1. Photosynthesis:
The Calvin Cycle
Life from Air
AP Biology 2007-2008

2. 1950s | 1961
Whoops! Wrong Calvin…
The Calvin Cycle
AP Biology

3. Remember what it means to be a plant…
 Need to produce all organic molecules
necessary for growth
 carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
 Need to store chemical energy (ATP)
produced from light reactions
 in a more stable form
 that can be moved around plant
 saved for a rainy day
carbon + water + energy → glucose + oxygen
dioxide
AP Biology6CO2 + 6H2O +
light → C H O + 6O
6 12 6 2
energy

4. Light reactions
 Convert solar energy to chemical
energy
ATP
 ATP → energy
 NADPH → reducing power
 What can we do now?
→ → build stuff !!
AP Biology
photosynthesis

5. How is that helpful?
 Want to make C6H12O6
 synthesis
 How? From what?
What raw materials are available?
CO2
NADPH
carbon fixation reduces CO2
NADP
C6H12O6 NADP
AP Biology

6. From CO2 → C6H12O6
 CO2 has very little chemical energy
 fully oxidized
 C6H12O6 contains a lot of chemical energy
 highly reduced
 Synthesis = endergonic process
 put in a lot of energy
 Reduction of CO2 → C6H12O6 proceeds in
many small uphill steps
 each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
 using energy stored in ATP & NADPH
AP Biology

7. From Light reactions to Calvin cycle
 Calvin cycle
 chloroplast stroma
 Need products of light reactions to
drive synthesis reactions
stroma
 ATP
 NADPH
ATP
thylakoid
AP Biology

8. C C
C
Calvin cycle
C C C C C
1C CO2
C C C C C 1. Carbon fixation
3. Regeneration
C C C C C C C C C C C
of RuBP
RuBP 5C RuBisCo C C C C C C
ribulose bisphosphate
starch,
sucrose, 3 ATP ribulose 6C C C C C C C
cellulose bisphosphate
& more 3 ADP carboxylase
used
5C C C C
C C C
to make glyceraldehyde-3-P C C C
glucose PGA 3C C C C
G3P phosphoglycerate
C C C C C C C C C
C=C=C C C C 3C C C C
C C C
C C C 2. Reduction 6 ATP
H H H
| | | C C C 6 NADPH 6 ADP
C–C–C
| | |
AP Biology
H H H C C C 3C
6 NADP

9. glucose
Remember C-C-C-C-C-C
2 ATP
G3P?
2 ADP
glycolysis fructose-1,6bP
P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
glyceraldehyde
DHAP G3P 3-phosphate
P-C-C-C C-C-C-P
2 NAD+
2
4 ADP
pyruvate 4 ATP
AP Biology Photosynthesis C-C-C

10. To G3P
and beyond!
To G3P and Beyond!
 Glyceraldehyde-3-P
 end product of Calvin cycle
 energy rich 3 carbon sugar
 “C3 photosynthesis”
 G3P is an important intermediate
 G3P → → glucose → → carbohydrates
→ → lipids → → phospholipids, fats, waxes
→ → amino acids → → proteins
→ → nucleic acids → → DNA, RNA
AP Biology

11. RuBisCo
 Enzyme which fixes carbon from air
 ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
 the most important enzyme in the world!
 it makes life out of air!
 definitely the most abundant enzyme
I’m green It’s not easy
with envy! being green!
AP Biology

12. Accounting
 The accounting is complicated
 3 turns of Calvin cycle = 1 G3P
 3 CO2 → 1 G3P (3C)
 6 turns of Calvin cycle = 1 C6H12O6 (6C)
 6 CO2 → 1 C6H12O6 (6C)
 18 ATP + 12 NADPH → 1 C6H12O6
 any ATP left over from light reactions
AP Biology will be used elsewhere by the cell

13. Photosynthesis summary
 Light reactions
 produced ATP
 produced NADPH
 consumed H O
2
 produced O as byproduct
2
 Calvin cycle
 consumed CO2
 produced G3P (sugar)
 regenerated ADP
 regenerated NADP
ADP NADP
AP Biology

14. Light Reactions
H 2O + light → ATP + NADPH + O
2
energy
H2O
sunlight
 produces ATP
 produces NADPH
 releases O2 as a
Energy Building waste product
Reactions
NADPH
ATP
AP Biology O2

15. Calvin Cycle
CO2 + ATP + NADPH → C6H12O6 + ADP + NADP
CO2  builds sugars
 uses ATP &
ADP
NADPH
NADP Sugar  recycles ADP
Building
Reactions & NADP
NADPH
 back to make
more ATP &
ATP NADPH
AP Biology sugars

16. Putting it all together
light
CO2 + H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + O2
H2O CO2
sunlight
Plants make both:
 energy
ADP  ATP & NADPH
Energy NADP Sugar  sugars
Building Building
Reactions Reactions
NADPH
ATP
AP Biology O2 sugars

17. even though
this equation
Energy cycle
sun
is a bit of a lie…
it makes a
better story
Photosynthesis
light
CO2 + H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + O2
plants
CO2 H 2O glucose O2
animals, plants
ATP
C6H12O6 + O2 → energy + CO2 + H2O
Cellular Respiration
The Great Circle
of Life,Mufasa!
ATP
AP Biology

18. Summary of photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
energy
 Where did the CO2 come from?
 Where did the CO2 go?
 Where did the H2O come from?
 Where did the H2O go?
 Where did the energy come from?
 What’s the energy used for?
 What will the C6H12O6 be used for?
 Where did the O2 come from?
 Where will the O2 go?
 What else is involved…not listed in this equation?
AP Biology

19. Supporting a biosphere
 On global scale,
photosynthesis is the
most important process
for the continuation of life on Earth
 each year photosynthesis…
 captures 121 billion tons of CO2
 synthesizes 160 billion tons of carbohydrate
 heterotrophs are dependent on plants as
food source for fuel & raw materials
AP Biology

20. The poetic perspective…
 All the solid material of every plant
was built by sunlight out of thin air
 All the solid material of every animal
was built from plant material
air sun
Then all the plants, cats,
dogs, elephants & people …
are really particles of air woven
together by strands of sunlight!
AP Biology

21. If plants can do it…
You can learn it!
Ask Questions!!
AP Biology 2007-2008