This document summarizes a seminar presentation on polymer science given to Dr. R. V. Kulkarni. The presentation covered various topics including polymer classification, applications of polymers in controlled drug delivery, biodegradable and natural polymers. Key points discussed include the different methods of polymer classification including by linking method, composition, polymerization method, mechanism and origin. Important polymerization methods like addition, condensation and step-growth were also summarized.
Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many small molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Addition polymers form without releasing any byproducts while condensation polymers form with the release of small molecules like water. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, and thermal properties. Common polymerization techniques include bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion which depend on factors like physical state and reaction mechanism. Bulk polymerization involves only monomer and initiator while solution polymerization dissolves the monomer in a solvent.
Polymers are high molecular weight compounds formed by linking together smaller molecules called monomers. There are several ways to classify polymers, including by source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), method of polymerization (addition, condensation), and degradability (biodegradable, non-biodegradable). Biodegradable polymers are important for controlled drug delivery systems as they can release drugs through diffusion, swelling, or erosion over time. Common biodegradable polymers used in drug delivery include lactic acid, glycolic acid, polyanhydrides, and polycaprolactone.
Polymers are macromolecules formed by combining many small molecules (monomers) through covalent bonds. Common examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, and rubber. Polymers can be classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), or the polymerization process used to create them (addition, condensation). Polymerization involves monomers combining in chains through addition or condensation reactions with or without the loss of small molecules as byproducts. The type of polymerization determines the properties and applications of the resulting polymers.
The document discusses polymers and their characteristics. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization - addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. Addition polymerization involves monomers adding together in chains, while condensation polymerization involves monomers condensing together with a byproduct. Polymers can be natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic, and used for various applications like plastics, fibers, and adhesives depending on their structure and properties.
This document provides an overview of polymers, including:
- Polymers are large molecules made of repeating monomer units that are linked together through polymerization.
- Polymers can be classified based on their source, chemical nature, thermal behavior, and ultimate forms. Common types include natural/synthetic, organic/inorganic, thermoplastic/thermosetting, and plastics/elastomers/fibers.
- Polymers are prepared through various polymerization methods like bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
- Key polymer properties include molecular weight, hydrophobicity, glass transition temperature, and crystallinity.
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeated chemical units. The smallest repeating unit is called monomer (mono [Single] + mer [part]). The word polymer is derived from the Greek word „poly‟ = many; mers = parts. It is generally described in terms of single repeated units
This document summarizes different types of polymers. It discusses the classification of polymers based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces, and provides examples. Key polymers discussed include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, bakelite, phenol-formaldehyde, and melamine-formaldehyde. The document also explains the processes of addition, condensation, and step-growth polymerization.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on polymer science given to Dr. R. V. Kulkarni. The presentation covered various topics including polymer classification, applications of polymers in controlled drug delivery, biodegradable and natural polymers. Key points discussed include the different methods of polymer classification including by linking method, composition, polymerization method, mechanism and origin. Important polymerization methods like addition, condensation and step-growth were also summarized.
Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many small molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Addition polymers form without releasing any byproducts while condensation polymers form with the release of small molecules like water. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, and thermal properties. Common polymerization techniques include bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion which depend on factors like physical state and reaction mechanism. Bulk polymerization involves only monomer and initiator while solution polymerization dissolves the monomer in a solvent.
Polymers are high molecular weight compounds formed by linking together smaller molecules called monomers. There are several ways to classify polymers, including by source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), method of polymerization (addition, condensation), and degradability (biodegradable, non-biodegradable). Biodegradable polymers are important for controlled drug delivery systems as they can release drugs through diffusion, swelling, or erosion over time. Common biodegradable polymers used in drug delivery include lactic acid, glycolic acid, polyanhydrides, and polycaprolactone.
Polymers are macromolecules formed by combining many small molecules (monomers) through covalent bonds. Common examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, and rubber. Polymers can be classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), or the polymerization process used to create them (addition, condensation). Polymerization involves monomers combining in chains through addition or condensation reactions with or without the loss of small molecules as byproducts. The type of polymerization determines the properties and applications of the resulting polymers.
The document discusses polymers and their characteristics. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization - addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. Addition polymerization involves monomers adding together in chains, while condensation polymerization involves monomers condensing together with a byproduct. Polymers can be natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic, and used for various applications like plastics, fibers, and adhesives depending on their structure and properties.
This document provides an overview of polymers, including:
- Polymers are large molecules made of repeating monomer units that are linked together through polymerization.
- Polymers can be classified based on their source, chemical nature, thermal behavior, and ultimate forms. Common types include natural/synthetic, organic/inorganic, thermoplastic/thermosetting, and plastics/elastomers/fibers.
- Polymers are prepared through various polymerization methods like bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
- Key polymer properties include molecular weight, hydrophobicity, glass transition temperature, and crystallinity.
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeated chemical units. The smallest repeating unit is called monomer (mono [Single] + mer [part]). The word polymer is derived from the Greek word „poly‟ = many; mers = parts. It is generally described in terms of single repeated units
This document summarizes different types of polymers. It discusses the classification of polymers based on source, structure, mode of polymerization, molecular forces, and provides examples. Key polymers discussed include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, bakelite, phenol-formaldehyde, and melamine-formaldehyde. The document also explains the processes of addition, condensation, and step-growth polymerization.
This document provides an overview of polymers including their classification, characteristics, and applications. It discusses how polymers are large molecules formed from monomers linking together in chains. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, polymerization method, or molecular forces. They have properties like low density, moldability, and corrosion resistance. Important applications of polymers discussed are for oral, transdermal, and ocular drug delivery systems where they can control and sustain drug release through diffusion, degradation, or swelling mechanisms.
Dr. Sonia Rani presented on polymers. She defined key terms like monomers, polymers and polymerization. Polymers are classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked) and molecular forces. The two main types of polymerization reactions are addition/chain growth and condensation/step growth. Important addition polymers like polythene, polypropylene and nylon were discussed along with their preparations. Copolymerization and natural rubber were also summarized.
Polymer M.Sc. Final presented by Dr. Sonia Rani.pptxSoniaRani69
Dr. Sonia Rani presented on polymers. She defined key terms like monomers, polymers and polymerization. Polymers are classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked) and molecular forces. The two main types of polymerization reactions are addition/chain growth and condensation/step growth. Important addition polymers like polythene, polypropylene and nylon were discussed along with their preparations. Copolymerization and natural rubber were also summarized.
Dental polymers with recent advancements in dental base techniques 2PoojaKhandelwal45
This document discusses recent advancements in dental polymers and base techniques. It begins with definitions of polymers and polymerization. The history of dental polymers is then reviewed, including the development of synthetic elastomers in the 20th century and the introduction of PMMA and resin-based composites. Various dental applications of polymers are listed. Key aspects of polymers like chain length, branching, copolymer structures, and properties are described. The document concludes with an overview of addition and step-growth polymerization, as well as details on acrylic dental resins.
Polymer chemistry involves the study of polymers, which are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units connected by covalent bonds. The monomers that make up polymers are linked through polymerization reactions. Polymers can be classified based on their structure, source, number of monomers, arrangement of monomers, and configuration. Common types of polymers include linear, branched, and cross-linked polymers. Polymers are also classified as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their source. Polymerization reactions are either addition polymerization, involving chain growth, or condensation polymerization, involving step growth. Important conducting polymers include intrinsically conducting polymers and extrinsically conducting polymers. Biopolymers include nucleic acids, proteins,
Polymer chemistry involves the study of polymers, which are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units connected by covalent bonds. The monomers that make up polymers are linked through polymerization reactions. Polymers can be classified based on their structure, source, number of monomers, arrangement of monomers, and configuration. Common types of polymers include linear, branched, and cross-linked polymers. Polymers are also classified as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their source. Polymerization reactions are either addition polymerization, involving chain growth, or condensation polymerization, involving step growth. Polymers have a variety of applications and properties depending on their structure and bonding forces.
Polymers have played an integral role in advancing drug delivery technology by providing remote control of drug release. Polymers can conjugate to therapeutics to improve their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties through increased plasma half-life, protection from enzymes, reduced immunogenicity, and potential for targeted delivery. Polymers are composed of repeating monomer units connected by covalent bonds and can be classified based on their monomer composition, method of polymerization, architecture, application, morphology, and degradability. Common polymers used in drug delivery systems include PEG, PLGA, chitosan, and HPMC.
Addition polymerization, its examples and usesRamsha Afzal
Addition polymerization involves monomers joining together through a chain reaction without producing any byproducts. Common addition polymers include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyisoprene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. Addition polymerization can occur through bulk or solution polymerization. Bulk polymerization uses only the monomers while solution polymerization uses a solvent. Both methods have advantages like control over molecular weight but also disadvantages like poor heat transfer during bulk polymerization.
This document discusses synthetic polymers and their production. It begins by introducing addition polymerization, where monomers like ethene join together to form polymers like polyethene. Condensation polymerization is also discussed, where monomers join together while releasing a small molecule, using nylon as an example. Common synthetic polymers are then outlined, including their properties and uses. Polythene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polypropylene are discussed. The document concludes by recapping the key topics of monomers, addition polymerization, and condensation polymerization.
Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many small molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization reactions: addition and condensation. Addition polymers are formed by repeated addition of double or triple bonded monomers. Condensation polymers are formed through repeated condensation reactions between bifunctional or trifunctional monomers, eliminating small molecules like water. Examples of addition polymers discussed are polyethylene, which is formed through free radical polymerization of ethene monomers, and natural rubber, which can be crosslinked through vulcanization with sulfur. An example of a biodegradable condensation polymer mentioned is poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV).
The document discusses various types of polymers including thermoplastics like polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene; thermosetting plastics; polymerization methods like addition, condensation and their mechanisms; classification of polymers; properties and applications of common polymers like polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and teflon. It also discusses polymer structure, degree of polymerization, tactics and various additives used in plastics.
Polymers are giant molecules formed from many repeating units or monomers. They can be either homopolymers made of one monomer type, or copolymers made of two or more different monomers. Polymers are classified based on their structure, molecular forces, and mechanism of polymerization. Thermoplastics can be remelted and remolded, while thermosets harden irreversibly. Important polymers include polyethylene, polyester, nylon, PVC, and Teflon. They find wide use in products like bottles, fibers, pipes, coatings and more.
polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials, many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon ,hydrogen , and other nonmetallic elements , furthermore , they have very large molecular structure. these materials typically have low densities and maybe extremely flexible.
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by linking many smaller units, or monomers, through covalent bonds. Natural substances like proteins and synthetic polymers are examples of macromolecules. Monomers undergo polymerization to form macromolecules by linking together through addition or condensation reactions. Polymers can be classified in different ways such as natural vs synthetic, organic vs inorganic, thermoplastic vs thermosetting, and linear, branched or cross-linked based on their molecular structure. The process of polymerization and properties of polymers depend on factors like the type of monomers, reaction conditions and molecular architecture.
Polymers are giant molecules composed of repeating structural units joined together. They can be classified based on their origin (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), thermal response (thermoplastic, thermosetting), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), and application (rubber, plastic, fibers). Polymerization is the process of linking monomers together to form polymers. It occurs via two main mechanisms: step-growth polymerization (condensation polymerization) and chain-growth polymerization (addition polymerization). Step-growth involves the elimination of a small molecule as monomers react together in a step-wise manner, while chain-growth is a chain reaction with no byproducts as monomers continuously add to the
Polymerisation reactions and synthesis of important polymersbapu thorat
The document discusses various types of polymerization reactions including condensation polymerization, which involves the step-wise reaction of bifunctional monomers to form polymers through the elimination of small molecules like water or alcohol. It also describes different mechanisms of addition polymerization, specifically free radical, cationic, and anionic polymerization which involve the chain growth of polymers through initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Key initiators and mechanisms are outlined for different polymerization reactions.
This document provides an overview of polymers including their classification, methods of polymerization, important natural and synthetic polymers, and commercial applications. It discusses:
1. Classification of polymers as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their source and structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked.
2. The two main polymerization methods - addition (chain growth) and condensation (step growth) - and examples of each including polyvinyl chloride, nylon, polyester, phenol-formaldehyde, and rubbers.
3. Important natural polymers like natural rubber and its vulcanization, as well as synthetic versions like neoprene.
4. Commercial polymers are classified
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change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
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be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
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Polymer chemistry involves the study of polymers, which are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units connected by covalent bonds. The monomers that make up polymers are linked through polymerization reactions. Polymers can be classified based on their structure, source, number of monomers, arrangement of monomers, and configuration. Common types of polymers include linear, branched, and cross-linked polymers. Polymers are also classified as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their source. Polymerization reactions are either addition polymerization, involving chain growth, or condensation polymerization, involving step growth. Important conducting polymers include intrinsically conducting polymers and extrinsically conducting polymers. Biopolymers include nucleic acids, proteins,
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2. Table of Content
1. What is Polymer and Polymerization?
2. Classification Of Polymers
3. Types of Polymerization
4. What is Polyethylene?
5. Types of Polyethylene
6. Manufacturing of LDPE
7. Applications of Polyethylene
3. Polymer
A polymer is any class of natural or synthetic
substances composed of very large molecules, called
macromolecules, which are multiples of simpler
chemical units called monomers. Polymers make up
many of the materials in living organisms and are
the basis of many minerals and man-made materials
4. Polymerization
It is a process by which monomer units are converted into
polymers. Polymerization reactions are mostly chain
reactions. Examples are polyethene from ethylene,
polystyrene from styrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) from
vinyl chloride, polypropylene from propylene, etc.
5. Classification
1) Based on Source of Origin
2) Based on Structure
3) Based on Mode of Polymerisation
4) Based on Molecular Forces
6. Based on Source of Origin
1. Natural polymers
Those polymers which occur in nature. i.e., in plants or
animals. are called natural polymers.
2. Synthetic polymers
The polymers which are prepared in the laboratory are known
as synthetic polymers or man-made polymers, e.g.,
polythene, synthetic rubber, PVC, nylon-66, teflon, orlon etc.
3. Semisynthetic polymers
Polymers obtained by making some modification in natural
polymers by artificial means, are known as semi synthetic
polymers, e.g., cellulose acetate (rayon), vulcanised rubber
etc.
7. Based on Structure
1. Linear polymers
These are the polymers in which the monomer units are
linked to one another to form long linear chains. These
linear chains are closely packed in space. The close
packing results in high densities, tensile strength and
high melting and boiling points. e.g., high density
polyethene, nylon and polyesters are linear polymers.
8. Continue…..
2. Branched chain polymers
In such polymers, the monomer units are linked to form long
chains with some branched chains of different lengths with source.
As a result of branching, these polymers are not closely packed in
space. Thus, they have low densities, low tensile strength as well
as low melting and boiling points. Some common examples of
such polymers are low density polyethene, starch, glycogen etc.
9. Continue….
3. Cross-linked polymers or network polymers
In such polymers, the monomer units are linked together
to form three dimensional network. These are expected
to be quite hard, rigid and brittle. Examples of cross
linked polymers are bakelite, glyptal, melamine-
formaldehyde polymer etc.
10. Based on Mode of Polymerisation
1. Addition polymers
The polymers formed by the polymerisation of
monomers containing double or triple bonds
(unsaturated compounds) are called addition
polymers. Addition polymers have the same
empirical formula as their monomers. Addition
polymers can further be classified on the basis of
the types of monomers into the following two
classes:
• Homopolymers
• Copolymers
11. Continue…
2. Condensation polymers
The polymers which are formed by the combination of
monomers with the elimination of small molecules such
as water, alcohol, hydrogen chloride etc., are known as
condensation polymers, e.g., nylon 6,6 is formed by the
condensation of hexamethylene diamine with adipic
acid.
13. Types of Polymerisation
A. Chain Growth Polymerisation or Addition Polymerisation
It involves formation of reactive intermediate such as free radical, a
carbocation or a carbanion. For this polymerisation monomers used are
unsaturated compounds like alkenes; alkadienes and their derivatives.
Depending upon the nature of the reactive species involved. chain growth
polymerisation occurs by the following mechanisms:
1. Free radical addition polymerisation
2. Cationic polymerisation
3. Anionic polymerisation
14. 1. Free radical addition Polymerisation
The monomers used are generally monosubstituted alkenes. The most
commonly used catalysts are benzoyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide or t-
butyl peroxide etc. Mechanism The reaction involves the following steps
Chain initiation step:
18. B. Step Growth Polymerisation
Condensation polymerisation which occurs
in a stepwise manner with elimination of
some smaller molecules like H2O, NH3,
HCI, ROH, etc., is concerned with step
growth polymerisation, e.g., adipic acid
and hexamethylenediamine phenol and
formaldehyde etc., undergo step Growth
Polymerisation.
20. Types of Polyethylene
1. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
2. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
3. Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)
4. Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene
(UHMW)
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1. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) –
First polyethylene produced. - As the name implied, it has a lower
density compared to High Density polyethylene. - LDPE has more
branching, hence the molecules are less tightly packed and less
crystalline due to the side branches. - LDPE is also frequently used in
comsumer packaging, bags, bottles, and liners.
2. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) –
It is a polyethylene made from petroleum. - It is sometimes called
“alkathene” or “polythene” when used for pipes. - HDPE has little
branching, giving it stronger intermolecular forces and tensile
strength than LDPE. - It is also harder and more opaque and can
withstand higher temperatures.
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3. Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) –
LLDPE is the most flexible type of polyethylene. - It is a
blended form of LDPE where the film has much more
flexibility, tensile strength, and more comfortability. -
LLDPE is used for films that need a tremendous amount of
strength to absorb impacts without tearing or puncturing.
4. Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE,
UHMW) –
Also known as high-modulus polyethylene (HMPE) or high-
performance polyethylene (HPPE). - It is odorless, tasteless
and nontoxic. - It has extremely long chains, which results in
a very tough material, with the highest impact strength of any
thermoplastic presently made.
25. Individual Process Descriptions
1. Demethanization and Deethanization –
The feed for the process is a mixture of methane,
ethane, and ethylene. Since ethylene is the monomer
to be used ethylene has to be separated from
methane and ethane. High purity ethylene is used
(99.8%).
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2. Compression of Ethylene and Catalyst
Ethylene and the catalyst (free-radical yielding such as
oxygen or peroxide) are compressed to operating pressure
(150 MPa).
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3. Solution Polymerization –
In a tubular reactor maintained at 190°C, solution
polymerization occurs to convert ethylene to polyethylene.
About 30% conversion is achieved per pass.