Uses Of Chemistry

Uses of Chemistry
How has the study of chemistry affected the lives of ordinary people? Every single day, without
even realising it, we use so many things that are brought to us by the discoveries and advances in
chemistry. Many of these things we take for granted, and don't even bother to question how it got
there, why it is there, and how it works. Chemistry makes up everything in our lives, from the air
that we breathe, to the plastic on the keyboard I'm typing on now, and a in depth study of some of
the wonderful things chemistry has done for the modern day world, will help us to appreciate
everything we have a great deal more. For as long as we know, scientists have been creating, and
improving new strategies to improve the lives of us humans. One ... Show more content on
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To make their task even more complex, the chemical composition of the worthless uranium–238 and
the valuable uranium–235 are almost exactly the same, which led to the development of a huge
laboratory in Tennessee to separate the two isotopes. In the mountains of New Mexico on July the
16th, 1945, six years of hard work, and two billion dollars later, the concept of atomic fission was
about to be put to the test. When that bomb was blown into the air, and seeing the affects of what
could happen if this was allowed to go on, a few of the participants in creating the bomb signed a
petition to stop the construction of any more bombs like this, but these protests were completely
ignored, and unleashed was the sort of power that has caused death and destruction beyond belief.
The atomic bomb has only ever been used twice in warfare, and both times has caused horrendous
damage to human life. The first time it was used, was in Hiroshima, Japan on the 6th August, 1945.
Instantly, 66 000 people were killed, and 69 000 were injured by a ten kiloton atomic explosion.
Half a mile diameter in area from where the bomb was dropped was completely vaporized, within
one and a half miles diameter, everything was completely destroyed, extreme blast damage was
incurred within two miles diameter and within two and a half miles diameter, everything flammable
burned. Is this what J. Robert Oppenheimer had in mind when he overlooked the entire creation of
the
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Items and the Resources behind Them
Items and the Resources Behind Them People all over the world are using resources every day that
they do not even think about. People are not aware of where things come from or what happens to
those things after they are no longer in their possession. In the following paragraphs, I will look into
five specific things I make common use of in a week. I chose to conduct my research on plastic
water bottles, mechanical pencils, plastic grocery bags, cell phones, and ear phones. I will expand on
the materials that go into making these items, and where they come from. Additionally, I will look
into what happens after they have fulfilled their purpose and whether they are recyclable or not.
Each type of water bottle has a different story. For the most part however, they are made up of
similar materials. It is common that they are made using Polyethylene terephtalate plastics, which
are also known as virgin plastics. The plastic is made by mixing hydrocarbons that are extracted
from crude oil with chemical catalysts. The manufacturing process is described as each bottle being
sterilized, filled, capped, labeled, packed into cases, and prepared for shipping. Transporting and
distributing these bottles consists of shipping them in lightweight materials which are good for the
environment since it cuts down on fuel costs. Most people only use water bottles until that 1 serving
is gone. But they may be reused or recycled. When they are recycled, the plastic bottles are shredded
into

Electric Cars, What Are They?
Electric cars, what are they? Electric cars are automobiles that run on electric motors instead of
regular gasoline or diesel engine. It all started in 1821 when Michael Faraday creates an
experimental electromagnet. From then on, people developed this technology from Ferdinand
Porsche to Elon Musk. These founders have been studying the field of electricity since they have
been researching on how to make things work. But through this research, they have invented a mean
of transportation which is a moving vehicle but instead of gasoline of diesel engine. In 1897, cabs in
New York are based on the Electrobat II which is the first commercial operated electric vehicle. This
cabs came upon under the Electric Storage Battery Company of ... Show more content on
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The first hybrid car is made by GE Research Lab in 1982. Its state of the art computer design is the
ancestors of current electric hybrid cars. Since then, automotive manufacturers began to have
concept hybrid or electric vehicles since they saw the effects of cleaner addiction. The most known
electric vehicle is the Tesla Roadster. This was their pioneering Battery Electric vehicle sports car
that was produced in 2008. This opened the opportunities for Tesla Inc. to establish a good
foundation for their future vehicles to come at that time. Sales from that vehicle alone became so
popular that other manufacturers began to compete with Tesla Inc. Their pioneering vehicle had an
electric range of 244 miles or 393 kilometers which is more than what would a standard sedan
would have as mileage.
How are Electric cars made? Electric cars are made of two batteries, on has a limited lifetime of
chemicals reactions which produces energy, and the other is the rechargeable storage cells. These
batteries are situated in a T–formation which is specifically designed designed for a sufficient
weight distribution and safety as well. These batteries are also made of nickel–iron, zinc–chloride,
and lead acid. Weight of the vehicle itself is also a substantial component in designing one vehicle.
In these types of vehicle, the batteries and electric system is at 40% of the total weight while an
internal combustion engine driven car only weighs 25% of the total weight of the

Debate on Green Cars
Debate on Green Cars In the world we live today, things are changing. Many environmentalists are
working together to preserve the planet by recycling plastics, saving the trees, and even operating
environmentally friendly vehicles. Although salvaging the waste and protecting the foliage may help
contribute to the worthy cause, we may have been misinformed regarding the truth when it comes to
automobile manufacturers. The green automobiles may actually be reversing the process and
polluting the earth more. According to many articles, journalists claim hybrids are the best for the
environment, as they are designed for fuel efficiency and offer many other advantages. In 2009, a
spring article was published on greenamerica.org stating, "In the hybrid cars of today, a battery
provides an electric assist to the gas–powered engine, achieving twenty to thirty five percent better
gas mileage than conventional cars." Saving money in the long term is the primary benefit of
owning an electric car. Electric vehicles have far fewer moving parts than combustion engines,
meaning they require less maintenance overall. They also cost significantly less per mile to operate.
When compared to gas vehicles, they effectively get more than one hundred miles per gallon. This is
because electricity is cheaper per unit of energy than gasoline and electric motors are more efficient.
However, one complaint is how electric vehicles don't have good range. Comparing even the longest
range

Lab Report : Production Of Materials
Chemistry Report
The Production of Materials
A battery is a container that is used as a source of power due to its ability to convert chemical energy
into electricity. A battery also consists of one or more cells. (Dictionary, no date)
(ClipartPanda, 2014)
Discuss the structure and chemistry of a dry cell or lead acid cell battery:
The lead acid battery generally contains half a dozen lead–acid cells that are connected in series.
Each one of the six cells contains a cathode of lead (IV) oxide and an anode of lead. A sulfuric acid
solution that is highly acidic (pH as low as 0) provides the solution for each electrode to be
immersed in. (Lead–acid batteries, no date)
An example of a lead acid battery:
(Gravitatechnomech, 2015)
The electrode reactions are:
Anode: Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e–
Lead + Sulfuric Acid → Lead Sulfate + Hydrogen + 2 electrons
Cathode: PbO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2e– → PbSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Lead Oxide + Sulfuric
Acid + Hydrogen + 2 electrons → Lead Sulfate + Water
(College, 2015)
Each cell has a voltage of about 2 volts, and the combination of 6 within a series gives the structure
that is usually used in cars; a typical 12 volt battery. (College, 2015)
The lead acid cell battery is rechargeable, with electrons being removed from the cathode and being
provided to the anode. The reactions can be reversed by an external potential difference being
applied that is larger than the potential being produced whilst

Redox Reaction : Redox Reactions
Redox reaction: Redox reactions involve transfer of electrons from one reactant to another
Anode: The anode is the electrode which oxidation occurs
Cathode: The cathode is the electrode at which reduction occurs
Oxidation: Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction: Reduction is gain of electrons
Oxidation state: The oxidation state of an element is the charge on the ion
Salt bridge: The salt bridge allows the migration of ions to occur
Electrolyte: An electrolyte is a substance which in solution or molten state conducts electricity
Galvanic cell: A galvanic cell pumps out electrons out of the negative terminal and takes them back
in through the positive terminal.
Metal displacement: A metal will displace a less reactive metal in a metal salt solution.
Potential difference: Potential difference is the amount of work energy required to move an electric
charge from one point to another
Introduction:
This report is based on the galvanic cells. A galvanic cell is a device which converts chemical
energy it electrical energy. Motor car batteries and dry cells for torches and radios are galvanic cells.
A galvanic cell consists of an oxidation half–cell, reduction half–cell, electrolyte. A redox reaction is
the transfer of electrons which have specific processes for gain/loss which are oxidation and
reduction. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons. A galvanic cell
consists of two electrodes, the anode and the cathode.
Dry cell
The dry

History And History Of Fuel Cells
History of fuel cells according to Vladimir S. Bagotsky (2012)
Luigi Galvani (1737–1798)
In 1791, the Italian physiologist Luigi Galvani discovered that the muscle contractions, similar to
the discharged of a Leyden charge, will occur when two metals touch the nerve of a frog.
Alexandro Volta (1745–1827)
In 1800, Alexandro Volta designed a device called Volta pile that originated from the phenomenon
discovered by Galvani. The Volta pile is the prototype of electrochemical power sources such as
battery and was of significance of development is the science of both electricity and
electrochemistry.
Sir William Robert Grove (1811–1896)
In 1830s, A British chemist Sir William Robert Grove conducted a series of experiment on water
electrolysis. His device consisted of two platinum electrodes dipping into water acidified with
sulfuric acid. Grove assumed that by channeling current, water can be decomposed to hydrogen and
oxygen and the possibility of opposite reaction. But after disconnecting the current, the electrodes at
which the hydrogen and oxygen had been evolve as gasses were polarized. A certain potential
difference was preserve between the electrodes. Sir Grove named his invention as gas voltaic
battery. His invention becomes the first prototype of fuel cells.
Ludwig Mond (1839– 1909) and Carl Langer (1889)
Fifty years after the first prototype was invented, Mond and Langer accomplished successful
experiments regarding the generation of electric current with

What Chemistry Means to Me
What chemistry means to me and how it impacts upon my life
From the foods we eat and the medicines we take to the products we regularly use, our lives are
inextricably linked to chemicals and their operating principles.
Chemistry is everywhere. The air we breathe, the ground we stand on, the seas we sail, and the
variety of living things including our own bodies; all these are made of substances that we call
chemicals. These chemicals interact with one another, and, in many cases, these interactions produce
new substances through processes known as chemical reactions. Over time, in high school I have
learned much about chemicals and have mastered numerous chemical reactions, giving me the
ability to modify existing substances and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even the gas and tires in cars we drive, the makeup we put on our faces, the soaps and cleaners used
every day, burning wood or other fossil fuels, chemistry is all around you each and every day.
Chemistry is really an amazing subject and works hand in hand with all the other sciences to make
things work. According to Don Showalter he stated that "each of these reactions between substances
illustrates a concept of the way matter behaves." According to Roald Hoffmann "matter is neither
created nor destroyed."
Research and deduce from your findings which use of metals came first– was it for weaponry or
jewelry
From my research that I have done there is no historical documentation, but the most likely metals
are copper and gold because they are both comparatively easy to find as natural ores, and are both
soft enough to use without forging equipment. Both metals were used by many ancient cultures for
jewelry and decorative uses; copper was also used for simple tools. Copper is perhaps one of the
most important elements for mankind, both due to its multiple uses and to its capacity to replace iron
in many cases. Starting with making objects out of copper and continuing, as mankind progressed,
with its use as a good electricity conductor and building material, copper was part of everyday life
ever since the copper age. Even today's world, despite new discoveries that brought about artificially
made

Discoveries in Chemistry and Their Impacts on Public Life
DISCOVERIES IN CHEMISTRY AND THEIR IMPACTS ON PUBLIC LIFE INTRODUCTION
Every single day, without even realising it, we use so many things that are brought to us by the
discoveries and advances in chemistry. Many of these things we take for granted, and don 't even
bother to question how it got there, why it is there, and how it works. Chemistry makes up
everything in our lives, from the air that we breathe, to the plastic on the keyboard I 'm typing on
now, and a in depth study of some of the wonderful things chemistry has do for the modern day
world, will help us to appreciate everything we have a great deal more. For as long as we know,
scientists have been creating, and improving new strategies to improve the lives of humans. ... Show
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EFFECT: improved workability, decreased residual deformation, increased relative elongation at
rupture, and improved appearance. 2 tbl, 4 ex | | | HIGH–PRESSURE BOTTLE AND METHOD OF
ITS MANUFACTURE | FIELD: protracted storage and transportation of compressed and liquefied
gases, mainly fire extinguishers. EFFECT: enhanced reliability and durability; facilitated procedure.
3 cl, 11 dwg | | | | | ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– INVENTION OF
PAINT: Paint is one of the greatest inventions. The secret is a new "copolymer surfactant" molecule
that binds the color into a thicker, more durable paint. The new paint molecules are long chains that
surround pigment molecules, much like a strip of Velcro wrapped around a tennis ball, which
provides more space for the latex to cling to. As a result, the paint covers any color in a single coat,
leaves a washable finish. | | INVENTION OF MOLDING FINGERPRINTS:Benjamin Moore's new
Aura interior paint doesn't require a primer, and the paint doesn't stick, thanks to innovative
chemistry.Materials chemists at the University of Toronto have developed a new elastic light–
sensitive material that changes color based on pressure and could be used to capture data–rich
fingerprints in multiple colors. The material could also be used in pressure sensors in consumer
products, such as consumer electronics, airbag

History of Hearing Aids Essay
The story of the hearing aid depicts one of the most ridiculous timelines of technological
advancements in all of history. Although we modernly think of a "hearing aid" as a small device
which is inserted into the ear canal, the reality is that a hearing aid is "an apparatus that amplifies
sound and compensates for impaired hearing." Thus, I invite you to expand your mind, and draw
your attention to the intriguing, and absolutely absurd, timeline of the hearing aid.
The most common model of the ancestral hearing aid is that of the simple ear trumpet. This was a
small, pipe–looking device which was carved from either bull's horn or seashell, and was held up to
the ear in order to amplify sound. The audible result of such would ... Show more content on
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The royal member would then angle the end of the tube towards their ear, so that they could better
hear the words being spoken without having to be yelled at.
Next we have the classic ear tube which was developed in 1887. Much like the childhood game of
"telephone" in which the two styrofoam cups were connected with a piece of string, the ear tube was
simply a long hose with a widened opening at either side. One end was placed to the lips of the
speaker, while the other end was placed close to the ear of the hearing–deficient listener. Effective,
yet not exactly attractive to look at...
Finally, in 1901, the first electric hearing aids were designed. Consisting of a carbon microphone, a
processing unit, a battery box, and a headpiece, this hearing aid served merely as a personalized
microphone/amplifier. It was bulky, heavy, and expensive to buy (at about $400.00 each), but it
worked! Thus, its successors followed the same model, but the goal became a matter of size.
It wasn't until 1953 that a person could wear a hearing aid that would go largely unnoticed. The
Oticon pocket model was an aid that looked very much like an iPod – its components being a small,
pocket–sized battery and processor, and an earpiece which look about the same as what we would
now call an "earbud". This was an incredible advancement, but the design was not quite finished.
With transistors becoming smaller

The Importance Of Recycling
Recycling is an essential component of speedy and efficient waste management. Non–biodegradable
wastes and products sapping precious natural resources, essentially trees, and fossil fuels can wreak
havoc on our environment and bio–diversity ("Recycling", 2017). My goal is to start an at home
recycling program by following the correct steps to be taken that will not only benefit me but will
also help the environment. There will be critical timelines for implementing these action steps and
ways to measure progress towards achieving my plan. I will also need to find out what barriers I
might encounter during the process and how to overcome them. After that, I should find support
resources to help me tie everything together and ensure that I am following my plan and getting as
much information as possible.
I feel that the most important part of the recycling process will be getting started, gaining knowledge
on what you can and cannot recycle. As well as stepping out of my comfort zone and trying
something new that can be beneficial. I believe that most of the time individuals are misinformed
about recycling and this is one of the primary reasons that they don't want to participate in the
process. Along with thinking that it might take up more space than it saves or even the fact that it
requires you not to be lazy and separate your trash.
First, start by going to a website and doing some research. I started with the EPA (Environmental
Protection Agency); this gave me an idea

The Epa Estimates Americans Purchase Nearly 3 Billion...
The EPA estimates Americans purchase nearly 3 billion batteries each year (D., 2009). A battery is
also known as a voltaic cell, and the energy generated and stored by a battery is actually a result of
chemical reactions and not mechanical motion. Batteries are contained in nearly every common
electronic device, ranging from small devices like smartphones to larger scale products like
automobiles, and chemistry is the driving force behind the function of these batteries.Batteries
consist of galvanic cells that carry out the production and storage of electrical energy from chemical
reactions. The chemical reactions going on inside of the battery are between the oxidant and
reductant of Copper and Zinc metals in there Copper–Zinc Voltaic ... Show more content on
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Different types of these battery cells have the ability to be rechargeable, permitting the application
of this technology in electric–powered hybrid automobiles and other electronically–powered
devices. Simplifying the schematics, a battery is comprised of at least one galvanic cell, which
contains two or more half cells, a reduction cell and an oxidation cell. The electrode and electrolyte
solution are contained in the half cells, and the chemical reactions in the two half cells provide the
energy for the galvanic cell operations (Chieh). The two electrodes, or battery terminals, produce
electricity through a series of electromagnetic reactions between the anode, cathode, and electrolyte
(Marshall, Charles, & Clint, 2000). Two or more electrically charged atoms/molecules, known as
ions, from the electrolyte bond with the anode (negative terminal) in the oxidation reaction. This
produces a compound, where one or more electrons are then released. Simultaneously, the cathode
substance (positive terminal), ions, and free electrons also combine into compounds during the
reduction reaction with the cathode. Basically, the cathode or positive terminal of the battery is
absorbing the electrons produced from the anode or negative terminal, creating electricity.
Therefore, electrons flow from anode to cathode (AUS–e–TUTE, 2017), and electrical energy is

Search for an Alternative Fuel Source for Automobiles
Search for an Alternative Fuel Source for Automobiles Since it's invention and birth in 1886
automobiles have influenced the world in a huge way. It saved people a lot of energy, time and
money. Motorized wagons replaced horse carriages and within a few decades Ford started making
affordable models of cars with higher efficiency, which revolutionized the concept of transportation.
The first ever car that was built was powered by steam. But with development in science and
technology other efficient fuel sources were invented. The present day cars run on petrol (gasoline),
diesel, and electricity and even sound. With the increased depletion of coal and coal–derived
products, the continued use of automobiles is becoming uncertain. Energy ... Show more content on
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However the anti–knocking properties of diesel is measured by its cetane number. The cetane
number is the measurement of the anti knocking and the combustion quality of diesel. It is the
equivalent of octane number for gasoline. The average value of cetane number for a diesel fuel
ranges from 42 to 45 but for premium diesel cetane number can be up to 60. Another important
property of fuels is the calorific value. The calorific value is the amount of heat or energy produced
when the fuel is combusted. Therefore the calorific value determines the output power produced by
the fuel. It is either measured as either gross calorific value or net calorific value. The most
commonly method of comparing calorific values of fuels is net calorific value. The net calorific
value of gasoline is 44400 KJ/Kg. This means that 44400 kilojoules of energy is produced for every
kilogram of fuel burnt. In comparison, the calorific value of diesel is 43400 (Bureau of Energy
efficiency, p.4). The calorific value of diesel is lower than the calorific value of gasoline and hence
gasoline has a higher output power than diesel. The output power is one of the most important
factors on which efficiency is dependent. Hence it can be said that the efficiency if petrol is higher
than that of diesel. Since early 20th century the popularity of electric vehicles have been raising.
Electric cars were prevalent in early 20th century when

The Sustainable Built Environment Research
The sustainable Built Environment Research Paper
Are Electric Cars Environment Friendly?
Author :16042284
Image source: Geneva MotorShow (2013)
Abstract :
This paper caters to the reality, based on facts of carbon emissions, of electric cars doubting the
"sustainability" factor for the claims of the cars. The paper details what exactly electric cars are,
their manufacturing , mechanism and the carbon pollution emitted by them in the primary stage ,i.e.
Manufacturing. Also, it throws a limelight on the resources used to charge these electric cars and
how adversely it affects the climate if the resources used to charge the cars are non renewable
resources, such as charging cars which derive their electricity from national grid, which in most
countries is produced by coal (a highly polluting and carbon emitting and non–renewable source of
energy).
Methodology :
The methodology used in this paper is based on the research reports and articles published overtime
on online platforms.
Graphs and figures are represented to get better clarity of the various comparisons made.
Also, the positive and negative impacts of electric cars has been expressed for overall
understanding.
Definition :
Electric Cars are vehicles that use electrical potential energy which is then stored in rechargeable
batteries (chemical energy) to propel at least one electric motor, converting it into kinetic energy.
Manufacturing of Electric Cars :
Batteries:
Batteries used in electric cars are

How Did Benjamin Franklin Use Electricity
Obviously without electricity, you wouldn't be able to enjoy your daily explorations of the Day!
What a horrible thought! But don't worry. Electricity does exist and it allows us to enjoy life in so
many ways. Since electricity is a natural force that exists in our world, it didn't have to be invented.
It did, however, have to be discovered and understood. Most people give credit to Benjamin
Franklin for discovering electricity. Benjamin Franklin had one of the greatest scientific minds of
his time. He was interested in many areas of science, made many discoveries, and invented many
things, including bifocal glasses. In the mid–1700s, he became interested in electricity. Up until that
time, scientists had mainly known about and experimented with static ... Show more content on
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In order to show that lightning was electricity, he flew a kite during a thunderstorm. He tied a metal
key to the kite string to conduct the electricity. Just as he thought, electricity from the storm clouds
transferred to the kite and electricity flowed down the string and gave him a flutter. He's lucky that
he didn't get hurt, but he didn't mind the shock since it proved his idea. Building upon Franklin's
work, many other scientists studied electricity and began to understand more about how it works.
For example, in 1879, Thomas Edison invented the electric light bulb and our world has been
brighter ever since! But was Benjamin Franklin really the first person to discover electricity? Maybe
not! At the turn of the 17th century, English scientist William Gilbert established the science
underlying the study of electricity and magnetism. Inspired by Gilbert's work, another Englishman,
Sir Thomas Browne, made further investigations and wrote books about his findings. Gilbert and
Browne are given credit with being the first scientists to use the term "electricity." Scientists have
found evidence that ancient peoples may have experimented with electricity,

Physics : Dc Power Sources
EXPERIMENT TITLE
DC power sources.
NAME,STUDENT ID,DATE
Muhammad Umair Bajwa,BAJ MD 1502,19–11–2016
GROUP MEMBERS
Raheel farooq
METHOD While determining this practical we need multimeter 's,two–post connectors, terminal
posts and DC fundamental circuit boards.
First while in the process of series and parallel battery circuits we will locate the batteries circuit on
DC fundamental circuit board.measure the voltage V1 and V2 of circuit and both the values were
1.5 Vdc. So the total voltages were become 3Vdc. So the measured voltage shows that V1 and V2
are in series. Then I measure the voltages at V3 by removing the two post–connectors and V3 was
1.50Vdc. And the voltage across V4 were 1.50 Vdc also. Then I connect V3 and V4 with the help of
two post–connectors and result shows that V3 and V4 are in parallel.
In series opposing DC sources we will locate the battery 's circuit block. V3 and V6 are series
opposing. When we connect them in circuit with two post connectors then the yellow led will light
to indicate a positive total circuit voltage and green led will light to indicate a negative total circuit
voltage. After that we measure the Voltage of battery which were 5.63Vdc.
After that I adjust the positive variable supply (V6) for voltage reading equal to that of V5 then I
measure the potential difference between positive terminals of V5 and V6. The meter indicated me
near zero because circuit batteries were series–opposing. Then I adjust V6 for

Electrical Charge : Static Electricity
Electricity: Static Electricity Static electricity : Static electricity is an unbalanced electric charge
This occurs when there is unbalanced number of neutrons and protons, unlike current electricity that
occurs when there are conductors involved The cause of static electricity is when there is an
unbalanced molecular construction or non conductive insulators such as plastic, glass, ceramics, and
other non conductive materials All physical objects are made up of atoms –Charges: One of these
properties is called an electrical charge. Protons have a "positive" (+) charge, electrons have a
"negative" (–) charge, and neutrons have no charge, they are neutral. The rubbing of some certain
materials against one another can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– Removing Static Charge: Removing a static charge by providing a path to the ground: Grounding
–Electrons move from negatively charged objects to ground until object is neutral – Electrons move
from ground to neutralize positively charged objects Information from:
http://www.gpb.org/chemistry–physics/physics/801 – http://www.gpb.org/chemistry–
physics/physics/801 Conductors and Insulators: Conductor – conductor is an object or type of
material that allows the flow of electrical current in one or more directions. The electrons move
easily to the other side, away from the object Insulator – Do not allow electric charges to pass
through them. Electrons in the atoms and molecules move very slightly to one side of the object but
are not released. In static electricity the charges do not flow continually, because some of the
charges of an object are being stripped from the other. This makes Static electricity mainly based on
insulators because the charges are not released, but stay in one spot. Discharge of static electricity
can cause hazards in situations with flammable substances where a small electrical spark might
ignite explosive mixtures. Protons, neutrons and electrons are different from one another; they have
their properties and/or characteristics. All mater have

Lithium Ion Batteries Are Made From Lithium
Lithium–ion batteries are made from lithium; hence the name. Since lithium is an unstable metal,
lithium ions must be made through chemicals. Lithium is used because it is the lightest metal with
the highest electrochemical potential. Inside these batteries are a positive electrode called the
cathode, an anode or the negative electrode and lithium ions. Theses lithium ions move from the
negative electrode to the positive when it's being used and vice versa when it's being charged. For
the electrodes not to be combined, there is a separator in between the negative and positive
electrodes. Another type of battery is a alkaline batteries, which is made out zinc and manganese
dioxide. Alkaline batteries works like other batteries. There is a negative electrode, zinc powder, a
positive electrode, manganese dioxide, an electrolyte, potassium hydroxide, a separator, and a brass
pin. Once the electrolytes are added, a chemical reaction happens when the manganese dioxide
oxidizes and allows the zinc and manganese dioxide to combine to form electricity in the battery.
Zinc carbon batteries is another type of battery that is made of carbon and zinc. This battery works
when the carbon rod, cathode, in the center collects electrons from the anode, shell of the battery
that consists of zinc chloride, part of the battery, which creates a circuit. An electrolyte paste made
from ammonium chloride surrounds a piece a paper that keeps the electrons moving and causes the
battery to produce

Essay about Back Bay Battery
SIMULATION FOREGROUND READING
Back Bay Battery, Inc.
Overview
The battery industry is enormous, with worldwide revenues of approximately $45 billion. It is
highly fragmented with at least 20 major manufacturers in each technology segment. Because of the
wide range of applications of batteries, companies have tended to specialize in a particular
technology or market application. Disposable batteries, such as the widely available carbon–zinc
and alkaline cells, are available in standard sizes such as AA, C, and D, and they are a fast–moving
consumer–good category with emphasis on manufacturing efficiency and scale, marketing and
branding, and distribution efficiency.
One of the earliest forms of rechargeable battery was the wet ... Show more content on
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Interestingly, battery makers have tended to focus in relatively narrow product segments and
technologies. Disposable–battery makers have typically not become major players in rechargeables,
and rechargeable–battery manufacturers tended to stick with a particular technology or product
focus
(laptop computers, mobile phones, portable power tools, etc.)
Back Bay Battery, Inc., in 2012
Back Bay Battery is one of over 20 major manufacturers of NiMH batteries. The field is crowded,
but manufacturers have been riding rising a tide of demand from consumers for portable electrically
powered devices.
Though the technology is relatively mature, the company is anticipating continuing strong volume–
growth rates, primarily due to rapid consumer adoption. The worldwide market is projected to grow
at 9.0%. Pricing pressure is significant, though, as more East Asian competitors continue to drive
commoditization of NiMH cells. Back Bay's sales manager has learned to track the market pricing
closely, as being out of step with the market can cause dramatic market share changes in a relatively
short time.
Li–ion batteries have pretty much replaced NiMH in the market for laptop computer batteries.
The first commercial Li–ion battery was produced by Sony in 1991. Li–ion batteries are favored for
mobile devices because they can store a high density of energy for a given weight. They can be
fabricated in many shapes,

Hydrogen Batteries And Fuel Cells
Introduction– Batteries/Fuel Cells Fuel cells operate via a chemical reaction which generates
electricity. All fuel cells contain a positive anode, a negative cathode and an electrolyte to carry the
charged particles through the cell. They also contain a catalyst which will increase the rate of the
reaction occurring. The electricity produced can then used to power various appliances. This, in
turn, creates a circuit with the current continually flowing in and out of the cell until the reaction
ceases . Recently the development metal–air batteries (which can be produced from a range of
metals from Aluminium to Zinc Primary and Secondary Batteries) have become very important.
They are used to power electric vehicles and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
O2 + 2H2O+4e–→4OH– Hence the following radox reaction occurs : Mg→Mg2++2e– O2 +
H2O+4e–→4OH– 2Mg +O2+ 2H20→Mg2++4OH– The voltage theoretical voltage and specific
energy density of a magnesium–air fuel cell is 3.1V and 6.8kWhkg–1iii hence has the potential for
creating highly efficient fuel cells in the future. This coupled with the fact that there is no shortage
of Magnesium on the planet means that the resources, although finite, are unlikely to run out and so
Magnesium is an ideal material to use. Also the properties of the metal, such as reactivity, toxicity
etc are ideal for this applicationi. Materials Involved in the production of Magnesium Air Batteries
Anode As mentioned previously the anode is composed of Magnesium metal (atomic weight 24.312
) and is oxidised to produce electrons. The reason this metal is used because it is lightweight, cheap
and has a high standard potential. These fuel cells are also generally very durable and can be easily
stored. Easy storage is made possible by the fact that a protective film is naturally produced over the
positive anode. However this decreases once some of the energy has been released from the cell.
Hence it is not ideal to be used in a situation where over a long period of time there are times when
the cell is not being used. This is part of the reason why lithium batteries are

Major Factors Affecting The Automotive Industry Essay
INTRODUCTION
There are four major factors affecting the automotive industry: technology, market, customers and
the most influential factor – environment. Environment is a source of materials, infrastructure
necessary for manufacturing but everything is limited. The process of car or automotive
manufacturing is very complex regarding the usage of numerous resources and different
technologies ( P. Golinska & M. Kosacka).
GLOBAL COMPETITION IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Global competition brought about less market share for U.S. automobile manufacturers and
threatened company profits as more foreign car brands entered the U.S. market. The total market
share of General Motors fell from 28.2% in 2000 to 17.6% by 2014. The other two of the Big Three
car manufacturers also lost U.S. market share during this same period. Ford fell from 24.1% to
14.7%. Fiat–owned Chrysler now holds only 12.7% after having 15.7% of the market in 2000.
High labor costs, product lines that emphasized large vehicles with significant gasoline use and a
looming global recession caused a crash in U.S. automaker profitability in 2008. American car
manufacturers were struggling to compete against better, more efficiently manufactured products
from overseas companies. As of 2015, Toyota earns more than GM, Ford and Chevrolet combined.
Lower per–car costs have allowed foreign manufacturers to gain larger portions of the U.S. market.
Decades of market control by U.S. manufacturers caused the major automakers

Essay on Why Hybrid Cars Should Not Be Purchased
As the gas price is rising up to 140 cents per litre in Canada, many people switch their vehicle to
gasoline–electric hybrid car to gain savings from the better fuel efficiency. Many potential
consumers for hybrid vehicle and hybrid vehicle owners think that the hybrid system is worth the
extra penny due to better fuel economy. However, the realistic is that it has higher maintenance
despite of its outstanding fuel economy figures. In fact, the hybrids cause more environmental
damage than conventional petro powered vehicles and there are better alternatives. Therefore,
hybrids should not be on consumers' shopping list due to a numerous negative facts that consumers
are unaware of.
Many Automobile manufactures want consumers to believe ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, consumer is forced to pay for the battery pack which costs around $4,000 from their
pocket, not manufactures'. When the battery pack is replaced, despite of good fuel economy, it costs
more to own hybrid than conventional vehicle.
Many people buy hybrid cars because they have been told that hybrids are much more eco–friendly
than any other vehicles out on the market and they feel proud for supporting the Mother Nature.
Surprisingly, it is a fact that a recent report announced that the Toyota Prius has a higher life time
energy cost than Hummer H1 SUV (kentlaw.edu). It also states, "There are, however, environmental
costs to mining and smelting (in Canada) 1,000 tons a year of zinc for the battery–powered second
motor, and the shipping of the zinc 10,000 miles – trailing a cloud of carbon – to Wales for refining
and then to China for turning it into the component that goes to a battery factory in Japan"
(kentlaw.edu). In other words, the hybrids emit less carbon dioxide and other gases but it releases far
more energies and toxic gases into atmosphere at production and disposal stage.
In addition, consumer must be aware that there are better alternatives to hybrids on market. Thanks
to advancing technology, many petro powered and diesel powered vehicle get similar EPA fuel
economy on highway. From German automotive manufacture, they have developed Clean Diesel
such as Blue Tec from Mercedes–Benz and TDI from Volkswagen which

Why Do Batteries Lose Voltage Output
Data Analysis Batteries lose voltage when used. The scientific question for this experiment was,
"Which type of battery affects the voltage output over time?" Five different batteries were tested to
see which battery would have the biggest drop. The hypothesis for this experiment was, "If the type
of battery is tested to see which battery type would have the largest voltage drop, then the Alkaline
battery would have the largest voltage drop." The independent variable was the type of battery and
the dependent variable was the voltage drop. Some constant variables were the size of the battery,
having a fully charged battery, and the amount of time between checking the voltage (10 minutes).
The control group was the alkaline battery because

Science Fair Project
* Page#1: Problem * Page#2: Hypothesis * Page#3: Background research * Page#4: Materials *
Page#5: Procedure * Page#6: Results * Page#7: Conclusion * Page#8: Bibliography Where is your
money going? Did you know over a million dollars go to waste from buying a ton of batteries that
barely work. For my science fair project I am going to test the 4 most popular brands of batteries in
America, Duracell, Energizer, Rayovac, and a Alkaline battery named Enercell. The problem is that
big battery brands run out quick and you feel like a fool, because you fell for their false advertising.
So to accomplish this I am going to test different brand of batteries by using a battery conductor.
The battery ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The estimated price amount for this expeirment should be no more then 15 dollars. Above are the
trials I had on the cell before I did the final and last trial. It seems that the Duracell lasted the longest
during the second trial, and the first trial they came to a close tie. So for the final and last trial I
would have to see how long the batteries last by doing the expeirment percisely as I can. The first
battery I tested is the Energizer battery which lasted 6 hours, and 35 minuets. The second battery I
tested is the Duracell battery which lasted 22 hours and 15 minuets. The third battery I tested is the
Enercell battery which lasted 15 hours, and 2 minuets. The last battery I tested was the Rayovac
battery which lasted for 24 hours, and 30 minuets.The battery brand which lasted the longest out of
the four of them was the Rayovac battery. My expeirment came to end, because all the batteries
burned out. After all the batteries were done with testing I organizied them into a graph showing
how long each of the batteries lasted. The outcome was that the Rayovac battery lasted the longest. I
rejected my hypothesis because my hypothesis staed the Rayovac battery, and the Duracell battery
will end in a tie. Which was wrong, because the Rayovac battery lasted longer then the Duracell cell
battery. However I overlooked the fact that the Rayovac battery wasn't made out of just Lithium it
was made out of Lithium Ion. Which is

Case Study Of Duracell International Inc.
INTRODUCTION
Duracell International Inc. is an American brand of batteries and smart power systems owned by the
subsidiary The Gillette Company and its parent company is Procter & Gamble. Duracell over past
decades has evolved into a strong brand that "Duracell" is used as a verb in context of batteries .It is
the world's leading manufacturer and marketer of high–performance alkaline batteries.
It had a very humble beginning with a motivated cause when Philip Georges Mallory and his basic
business tenets of "invest in research" and "the customer is King" laid the groundwork for Duracell
back in 1935. In 1920 a PR Mallory partnered with Samuel Rubin an independent inventor who
worked on research and development of more robust and durable batteries ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The first hearing aid button cell used Ruben's mercury battery technology.
During the early 1960s, the company introduced its AA size and AAA size alkaline batteries. The
Duracell brand name was adopted in 1964
The economic upturn and boom of 1972 allowed the firm to boost sales of electrical and electronic
items to industry, complementing consumer sales. As there was a good growth rate in the consumer
durables market Mallory adopted to economies of scale which meant mass production lowering per
unit cost and extending profit margins
In 1977, Fortune magazine ranked Mallory as the 507th largest company, with $323 million in sales
and profits of $10 million (which put it in the 170th position).
P.R. Mallory was bought by Dart Industries in 1978, becoming Duracell Inc. which in turn merged
with Kraft and thus began a series of exponential growth merger right up to 2014 Kohlberg Kravis
Roberts bought Duracell in 1988 and took the company public in 1989. It was acquired by Gillette
in 1996. In 2005, Procter & Gamble acquired

The Role Of Chemical Reactions And Electricity And Centers...
Electrochemistry, a branch of physical chemistry, is the study of the relationship between chemical
reactions and electricity and centers upon the interrelation of chemical energy and electrical energy.
Contributing to such crucial technological developments as the invention of batteries and fuel cells,
corrosion protection and the study of metallurgy, electrochemistry is credited with a great deal of
real life applications and has had widespread impact on mankind. One of the most common and
fundamental applications of electrochemistry is producing an electric current from a spontaneous
redox reaction through the help of a device called the electrochemical cell. For example, if zinc
metal is dropped into an aqueous solution of copper ion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The electrode placed with the reducing agent is called anode, while the one placed with the
oxidizing agent is called cathode. In this case, a strip of zinc metal should be placed in a solution of
zinc nitrate and a strip of copper metal should be placed with copper nitrate. As the anode frees
electrons where oxidation takes place, the electrons enter an electricity–conducting wire and travel
to the cathode where reduction takes place, thereby creating electrical energy. In the meantime of
this process, a positive charge and a negative charge accumulate in the oxidation and reduction
vessel respectively, due to the transfer of electrons. Since electrons do not have a propensity to
travel from a positively–charged region to a negatively–charged region, a salt bridge containing a
cation and an anion that do not play a role in the redox reaction, is required to keep this system
operating. An U–shaped tube connecting the vessels, the salt bridge releases its cations to the
reduction vessel and its anions to the oxidation vessel to maintain the charge neutral. As scientific as
this explanation may seem, battery, a ubiquitous product, is modeled after this cell system. "A
common example of an electrochemical cell is a standard 1.5–volt battery meant for consumer use".
[ "Electrochemistry." Wikipedia. Accessed January 21, 2016.

Water Contamination Research Paper
Water contamination due to increased population and industrial activities is one of the most
challenging issues to the researchers, because it is continuously increasing threats to both human
health and the environment. With the rapid development of industries such as metal plating
facilities, mining operations, fertilizer industries, tanneries, batteries, paper industries and pesticides,
etc.,(1,2) heavy metals wastewaters are directly or indirectly discharged into the environment
increasingly, especially in developing countries. Unlike organic contaminants, heavy metals are not
biodegradable and tend to accumulate in living organisms. Many heavy metal ions are known to be
toxic or carcinogenic and cause high blood pressure, anemia, cancer, renal kidney disease, nervous
system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Owing to the standard limits of water, it generates a strong demand to improve the efficiency of
existing methods for removing Pb and Zn from the water. Many techniques have been reported for
the effective removal of hazardous heavy metals from aqueous solutions such as adsorption,
flocculation, coagulation, membrane filtration, electrochemical operations, solvent extraction, bio–
sorption, chemical precipitation, ion–exchange, as well as various other processes (6–7). However,
most of these techniques have several disadvantages such as production of secondary pollution, high
cost, high levels of energy and chemicals needed, and weak treatment operation at low metal
concentrations. (8–9). Adsorption is now recognized as an effective and economic method for heavy
metal wastewater treatment. The adsorption process offers flexibility in design and operation and in
many cases will produce high–quality treated

Miss Essay example
BUSINESS ECONOMICS Assignment 1 Case study: Mintel batteries report a) What happened to
sales of batteries in the period 2004–8? Provide a quantitative estimate. How do you explain the fact
that over that period the amount of batteries sold increased whereas the value of sales declined?
From figure 20 we can see that the volume of sold batteries from 2004 (584 million batteries) to
2008 (611 million batteries) has increased by 27 million batteries. During that period of time the
volume has slightly raised, where in 2006 was the highest volume of batteries sold 620 million
batteries. Being a difference the value at 2004 to 2008 prises has decrease, started ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Situation for the figure 21, which presents purchasing of batteries events, is almost the same. Figure
24. The average spending on batteries per battery buyer based on adults started with 49.44 in 2005
and has grown to 50.64 in 2008. The average spending for batteries per buyer stood almost the same
during the period from 2005 to 2008, it was 10.6 in 2005 and felt down to 10.00 in 2008. The
number of buyers of batteries started with 38.96 in 2005 and reached to 41.18 in the following year ,
kept falling down in 2007 (40.05) till reaching almost its starting point (38.89) in 2008. Figure 26
we can see over the volume sales of batteries by type. We can see that Recharge cells batteries have
growth rapidly independently by the small segment of the market. In 2005 they started with 1.5 % of
market volume sales and reached to 2.3% for 2008, and growth with 56% since 2005. However,
alkaline batteries accounted for 79% of value sales, are the biggest segment of the market. In 2006
value of sales was £326m and felt down to £307m in 2008. There is no visible change in volume of
sales for alkaline batteries, the difference is 1%. The value sales of Zink carbon batteries have
decrease from 2005 to 2008 with 14 million and the volume of sales has fallen down from 13.4% in
2005 to 10.6% in 2008. Specialists hold their own. The value sales of this type of batteries have
decreased slightly with £3 from 2005 to 2008, there has no change in percentages, and the

Nuclear, Molecular And Super Molecular Scale
Introduction A battery is an electrical device that contains one or more electrochemical cell that
converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy by using an anode, which is the negative side
of the battery and a cathode, which is the positive side. Combining the anode and cathode with a
chemical substance in the middle will create an electrical current (Google, 2014). Nanotechnology is
the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular and super molecular scale. Batteries and
nanotechnology are relatable and can work together by creating miniature batteries that are able to
make future fundamental developments in just about every industry such as healthcare, automotive,
science and mainly any mainstream consumable product. History Past One of the first batteries
discovered was called the Parthian battery. In 1936, near Baghdad, railway construction workers
came across an odd shaped clay cased object, which turned out to be the ancient Parthian battery.
This ancient battery is aged at about 2000 years old. The "Parthian" name came from the people of
Baghdad around 250 BC because they ruled this area at the time. It was said that Parthians may have
used batteries to electroplate silver, this explaining the creation of this ancient battery. The battery
was made of a clay casing on the outside, with an iron rod wrapped in copper inserted into the
casing. Then the clay jar was filled with a vinegar solution which created about 1.1 to 2 volts of
electricity, which

Empirical Formula of Zinc Iodide
Experiment 9
Empirical Formula of Zinc Iodide
Objectives
Upon completion of this experiment, students should have learned:
1. The law of conservation of mass.
2. How to calculate an empirical formula.
3. The concept of limiting reagents.
Introduction
Synthesis and the determination of empirical formulas are two extremely important parts of
chemistry. In this experiment, you will synthesize zinc iodide and determine its empirical formula.
The molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element in the molecule and the
empirical formula gives the lowest whole number ratio of the atoms in the molecule. For instance,
the molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6 and its empirical formula is CH2O. For some ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, sodium chloride and sodium oxide should be and are NaCl and Na2O respectively.
Aluminum chloride and aluminum oxide should be and are AlCl3 and Al2O3. When there are
multiple oxidation states of a metal, more than one compound is possible. For instance, copper and
oxygen form Cu2O and CuO and more information are needed to distinguish between the two.
When naming a copper oxide, it is very important that the name distinguish between the two
possibilities [copper(I) oxide or cuprous oxide and copper(II) oxide or cupric oxide].
Care must be exercised as chemistry often contains wonderful surprises. Suppose the percent by
mass experiment for an iron oxide results in 72.36% Fe by mass and 27.64% O by mass. Following
the procedure above, results in a molar ratio of 1.296:1.727. Division by the lowest number, results
in a mole ratio of 1:1.33. For cases like this, the next step is to multiply by the lowest whole number
that converts each of the subscripts to a whole number. Thus the formula is Fe3O4. As iron has two
oxidation states (+2, +3), the expected formula is either FeO of Fe2O3. Anytime a result that is
inconsistent with expectations is obtained, the first and immediate step should be to recheck all the
data and calculations. In this case, the results are real and Fe3O4 is a known compound often called
magnetite. Understanding the oxidation state of iron in this compound

Brief Account Of The Life And Invention Of Lewis Frederick...
The aim of this report is to give a brief account of the life and invention of Lewis Frederick Urry. As
the subject of my report, a literature search was carried out to identify facts and relevant
information. Lewis Frederick Urry became a Chemical engineer in the 1950 and was the very first
person to fabricate alkaline batteries. In conclusion he made a significant contribution in the field
electrochemistry and battery technology in the 20th century.
Introduction
Many objects that we use on a day to day basis are powered by batteries. A battery is a device that is
able to store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy, and convert that energy into
electricity. It is composed of two terminals made of different chemicals ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Richard Jansen–Parkes (Parkes, 2014) states that, thanks to his invention, an estimated 80% of the
dry cell batteries in the world are based on Urry's work.
Background and life of Lewis Urry
Lewis Fredrick Urry, was born in the village of Pontypool, Ontario, in Canada, on the 29th of
January in 1927. Son of Oman Urry and Ada Rowan Urry, he was one of five children, in fact, he
had two brothers and two sisters (NNDB, Tracking The Entire World, 2014). Christopher Reed
(Reed, 2004) mentions that in 1946, Lewis decided to join the Canadian army where he spent three
years, and in the 1950 he graduated from the University of Toronto, with a Bachelor's degree in
Chemical Engineering. In the same year, Urry went to work as a manufacturer for a battery company
called Eveready and in 1955 he was assigned to work in a laboratory in Cleveland, in USA, to
extend the durability of the zinc carbon batteries. Christopher Reed (Reed, 2004) also states that, he
worked with several types of battery and power cells and owned over 51 patents, including some for
the rechargeable lithium battery. He was married to a woman named Beverly Ann and he was father
of three sons and two daughters. Lewis Urry, (see figure 1) died on the 19th of October in 2004, due
to illness, in Middleburg Heights, in USA and he was buried in Butternut Ridge Cemetery, North
Olmsted, USA. (NNDB, Tracking The Entire World, 2014).
Figure 1 shows a photograph of Lewis Frederick Urry, who

Essay On Claude Bernard
The Scientist Claude Bernard There are many scientists throughout time that has impacted science
and mankind in a positive matter. One scientist that stuck out to me the most is Claude Bernard.
Claude Bernard was a successful scientist that has studied a lot, had spent a lot of time in school,
and has impacted many human lives because of his discoveries. Claude Bernard was a biologist who
was born in Saint–Julien, Rhône, France on July 12, 1813. Claude's parents Jean–François Bernard
and Jeanne Saunier both lived in Saint–Julien for most of their lives (Sabbatini). Claude Bernard
passed away on February 10, 1878 in Paris, France. Claude's funeral was the first public funeral in
Paris (Virtanen). Claude ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He decided to get a medical degree because he was interested in blood and how the human organs
worked (Sabbatani). There are many different reasons why Claude was interested and inspired to
find his discoveries. Claude was interested in the mechanics of digestion, which he tended to really
enjoy. His favorite part of being a biologist involved exploring the insides of an animal's stomach.
He put most of his work into finding the correct process of digestion, and how exactly a human or
animal digestive system actually works. After awhile he would experiment on humans that are dead,
so he could look for anything he had never seen before ("Claude Bernard"). There were plenty of
other discoveries going on while Claude was doing his work. John William Draper was working on
making the first ever–detailed photograph of the moon. John William Draper finally was able to take
the photo in 1840 ("The First Photograph of The Moon"). Another scientist at the time was Robert
Bunsen. Robert Bunsen invented the zinc carbon cell also known as the Bunsen battery. The Bunsen
battery was the first battery to use a carbon electrode. The battery was invented in 1843 ("Home").
Louis Agassiz had discovered the "Ice Age". He had discovered the "Ice Age" by studying
underneath another scientists. The "Ice Age" was a time when there was severe cooling which
caused glaciers to cover the entire

Chemistry Batteries: Negatively Charged Electro
Chemistry Batteries [Chemistry HSC Course–1]
An anode is the negatively charged electrode that loses electrons and also where oxidation takes
place.
A cathode is the positively charged electrode where different types of ions gain electrons and also
where reduction takes place.
Current is the rate of flow of electrons
The electrolyte in a cell is the chemical medium which separates the anode and cathode and allows
ions to move through to the anode and cathode.
Purpose/Background of a cell (Battery)
The are a wide variety of batteries for sale, but all have the same underlying concept. A battery is a
device that is able to store energy and when needed, convert that energy into electricity. Chemical
potential energy converts to electrical energy. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two terminals (anode and cathode) are made of different chemicals but are typically metals and
the electrolyte which separates the terminals. The electrolyte is the chemical medium or a moist
solvent which allows the flow of electrical charge between the cathode and anode, making the
reaction happen. When a device connects to the battery the reactions begin at the electrodes and the
magic begins.
Looking further into batteries(most batteries) during the discharge of electricity, the chemical on the
anode releases electrons to the negative terminal and ions into the electrolyte in a process called
oxidation. The positive terminal accepts these electrons and thus completes the circuit making the
flow of electrons. Between electrolyte solutions the ions move through the salt bridge to maintain
electrical

Kiss Notes : Production of Materials
HSC Chemistry Topic 1
PRODUCT ON of MATERIALS
What is this topic about?
To keep it as simple as possible, (K.I.S.S.) this topic involves the study of: 1. POLYMERS FROM
PETROCHEMICALS & BIOMASS
2. ALTERNATIVE FUELS – ETHANOL & THE ALKANOLS 3. REDOX CHEMISTRY &
BATTERIES 4. RADIOACTIVITY & ITS USES
...all in the context of society's use of energy and materials
but first) an introduction ...
In the previous topic in the Preliminary Course, you learnt about
carbon chemistry of petroleum
Then you will learn more carbon chemistry when you study the
alcohols
and the importance
as a fuel source. and the most important of this group member
TIlls topic begins by taking this idea further. Petroleum not only provides fuels, but is a source of ...
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~
"c ' ,/'/
'
Ifi–––––––
–––––,
THIS IS CALLED AN "ADDITION REACTION"

These are just a few of the possible Addition that can occur across the double bond
Reactions
C
Ethylene CzH4
~ ~ is the simplest, and most important of the Alkenes. It is one of the most important
Petrochemicals
~
/The double " bond is highly reactive ~
It readily "splits open" leaving a single C–C bond, and creating 2 new bond positions for other
atoms/groups to attach to the molecule
~ ~ ~ –
'lR
I
~
because of the variety of products that can be made from it. Its chemical versatility is due to the
double C=C bond which is highly reactive and allows many "Addition Reactions" to occur.
,~ ': ,.,
C:.:.:.:.:.: C – ~
I
~
Practical Work
Identifying Alkenes with Bromine
You may have done siinple experiments alkene can be quickly and easily differentiated from an
alkane. to learn how an identified, and
If it is in contact with a liquid hydrocarbon, the water and the hydrocarbon form separate layers ...
they are immiscible liquids. Water, being denser, will always be at the bottom. Bromine is actually
more soluble in a hydrocarbon, so when shaken, it will switch to the top hydrocarbon layer, and
changes colour from brown to purple. In an alkane (hexane is often used) the colour will change and

switch layers, but it will remain co loured because no reaction occurs. In an alkene (e.g. hexene) the
bromine tot;Il)1 loses aU colour because an addition

Account for the Different Physical Properties and Uses of...
Diamond is a giant covalent network structure, having each Carbon atom sharing electrons with four
other Carbon atoms, therefore having four single covalent bonds formed. These Carbon covalent
bonds are extremely strong and account for two of diamond's most prominent physical properties
among all elements, hardness and a high melting point. Diamond has a high melting point due to the
fact that diamond is a covalent lattice, hence, melting this covalent lattice involves breaking many
strong covalent bonds. This melting process requires a large amount of energy and, as a result,
melting diamond requires a high temperature, approximately around 35500C. Having strong
covalent bonds, diamond also has a high level of hardness due to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It are these properties which allow graphite to be used to draw with (using a pencil), as the friction
against weak intermolecular forces on paper causes layers of graphite to rub off onto the paper. It is
this layered structure and the weak bonding between the "sheets" that determines the soft slippery
feel of graphite, thus, creating graphite's self lubricating property. Being used a lubricant, graphite
can be used at very high or low temperatures for many different works, such as: steelmaking, wire
die extrusion lubricant, gear lubricant for mining machinery and to lubricate locks. While natural
graphite can be used in zinc carbon batteries in electric motor brushes and other specific works.
From all of these uses, graphite also has the ability to conduct electricity, and we can the reason as
to why when looking at the electron arrangement in graphite. As each Carbon atom bonds to three
other Carbon atoms, there is a fourth electron remaining in the bonding level. These remaining
electrons in each Carbon atom form into a "sea" of delocalised electrons, moving around the whole
sheet of atoms in the one layer. It is the ability of these delocalised electrons to move freely through
their own Carbon layer, hence, making graphite a good conductor of electricity. Being a good
conductor of electricity graphite, can be used as electrodes to an arc lamp and to carry the electricity
that heats electric arc furnaces.
Due to graphite's layered structure,

What Are Soil Nutrients For Healthy Soil?
Soil consists of billions of minute living organisms, bugs and rodents. (Weather video clip–soil,
2004) It is necessary that the mixture of these organisms, bugs and rodents work together to produce
healthy soil. As plants, trees and carcass' decompose, they produce phosphorus, which is required to
have healthy vegetation in soil. Another key ingredient for healthy soil is nitrates produced by
nitrogen in the air mixing with condensation of water leaking into soil, which also produces healthy
soil. Too much of these chemicals, along with trace minerals, will pollute the soil. Humans rely on
healthy, fertile soil to grow fruits and vegetables in as well as raise animals who eat from the
products grown in healthy soil. When the organisms, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sustainability will be contingent on the soil being healthy and fertile for humans and animals. This
information is only a small part of the issues associated with soil contamination.
5
Healthy Soil
For billions of years, the earth has had one third of it covered in soil. This soil consists of bacterial
organisms, fungi, algae and elements, then the soil is cultivated by billions of microorganisms,
insects, worms and rodents. There are approximately 1 billion living microorganisms for each cubic
meter of soil that keep the earth's soil fertile. (Weather video clip–soil, 2004) "The soil is the surface
layer of earth that results from the degradation of the basement rock. Microorganisms decompose
organic matter, creating minerals that feed plants, whose roots are in the soil." (Weather video clip–
soil, 2004)
Fertile soil consists of naturally occurring elements such as organic phosphorus and nitrates, which
is absorbed by plants facilitating the proper growth and health of the plant. Most organic phosphorus
forms when decaying plant or animal life is returned to the soil. Nitrates form when the nitrogen in
the air condenses on the ground and mixes with organic matter to become nitrogen. The insects,
worms and rodents provide holes in the soil, allowing air in, to provide oxygen in the composting
material, in turn making fertile soil. The earthworm plays a large part as it burrows deep in the soil,
making way oxygen and water necessary for plant life.

UPS Battery Replacement: How to Do It in 8 Steps
Just as a clock needs all the parts to work, a UPS system needs to have its various elements in the
perfect working condition. Only with the little parts effectively working will the entire device
function to its highest standard of protecting equipment from power surges and allowing data to be
safely secured before power runs out.
One of the most crucial parts used in a UPS network is the battery. It's essential to ensure that this is
kept in good working condition all throughout. As soon as signs signal the need for a replacement,
this should be done immediately.
Here at Powerfirm we'll show you the eight steps in doing a UPS battery replacement.
1. Get the right battery for your UPS.
To know the right UPS battery replacement you must first know the UPS brand, model name and
number. In most UPS this is found at the bottom of the device on a small white sticker. After taking
note of these details you can then find the right battery that's compatible with the device.
In the Powerfirm website finding the right battery for a UPS is easy. You just have to key in these
details unto the search tool and the right battery will be displayed for you. Each UPS device model
has a different battery that goes with it. It's important that you get the right replacement to ensure
your UPS system will be working right.
2. Unplug the UPS device.
It's very important to unplug the UPS device before the batteries are removed and replaced. This
will ensure there are no electrical accidents

Zinc: High Demand Metals
The world's future metal, Zinc.
Half of the world's top ten worst pollution problems are mining related. This report will investigate
the extraction processes of high demand metals, such as zinc, iron and aluminium, and the energy
demands, chemical processes and costs of each metal. It will also discuss which metal is the most
environmentally healthy, and find possible alternative extraction techniques.
Zinc
Zinc is used in many everyday objects, such as batteries. Zinc uses two main methods to extract
from the ore, electrolytic refining and smelting, but electrolytic refining is a much more widely used
method.
Electrolysis
The electrolysis of zinc is the process of purifying the ore. The electrolysis speeds up the
decomposition of zinc ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Endothermic Reactions
Endothermic reactions take energy in from its surrounding. (BBC, 2014) The opposite reaction, an
exothermic reaction, releases heat due to a chemical reaction and gives energy. For a reaction to be
endothermic, the enthalpy of the product must be higher than that of the reactants. (ChemWiki,
2015)
Aluminium
Aluminium is the most plentiful metal on earth. Despite its abundance, it is one of the most
expensive, due to the large amount of electricity used in the extraction process. As aluminium's
melting point is 2000°C, molten cryolite is used to melt the aluminium in preparation for
electrolysis. Aluminium ore is called bauxite ore, and for the bauxite ore to be prepared for
extraction, it must be processed into aluminium oxide for pure aluminium to be extracted. This uses
the Bayer process, where the crushed bauxite ore is treated with a moderately concentrated sodium
hydroxide solution. (ChemGuide, 2014)
(Cell for Aluminium Extraction)
The electrolysis process is a redox reaction. The aluminium is reduced, leaving behind pure
aluminium at the cathode. The oxygen laced in the aluminium ore is then harvested at the anode, and

it is oxidised. This redox reaction is what allows the aluminium to be processed to be ready for
casting. (BBC,

History of Chemistry: Improvement in Battery Technology Essay
Through advancements in chemistry dating back to the 1700's, the use of technology is more than
the baby boomers could have dreamed of. Before the end of the 19th century, batteries were the
main source of electricity. Improvements in battery technology made it possible for our generation
to have computers, electric cars, alarm clocks, hand held devices, cell phones, and many other
electrical devices.
Many electrical devices that we use today need a small amount of electricity to make them work. (1)
They get it from a battery. Chemicals work together inside a battery to make electricity. The
electricity travels through wires to make many of the electrical devices work. The battery stops
working when the chemicals are used up. A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1859, the first rechargeable battery was invented.
Batteries that followed the Voltaic Pile included the Daniell Cell, a rechargeable battery made with
nickel and cadmium electrodes in a potassium hydroxide solution. This was the first battery to use
alkaline electrolyte. These batteries were much better, but were very expensive. Zinc–carbon
batteries continued to be popular batteries, but they had a low battery life. In 1955 Leis Urry was
asked to find a way to extend the life of zinc–carbon batteries, but he decided that alkaline batteries
might be a better way to go. Alkaline batteries had been invented but they were so expensive that
people couldn't buy them. Urry's new battery was made using manganese dioxide cathode and a
powdered zinc anode with an alkaline electrolyte. These batteries were available to the public and
sold in 1959.
For many years, the only rechargeable battery was the battery made with nickel and cadmium
electrodes for portable applications. In the 1990s, environmentalists in Europe became concerned
about environmental contamination from these batteries if they were not carefully disposed of. They
began to restrict this chemistry and asked the consumer industry to switch to Nickel–metal–hydride,
an environmentally friendlier battery.
In the 1970's the nickel hydrogen battery was introduced as an energy storage subsystem for
commercial communication satellites. This led the

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