1. ZEEMAN EFFECT
PRESENTED BY : ABHIJIT PUHAN
ROLL NO : 16122P001
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
F.M. AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE , BALASORE
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
DR. PURNACHANDRA PATRA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,FMAC,BALASORE
2. OUTLINES
οINTRODUCTION TO ZEEMAN EFFECT
οHISTORY OF ZEEMAN EFFECT
οTYPES OF ZEEMAN EFFECT : NORMAL AND ANOMOLOUS ZEEMAN
EFFECT
οCLASSICAL EXPLANATION OF NORMAL ZEEMAN EFFECT
οVECTOR MODEL OF NORMAL ZEEMAN EFFECT
οQUANTUM MECHANICAL EXPLANATION OF NORMAL ZEEMAN
EFFECT
3. Introduction
ZEEMAN EFFECT, IN PHYSICS IS THE SPLITTING OF A SPECTRAL LINE INTO TWO
OR MORE COMPONENTS OF SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT FREQUENCY WHEN THE LIGHT
SOURCE IS PLACED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD.
HENDRIK LORENTZ PIETER ZEEMAN
4. HISTORY OF ZEEMAN EFFECT
β’ DUTCH PHYSICIST PIETER ZEEMAN DISCOVERED THE βZEEMAN EFFECTβ IN
1896.
β’ ZEEMAN CONDUCTED HIS GROUND BREAKING EXPERIMENT WHILE WORKING
IN THE LABORATORY OF HENDRIK LORENTZ AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN.
β’ HE OBSERVED THAT WHEN A SOURCE OF LIGHT IS SUBJECTED TO A
MAGNETIC FIELD, THE RESULTING SPECTRUM IS NOT A SINGLE LINE BUT
RATHER A GROUP OF CLOSELY SPACED LINES.
β’ ZEEMAN INITIALLY INVESTIGATED THIS PHENOMENON USING SODIUM
FLAME, WHERE HE OBSERVED THE SPLITTING OF THE D-LINE DOUBLET.
β’ HE OBSERVED THAT THE SPECTRAL LINES SPLIT INTO MORE THAN THREE
COMPONENTS WHEN A MAGNETIC FIELD WAS APPLIED PERPENDICULAR TO
THE DIRECTION OF LIGHT PROPAGATION. THIS SPLITTING WAS FOUND TO BE
PROPORTIONAL TO THE STRENGTH OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD.
β’ THEREFORE ,PIETER ZEEMAN WON NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS WITH HIS
TEACHER HENDRIK LORENTZ IN THE YEAR 1902.
5. DEFINITION
β’ THE ZEEMAN EFFECT IS THE NAME FOR THE SPLITTING OF
ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS OR SPECTRAL LINES DUE TO ACTION OF
AN EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD.
β’ THAT SHOWS AN ATOM HAS ADDITIONAL ENERGY LEVELS.
6. TYPES OF ZEEMAN EFFECT
THE ZEEMAN EFFECT IS BROADLY DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS DEPENDING
UPON THE MAGNITUDE OF EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD PROVIDED,THESE ARE
SUCH AS
I. NORMAL ZEEMAN EFFECT:
WHEN THE ATOM (OR THE SOURCE OF SPECTRAL LINE) IS PLACED IN A
STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD THE SPECTRAL LINE SPILTS INTO FEWER
(THREE)COMPONETS.
. SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER IS ZERO.
II. ANOMALOUS ZEEMAN EFFECT:
WHEN THE ATOM (OR THE SOURCE OF SPECTRAL LINE ) IS SUBJECTED TO
WEAK OR ORDINARY MAGNETIC FIELDS, THE SPECTRAL LINE SPILTS INTO
MORE THAN THREE COMPONENTS.
. SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER IS NOT ZERO.
7. DEFINITION OF NORMAL ZEEMAN EFFECT
β’ FOR A SINGLET STATE( NO UNPAIRED ELECTRON ), THE SPIN IS ZERO.
β’ THE TOTAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM π½ IS EQUAL TO ORBITAL ANGULAR
MOMENTUM πΏ.
β’ FOR EXAMPLE : π»π, π»β , πΆπ etc
8. CLASSICAL EXPLANATION OF NORMAL ZEEMAN
EFFECT
β’ THE NORMAL ZEEMAN EFECT WILL BE EXPLAINED BY THE CLASSICAL THEORY
ON THE BASIS OF
BOHRβS ATOMIC MODEL.
WHEN THERE IS NO EXTERNAL FIELD; THE CENTRIPETAL FORCE OF THE
ELECTRON IS GIVEN BY
πΉπΆ =
πβ π£2
π
=
β’ IN PRESENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD ( PERPENDICULAR TO V )
β’ LORENZ FORCE FL = Bβ v = π΅β ππ
β’ CHANGE IN FORCE β πΉ = Β±π΅β ππ€ β β πΉ = 2ππππ β π€,
β π€ = Β±
π΅π
2ππ
β πππ = Β±
π΅β
4π±ππ
ππππ€2
9. VECTOR MODEL OF NORMAL ZEEMAN
EFFECT
β’ WHEN AN ATOM PLACED IN AN EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD , THE ENERGY OF AN ATOM
CHANGES BECAUSE OF THE ENERGY OF ITS MAGNETIC MOMENT IN THE FIELD WHICH IS GIVEN
BY
βπΈ = ππ. π΅ =-πππ§π΅ (MAGNETIC FIELD ALONG Z-AXIS)
πππ§ = βππππ΅ =
ππβ β
2πβ
βπΈ = ππ
πβπ΅
2ππ
= ππππ΅B
β βπΈ β ππ (WHERE ππ = (2π + 1) VALUES FOR βπβ²
SINCE EACH ENERGY LEVEL SPLITS INTO (2π + 1) LEVELS
β’ THE SELECTION RULE FOR TRANSITION , Ξππ = 0, Β±1
β’ BECAUSE OF UNIFORM SPLITTING OF THE LEVELS THERE ARE ONLY THREE DIFFERENT
TRANSITION ENERGIES , πΈ0 +
β π΅β
2ππ
, πΈ0, πΈ0 β
β π΅β
2ππ
CORRESPONDING TO THE TRANSITION WITH
Ξππ = +1,0, β1
β’ THE CHANGE IN FREQUENCY OF THE EMITTED SPECTRAL LINE IS ENERGY CHANGE DIVIDED BY β
β’ THE FREQUENCY CHANGE ARE THEREFORE Β±
β π΅
4π±ππ
OR β0β.