. Most GMO
soy is used for food for animals, predominantly poultry and
livestock, and making soybean oil. It is also used as
ingredients (lecithin, emulsifiers, and proteins) in processed
foods.

11. • Cotton:
GMO cotton was created to be resistant to bollworms and helped
revive the Alabama cotton industry. GMO cotton not only
provides a reliable source of cotton for the textile industry, it is
also used to make cottonseed oil, which is used in packaged foods
and in many restaurants for frying. GMO cottonseed meal and
hulls are also used in food for animals.
• Alfalfa:
GMO alfalfa is primarily used to feed cattle—mostly dairy cows.
Most GMO alfalfa is resistant to herbicides, allowing farmers to
spray the crops to protect them against destructive weeds that can
reduce alfalfa production and lower the nutritional quality of the
hay.
• Apple:
A few varieties of GMO apples were developed to resist browning
after being cut. This helps cut down on food waste, as many
consumers think brown apples are spoiled.

12. Author: Buu MyMy
Publication Date: 2003

13. ABSTRACT
• The quantity of genetically modified (GM) foods has been
consistently increasing while public concern grows. GM foods
have been designed to be resistant to herbicides and high
salinity, increase yields, increase esthetic appeal, use as
vaccines, and increase nutritional value. Golden Rice is a GM
crop intended to increase dietary vitamin A. A serious health
problem in developing countries, vitamin A deficiency can lead
to blindness and premature death. Rice, a food staple produces
geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), an early precursor of beta-
carotene. The whole beta-carotene biosynthesis pathway (2
daffodil genes and 1 bacterium gene) was engineered with into
rice endosperm to convert the GGPP to beta-carotene. The
product, Golden Rice, yields 1.6 – 2.0 μg beta-carotene/g of dry
rice. Beta-carotene is not toxic and can be stored by body. The
body converts beta-carotene into Vitamin A, which is toxic at
high levels. Golden Rice has potential to be a valuable asset
against global Vitamin A deficiency.

14. Golden rice and vitamin A:
• It is important to understand that golden rice is considered a type of
genetically modified rice (GMO). It is a fortified food that is
produced to combat a vitamin A deficiency in areas where this
vitamin is scarce. More and more people are being diagnosed with a
vitamin A deficiency. In fact, young children are the most vulnerable
to vitamin-related deficiencies. A vitamin A deficiency can severely
affect a child’s eyesight; weaken his/her immune system function
and increase his/her risk of chronic conditions.
• According to WHO, Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a health problem
in countries like Africa and Southeast Asia. There are some
statistics.
• Approximately 400 million people in the world are at the risk of
VAD.
• UNICEF estimated that 124 million children in the world are affected
by VAD.
• Around 250,000 to 500,000 malnourished children go blind each
year due to VAD.
• 30% of 1 to 2.5 million total deaths of preschool children could be
prevented by controlling VAD worldwide.

16. Lowers Risk
of
Infections,
Cancers and
Diseases
Reduces High
Blood Pressure
and High
Cholesterol
Reduces
Gastrointestinal
Distress
Positive impacts of Golden Rice
Improves
vision

17. There are
concerns that
food from GM
plants might
harm peopl
Beta carotene
levels in golden
rice may not be
high.
There are fears
that it will cross-
breed with and
contaminate
wild rice
Negative impacts of Golden Rice
Seed for
GM plants
can be
expensive

19. Refrences:
1.https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018/vol7
issue1/PartAG/7-1-178-291.pdf
2.https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-
biotechnology/gmo-crops-animal-food-and-beyond
3. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2h01f05c#main
4.https://www.slideshare.net/MuhammadAnas96/h
ow-golden-rice-is-made
5.https://byjus.com/question-answer/what-are-the-
disadvantages-of-golden-rice/