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Constitution Affair Committee (CAC)

Ethnic National Council (ENC)
(Union of Burma)
www.encburma.org

With generous financial support from:
National Reconciliation Program (NRP)

Type Setting:
Hkun Khant Zaw Aung (ENC/CAC)
Layout & Design:
Sai Mawn (ENC/IOC)

ENC Press
Chiang Mai, Thailand
2008
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P. O. Box - 49, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50202, THAILAND
Email: <office@encburma.org >, Website: http://www.encburma.org

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hkunbwar@hotmail.com
08 4366 4238
mungshaung@hotmail.com
office@encburma.org
enccac@yahoo.com

9
zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC)
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Daily Agenda
Day One: 16 July 2007 (Monday)
Chairperson:
Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein
Master of Ceremony: Col. Htto Htoo Lay & Makhaw Khun Sa
Opening Session
09:00
09:15
09:30
09:30

Arrival of participants after registration
Arrival of Chairperson and Resource Persons
Official Announcement for opening Session
Self-introduction by Participants

09:45 Opening Speech by Chairperson
10:00 Inauguration Speech by leading resource person
10:15
10:30
10:45
10:45

Welcoming remark by ENC/CAC team leader
Key-note speech by resource person
Closing of opening session
Coffee break

Seminar Room
Seminar Room
Master of Ceremony
Committee by
Committee
To be Confirm
Prof. David Williams
Director-CCDPS
Col. Hkun Okker
David Hilminton
Master of Ceremony
Seminar Room

Morning Session
11:00 Arakan State Drafting Committee Report,
Questions and answers on Arakan SCDC Report
11:30 Chin State Drafting Committee report,
Questions and answers on Chin SCDC Report
12:00 Kachin State Drafting Committee report,
Questions and answers on Kachin SCDC Report
12:30 Lunch Break
Dining Room
Afternoon Session
14:00 Karenni State Drafting Committee Report
Questions and answers on Karenni SCDC Report
14:30 Karen State Drafting Committee Report,
Questions and answers on Karen SCDC Report
15:00 Mon State Drafting Committee Report,
Questions and answers on Mon SCDC Report
15:30 Coffee break
Seminar Room
10
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15:45: Shan State Drafting Committee Report
Questions and answers on Shan SCDC Report
16:15 Responses by Resource Persons
(Prof. David C. Williams, Director-CCDPS ,
David Hilminton Federal, District Judge &
Prof Susan Williams)
17:0: Closing of Day One

Master of Ceremony

Day Two: 17 July 2007 (Tuesday)
Chairperson:
Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein
Master of Ceremony: Mahkaw Khun Sa and Saw Mra Raza Linn
Morning Session
09:00
09:20
09:40
10:00

Report of CAC documents
Question and answers on CAC report
Re-formation of CAC
Discussion on disputed issues
Separation of Powers, the Executive Branch and
the Head of the State, the Legislative Branch
(structure and powers)
10:30 Coffee break
10:45 Continuation of discussion on disputed issues
12:30 Lunch break

CAC Team Leader
State CDCs
Prof. David Williams

Seminar Room
Prof. David Williams
Dining Room

Master of Ceremony: Mahkaw Khun Sa & Mr. Lawma
Afternoon Session
14:00 State’s Judicial Power: Courts, Jurisdiction,
Qualifications, Independence of the Judiciary
15:30 Coffee break
15:45 Continuation of discussion of Judicial Power
17:00 Closing of Day Two

David Hamilton
Seminar Room
David Hamilton
Master of Ceremony

11
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Day Three: 18 July 2007 (Wednesday)
Chairperson:
Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein
Master of Ceremony: Mahkaw Khun Sa & Mun San
Morning Session
09:00 Discussion of State Security Forces or
State Arny or State Guard
10:45 Coffee break
11:00 Discussion of Individual Rights and
Gender Equality
12:30 Lunch break

Prof. David Williams
Seminar room
Prof. Susan Williams
Dining Room

Master of Ceremony: Mahkaw Khun Sa & Naw Htoo Paw
Afternoon Session
14:00 Continuation of Discussion of
Individual Rights and Gender Equality
15:30 Coffee break
15:45 Discussion of States of Emergency
16:30 Wrap up for Day Three
17:00 Closing of Day Three

Prof. Susan Williams
Seminar Room
Prof. Susan Williams
Resources Persons
Master of Ceremony

Day Four: 19 July 2007 (Thursday)
Chairperson:
Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein
Master of Ceremony: Mahkaw Khun Sa & Naw Htoo Lweh
Morning Session
09:00 Discussion of FCDCC (First Draft) and
SCDCs &
its Relation to State Constitutions: Preamble and Resource Persons
Chapter One: Form of the Federal Union,
Chapter Two: Basic Rights
Chapter Three: Member States and
Chapter Four: Federal Assembly
10:30 Coffee Break
Seminar Room

12
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10:45 Discussion of FCDCC:
Chapter Five: Federal Legislation
Chapter Six:
Federal President
Chapter Seven: Federal Government and
Chapter Eight: Federal Judiciary
12:30 Lunch break

SCDCs &
Resource Persons

Dining Room

Master of Ceremony: Mahkaw Khun Sa & Nai Mehm Thein Gha
Afternoon Session
14:00 Discussion of FCDCC:
SCDCs &
Chapter Nine: Citizenship
Resource Persons
Chapter Ten:
Federal Defense & Security Forces
Chapter Eleven: State of Emergency and
Chapter Twelve: General Provisions
15:30 Coffee break
Seminar Room
15:45 Discussion of FCDCC:
SCDCs &
Chapter Thirteen: Transitional Provisions
Resource Persons
Chapter Fourteen: Amendments
16:15 Discussion of issues the participants
Resource Persons
would like to cover in the last day &
wrap up for Day four
17:00 Closing of Day Four
Master of Ceremony

Day Five: 20 July 2007 (Friday)
Chairperson:
Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein
Master of Ceremony: Col. Hkun Okker & Khuensai Jaiyen
Morning Session
09:00 Discussion of Issues Raised
at the End of Day Four
10:30 Coffee break
10:45 Continued discussion of remaining issues
12:30 Lunch break

All participants
Seminar Room
All participants
Dining Room

13
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Afternoon Session
14:00 The Future: The State Constitutions
What do the 7 states constitutions have
in Common? What are the Differences?
Will they work in Harmony?.
15:30 Coffee break
15:45 The Future: The relation between the State
and Federal Constitutions
How will they fit together?
What adjustments should be made in
the Federal Constitution?
16:30 Pre-closing Speech by Resource Person
16:50 Closing Speech
17:10 Closing of Day Five as well as the 6th Seminar

14

All Participants

Seminar Room
All Participants

Prof. David Williams
Chairperson
Master of Ceremony
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Participant Lists:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.

Prof. David C Williams
David Hamilton
Prof. Susan Williams
Naw May Oo
Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein
Col. Hkun Okker
Mahkaw Khun Sa
Col. Htoo Htoo Lay
Bau Naw Ja
Saw Eh K’ Lu Say
Pu Lian Uk
Khuensai Jaiyen
Khaing Myo Min
Saw Mra Raza Lin
Khua Uk Lian
Lawma
Salai Za Ceu Lian
Than glen Piang
Salai Hu
Mun San
Kyang Luk
Yaw Na
K. Tu Ja
Hkang Naw
Saw David Tharc K’Baw
Saw Hla Henry
Naw Htoo Paw
Khu Oo Reh
Sureh Soe Win
Augustino
David
Naw Htoo Lweh
Nai Mehm Thein Gha
Nai Htun
Nai Aung Mon
Nai Banya Mon
Phratan Tetlu
Sai Htee
Luka

Director- CCDPS
Federal District Judge
CCDPS
CCDPS
Chairperson-ENC
Team-Leader- ENC/CAC
Deputy Team-Leader - ENC/CAC
ENC/CAC
ENC/ CAC, Kachin SCDC
ENC/ CAC, Karen SCDC
ENC/ CAC, Chin SCDC
ENC/ CAC, Shan SCDC
Arakan SCDC
Arakan SCDC
Chin SCDC
Chin SCDC
Chin SCDC
Chin SCDC
Chin SCDC
Kachin SCDC
Kachin SCDC
Kachin SCDC
Kachin SCDC
Kachin SCDC
Karen SCDC
Karen SCDC
Karen SCDC
Karenni SCDC
Karenni SCDC
Karenni SCDC
Karenni SCDC
Karenni SCDC
Mon SCDC
Mon SCDC
Mon SCDC
Mon SCDC
Shan SCDC
Shan SCDC
Shan SCDC
15
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40.
41.
42.
43.
44.

Shirley Seng
Sai Min Lwin
Sai Hseng Cet
Sai Peum Hpa
Sai Zorm Kham

Shan SCDC
Shan SCDC
Shan SCDC
Shan SCDC
Shan SCDC

Observers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

16

Inge Van Der Cruysse
Kallen Rossenger
Amy Alexander
Victor Baik Lian
James Hla Saw
Shwe Myo Thant
Ying Lao
Htusan Naran
Jawa Zau
Nang Seng Lao
Sai Mawn

CCDPS
CCDPS
NRP
ENC/ EDPC
FCDCC
FCDCC
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Kachin
Shan
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48
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)
ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)

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ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဝဏၰသီရိ   ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)ဝဏၰသီရိ   ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
လူထုဦးလွ လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
လူထုဦးလွ   လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦးလူထုဦးလွ   လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
လူထုဦးလွ လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦးဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိးလူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိးဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း   အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလားလူထုစိန္၀င္း   အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလားဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္းရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ  (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ  (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္းျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္)
သမိုင္း   ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္)သမိုင္း   ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္)
သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္)ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 

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ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဝဏၰသီရိ   ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)ဝဏၰသီရိ   ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
 
လူထုဦးလွ လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
လူထုဦးလွ   လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦးလူထုဦးလွ   လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
လူထုဦးလွ လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
 
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
လူထုဦးလွ   စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္လူထုဦးလွ   စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
 
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိးလူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
 
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း   အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလားလူထုစိန္၀င္း   အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
 
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
 
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္းရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
 
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ  (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ  (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
 
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္းျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
 
ျပည္သူတို႔၏လြတ္ေျမာက္ရာလမ္း
ျပည္သူတို႔၏လြတ္ေျမာက္ရာလမ္း ျပည္သူတို႔၏လြတ္ေျမာက္ရာလမ္း
ျပည္သူတို႔၏လြတ္ေျမာက္ရာလမ္း
 
သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္)
သမိုင္း   ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္)သမိုင္း   ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္)
သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္)
 

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ျပည္နယ္ဖဲြ႔စည္းပုံအျခခံဥပေဒ (မူၾကမ္း)

  • 1. wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpD k (jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH) zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD k rS uruxjyKppOfusi;f ycJaom D h qXrt}urajrmuf d f jynfe,fzpnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) @G J k a&;qJa&;aumfrwDrsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yGJ G f rSwwrf; f 2007 ckEpf Zlviv (16) &ufrS (20) &ufae@txd S kd f ED;aESmzvS,yjGJ zpfajrmufa&;twGuf b¾ma&;tultnDay;cJaom S f h trsKd ;om;jyefvnf&if=um;apha&;pDrue; (National Reconciliation Program - NRP) H d f udtxl;aus;Zl;wif&ygonf? k dS
  • 2. Constitution Affair Committee (CAC) Ethnic National Council (ENC) (Union of Burma) www.encburma.org With generous financial support from: National Reconciliation Program (NRP) Type Setting: Hkun Khant Zaw Aung (ENC/CAC) Layout & Design: Sai Mawn (ENC/IOC) ENC Press Chiang Mai, Thailand 2008
  • 3. rmwdum Oa,smZOf ................................................................................................................................. 5 aus;Zl;wifvm ........................................................................................................................ 7 $ ES;D aESmzvS,yzw=f um;pm ....................................................................................................... 8 f GJ d ES;D aESmzvS,ytpDtpOfrsm; .................................................................................................. 10 f GJ ES;D aESmzvS,yo@kdwufa&muforsm;pm&if; .............................................................................. 15 f GJ l wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpD (ENC) OuUX}u;D .tzGire@f ce;f ............................................. 17 k hf d G Prof. David C. Williams .tzGitrSmpum; ................................................................... 19 hf ENC/CAC tzJ@G acgi;f aqmif.}uKd qpum; ...................................................................... 20 kd Mr. David Hamilton .tzGitrSmpum; ........................................................................ 21 hf Prof. Susan Williams .tzGitrSmpum; ........................................................................ 22 hf SCDC ud,pm;vS,rsm;. tpD&ifcpmwifjycsursm; k f f H f (1) &cdijf ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qJa&;aumfrwD ..................................... 23 k k G (2) csi;f jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qJa&;aumfrwD ...................................... 24 k G (3) ucsijf ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qJa&;aumfrwD ................................... 25 k G (4) u&ifjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qJa&;aumfrwD .................................... 27 k G (5) u&ifejD ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qJa&;aumfrwD .................................. 28 k G (6) rGejf ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qJa&;aumfrwD ........................................ 29 k G (7) &Sr;f jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qJa&;aumfrwD ....................................... 30 k G zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (CAC) .tpD&ifcpm ................................................. 31 k H jynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;yHEijhf ynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yH.qufE,r_ (Prof. Davida C. Williams) ..... 33 kS k k G f w&m;pD&ifa&;u¾ (David Hamilton) ............................................................................. 37 jynfe,ftycsKya&; (Prof. David C. Williams) .............................................................. 41 kf f woD;yk*vtcGita&; (Prof. Susan Williams) ................................................................ 42 ~ hf usm;rwef;wla&; (Prof. Susan Williams) ......................................................................... 44
  • 4. Ediiawmfta&;ay:tajctaea=unmjcif; (Prof. Susan Williams) ................................. 45 kfH FCDCC .rl=urf;tay:aqG;aEG;jcif; (Prof. David C. Williams) ................................... 46 w&m;pD&ifa&;u¾ (David Hamilton) ............................................................................. 49 ta&;ay:tajctae (Prof. Susan Williams) ................................................................... 53 jynfaxmifpvufeufuiwyfz@GJrsm; (Prof. David C. Williams) ....................................... 57 k kd f w&m;ol}u;D a&G;cs,jf cif; (David Hamilton) ....................................................................... 60 NRP ud,pm;vS,.ed*;k H csKytrSmpum; .............................................................................. 62 k f f f Prof. David C. Williams .ed*;kH csKytrSmpum; ............................................................... 63 f ENC OuUX}u;D .ed*;kH csKyre@f ce;f ........................................................................................... 64 fd G ES;D aESmzvS,yrjS yefvnftwnfjyKvuaom CAC tzJ@G 0ifrsm;pm&if; ................................. 68 f GJ kd f ES;D aESmzvS,yxwjf yefa=ujimcsuf ........................................................................................ 70 f GJ k
  • 5. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f Oa,smZOf ,ae@vuf&jdS refrmEdiionf zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'vH;k 0r&SbJ ppftm%m&Sipepfjzifh ppftypwpk kfH k d f kfk uv$r;f rd;k tkycsKyfvsu&aeonf? ,if;od@k jzpf&jcif;rSm 1948 ckEpf jrefrmEdiivwvyfa&;&pOf f f dS S kfH G f umvujyXmef;usio;kH cJaom zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'onf‚if;/ 1974 ckEpwif wygwtm%m&Sif hf h k Sf G D pepfu jyXmef;usio;kH cJaom zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'onf‚if;/ wdi;f &if;om;jynfovxrsm;. hf h k k l l k tusK;d pD;yGm;udk tumtuG,rjyKEdiaoma=umifh jzpfayonf? xdo@kd aom jrefrmEdiiwijf yXmef; f kf k kfH G usio;kH cJonfh tajccHOya' (2) apmif. tm;enf;csursm;a=umifh wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. tcGihf hf h f k ta&;vH;k 0 qH;k &H;_ vmonftjyif trsm;jynfovxtrsm;pk. tajccHtcGita&;rsm; Oyrm — h l l k hf 'Drua&pDtcGita&;rsm;yg vH;k 0qH;k &H;_ vmaeonftwGuf ppftm%m&Si}f u;D pd;k r_ukd qef@usiwuf kd hf h f kd zsuonfh v_y&m;r_rsm; qufwuay:ayguvm&jcif; jzpfayonf? f fS kd f f k S k f wcsewnf;rSm zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpukd wnfaxmif&efrm twdutcHwyfaygi;f pk/ ygw/D d f tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;tm;vH;k u tqH;k pGeaomEdiia&;&nfre;f csutjzpf xm;&S=d uonfukd awG@&& f kfH S f dS ygonf? xdo@kd aom &nfre;f csuo@kd a&muf&&efrm zuf'&,fjynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjzpfvmrnfh jynf k S f dS S k e,frsm;zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifa&;rSmvnf; tajccHvtyfcsuf jzpfvmcJonf? kd h f xd@k a=umifh ppfreaomzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpwnfaqmufEia&;twGuf aumif;rGeaom zuf' Sf k kd f &,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'w&yf a&;qJjG yXmef;usio;kH Edi&efrmvnf; vGepmta&;}uD;ayonf? k hf k f S f G wcsewnf;rSmyif jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,ftoD;oD;. ud,yijf yXmef;cGiukd azmfusL;aom d f k k f kd hf jynfe,ftoD;oD;. zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm;vnf; rSeuefpmay:ayguvm&ef xyfqifta&;}uD; k f G f h ayonf? xd@k a=umifh jynfe,ftoD;oD;. tem*wfwif usio;kH Edi&ef zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) G hf k f k w&yfp&&Sa&;twGuf jyifqifa&;vkyief;rSmvnf; vktyfcsujf zpfvmcJonf? ,if;vdtyfcsuukd D d f d h k f jznfpnf;&ef trsK;d om;'Drua&pDwyfaygi;f pk (NDF) ESihf jynfaxmifpwi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; h kd k kd 'Drua&pDtzJ@G csKyf (vGwajrmufe,fajr) (UNLD-LA) wyfaygi;f pk (2) &yf yl;wJI jynfe,frsm; kd f G zJ@G pnf;yHa&;qJa&;vkyief;taxmuftuljyKaumfrwD (Supporting Committee for State k G f Sf G h Constitution - SCSC) udk ouU&mZf 2001 ckEpwif pwifz@GJ pnf;cJonf? ,if;aumfrwDtaeESihf 2005 ckEpf yOPrt}urjf ynfe,f (rl=urf;) ES;D aESmzvS,y+GJ y;D qH;k onftxd S d f f k f hJ k kd k f H ES;D aESmzvS,yrsm;udk ESppOfwm0ef,l usi;f yay;Ediconf? od@k &mwGif ydrI Ediia&;tm;aumif;ap&ef f GJ SCSC udk yOPrt}urf ES;aESmzvS,yt+y;wGif zsuor;+y;aemuf wdi;&if;om;vlrsK;rsm;aumifpD d D f GJ D f df D kf d (ENC) . vufatmufcHaumfrwDwckjzpfaom zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (Constitution Affair Committee - CAC) tjzpf jyifqifz@GJ pnf;cJonf? jynfe,f(rl=urf;) h aumfrwDwckv#if ud,pm;vS,wOD;pDusay;yd@k I ENC A[krS tzJ@G acgi;f aqmif (2) OD;jzifh aygi;f k f f d pyfum CAC aumfrwDukd zJ@G pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfayonf? 5
  • 6. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k CAC taeESihf yxrqH;t}udrwm0ef,usi;yaom qXrt}udrajrmuf jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHk k f l f f tajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwDrsm;. rsuEmpHnE;DS aESmzvS,y}GJ uD; w&yfukd 2007 G f S k D f ckEpf Zlviv (16) &ufrS (20) &ufae@txd (5) &ufwiwif vGwajrmufe,fajrwae&mwGif S kd f kd f kd f atmifjrifpm usi;f yEdicygonf? ,cifu ESppOfusi;f y+rJjzpfaom tdE,EdiiH ES;D aESmzvS,yukd G k f hJ f dN k f f GJ f zsuor;f I xdi;f jrefrme,fpyfwae&mwGiwaygi;f wpnf;wnf; pkaygi;f usi;f ycJjh cif;jzpfonf? f d k k f kd f G hf S f f ES;D aESmzvS,y}GJ uD;udk ENC OuUX}uD;ud,wiO;D aqmifzivpay;cJ+h yD; ES;D aESmzvS,yGJ tprS f tqH;k txd OD;aqmifyg0ifconf? jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwDrS hJ k G zdw=f um;xm;olrsm;/ txl;zdw=f um;xm;olrsm;/ pdwyg0ifpm;I vma&mufavhvmolrsm;tjyif f CAC tzJ@G 0ifrsm;tm;vH; pHpnwufa&mufc=hJ uonf? EdiijH cm;ynm&Sirsm;tjzpf tar&duef k k kH D kf f jynfaxmifpk tif',m;em;wuUovf Oya'XmerS ygarmuQ (2) OD;/ zuf'&,fw&m;ol}uD; (1) OD; D kd yg0ifwufa&mufI ta&;}uD;onfh zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'qdi&mynm&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;yd@k cscyg k kf hJ onf? T qXrt}udrE;DS aESmzvS,y. xl;jcm;csurm Zlviv (20) &ufae@wif ES;D aESmzvS,yGJ f f GJ fS kd f G f w&m;0if+y;D qH;k oGm;cJaomfvnf; jynfe,ftvduz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD h k f k G tzJ@G 0ifrsm;ESihf ynm&Sirsm;awG@qaqG;aEG;yJrsm;udk =o*kwv (4) &ufae@txd qufvufusi;f yay; f kH G f Ediconf? oD;jcm;aqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jcifh jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD k f hJ k G tzJ@G 0ifrsm; vGwvyfyivif;pGmar;jref;Edi&efjzpfonf? f G hf kf ,if;ES;D aESmzvS,y. vkyief;aqmifwm t00udk tjynftpHwifjyEdi&ef rsm;pGmcufcygonf? f GJ f h k kf J f h kf f xd@k a=umifh ta&;ygaomaqG;aEG;csursm;udk tESpcsKyfoabmjzifwifjyEdi&ef TES;D aESmzvS,yGJ f rSwwrf;pmapmifukd xkwa0tyfygonf? f f zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (CAC) k wdi;&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpD (ENC) kf 6
  • 7. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f aus;Zl;wifvm $ 2007 ckEpf ZlvivwGif usi;f yjyKvkyaom qXrt}udrajrmuf jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' S kd f f f k (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;. rsuEmpHnE;DS aESmzvS,y}GJ uD;onf xl;jcm;pGmatmifjrif G f S k D f ayguajrmuf+yDp;D cJonftwGuf OD;aqmifwufa&muf=uaom wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpD f h h k (ENC) OuUX}uDEiwuG Oya'ynm&Sirsm;/ {nfonfawmfrsm;/ jynfe,f (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&; S hf f h G aumfrwD0ifrsm;/ avhvmolrsm;ESihf &H;k tzJ@G om;rsm;udk txl;aus;Zl;Oyum& wif&ygonf? dS f GJ kH txl;ojzifh jynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&; ES;D aESmzvS,ytwGuf &efyaiG k G vHavmufpmulnyy;kd ay;cJonfh trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;tpDtpOf (NRP) ESihf tzJ@G om; k G D hH h rsm;udvnf; xyfavmif;aus;Zl;wif&yga=umif; azmfjytyfygonf? k dS av;pm;pGmjzifh AdvrL;}uD;cGeOuUm k fS f tzJG@acgif;aqmif zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (CAC) k wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;aumifpD (ENC) k 7
  • 8. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k P. O. Box - 49, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50202, THAILAND Email: <office@encburma.org >, Website: http://www.encburma.org od@k tzJG@acgif;aqmif (—— ) jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD k G ae@pJG? ? 2007 ckEpf Zlviv (2) &uf S kd f ta=umif;t&m// ? qXrt}udrajrmuf jynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&; f G aumfrwDrsm;.rsuEmpHntpnf;ta0;od@k zdw=f um;jcif;// f S k D vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm; wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;aumifp. vkyief;tzJ@G wckjzpfaom zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD k D f k rS OD;aqmifI ESpfpOfusif;y+rJjzpfaom jynfe,frsm;zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJGa&; aumfrwDrsm;. rsuEmpHntpnf;ta0;udk atmufygtpDtpOftwdi;f usi;f yjyKvkyrnf jzpfygI fS k D k f vl}uD;rif;. aumfrwDrS (5) OD; wufa&mufyg&ef av;pm;pGmzdw=f um;tyfygonf? tpDtpOfrsm; ae@&uf? ? 2007 ckEpf Zlviv (16) &ufrS (20) &uf txd (5) &uf S kd f tcsdef? ? ae@pOf eHeuf 09;00 em&DrS 17;00 em&Dtxd ae&m? ? xdi;f jrefrme,fpyfwae&m k av;pm;pGmjzifh AdvrL;}uD; cGeOuUm (CAC tzJ@G acgi;f aqmif) k fS f rSwcsu? ? f f (1) ud,pm;vS,a&G;cs,&mwGif jynfwi;f rS tenf;qH;k wOD; yg0ifap&efvtyfygonf? k f f f G kd (2) ud,pm;vS,rsm;onf zJ@G pnf;yHk (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;Y vufawG@yg0ifaqmif&uaeolrsm;jzpf&ef k f f G G f vdtyfygonf? k (3) qDremt+yD;wGif =o*kwf (2 - 3) &ufae@wif vl}uD;rif; jynfe,ftzG@J Eihf ynm&Sirsm;ESihf D G S f awG@q&ef &Sygonf? c&D;oGm;§ jyef &ufrsm;udk wif}udKndEi;f pDpOfxm;&ef vdtyfygonf? kH d ‡ d_ k 8
  • 9. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f (4) vl}uD;rif;wd@k . jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) rdwL (70) cef@ wygwnf; ,laqmif k W vm&efvtyfygonf? kd wufa&mufrnfh ud,pm;vS,O;D a&ESihf a&muf&rnfae@&ufrsm;udk atmufyg yk*K~ vrsm;xHo@kd k f f dS h d f tcserta=umif;jyef=um;apvdygonf? d f DS k AdvrL;}uD; cGeOuUm 08 1950 2158 k fS f rac: cGeqm f k ENC &H; CAC &H;k hkunbwar@hotmail.com 08 4366 4238 mungshaung@hotmail.com office@encburma.org enccac@yahoo.com 9
  • 10. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k Daily Agenda Day One: 16 July 2007 (Monday) Chairperson: Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein Master of Ceremony: Col. Htto Htoo Lay & Makhaw Khun Sa Opening Session 09:00 09:15 09:30 09:30 Arrival of participants after registration Arrival of Chairperson and Resource Persons Official Announcement for opening Session Self-introduction by Participants 09:45 Opening Speech by Chairperson 10:00 Inauguration Speech by leading resource person 10:15 10:30 10:45 10:45 Welcoming remark by ENC/CAC team leader Key-note speech by resource person Closing of opening session Coffee break Seminar Room Seminar Room Master of Ceremony Committee by Committee To be Confirm Prof. David Williams Director-CCDPS Col. Hkun Okker David Hilminton Master of Ceremony Seminar Room Morning Session 11:00 Arakan State Drafting Committee Report, Questions and answers on Arakan SCDC Report 11:30 Chin State Drafting Committee report, Questions and answers on Chin SCDC Report 12:00 Kachin State Drafting Committee report, Questions and answers on Kachin SCDC Report 12:30 Lunch Break Dining Room Afternoon Session 14:00 Karenni State Drafting Committee Report Questions and answers on Karenni SCDC Report 14:30 Karen State Drafting Committee Report, Questions and answers on Karen SCDC Report 15:00 Mon State Drafting Committee Report, Questions and answers on Mon SCDC Report 15:30 Coffee break Seminar Room 10
  • 11. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f 15:45: Shan State Drafting Committee Report Questions and answers on Shan SCDC Report 16:15 Responses by Resource Persons (Prof. David C. Williams, Director-CCDPS , David Hilminton Federal, District Judge & Prof Susan Williams) 17:0: Closing of Day One Master of Ceremony Day Two: 17 July 2007 (Tuesday) Chairperson: Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein Master of Ceremony: Mahkaw Khun Sa and Saw Mra Raza Linn Morning Session 09:00 09:20 09:40 10:00 Report of CAC documents Question and answers on CAC report Re-formation of CAC Discussion on disputed issues Separation of Powers, the Executive Branch and the Head of the State, the Legislative Branch (structure and powers) 10:30 Coffee break 10:45 Continuation of discussion on disputed issues 12:30 Lunch break CAC Team Leader State CDCs Prof. David Williams Seminar Room Prof. David Williams Dining Room Master of Ceremony: Mahkaw Khun Sa & Mr. Lawma Afternoon Session 14:00 State’s Judicial Power: Courts, Jurisdiction, Qualifications, Independence of the Judiciary 15:30 Coffee break 15:45 Continuation of discussion of Judicial Power 17:00 Closing of Day Two David Hamilton Seminar Room David Hamilton Master of Ceremony 11
  • 12. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k Day Three: 18 July 2007 (Wednesday) Chairperson: Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein Master of Ceremony: Mahkaw Khun Sa & Mun San Morning Session 09:00 Discussion of State Security Forces or State Arny or State Guard 10:45 Coffee break 11:00 Discussion of Individual Rights and Gender Equality 12:30 Lunch break Prof. David Williams Seminar room Prof. Susan Williams Dining Room Master of Ceremony: Mahkaw Khun Sa & Naw Htoo Paw Afternoon Session 14:00 Continuation of Discussion of Individual Rights and Gender Equality 15:30 Coffee break 15:45 Discussion of States of Emergency 16:30 Wrap up for Day Three 17:00 Closing of Day Three Prof. Susan Williams Seminar Room Prof. Susan Williams Resources Persons Master of Ceremony Day Four: 19 July 2007 (Thursday) Chairperson: Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein Master of Ceremony: Mahkaw Khun Sa & Naw Htoo Lweh Morning Session 09:00 Discussion of FCDCC (First Draft) and SCDCs & its Relation to State Constitutions: Preamble and Resource Persons Chapter One: Form of the Federal Union, Chapter Two: Basic Rights Chapter Three: Member States and Chapter Four: Federal Assembly 10:30 Coffee Break Seminar Room 12
  • 13. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f 10:45 Discussion of FCDCC: Chapter Five: Federal Legislation Chapter Six: Federal President Chapter Seven: Federal Government and Chapter Eight: Federal Judiciary 12:30 Lunch break SCDCs & Resource Persons Dining Room Master of Ceremony: Mahkaw Khun Sa & Nai Mehm Thein Gha Afternoon Session 14:00 Discussion of FCDCC: SCDCs & Chapter Nine: Citizenship Resource Persons Chapter Ten: Federal Defense & Security Forces Chapter Eleven: State of Emergency and Chapter Twelve: General Provisions 15:30 Coffee break Seminar Room 15:45 Discussion of FCDCC: SCDCs & Chapter Thirteen: Transitional Provisions Resource Persons Chapter Fourteen: Amendments 16:15 Discussion of issues the participants Resource Persons would like to cover in the last day & wrap up for Day four 17:00 Closing of Day Four Master of Ceremony Day Five: 20 July 2007 (Friday) Chairperson: Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein Master of Ceremony: Col. Hkun Okker & Khuensai Jaiyen Morning Session 09:00 Discussion of Issues Raised at the End of Day Four 10:30 Coffee break 10:45 Continued discussion of remaining issues 12:30 Lunch break All participants Seminar Room All participants Dining Room 13
  • 14. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k Afternoon Session 14:00 The Future: The State Constitutions What do the 7 states constitutions have in Common? What are the Differences? Will they work in Harmony?. 15:30 Coffee break 15:45 The Future: The relation between the State and Federal Constitutions How will they fit together? What adjustments should be made in the Federal Constitution? 16:30 Pre-closing Speech by Resource Person 16:50 Closing Speech 17:10 Closing of Day Five as well as the 6th Seminar 14 All Participants Seminar Room All Participants Prof. David Williams Chairperson Master of Ceremony
  • 15. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f Participant Lists: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. Prof. David C Williams David Hamilton Prof. Susan Williams Naw May Oo Pado Saw Ba Thin Sein Col. Hkun Okker Mahkaw Khun Sa Col. Htoo Htoo Lay Bau Naw Ja Saw Eh K’ Lu Say Pu Lian Uk Khuensai Jaiyen Khaing Myo Min Saw Mra Raza Lin Khua Uk Lian Lawma Salai Za Ceu Lian Than glen Piang Salai Hu Mun San Kyang Luk Yaw Na K. Tu Ja Hkang Naw Saw David Tharc K’Baw Saw Hla Henry Naw Htoo Paw Khu Oo Reh Sureh Soe Win Augustino David Naw Htoo Lweh Nai Mehm Thein Gha Nai Htun Nai Aung Mon Nai Banya Mon Phratan Tetlu Sai Htee Luka Director- CCDPS Federal District Judge CCDPS CCDPS Chairperson-ENC Team-Leader- ENC/CAC Deputy Team-Leader - ENC/CAC ENC/CAC ENC/ CAC, Kachin SCDC ENC/ CAC, Karen SCDC ENC/ CAC, Chin SCDC ENC/ CAC, Shan SCDC Arakan SCDC Arakan SCDC Chin SCDC Chin SCDC Chin SCDC Chin SCDC Chin SCDC Kachin SCDC Kachin SCDC Kachin SCDC Kachin SCDC Kachin SCDC Karen SCDC Karen SCDC Karen SCDC Karenni SCDC Karenni SCDC Karenni SCDC Karenni SCDC Karenni SCDC Mon SCDC Mon SCDC Mon SCDC Mon SCDC Shan SCDC Shan SCDC Shan SCDC 15
  • 16. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. Shirley Seng Sai Min Lwin Sai Hseng Cet Sai Peum Hpa Sai Zorm Kham Shan SCDC Shan SCDC Shan SCDC Shan SCDC Shan SCDC Observers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 16 Inge Van Der Cruysse Kallen Rossenger Amy Alexander Victor Baik Lian James Hla Saw Shwe Myo Thant Ying Lao Htusan Naran Jawa Zau Nang Seng Lao Sai Mawn CCDPS CCDPS NRP ENC/ EDPC FCDCC FCDCC Kachin Kachin Shan UNLD (LA)
  • 17. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;aumifpD (ENC) k OUX}u;D y'dapmboifpe.tzGitrSmpum; k d f hf OuUX}uD; y'dkapmboifpdef awmif;qdkaew,f? 'Dreuf usaemfw@kd 'rm vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifawmfawmfrsm; D S rsm;eJ@ awG@qci&w,f? yxrOD; qH;k usaemfajymvdwmu kH G hf k tm;vHk;atmifjrifygapvdk@ E_wfcGef;qufajym=um;vdkyg w,f? usaemfwdk@wdkif;jynf&Jh tajctaeudkajym&&if usaemfwdk@'DbufrSma&muf&SdaewJh acgif;aqmiftm;vHk; Ediia&;acgi;f aqmiftm;vH;k [m “wdi;f jynfa&;/ 'Drua& kfH k kd pDa&;/ oHk;yGifhqdkifawG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;” ay:aygufvmzdk@ twGuf }udK;pm;ae=uw,f? usaemfw@kd vdvm;csuawG/ k f awmif;qdcsuawG[m rjzpfcb;l ? tpk;d &awGxyfcgwvJvJ k f hJ b,favmufbJ ajymif;vJajymif;vJ usaemfwdk@vdkcsifwm awGr&ao;awmh 'Dae@txdqufvuf+yD;awmh v_yf&Sm; usaemfwdk@ t*FvdyfudkvdkeDvufatmufu vGwfajrmuf+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm acgif; aqmifawGtm;vH;k u zuf'&,fpepfukd xlaxmifz@kd vy&m;=uw,f? awmif;qd=k uw,f? _ f S wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkawG[m wef;wlrtcGita&;udk vdvm;=uw,f? ESpouf=uw,f? k _ hf k f 'g[m obm0w&m;eJ@[efusygw,f? usaemfwdk@ }udK;yrf;csufawG[m pkpkpnf;pnf; nDn!w!wf }udK;yrf;=u&rSmjzpfw,f? pkpnf;nD!wr_ r&Sb;l qd&ifawmh usaemfw@kd D $ f $ $ f d k }udK;yrf;csuawG[m atmifjrifrmr[kwb;l qdwm aumif;aumif;oabmayguz@kd vdyg f S f k f k w,f? pkpnf;nD!$wfr_[m usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;twGuf trsm;}uD;ta&;}uD;w,f? 'Duae@taetxm;udk =unfr,fq&if awmfawmf&yaxG;aew,f? urBmrSmvnf; h kd _ f &_yaxG;w,f? wdi;f jynfrmvnf;&_yaxG;aew,f? vlrsK;d pkawG=um;rSmvnf; &_yaxG;r_awG f k S f f &Sdaew,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@acgif;aqmifawGtrsm;}uD;acgif;at;at;eJ@ pkpnf;nD !$wrukd pkpnf;azmfaqmifom;&rSm jzpfw,f? vlrsK;d vGwajrmufa&;twGuf v_y&m; f _ G f f S ae=uwJhtcsdefrSm udk,fhvlrsKd;udk ckcHumuG,fzdk@twGuf vufeufudkifxm;=u&w,f? usaemfwdk@[m “wdkif;jynfnD!$wfa&;/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wef;wltcGifhta&;&&Sda&;/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtcGifhta&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;” &&Sdzdk@ v_yf&Sm;&if;v_yf&Sm;&if;eJ@ tck tcsdefEdkifiHjcm;rSm trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;qdkwJh pum;vHkuay:vmw,f? &if=um;aph 17
  • 18. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k a&;udk usaemfw@kd vufcygw,f? 'g[mpnf;vH;k nD!wa&; ygb? 'gayrJh tESpom&&SwhJ H $ f J f d rltay:rSmtajccHwhJ pnf;vH;k nD!wa&; jzpfz@kd vw,f? 'gayrJh pnf;vH;k nD!w+f yD;awmh $ f kd $ wef;wltcGifhta&;ygrvm&if rjzpfwJhtwGufa=umifh usaemfwdk@acgif;aqmifawG[m oH;k yGiqiawG@qaqG;aEG;a&; ay:ayguvmzd@k twGuf }udK;yrf;ae&wmjzpfw,f? wdi;f &if; hf kd f kH f k om;tiftm;pkawG/ 'Drua&pDtiftm;pkawGe@J etzwd@k e@J nDn!w!waqG;aEG;wdif kd D $ f $ f k yif+yD;awmh wdkif;jynfudkwnfaxmuf=u&atmif? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawG tm;vHk; uvnf; wef;wltcGif;ta&;&SdwJh wdkif;jynfudk wnfaxmif=u&atmif? qdkvdkwmu usaemfw@kd wi;f jynfukd wjynfaxmifpepfe@J awmh oGm;vd@k r&bl;? zuf'&,fpepfe@J oGm; kd r,fq&ifawmh wdi;f &if;om;awG wef;wltcGita&;&Ediw,fv@kd usaemfem;vnfw,f? kd k hf kf ,ae@a&mufaewJh umvudk=unfhr,fqdk&if wef;wla&;twGufquf+yD;awmh }udK;yrf; =u&OD;rSmjzpfw,f? trsKd;om;nDvmcH[mvnf; ol@enf;ol@[efeJ@ol@ oabmeJ@oltm %mcdkif+rJa&;udkbJt"duxm;+yD; vkyfaew,fvdk@ usaemfhtaeeJ@'DvdkbJoabmayguf w,f? tJ'D tajccHoabmw&m;awGa=umifh usaemfwdk@wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawG[m pkpnf;nD!$wfr_ r&Sd&ifawmhrvG,fbl;? usaemfwdk@wdkif;jynfudk tpuae+yD;awmhwnfaxmifzdk@vdkw,f? 47 ckESpfwkef;u k f kd nD!wa&;ud,covdrsK;d tJvtajctaersK;d uae p+yD;awmhjyefvyz@kd vw,f? tJvkd $ f k l hJ k kd uae roGm;bl;qd&ifusaemfw@kd wdi;f jynf[mtE &,f&w,fv@kd usaemf,=kH unfw,f? k k W dS usaemfw@kd wi;f jynfrmqd&if wcsK@d [m Reconciliation udk odyr}udKufwoabm kd S k f hJ usaemfawG@&w,f? usaemfw@kd bufrmusawmh Reconciliation [mtaumif;qH;k jzpf S w,fv@kd usaemf,=kH unfw,f? usaemfw@kd [m pkpnf;Ediz@kd vvm;w,f? &if=um;aphEiz@kd k f kd kd f }udK;yrf;w,f? zuf'&,fpepfudk xlaxmifvdkw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dae&mrSmwufa&mufvmwJh acgi;f aqmifawGtm;vH;k a&S@qufvyaqmif k f Edkifzdk@twGuf }udK;pm;+yD;awmhavhvmyg? vlwdkif;uawmh zuf'&,fpepfudk awmif;qdk w,f ? zuf ' &,f t pd k ; &ud k tm%mray;bl ; qd k & if tvk y f r jzpf b l ; ? tvm;wl b J jynfe,fawGrSmtm%mr&Sdbl;qdk&ifvnf; vGefcJhwJhumvwkef;u zJG@pnf;yHkawGvdkbJ jzpfrmbJ? 'ga=umifh jynfe,fawGrm xduoifwtm%mawG &Sz@kd vw,f? zuf'&,fpepf S S k f h hJ d kd rSm zuf'&,ftpk;d &/ jynfe,ftpd;k & tm%mcJa0wJae&mrSm trsm;}uD;aqG;G aEG;&r,f? G h acgif;aqmifawGtm;vHk;udk usaemftm;ay;csifw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;uwnf;u }udK;yrf;cJhwm tckqdk&if (58) ESpf&Sd+yD;aygh? qHk;&_Hr_awGvnf; trsm;}uD;&Sd+yD;? pkpnf; nD!$wfr_eJ@ &if=um;apha&;udk vufcHw,f? zJG@pnf;yHkeJ@ywfoufvdk@&Sd&if zuf'&,f 18
  • 19. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f kd dS k kd f pepfuvufcw,f? 'Drua&pD&z@kd vnf; vdw,f? 'Drua&pDr&Sjd yef&ifvnf; rvG,b;l ? kd H wef;wla&;eJ@ ud,yijf yXmef;cGiq&ifvnf;'Dvb? 'DtajccHoabmw&may:rSmrlwnf+yD; k f kd hf kd kd J awmhudk,fhtrsKd;om;twGuf b,fvdktaumif;qHk;jzpfatmif vkyfoGm;rvJqdkwm }udK;pm;=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;&if;eJ@ ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f? tm;vHk;udkaus;Zl;wifygw,f? Prof. David C Williams (Director- CCDPS) .tzGitrSmpum; hf 'Dae&mrSm CCDPS ud,pm;wufa&mufci&wJtwGuf k f G hf h trsm;}uD;aus;Zl;wifygw,f? obmywd}uD;em;rSm tck vdkwufa&muf cGifh&wJhtwGufvnf;aus;Zl;wifygw,f? zJG@pnf;yHkudktajccHwJhtpdk;&qdkwmuvnf; aumif;wJh zJG@pnf;yHkrSmbJ rlwnfygw,f? usaemfwdk@[m EdkifiHa&;udk em;rvnf&ifawmifrS zJ@G pnf;yHe@J ywfoufwmudawmh od k k xm;zd@k vygw,f? &_;H wmxuftEdi&zd@k u ydta&;}uD;w,f kd kf k qdkwm cifAsm;wdk@odrSmyg? zJG@pnf;yHkudktajccHwJ@ tpdk;& aumif;&zdk@twGuf rSefuefwJhacgif;aqmifr_awG vdktyf Prof. David C Williams ygw,f? 'Drua&pDrmqd&if jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHawG[m jynf kd S k k axmifpz@GJ pnf;yHxufy+kd yD; ta&;}uD;ygw,f? tem*wfrm k k S vnf; jynfe,fzG@Jpnf;yHkawGeJ@aygif;xm;wJh jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;yHkeJ@ wdkif;jynfwnf aqmufr,fqdk&if ydk+yD;awmhtusKd;&Sdygvdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ 'DESD;aESmzvS,fyJG[m vGefpGmrSta&;yg&jcif; jzpfygw,f? tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJrm (5) &ufv;kH vH;k usaemfw@kd twlwuGae=u+yD;awmh aqG;aEG; S =uygr,f? (2) &ufwmuawmh jynfe,fawGe@J ywfoufwhJ zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'awGukd k wwfodynm&SifawGeJ@ aqG;aEG;=urSmjzpfygw,f? wwfodynm&SifawG[m zJG@pnf;yHkeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vkyfvmcJhwJholawG tawG@t}uHK&SdwJholawG jzpfygw,f? acgi;f aqmifawG[mvnf; zJ@G pnf;yHrmbJom;+yD; tajccHygw,f? tJ'vbJ jynfoawGu k S G D kd l vnf; olwdk@&Jhacgif;aqmifawG[m atmifEkdifzdk@twGufvHk;yrf;aew,f qdkwmem;vnf rSmyg? usaemfw@kd [m jynfoawGtwGur#r#ww }udK;}udK;pm;pm;eJ@ vky=f ur,f? tJvbJ l f kd zJ@G pnf;yHe@J ywfoufw@J tvkyawG vky&if;vky&if;eJ@bJ u|r;f usiwvawGjzpfvmygvrhf k f f f f hJ l d r,f? yxrqHk;usifh0wfuawmh udk,fhjynfolawGtwGuf ay;qyfzdk@ygbJ? 19
  • 20. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpD (ENC) k zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;qJa&;aumfrwD (CAC) k G tzJacgi;f aqmif AdvrLS ;}u;D cGeOUm. }uKd qpum; @G k f f kd tm;vHk;r*Fvmyg? usaemfhtaeeJ@wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; aumifpD&Jh tvkyftzJG@wckjzpfwJh zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'&Jh ud,pm; }udKqdpum;ajymcGi&wJtwGuf txl;bJaus;Zl; k f k hf h wifygw,f? yxrqHk; usaemfajymcsifwmu tckwuf k G a&mufvmwJh jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;qJa&; (7) zJ@G u}kd udKqdw,f? bmvd@k vqawmh 'Dr=l urf;a&;qJa&;aumf k J kd G rwDawG[m jynfe,fawGuay;wJh Ediia&; Mandate awG kfH ygvmw,f? 'ga=umifr@kd v@kd ud,pm;jyKr_jrifw,fv@kd usaemf h k f h ajymcsifw,f? rl=urf;a&;qJGa&;aumfrwDawG&Jh toH[m jynfe,fvlxkawG&Jh toHbJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'D AdkvfrSL;}uD;cGefOuUm aumfrwDawG&toHawGukd tjcm;jynfe,fawGoz@kd vdyg hJ d k w,f? aemufwcg 'DaumfrwDawG&Jhvkyfief;u jynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHka&;qJG&r,fqdkawmh jynfe,ftoD;oD;&Jh tcGifhta&;awGudk tumtuG,fjyKzdk@/ tmrcHcsufay;wJhvkyfief; awGjzpfz@kd vdygw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfe,fawG&tcGita&;udk tmrcHcsuay;wJcsO;f uyf k hJ hf f h r_rsKd;udk aqG;aEG;zdk@'DyJGudk ac:&wmjzpfw,f? 'kw,usaemfw@kd txl;aus;Zl;wifpmeJ@ }udKqdwmuawmh ynm&SiawGjzpfygw,f? d G k f 'Dynm&SifawG[m ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm twlwltvkyfvkyfvmw,f av;av;eufeuf yl;aygi;f aqmif&uvmwJh &Jabmf&zufawG jzpfw,f? usaemfw@kd taeeJ@uawmh tckwuf G f J a&mufvmwJh ynm&Sif (3) OD;pvH;k [m 2006 ckEpwe;f u (15) &ufwwd tar&duef S f k d EdiiH tif',m;em;wuUovrm aqG;aEG;cJw,f/ wdiyifcw,f/ vkyief;awG usaemfw@kd kf D kd f S h k f hJ f csrwcw,f? tJ'D ynm&SiawG[m 'Duae@usaemfw@kd e@J twlwuG jyefvnfa&mufvm S f hJ f +yD;awmh jynfe,fawG&ta&;tcif;rSm jynfe,fawG&Oya'a&;&mudpukd vmaqG;aEG; hJ hJ P wJhyJGrSm xyfrHa&muf&SdwJhtwGuf txl;}udKqdkwJhta=umif; usaemfajymcsifw,f? ed*Hk;csKyftaeeJ@ usaemfwdk@&JhyJGudk aus;Zl;}uD;pGmeJ@vm+yD;awmhzGifhay;wJh OuUX}uD; jzpfygw,f? OuUX}uD;u rtm;bl;qd+k yD;awmh csi;f rdiuae rJaqmufjyefz@kd r,fqvif;udk kf h a&mufoGm;yg+yD// a&mufoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm usaemfajymw,f 'DvdkyJGrsKd;[m wdkif;&if;om; 20
  • 21. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f awG/ jynfe,ftoD;oD;awGtwGufomru Oya'ta=umif;&mt&vnf; ta&;}uD; w,f? 'ga=umifh 'DvyrsK;d ukd Ediia&;acgi;f aqmif/ trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifwOD;OD;u zGiay; kd GJ kfH hf zdk@oifhw,fvdk@ arwWm&yfcHawmh OuUX}uD;uzGifhyJGudkjyefa&mufvmw,f? 'DvdkOD;aqmif +yD;awmh yJGudkvmzGifhay;wJhOuUXudk txl;aus;Zl;wifw,fvdk@ajym&if;eJ@ usaemfh&Jh }udKqdkE_wfcGef;qufpum;ukd 'DrSmbJed*Hk;csKyfygw,f? Mr. David Hamilton (Federal District Judge) .vrf;!$etrSmpum; f tckvkd ES;D aESmzvS,ywufa&mufz@kd zdwac:wJtwGuf usaemf f GJ f h a&musaemftrsK;d orD;yg 0rf;ajrmufrygw,f? usaemh&trsK;d orD; h d f hJ uvnf; Oya'ynm&Sijf zpfygw,f? vGecwhJ (2) ESpausmavmuf f hJ f f H kd l uwnf;u vl@tcGita&; csK;d azmufc&olawGukd b,fvunD hf rvJqdkwmudk aqG;aEG;cJhygw,f? tJh'DrSm Prof. David C kf h f Williams u Armjynfe@J ywfouf+y;D olw@k dvyaewJtvkyawGuk d usaemfw@kd u&i;f jyygw,f? cifAsm;wd@k jynfoawGtwGuf ud,usK;d kd S l k f pGe@f tepfemcHrawGukd usaemfw@kd av;pm;ygw,f? _ f kd l 'ga=umifh cifAsm;wd@k &hJ vkyief;awGukd usaemfw@kd b,fvunD &rvJ? usaemh&hJ trsK;d orD;uvnf; trsK;d orD;awGe@J oufqif f kd wJOya'ydi;f rSm u|r;f usiwtwGuf tultnDay;Ediygw,f? h k f hJ kf usaemhtaeeJ@ ulnEiwmu w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;eJ@ vGwvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;u¾awGrm f D kd f f S ulnDEdkifygw,f? 'Dvkyfief;awGpvkyfjzpfwmu vGefcJhwJhESpf tar&duefEdkifiH tif'D;,m;em;udk a&mufvmwJh FCDCC awGe@J awG@+yD;wJaemufyi;f rSm jzpfygw,f? h kd Mr. David Hamilton vGwvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfe@J ywfouf+yD;usaemfajymcsiygw,f? tckqaewJh zJ@G pnf;yHk f f GJ awGu=kd unfr,fq&if awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m qifwjl zpfaeygw,f? tm;vH;k [m zuf'&,fpepfukd h kd tajccH+yD;a&;xm;=uygw,f? zJ@G pnf;yHawG[m w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k Ediz@kd tjyif vlwOD;csi;f pDuvnf; umuG,xm;ygw,f? +y;D awmh k kf kd f vGwvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf jzpfvmatmifvnf;a&;xm;ygw,f? tJva&;xm;wJh yef;wdif f kd k kd kd k f kd awGua&mufatmif b,fvvyrvJqwmudk usaemfw@kd aqG;aEG;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? aqG;aEG; =uwJumvtawmtwGi;f rSm usaemf[mcifAsm;wd@k ar;vmwJh cufceufewar;cGe;f awG tar;cH& h J J hJ r,fv@kd ar#mvifxm;ygw,f? tJ'gawGuajzzd@k usaemfrmt}uH^m%fawm &ygw,f? tar&duef f h kd h S h dS 21
  • 22. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k Edii&hJ zJ@G pnf;yH[m atmifjrifaumif;rGew,f vd@k ,qEdiygw,f? 'gayr,ft'D zJ@G pnf;yH[m tifr kfH k f l kf h hJ k wefrS qd;k &Gm;wJtajctaeuaepcJ&wm jzpfygw,f? vltaotaysmufrsm;wJh tar&duefjynf h h wGi;f ppf}uD;udvnf; }uHKawG@c&w,f? tJvbJ jrefrmjynf zJ@G pnf;yHrmvnf; tcuftcJawG }uHK& k hJ kd kS rSmyg? rvG,wtvkyukd usaemfw@kd vy&rSmyg? 'ga=umifr@kd v@kd cJ,Of;wJar;cGe;f awGukd par;wm f hJ f k f h h D f h aumif;ygw,f? awG@q=kH uwJh umvtwGi;f rSm cifAsm;wd@k quar;cGe;f awGukd usaemfar#mvifovdk tjcm;wwfoynm&SiawGuvnf; ar#mvifaeygw,f? d f f h kd d d hf cifAsm;wd@k bma=umifq;kH &_;H &ovJqwmudk wwfoynm&SiawGxuf cifAsm;wd@k yoygvrr,f? h kd d f 'ga=umifh tem*wfrm +idr;f csr;f om,mwJh Armjynfjzpfvmzd@k twGuf 'Dwywfv;kH vH;k cifAsm;wd@k S usaemfw@kd tvkytwlwvy=f urSmyg? aus;Zl;wifygw,f? f l k Prof. Susan William (CCDPS) . tzGitrSmpum; hf tckvdktcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm rdwfaqGopfawG/ rdwfaqGa[mif;awG a&mawG@&wJtwGuf 0rf;om*k%,l rdygw,f? zJ@G pnf;yHr=l urf; h f k vkyief;awGrm yg0ifunci&wJtwGuf trsm;}uD;0rf;ajrmuf f S l D G hf h rdygw,f? jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHawG[m zuf'&,fjynfaxmifprm k k S tvGetifrwefrta&;ygygw,f? jynfaxmifpk yHazmfwae&mrSm f S k hJ jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHawG[m t"duusygw,f? +yD;awmh vlxawG k k twGuvnf; tifrwefrS ta&;ygygw,f? f jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHawG[m wcke@J wckb,favmufyujGJ ym; k J uJjG ym; wae&mrSmawmh wlz@kd vygw,f? jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHawG[m kd k Prof. Susan William wl&,mypPn;f awGe@J wygw,f? usrwd@k aqG;aEG;&rSmu wl&,m d l d ypPnf;awGeJ@ tvm;o¾mefwlwJh [efcsufnDnDeJ@wD;r_wf Ediatmif b,fvvy=f urvJqwm aqG;aEG;=uzd@k ygb? jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' rl=urf; kf kd k kd J k a&;qJa&;aumfrwDawGtwGuf ta&;}uD;wJtcsuwcsuu ckewke;f u AdvrL;}uD; cGeOuUm G h f f k f S f ajymoGm;ovdbJ jynfe,fawGe@J p+k y;D jynfaxmifp}k u;D udk yHazmfEiz@dk ygb? zuf'&,fz@GJ pnf;yHuvnf; k k kd f J k jynfe,fawG&vwvyfrEihf ud,yijf yXmef;cGiawGukd tmrcHcsuay;xm; zd@k vygw,f? hJ G f _ S k f kd hf f kd tem*wfrm+idr;f csr;f om,mwJh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdiiwnfaqmufwae&mrSm S kfH hJ zJ@G pnf;yHa&;qJa&;aumfrwDawG[m tifrwefrta&;ygygw,f? Armjynf&hJ tem*wfukd wnf k G S aqmufaewJtcsef rSm vl}uD;rif;wd@k e@J yl;aygi;f aqmif&uci&wJtwGuf 0rf;ajrmufygw,f? h d G f G hf h 22
  • 23. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f jynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD k G (SCDC) ud,pm;vS,rsm;.tpD&ifcwifjycsursm; k f f H f &cdijf ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD k k G (ASCDC) tzJ@G acgi;f aqmif AdvrLS ;cdirsK;d rif; .tpD&ifcwifjycsuf k f kf H &cdkifjynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qJGa&;aumfrwDtaeeJ@ vkyenf;vky[eft&c|w,i;f csu/f tm;enf;csuawG trsm; f f f G f d }uD;&Scygw,f? tjcm;jynfe,faumfrwDawGu 'kw,rl=urf;/ d hJ wwd, rl=urf;tqifukd a&mufaewJtcserm usaemfw@kd jynfe,f h h dfS uawmh yxrrl=urf;tqifa&mufw,fv@kd awmif ajymvd@k r& h ao;ygb;l ? tcsutvufpaqmif;wJtqifrmbJ &Saeao;w,f? f k h hS d usaemfw@kd rl=urf;a&;qJa&;aumfrwDtaeeJ@ tpnf;ta0;w}urf G d rS rxdiz;l ao;ygb;l ? tJ'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd tckwifjywJrawG kf h l [m aumfrwDuvufcwrv@kd awmif ajymvd@k r&ao;ygb;l ? H hJ l tjcm; rl=urf;a&;qJa&;aumfrwDtaeeJ@pmvd@k &&if usaemf G dS d h S kd wd@k u aemufq;kH rSm&SaewJtwGuf tckrvu+f yD;awmhrS a&S@u oGm;aewJh aumfrwDawG&hJ tawG@t}uHKawG/ vkyenf;vky[efawGu,+l yD;awmhrS vkyaqmif f f kd f aewmawG&w,fv@kd ajymcsiygw,f? dS f AdvrLS ;cdirsK;d rif; k f kf usaemfw@kd a&;qJxm;wJr=l urf;eJ@ywfouf+yD; t}uHay;zd@k ajymcsiw,f// ar#mvnf;ar#mvifh G h f f f w,f? usaemfw@kd u tckroifcgpbJ&ao;wJh tcgusawmh a&S@ua&mufae+yD;jzpfwhJ tzJ@G tpnf; S dS kd k k k G awG&@J yy;kd r_awG vdtyfygw,fv@kd ajym&if;eJ@ &cdijf ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&; Hh aumfrwD (ASCDC) &Jh ud,pm;wifjycsuukd ed*;kH csKyfygw,f? tm;vH;k udk aus;Zl;wifygw,f? k f f 23
  • 24. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k csi;f jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD k G (CSCDC) tzJ@G acgi;f aqmif ylvsetyf (MP) .tpD&ifcwifjycsuf f k H csi;f jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD k G (CACDC) ud,pm;wifjycGi&wJh twGua=umifh trsm;}uD; k f hf f 0rf;omygw,f? 1998-99 rSm csi;f trsKd ;om;rsm;pk&yf (Chin k f k Forum) udz@GJ +yD;awmhrS csi;jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&; qJa&; (Chinland Constitution) vkyief;udk pw,f? csi;f trsKd ; G f om;aumifpD (CNC) zJ@G +yD;aemufyi;f rSm 'Dvyief;udk CNC kd k f eJ@y;l aygi;f +yD;vkyz@kd usaemfw@kd vkyaeygw,f? f f CNC ay:vm+y;wJaemufyi;rSm yxrqH;t}urf csi;trsK; D h kd f k d f d om;nDvmcH&hJ qH;k jzwfcsue@J zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk udiw,z@kd f k kf G f owfowfusaemfw@kd z@GJ pnf;ygw,f? usaemfw@kd vy+f y;D om;eJ@ tem k ylvseftyf (MP) k *wfvyief;pOfukd wdwe@J &Si;f jycsiygw,f? e,fpyfa'orSm ZHk (7) kf k dk f kf ckukd owfrw+f y;D awmh jynfovxawGovmzd@k twGuf oifwef; (workshop) awGvyygw,f? S l l k d csi;f vlxawG vufvr;f rSEiatmifq+kd yD;awmh a'obmompum; (9) rsK;d eJ@ bmomjyefcw,f? k S D kd f hJ tckavmavmq,f zuf'&,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD (FCDCC) k G uay;yd@k whJ &ly;D 48000 (av;aomif;&Spaxmif) eJ@tpjyK+y;D awmh qufvyom;zd@k &Sygw,f? aemuf f kf G d qH;k taeeJ@ acgi;f aqmif}uD;awGukd wifjyvdwmu csi;f jynfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (Chinland k k h k kd Constitution) wifrubl;/ tajccH&rnfvrf;pOf (Basic Principles) eJ@ etz zJ@G pnf;yHuvnf; jynfoawGuvnf; wwfEioavmufavhvm+yD;awmh yl;aygi;f aqmif&uaewJta=umif; ajym l kd kd f G f h =um;&if;eJ@ ed*;kH csKyfygw,f? 24
  • 25. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f ucsijf ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD (Kachin k G tzJ@G acgi;f aqmif rac:cGeqm. tpD&ifcwifjycsuf f H SCDC) ucsijf ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD k G (Kachin SCDC) &Jh ud,pm; tckvkd wifjycGi&wJtwGuf k f hf h trsm;}u;D aus;Zl;wifygw,f? usaemf (2) ydi;f wifjyygr,f? wydi;f k k uawmh Kachin SCDC &nf&,csuvyief;pOfawG/ ordi;f G f f k f k a=umif;awGwifjyygr,f? aemufwydi;f u a&;qJxm;wJh zJ@G pnf;yHk k G tajccHOya' (rl=urf;) udk Highlight vky+f yD;wifjyygr,f? usaemfw@kd jrifwmu Armjynf&jhJ yem[m 'Drua&pDe@J vl@ kd tcGifhta&;qHk;&_H;wJh jyemwckxJr[kwfbl;? wdkif;&if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;&Jh &oif&xduwhJ wef;wla&;eJ@ ud,yijf yXmef;cGihf tcGihf h k f k f kd ta&;jzpfw,f? tJ'D jyemawGukd ajz&Si;f Ediromv#if jynf h kf S rac:cGeqm f axmifpjk refrmEdii[m tpOf+ir;f csr;f om,mr,f/ wd;k wufr,f? kfH d tJvz@GJ +zdK;wd;k wufwhJ jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk wnfaqmufvw[mu ppfrewjhJ ynfaxmifpukd wnf kd kd hJ Sf k aqmufromv#ijf zpfr,fv@kd usaemfw@kd ,=kH unfygw,f? ppfrewjhJ ynfaxmifp}k u;D udk wnfaqmuf S Sf Edkifzdk@u usaemfwdk@ppfrSefwJhjynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' qdkwm&Sd&r,f? tJ'D ppfrSefwJh jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk a&;qJz@kd qwmu usaemfw@kd wdi;f &if;om;awG,=kH unf,q k k G kd k l xm;wmu wdi;f &if;om;jynfe,fawG&hJ zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm;udk a&;qJ+G yD;rSomv#if th'D k k J jynfe,fawG&hJ zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'awGukd aumufEw+f yD; tajccHrawG qJxw+f yD;awmhrS jynf k k l G k axmifpjk refrmEdii&hJ zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk a&;qJz@dk jzpfygw,f? kfH k G 'ga=umifr@kd usaemfw@kd u bmudk pdwu;l cJovJ qdawmh Community Consultati on Plan h f h k udvyw,f? zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'eJ@ qdiw[mawGukd wzufuynmay;w,f? wzufuae+y;D awmh k kf k k f Jh rl=urf;a&;qJG xm;wJh tajccHOya'eJ@ ywfouf+y;D awmhrS jynfovx&qENu b,fv&vqwmudk l l k hJ kd dS J kd aumuf,z@kd tpDtpOfqygw,f? tJ'ga=umifr@kdv@kd e,fpyfupnf;&H;k a&;c&D;pOf (Organizing Trip) l GJ h kd taeeJ@om;cJ+h yD;awmh jynfwi;f rSm&SwhJ a'otoD;oD;uud,pm;vS,rsm;eJ@ wdiyif+yD;awmhrS G G d k f f kf rl=urf;a&;qJz@kd aumfrwDukd zJ@G ygw,f? G G fS f aumfrwDu (2) &yf&ygw,f? w&yfu csi;f rdirm&Sw,f? jynfwi;f rSmv_y&m;wJh vkyief;aumf dS kfS d rwDwck&w,f? jynfxrmzJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'eJ@qiwhJ oifwef;awGay;zk@d pDrue;f awG vkycw,f? dS JS k kd f H d f hJ kd f d h k 'gayrJh aiGa&;a=u;a&;tcuftcJa=umifh taumiftxnfazmfEicjhJ cif; r&Sygb;l ? 'ga=umifr@kd csi;f rdif rSmbJ oufqi&m vufvr;f rSoavmuf oufqi&mtzJ@G tpnf;yk*Kd~ vfawGe@J awG@qar;jref;+yD; kd f S D kd f kH &wJtcsuawGay:rSm rlwnf+yD;awmhrS usaemfw@kd 'Duae@ yxrrl=urf;uda&;qJcygw,f? h f k G hJ 25
  • 26. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k tJ'D yxrrl=urf;udk jynfwi;f rSm jzef@csxm;ygw,f? jynfwi;f u oabmxm;awG/ jynfyrSm G D G ucsivrsK;d twGuaqmif&uaewJh tzJ@G tpnf;/ vly*Kd~ vfawG&hJ oabmxm;ud,+l y;D awmhrS 'kw, f l f G f k k d rl=urf;udk a&;qJEiz@kd }udK;yrf;aeygw,f? G kd f tcka&;qJxm;wJh zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'eJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmhrS ynm&SiawG/ wdi;f &if;om;nD G k f k f tudawG/ &Jabmf&bufawG&hJ a&S@rmwifjycGi&wJtwGuf aus;Zl;wifw,f? ynm&SiawG/ &Jabmf k J S hf h &JbufawGquvnf; a0zefcsuawG/ oH;k oyfcsuawG/ t}uHjyKcsuawG trsm;}uD;&vdrr,fv@kd D f f f hf usaemfw@kd ar#mvifygw,f? f h tESpcsKyfajym&r,fq&if uae@jzpfaewJjh yemu urBmrSmawmh tm%mcJa0wJae&mrSm f kd G h tpOftvm &Sw,faygav? b,f[muawmh jynfaxmifptm%m/ b,f[muawmh jynfe,f d h k tm%m/ b,f[muawmh xyfwjl yKtm%m wd@k &ayrJh tJ'gawGukd yHwu;l rcsoifb;l vd@k usaemfh dS k l h taeeJ@ajymcsifw,f? tjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;rSm zuf'&,ftpdk;&udk ay;xm;wJhtm%mawG jzpfcsijf zpfr,f? usaemfw@kd Eii&@J a&ajrawmawmifobm0 aemufcEiia&;ordi;f a=umif;awGt& kd f H H kd f H k usaemfw@kd [m zuf'&,ftpd;k &udk ay;csiray;Edir,f? 'ga=umift'D t,ltq[m rSerrSef f S kf h J f reufwe;f u OuUX}u;D y'dapmboifpef ajymovdk usaemfw@kd [m ud,vcsiwmawGbJ ZGw+f yawmh k k d k f kd f D vkyaervm;? usaemfw@dk vcsiwtcsuawG[m r#wr_&rvm;/ r&Sd bl;vm;? 'gawGuawmh tjcm; f kd f hJ f dS kd rl=urf;a&;qJa&;aumfrwDrsm;/ ynm&Sirsm;uae+y;D awmh oH;k oyfay;zd@k vygw,f? ar;vdwhJ ar;cGe;f G f kd k rsm;udvnf;ar;=uygv@kd ajymcsiygw,f? wwfEioavmuf ajz=um;ay;yg? usaemf rajz=um;Edib;l k f kd f kf qd&ifvnf; ucsijf ynfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwDrmygwhJ yk*Kd~ vfrsm;uae k k G S +yD;awmh ajz=um;ay;rSm jzpfygw,f? tm;vH;k udk aus;Zl;trsm;}uD; wifygw,f? 26
  • 27. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f u&ifjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD (Karen SCDC) k G tzJ@G acgi;f aqmif apmt,fvuvlap; .tpD&ifcwifjycsuf H tm;vH;k r*Fvmyg? av;pm;&wJacgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@ ud,pm;vS,f h k f awmfrsm;cifAsm;? u&ifjynfe,f zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) k h kd f f a&;qJa&;aumfrwD (Karen SCDC) &Ju,pm;vS,taeeJ@ G u&ifjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'eJ@ ywfouf+y;D usaemftusO;f k csKyfwifjyoGm;rSm jzpfyg w,f? usaemfwifjyr,fh rl=urf;u 'kw,rl=urf; jzpfygw,f? 'D d f rl=urf;rSm tcef;;aygi;f (21) cef;&Sygw,f? yk'raygi;f (167) ck&dS d ygw,f? tcef; (1) tajccHtcGita&;rSm yk'raygi;f (38) ck&yg hf f dS w,f? (38) ckxrm (1) ckjzpfwhJ vufeufuiaqmifciukd xnfh JS kd f G hf apmt,fvuvlap; xm;ygw,f// vlxawG/ a'ocHacgi;f aqmifawGe@J aqG;aEG;wJh k tcserm wcsKd @uxnfoifw,f? wcsK@d u rxnfoifb;l vd@k wifjy dfS h h h h xm;wmawG &Sygw,f? trsK;d orD;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ tcGita&;udvnf; jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? d hf k tcef; (2) u&ifjynfe,f zJ@G pnf;r_rm yk'r (39) rS (48) txd jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? tJ'rm S f D S f G tem*wfu&ifjynfe,f&hJ e,ferdwukd a&;qJxm;ygw,f? tm%mcJjG cm;a&;eJ@ywfouf+yD;vnf; jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? tcef; (3) Ediiom;jzpfjcif;rSm (3) ckukd tajccH+yD;awmh jyXmef;xm;ygw,f? kfH wcku Original Citizenship, 'kw,wcku Naturalize Citizenship, wwd,wcku Karen d f Ethnicity wd@k jzpfygw,f? tcef; (5) Oya'jyKa&;rSm v$wawmf (2) &yfpepfjzpfygw,f? Legislative tydi;f rSm yk'r (83) u zuf'&,futyfEi;f xm;wJh tm%mtydi;f jzpfygw,f? tm%m (17) ck k f kd S k udk zuf'&,ftpd;k &udk tyfEi;f xm;ygw,f? xyfwjl yKtm%mawmh (16) ck&ygw,f? jynfe,f S dS Oya'jyKcGifht%mudkawmh (15) ckowfrSwfxm;ygw,f? tcsdefodyfr&wJhtwGufa=umifhrdk@vdk@ usaemfw@kd a0xm;wJh rl=urf;ud=k unf+h yD;awmh ar;csiwm&S&ifar;vd@k &ygw,f? tm;vH;k udk aus;Zl; f d wifygw,f? 27
  • 28. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k u&ifejD ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD (Karenni SCDC) k G tzJ@G acgi;f aqmif clO;D &,f. tpD&ifcwifjycsuf H tm;vH;k r*Fvmyg? usaemf tydi;f (2) ydi;f cJ+G yD; wifjyygr,f? aumf k k rwDvy&m;r_taetxm;eJ@ rl}urf;tajctaeudk wifjyay;rSm _ f S jzpfygw,f? usaemfw@kd u&ifeuawmh wav#mufv;kH ud,&ordi;f D k hf hJ k udk tajccH+yD;awmhrS &yfwnfvmcJwhJ taetxm;rSm&Sw,f? h d 'ga=umifh 1996 ckEptxd oD;jcm;vGwvyfa&;qdwhJ tajccH S f f k atmufrm &yfwnfcygw,f? 'gayrJh 1996 aemufyi;f rSm tjyif S hJ kd bufEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tajctaeeJ@ ppftpdk;&udkaqG;aEG;wJh tawG@t}uHKeJ@ vlxawG&toHawGa=umifh usaemfw@kd &pOf;pm; k hJ hJ csu[m tajymif;tvJjzpfvmygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh rd@k v@kd 1996 f uae 2000 ckEptxd acgi;f aqmifawG=um;rSm vlxawG=um;rSm Sf k clO;D &,f oD;jcm;vGwvyfa&;rlatmufrm &yfwnfaejcif;tm;jzifh usaemf f S wdk@&Jh tem*wf[ma&&myghrvm;qdkwJh aqG;aEG;ajymqdkr_awG &Svmygw,f? w+yKd ifxrmbJ Oya' ynm&Siawmfawmfrsm;rsm;eJ@ 'Dupukd r=umr=umaqG;aEG;cJwhJ d JS f dP h tawG@t}uHKvnf;&Scygw,f? 'ga=umifr@kd v@kd 2000 ckEprm zuf'&,futajccHwz@GJ pnf;yHukd d hJ h S f S kd hJ k a&;qJz@kd aumfrwDw&yfukd zJ@G pnf; cJygw,f? G h kfH &nf&,csuf (5) csuuvnf; csrwcygw,f? (1) ,ae@jzpfay:aeaom Ediia&;jyoemrsm; G f f kd S f hJ csKyf+idr;f oGm;apa&;/ (2) u&ifersK;d EG,prsm; yl;aygi;f aexdiEia&;/ (3) 'Drua&pDEihf vl@tcGita&; D fk k f kd f kd S hf jzpfay:wdk;wufcdkifrmvmapa&;/ (4) udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtjynfht0&Sdaom u&ifeDjynfjzpfay: vmapa&;/ (5) tem*wfwif wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;tm;vH;k yg0ifEionfh wef;wla&;/ w&m;r#w G k kd f a&;ESihf ud,yijf yXmef;cGitjynft0&Saom ppfreonfzuf'&,fEiiwck ay:xGe;f vmapa&; k f kd hf h d S f h kd f H wd@k jzpfygw,f? vkyief;pwifwtcgrm 1992 u twnfjyKcJwhJ u&ife&hJ oD;jcm;vGwvyfa&; tajccHatmuf f hJ S h D f rSm a&;qJxm;wJh rl=urf;udbJ pwifa&;qJygw,f? 'Dtcserm zuf'&,fuom;wJae&mrSm Coming G k G dfS kd G h S kd G k f Together atmufrmoGm;rvm;/ Holding Together zuf'&,fuom;rvm;qdwhJ ar;cGe; ay: vmygw,f? ,ae@tcsef txd vlxawGu 'Dar;cGe;f udk ar;aeqJjzpfygw,f? d k k f h 2003 ckEprm yxrrl=urf;+y;D ygw,f? Seminar awGvy+f y;D ynm&SiwcsK@d e@J aqG;aEG;+y;D wJaemuf SfS ydi;f 2004 ESpvnfyi;f rSm+yD;ygw,f? 2007 ESprukecif zJ@G pnf;yHutacsmowfEir,fv@kd ar#mf k f kd f f k kd kd f vifxm;ygw,f? usaemfw@kd rl=urf;[m Review vkyaeqJ tajctaerSm&SaewJwuf aemif h f d h G awmfnawmfw@kd qu t}u^m%fawGukd &,lcsiygw,f? ynm&SiawGuvnf; usaemfw@kd ukd t}ujH yK D D H f f kd ay;zd@k twGuf arwWm&yfccsiygw,f? H f 28
  • 29. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f rGejf ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD (Mon k G tzJ@G acgi;f aqmif Edi[om. tpD&ifcwifjycsuf kf H H SCDC) tm;vH;k r*Fvmyg? rGejf ynfe,f zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) ay:ayguvmyHe@J t"duuswhJ k f k k tydi;f wcsKd @ukd wifjyvdygw,f? 2002 ckEpup+y;D awmh rGejf ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) k k Sf uda&;qJvmcJwmjzpfygw,f? rGejf ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) ay: ayguvmwm[m k G h k f rGejf ynfopfygwu uruxjyKzdwac:pnf;&H;k cJv@kd jzpfygw,f? rGejf ynfopfygw[m typf&yfxm;wJh D f h D k h k d twGuf zJ@G pnf;yHa&;wJae&mrSm tqifajywJh tydi;f awGvnf;&Sygw,f? 2001 ckEpf rGetrsK;d om;ES;D aESmzvS,yrm zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpukd b,fvwnfaqmufrvJ? S f f GJ S k kd hf f hf zuf'&,ftpd;k &udk b,fvtcGita&;awGay;rvJ? rGetrsK;d om;&Jh tcGita&; tenf;qH;k b,f kd avmufcsexm;rvJ qdwmudk pwif+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;cJw,f? 2002 rGetrsK;d om;ES;D aESmzvS,yGJ f k h f f rSmusawmh ENSCC &Jt}uHay;r_twdi;f rGejf ynfe,fukd b,fvwnfaqmufr,fqwmudk h k kd kd usaemfw@kd pwif+y;D awmh tcsutvufawG pkaqmif;vmygw,f? ES;D aESmzvS,y+GJ y;D wJaemufyi;f rSm f f h kd rGejf ynfopfygwu ud,pm;vS,wcsK@d e@J xdi;f tajcpduf rGetrsK;d om;nD!wa&;tzJ@G csKyfu D k f f k k f $ f ud,pm;vS,wcsK@d e@J pkaygi;f +yD;awmh zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwDw&yfukd k f f k G zJ@G pnf;cJw,f? h SfS f h h hf hJ S 2004 ckEprm ES;D aESmzvS,yGJ tqifuae nDvmcHtqifukd jr‡iwifcw,f? tJ'D nDvmcHrm a&;qJxm;wJh zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya' (rl=urf;) udk wifjy+y;D awmh twnfjyKcsuf &,lcw,f? &&Sxm; G hJ d wJh zJ@G pnf;yHt ajccHOya'rl=urf;udk jyifqifjznfpuz@kd rGejf ynfopfygwu ud,pm;vS,awG/ rGef k h G f D k f f trsKd ;om;nD!wa&;tzJ@G csKyf (MUL) uud,pm;vS,awG jynfwi;f u ud,pm;vS,awGe@J pkz@GJ G f k f f G k f f +yD;awmh aumfrwDw&yf udz@GJ pnf;cJygw,f? aumfrwDu jyifqifxm;wJrukd 2005 ckEpf rGef k h h l S f k dS f k f S trsK;d om;nDvmcHrm wifjytwnfjyKcsu,+l y;D pmtkytjzpf yHEyxwa0xm;ygw,f? 2006 ckEpf S f nDvmcHrmvnf;tcsutvufwcsK@d ukd jyifqifwm&Sygw,f? S f d 'D zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) rSm zuf'&,ftpd;k &udk b,fvtm%mawGay;rvJ? rGef k kd kd hf JG k r[kwwvrsK;d pkawGukd b,fvtcGitm%mawGcay;rvJ qdwmudk aZmif;ay;+yD;awmh pOf;pm;yg f hJ l w,f? usaemfw@kd rm Oya'ynm&SiawGenf;awmh jynfprmawmhr[kwb;l // t}uHay;=uygv@kd S f h kH S f awmif;qdvygw,f? k kd 29
  • 30. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k &Sr;f jynfe,f zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;aumfrwD (Shan SCDC) k G tzJ@G acgi;f aqmif cGe;f qdi. tpD&ifcwifjycsuf kf H f 2000 ckEprm Shan SCDC pzJ@G c+hJ yD; OD;wnfcsuf (2) csucs S f S rSwcw,f? tJ'uaep+yD; OuUX}uD; p0fqippf rS a&;om;cJ+h yD; f hJ D kd f 2004 ckEpwif pmtkytjzpfxwa0cJw,f? 1947 ckEprm wnf Sf G f k f h SfS axmifcwhJ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdii[m 1962 ckEpf zJ@G pnf;yHk hJ kfH S tajccHOya'udk zsuor;f +y;D wJaemufyi;f rSm ysujf y,fom;+y;D jzpf f d h kd G ygw,f? 'ga=umifh tckqv@kd &&if jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiqwm kd dS k f H kd r&Sawmhygb;l ? d cGe;f qdif k Shan State udk &Sr;jynfv@kd bac:oGm;r,f? 'Demrnf[m f J SCDC tpnf;ta0;awGrma&m Feedback awGt&a&m S trsm;uoabmwlxm;wJh trnfjzpfw,f? qH;k jzwfcsutopf f r&Srcsi;f “&Sr;f jynf” udbo;kH oGm;r,f? d k J &Sr;f jynf&hJ yavmifapmfbm; p0fceyef;pdef twnfjyKcJwhJ tvHawmfe@J trsK;d om;oDcsi;f udk G G f h d k aemufq;kH jzwfcsuf r&Srcsi;f quftoH;k jyKoGm;r,f? zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk a&;xm;+y;D &if vli,f awGoatmif ausmif;awGrmoifay;&r,f? tjcm; zJ@G pnf;yHawGe@J enf;enf;uGmwmu zJ@G pnf;yHk d S k tajccHOya'qdi&mw&m;&H;k &S&r,f? tJ'w&m;&H;k [m jynfaxmifprma&m jynfe,ftqifrmyg kf d D k S h S &S&r,f? tkycsKyfa&;w&m;&H;k [mvnf; jynfaxmifptqifrma&m jynfe,ftqifrmyg &S&r,f? d f k h S h S d 'Dr=l urf;rSm umuG,a&;ta=umif;vH;k 0 azmfjyxm;jcif;r&SwtwGuf 'kw,rl=urf;rSm um f d hJ d uG,a&;eJ@qiwhJ yk'rawGygz@kd vw,fv@kd t}uHay;xm;wmawG&w,f? vlrsK;d pkawG&hJ tkycsKyfa&; f kd f f kd dS f a'oawGukd owfrway;zd@k vw,f? S f kd dS S vmrnfvtenf;i,ftwGi;f rSm nDvmcHusi;f yzd@k &ygw,f? tJ'D nDvmcHrm OD;wnfcsuf (2) h &yfukd b,fvjkd znfpurvJqwm &Sr;f jynfu,pm;vS,awGu xyfraqG;aEG;twnfjyK=uyg h G f kd kd f f H vdrr,f? tJ'D twnfjyKcsuawGu,+l yD;awmh a&G;aumufc&wJaumfr&Sitopfae+yD;awmh &Sr;f hf f kd H h f jynfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) udk a&;qJom;r,fv@kd pDrxm;ygw,f? tm;vH;k udaus;Zl;wif k G G H k ygw,f? 30
  • 31. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f wdi;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;aumifpD (ENC) k zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD(CAC) tzJacgi;f aqmif.tpD&ifcpm @G H av;pm;tyfygaom obmywd}u;D ESiwuG EdiijH cm;ynm&Sirsm;/ hf kf f txl;{nfhonfrsm;/ jynfe,ftoD;oD;u Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;/ rl=urf;a&;qJa&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;ESihf usaemh&hJ vkyazmfuizuf G f f kd f CAC tzJ@G 0ifrsm;cifAsm; — ,ae@ qXrt}udrajrmuf jynfe,frsm; zJ@G pnf;yHr=l urf;a&; f k qJa&;aumfrwDrsm; rsuEmpHnE;DS aESmzvS,yrm usaemftae G f S k D f GJ S h f H G d hJ ESihf CAC vkyief;rsm;udk wifjytpD&ifccihf &&SwtwGuf txl; *k%,0rf;ajrmuf rdygw,f? f l ppfreaomzuf'&,fwnfaqmuf&efrm jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if Sf S k jynfe,frsm;jzifh pkaygi;f yg0if wnfaqmuf=u&rnf jzpfonf? ,if; jynfaxifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;onfvnf; wef;wlaom Ediia&;tqiftwef; ud,p&=dS u&rSm k kfH h k f D jzpfygw,f? wef;wlaomEdkifiHa&; tqifhtwef;udkvnf; jynfe,frsm;. “udk,fydkifzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'” uom tmrcHcsuay;ap&rnf jzpfayonf? xd@k a=umifh tem*wfzuf'&,f jynf f axmifpjk refrmEdiiukd wnfaqmuf&eftvd@k im }udK;yrf;=u&mY jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifwi;f &if;om; kfH S k kd vlrsK;d toD;oD;. trsK;d om;jynfe,f (National State) rsm;onf ud,pu,iS zJ@G pnf;yHa&;qJG k f D kd f k jyXmef;=u&rnf jzpfayonf? ,if;tqdukd tcditrmxlaxmifI vkyief;pOfw&yfv;kH udk tm;ay; k kf f v_@H aqmfcorm Dr. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe yifjzpfygonf? ol.OD;aqmifrj_ zifh jynfe,f hJ l S toD;oD;onf wajy;nDr[kwfapumrl zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm; (rl=urf;) tqifh&&Sdap&ef }udK;yrf;vmcJonfh ordi;f rSm (15) ESpausmc+hJ yD; jzpfygonf? h k f f AdkvfrSL;}uD;cGefOuUm kd rlvu ,if;vkyief;udk taxmuftuljyK&eftwGuf trsK;d om;'Drua&pDwyfaygi;f pk (r'w) f ESihf jynfaxmifpwi;f &if;om;rsm;'Drua&pDtzJ@G csKyf (vGwajrmufe,f) (UNLD-LA) wd@k ESpz@GJ rS k kd kd f f ta&twGuwacgi;f aqmifrsm; yg0ifapv#uf wESpw}udrf tvSnusOuUXpepfjzifh SCSC ac: f l f hf (Supporting Committee for State Constitution) tzJ@G ukd zJ@G pnf;vmcJonf? 2001 ckEpf h S rS2005 ckEptxd SCSC jzifvy&m;cJ+h yD; 2005 ckEpf yÌrt}udrajrmuf wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; S f h _fS S f k ES;D aESmzvS,y}GJ uD;wGif SCSC udk zsuor;f I ENC vufatmufcH qyfaumfrwDw&yf tjzpf f f d CAC od@k toGiajymif;zJ@G pnf;cJygonf? f h 31
  • 32. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k 2006 ckESpfwGif CAC taeESifh acgif;aqmiftajymif;tvJa=umifhaomf‚if;/ ‚if;tjyif FCDCC ac: “zuf'&,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;ESihf ndEi;r_aumfrwD” tzJ@G ay: k G ‡ _d f ayguvm+y;D jynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;yHvyief;ESihf ywfoufqufpyfvmI tvkyaumif;pGm rvkyEicyg? f k kf f f kd f hJ f kf G k f f d 2006 ESpuewif ENC A[dtvkytr_aqmiftzJ@GJ . qH;k jzwfcsut& rdrtm; CAC tzJ@G acgi;f aqmiftjzpf w&m;0ifw;kd jr‡iwm0efay;cJonftay: 2007 ckEptwGuf vkyief;pOfrsm;a&; hf h h Sf f qJjG cif;/ NRP od@k &efyaiG awmif;cHjcif;/ NRP &efyaiGjzifh CAC &H;k tzJ@G 0ifwOD; oD;oef@cef@ kH kH xm;jcif;wd@k ukd jyKvkyEiconf? f kd f hJ CAC &H;tjzpfo;oef@rxm;&Syg? wm0efcwOD;wnf; jzpfaeonftay: NRP uyifaxmufyhH k D d H h ay;xm;aom NDF &H;k Yyif ENC/CAC &H;k cef;udwbuf xm;cJygonf? od@k aomf &H;k 0efxrf;wOD; k GJ h df kf oD;oef@xm;&Scihf &cJonf? 2007 ckEptwGi;f CAC aumfrwDtpnf;ta0; (2) }urusi;f yEdic+hJ y;D dG h Sf yHrenvmcHw}udrf usi;f y EdicjhJ cif;jzpfygonf// kSf D kf a&S@vkyfief;rsm;/ tvm;tvmrsm; CAC udk 2007 ckEpf ESpuev#if rlvtzJ@G acgi;aqmif rac:cGeqm od@k jyefvnf v$ajymif; S f k f f f J wm0ef,aprnf jzpfygonf? olonf 2008 ckEptwGi;f vkyief;rsm;udk }uD;=uyfom;ap&efjzpf l S f f G ayonf? ,cifu 2005-2006-2007 ckEprsm;wGif wufºuGpmv_y&m;cJaom FCDCC ac: Sf G fS h zuf'&,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl=urf;) a&;qJa&;ESihf ndEi;f r_aumfrwDuvnf; jynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;yHk k G ‡ _d tajccHOya'a&;qJa&;vkyief;pOfrsm;ESiyg qufpyfvyaqmifae&aoma=umifh CAC . u¾rSm G f hf kf f G f d h tvkyoufom cJ&onf? od@k aomf FCDCC tm;tcg tm;av#mpm zsuor;f cJygu CAC f h vkyief;rsm;ydI ta&;ygvmvdrrnf[k oH;k oyf&if; CAC . tpD&ifcpmudk &yfem;tyfygonf? f k hf H tm;vH;k udaus;Zl;wifygonf? k 32
  • 33. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f jynfe,fe,fzpnf;yHEihf jynfaxmifpzpnf;yH.qufE,r_ @GJ k S k @GJ k G f Prof. David C. Williams jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHawG[m wcke@J wck twdtuswnaezd@k rvdyg k l D k bl;? ud,enf;vrf;eJ@u,om;vd@k &ygw,f? tu,fI nD!wr_ k hf kd f G $ f udk vdcsiw,fq&if jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHu jyXmef;xm;wJtwdi;f k f kd k k h k twlwvyz@kd vygw,f? jynfe,fwck&hJ vkyaqmifcsuawG[m l k f kd f f tjcm;jynfe,fawGay:rSm xda&mufr&aumif;&Sd Ediygw,f? 'g _ dS kf a=umifh tjcm;jynfe,fawG[m b,fvvyae=uw,f qdwmudk kd k f k odxm;zd@k vygw,f? kd jynfaxmifpk zJ@G pnf;yHe@J ywfouf+y;D ta&;}u;D qH;k tcsuf (2) k csu&ygw,f? yxrtcsuu wdi;f &if;om;ta&;jzpf+yD; 'kw, f dS f k d f h S Prof. David C. Williams tcsuu ppfwyfe@J ywfoufygw,f? jynfe,ftqifrmvnf; kd J S 'Dupukd tav;xm;pOf;pm;zd@k vygw,f? jynfe,fxrmvnf; d P vlrsK;d uJ&ygw,f// 'Dupe@J ywfouf+yD; b,fvtpDtpOfawG&rvJe@J jynfe,ftwGi;f u vuf G dS d P kd dS eufuiwyfz@GJ awGukd b,fvuiw,rvJqwmawG jzpfygw,f? 'Dae@rm jynfe,fwi;f u vlrsK;d uJe@J kd f kd kd f G f kd S G G ywfouf+y;D b,fvaqmif&urvJqwmudk &Si;f jyrSmjzpf+y;D reufjzefus&if jynfe,fxuwyfawGukd kd G f kd J b,fvuiw,&r,fqwmudk &Si;f jyrSmjzpfygw,f? kd kd f G f kd zJ@G pnf;yHe@J ywfouf+yD; vlwOD;wa,mufp&tcGita&;/ jynfaxmifpta&;eJ@ tm%mcJa0 k D hJ hf k G D hf a&;awGukd b,fvuiw,rvJ qdwmawGupOf;pm;&ygw,f? vl@wOD;wa,mufp&hJ tcGita&; kd kd f G f k kd awGukd azmfjywJae&mrSm wln=D uayrJh tm%mcJa0a&;udprmawmh jcm;em;=uygw,f? 'gawGukd h G PS bmvd@k pOf;pm;&ovJqawmh vGwvyfa&;&+y;D uwnf;u wki;f &if;om;awG[m ud,yijf yXmef;cGihf kd f d k f kd ud,pe@J aecsi=f uvd@k yg? jynfe,f&hJ ,Ofaus;r_x;kH wrf;tpOftvmvd@k ajymwJae&mrSm jynfe,f k f D h twGi;f rSm rSwif;aexdiaewJh vlrsK;d &J,Ofaus;r_[m 'Djynfe,f&hJ ,Ofaus;r_ukd xif[yfay:vGiap D kf h f rSmygb/J / 'gayrJh owdxm;&rSmu jynfe,fwi;f rSm t"duvlrsm;}uD;r[kwwhJ vlrsK;d i,fav;awG kd f trsm;}uD;&S=d uw,f? tJ'vvrsK;d i,fav;awG&hJ wef;wltcGita&;udk tmrcHay;Ediz@kd uvnf; D kd l hf kf ta&;}uD;ygw,f? d kd k G f ud,yitycsKyfa&;&Sw,fqayr,fh t"duu¾u jynfaxmifpu0ifa&mufpuzufwm k f kd f k f r[kwbe@J ud,ta&;udu,[mud,ajz&Si;f Ediz@kd vygw,f? yd+k yD;cufcwjhJ yemu jynfe,f f J k hf k kd hf k f k f kd J twGi;f u vlenf;pkawGukd b,fvumuG,ay;rvJqwmbJ jzpfygw,f? kd f kd 33
  • 34. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k zJ@G pnf;yHtm;vH;k &Jh ed'ge;f rSma&;xm;=uwmu u|Eyw@kd [m 'Dz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk a&;qJG k kf f k =uw,f? tJ'D u|Eyw@kd [m b,fovqwmajzzd@k vw,f? Oyrm — &Sr;f jynfrmqd&if &Sr;f udk kf f l J kd kd S k qdvwmvm;/ 'grr[kwf &Sr;f jynfe,fxu vlrsK;d tm;vH;k udk qdvwmvm; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;jzpfz@kd k kd S J k kd awmhvygw,f? kd wef;wlr_eJ@ywfouf+yD; tcsuf (2) csufpOf;pm;xm;wm&Sdw,f? jynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHkawGrSm a,bk,tm;jzifh tmrcHxm;wmu vlenf;pkawG&hJ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_awG xGe;f um;atmif umuG,f ay;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? ar;p&m&Swmu vlrsK;d }uD;awG&hJ pmay,Ofaus;r_ubvm;/ 'grr[kwf d kd J S vlrsK;d pktm;vH;k udk umuG,ay;rSmvm; qdwar;cGe;f yg? aemifwcserm aumfo;l av (u&if) jynf f k hJ dfS e,frm u&ifbmomeJ@ toHviwmawG[m rv$om ra&SmifombJe@J ay:vmrSmyg? 'gayrJh pmay/ S $ hf J ,Ofaus;r_ xGe;fum;atmif vkyci&w,fv@kd azmfjyxm;wJtwGuf vlenf;pkvrsK;d / Oyrm — ytd0;f f G hf dS h l k awGtwGuaum b,fvpOf;pm;xm;vJ? 'Dvajym&wmu jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHawGrm pmay/ ,Of f kd kd k S aus;r_ xGe;f um;a&;awGazmfjyxm;ayrJh vlenf;pkawGtwGuf tmrcHcsuay;Ediavmufatmif f kf azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sb;l ? vlenf;pkawGtwGuf jyef+yD;oH;k oyfz@kd vw,fv@kd jrifygw,f? d kd 'DupawGukd pOf;pm;wJae&mrSm zJ@G pnf;yHxrm trsm;tm;jzifrawG@&wmu &H;k oH;k bmompum; dP h k JS h vlwOD;wa,ufcsi;f u ajymwJbmompum;jzpfygw,f? &H;k oH;k bmpum;ukd trsm;tm;jzifh t*Fvy/f h d jrefrmeJ@ jynfe,fu vlrsL;d }uD;&Jh bmompum;awGbJ jzpfygw,f? Oyrm — tu,fI u&ifjynf e,fxu ytd0;f wa,mufjzpfcr,fq&if tdrrmytd0;f pum;ajymr,f? jynfe,ftpd;k &eJ@ quf J k hJ kd f S k oG,&wJtcserm ytd0;f pum;ajymvd@k &ovm;? &H;k oH;k bmomjzpfwhJ t*Fvy/f jrefrm/ u&ife@J f h d f S k d bJqufo,&rSmvm;/ rJay;zd@k tcsea&mufvmwJtcserm ytd0;f bmompum;eJ@ rJay;vd@k &yg G f d f h d f S k ovm;? tu,fI v$wawmfrm ta&G;cH&wJtcgrm ytd0;f bmompum;eJ@ ajymcGi&ygovm;? f S h S k hf dS 'DupP awGutajz&SmEdiz@kd tav;teufpOf;pm;zd@k vdygw,f? tem*wfrm &ifqiajz&Si;f &r,fh d kd kf k S kd f tcsuawG jzpfvmrSmrd@k yg? f jynfowOD;wa,muftcGita&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; aemuftcsuwcsupOf;pm;zd@k u jynfe,f l hf f f om;jzpfcGifheJ@ywfouf+yD; pOf;pm;zdk@vdkr,f? jynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHktrsm;pkudk =unfhr,fqdk&if jynfe,fom;jzpfciu (2) enf;&Sw,f? yxrwcku jynfe,fxrmaexkiwvrsK;d jzpfr,fq&if G hf d J S d f hJ l kd tvdtav#muf jynfe,fom;jzpfci&w,f? tu,fI jynfe,fxrmaewJh vlrsK;d awGxu r[kwf k G hf dS JS J bl;qd&if av#mufxm;ydici&w,f? &r& qdwmawmh raocsmygb;l ? Oyrm - tckq&if ta=umif; k k f G hf dS k kd trsKd ;rsK;d a=umifh csi;f vlrsK;d awG[m urBmtES@H a&mufae=uw,f? wdi;f jynf+idr;f csr;f oGm; wJtcg k h us&if csi;f jynfe,fukd jyef=uwJtcgrm tvdtav#muf csi;f jynfe,fom;jzpfw,fqwhJ pOf;pm;csuf h S k kd rsK;d awG[m txl;tqef;awmh r[kwygb;l ? xdenf;wlpmbJ EdiijH cm;om; wa,mufu csi;f jynfe,f f k G kf xJrm oGm;aecsiw,fq&if pnf;urf;Oya'awGe@J awmh &ifqi&rSmbJ? 'gayrJh abmif0if&ifawmh S f kd kd f Ediiom;jzpfrmygb? u&ifjynfe,fxu ytd0;f awGusawmh u&ifvnf; r[kw/f EdiijH cm;om; kfH S J J k kf vnf;r[kwb;l // 'gayrJh bk;d bGm;vufxufuwnf;u u&ifjynfe,fxrm aexdivmwJh vlawG f JS kf 34
  • 35. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f jzpfw,f? ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d a=umifh xGucgG +yD;awmh u&ifjynfe,frm jyef0ifvmr,fq&if 'Dvkd f S kd vlrsK;d awGtwGuukd b,fvpOf;pm;rvJ? or&d;k us jynfe,fom;awGvbJ qufqrmvm;? 'grr[kwf f kd kd HS S tjyifuvlawGvbqufqrmvm;? 'ga=umifh 'DvrsK;d qd&ifawmh tvdtavsmuf jynfe,fom; kd J HS l k k jzpfci&dS w,f? vlrsKjd cm;awGq&ifawmh jzpfcir&Sawmhb;l vm; qd+k yD;awmh jcm;em;oGm;ygw,f? G hf kd G hf d k J tckjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHawG a&;xm;wmu jynfe,fxu vlrsK;d pkawG&hJ ,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum; xGef;um;a&;udk tm;ay;xm;wmjzpfvdk@ aumif;w,fvdk@ajymvdk@&ygw,f? xnfhpOf;pm;&r,fh tcsuav;awGu pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_awGukd tmrcHwae&mrSm jynfe,fxu vlrsK;d wdi;f twGuf f hJ J k pOf;pm;ovm;qd+k yD; pOf;pm;zd@k vygw,f? kd tm%mcJGa0jcif; tm%mcJa0jcif;[mvnf; jynfe,fxu vlrsK;d pkawG&hJ tcGita&;udk tmrcHcsuay;wJh tjcm; G J hf f enf;vrf;wckjzpfw,f? jynfe,fwi;f vlrsK;d pkrsm; tm%mcJa0a&;qdwae&mrSm enf;vrf; (2) ck G G k hJ &Sdygw,f? jynfe,ftpdk;&xJrSm vlrsKd;pkawGudk yg0ifcGifhay;wJhenf;eJ@ vlenf;pka'oawGrSm ud,yitycsKya&;ay;wJh pepfbjJ zpfw,f? 'Djyemudk ajz&Si;f zd@k twGuu jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHawGrm k f kd f k f f f k S v$wawmf (2) &yfxm;wJpepfawG usio;kH aewmawG@&ygvrr,f? f h hf d hf v$wawmf (2) &yfxm;zd@k vdrvdk qdwmudpOf;pm;wJtcgrm jynfe,fxrm vlrsK;d awGtrsm;}u;D f k k k h S JS f &Saevm;? 'grr[kwf vlrsK;d wrsK;d wnf;ubJ }uD;pd;k aeovm;qdwhJ tajccHtcsuawGtay:rSm d S k pOf;pm;=uygw,f? vlrsK;d pkawG rsm; wJh jynfe,fawGrm rJrsm;oleipwrf;pepfukd usio;kH r,fq&if S kd f hf kd 'D jynfe,frmaewJh vlenf;pkawG[m t+rwrf;&_;H wJh oljzpfr,f? 'Dawmh vlenf;pkawGtwGuawmh S J f jynfe,fxrmae&wm[m axmifxrmae&ovdbJ jzpfaevdrr,f? bmjzpfv@kd vqawmh rJom JS JS k hf J kd ay;ae&w,f// wcgrSrEdkifvdk@ygbJ? 'Djyem[m jynfaxmifpktqifhrSmvnf; &ifqdkif&wJh k h kd f hf kd jyemjzpfw,f? jynfaxmifptqifrS rJrsm;olEipwrf;pepfe@J usio;kH r,fq&if Armvlrsm;pk awGubJ t+rwrf; Edirmjzpfw,f? jynfe,ftqifrmvnf; 'Denf;udusio;kH r,fq&if jynfe,fu J kfS hS k hf kd vlO;D a&rsm;wJh vlrsK;d awGubJ t+rJwrf;Edirmjzpfw,f? kfS 'Djyemudk ajz&Sif;EdkifwJhenf;vrf;wcku vlrsKd;udktajccH+yD;a&G;wmr[kwfbJeJ@ a'oudk S k tajccH+yD; ud,pm;vS,awGukd a&G;wJenf;yJjzpfw,f? Oyrm — a'owckrm ytd0;f bJtrsm;pk k f f h jzpfr,fq&ifawmh ud,pm;vS,taeeJ@ ytd0;f bJta&G;cH&zd@k &w,f? 'gayrJh rJa&G;wJae&mrSm ytd0;f kd k f f k dS h k rS ta&G;cH&r,fq&ifawmh ytd0;f bJta&G;cH&r,fq&ifawmif a'owckv;kH udk ud,pm;jyKwJh kd k kd k f ud,pm;vS,f jzpfygvrr,f? vlrsK;d udtajccH+yD; ud,pm;vS,a&G;wJenf;[m vlrsK;d pkyÉdyuQukd k f d hf k k f f h jzpfay:apwJtwGua=umifh tcka'oudk tajccH+yD; a&G;wJenf;udk usio;kH vmae=u+yD;jzpfw,f? h f h hf 35
  • 36. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k zuf'&,fpepf wjynfaxmifpepf&tm%mtm;vH;k u A[dtpd;k &qDrmbJ &Sw,f? jynfaxmifppepfrm zJ@G pnf;yHk hJ k S d k S rSmudu b,ftm%mu A[dtpd;k &qDrm&Sw,f? b,ftm%mu jynfe,ftpd;k &qDrm &Sw,f k k S d S d qdwmudk wdwusus cJxm;+y;D jzpfw,f? wjynfaxmifEiiawGukd =unhr,fq&if tkycsKyfwtpd;k & k d G kd f H f kd f hJ tqifqif&dS +yD;awmh tm%mcJa0r_vnf; &Swmudk awG@&ygvrr,f? 'gayrJh tm%myditqifqifh h h G d d hf kf h awGukd A[dtpd;k &bJ wdu&ucef@tyf+yD;awmh jyefjzKwfcivnf;tpd;k &rSm &dygw,f? k k f kd f G hf S zuf'&,fpepfrmusawmh jynfe,ftpd;k &eJ@ A[dtpd;k &tm%mudk zJ@G pnf;yHuae owfrwxm; S k k S f f kd f G hf G f hJ wJtwGuf jynfaxmifp&hJ vkyyiciawGukd jynfe,fawGu 0ifpuv@kd r&ovdk jynfe,f&tm%m h k udvnf; jynfaxmifpu 0ifpuv@kd r&ygb;l ? tJ'ga=umifh jynfe,ftpd;k &u bmvkycsiw,fqwm k k G f f f kd udk jynfaxmifptpd;k &udk cGiawmif;zd@k rvkygb;l ? k hf d jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHk awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ud=k unh&if wjynfaxmifype@J om;ae=uygw,f? enf;enf; f kH H G k xl;jcm;wmu &Sr;f jynfe@J csi;f jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHawG jzpfw,f? jynfe,fu t}u;D }u;D qd&if tm%mudk k a'oE &awGtxd cJz@kd vtyfaumif;vktyfr,f? jynfe,fi,fawGuawmh rvdtyfb;l vd@k xifyg W G kd d k w,f? kd jynfe,fukd zuf'&,fe@J z@GJ r,f? 'grr[kwf wjynfaxmifpepfe@J oGm;r,fqwmudk pOf;pm;wmu S (2) csu&w,f? yxrwcsuu e,fajr&Jtus,t0ef;jzpf+yD;awmh 'kw,usawmhjynfe,fxrm f dS f h f d JS vl@tzJ@G tpnf;/ vlrsK;d uJjG ym;r_ b,favmuf&w,fqwmygb? dS kd J 36
  • 37. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f w&m;pD&ifa&;u¾ David Hamilton (Federal District Judge) 'D ES;D aESmzvS,yukd wufa&mufci&wm usaemhtwGuf tcGihf f GJ G hf f ta&;}uD;wck jzpfygw,f? 'Dnae aqG;aEG;r,ftxJrm "rR"Xmef h S d uswhJ ar;cGe;f wcsK@d ukd ud,pm;vS,awmf}u;D awGukd usaemfar;rSm k f f jzpfygw,f? ar;cGe;f rar;cifrm ud,pm;awG&hJ }udK;yrf;r_awGukd S k f *k%,w,fqwta=umif; ajymcsiygw,f? usaemh&ar;cGe;f f l kd hJ f f hJ awG[m ud,pm;vS,awmf}uD;awGukd tcuftcJay;zd@k xuf k f f ud,pm;vS,f wmf}uD;awG&hJ vkyief;udk tusK;d jyKzd@k jzpfygw,f? k f f usaemfu tar&duefjynfaxmifpk jynfaxmifpw&m;&H;k u k w&m;ol}uD;jzpfygw,f? usaemf&hJ tawG@t}uHKt& jynfe,f h w&m;&Hk;awG[m vGwfvyfr_tjynfh&Sdaewmudk awG@&ygw,f? David Hamilton kf obm0usus pOf;pm;r,fq&if v$wawmfe@J tycsKyfa&;tzJ@G u kd f vlawG[m olw@kd vyapcsiwmudk w&m;&H;k uvduvywmbJ vdvm;ygw,f? 'Dnae usaemf k f f k f k f k aqG;aEG;rSmu w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;eJ@ vGwvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;pepfawGbJ jzpfw,f? 'D acgi;f pOf f awGe@J qiwhJ jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHawGxueJ@ jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHawGxu yk'rawGuyg aqG;aEG; kd f k J k k J f kd oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? t"duar;cGe;f (2) ckukd usaemfar;ygr,f? w&m;&H;k udk bmawGvyapcsiwmvJ h kf f eJ@ ud,vyapcsiwmawGukd b,fvype@J vyapcsiwmbJ jzpfygw,f? k f kf f kd kH H k f f &d;k &Si;f wJh tajzwckuawmh usaemfw@kd jzpfvmwJh jyemawGukd w&m;&H;k udk rSereuefuefe@J fSf ajz&Si;f ay;apvdw,f? k f h k t&ifar;cGe;f awGxuf &_yaxG;wJar;cGe;f u b,fvjkd yemawGukd w&m;&H;k udk ajz&Si;f cdi;f rvJ qdwmygb? w&m; Oya'enf;vrf;ususv@kd ajymwJtcgrm Oya'[mw&m;wJh Oya'awGjzpf&r,f? k J h S xd;k xGi;f jrifEir_ (Transperence) jzpf&r,f? aoGz,fom;wmvnf; r&Sap&bl;? tJ'D Oya'awGu kd f G d jynfovxawGrodvuwtcserm jyXmef;wJOya' rjzpf&bl;? tm;vH;k &Jh oabmwlnre@J jyXmef; l l k kd f hJ d f S h D_ wJOya'rsK;d jzpf&r,f? a&S;u tr_awGrmvnf; 'DOya'eJ@p&ifcwhJ om"uawG&&r,f? w&m;&H;k &Jh h S D hJ dS w&m;pD&ifrawGukd jynfoawGukd =um;emydiciay;&r,f? jynfoawGukd odciay;&r,f? pD&ifcsuf _ l k f G hf l G hf awG w&m;r_&r&Sqwmudk jynfoawGu wdi;f wmcGi&&r,f? dS d kd l k hf dS c|i;f csuuawmh &Sygw,f? Ediiawmfv+kH cKH a&;eJ@qiwhJ udpawGrmqd&ifvxawGukd odciray; f d kfH kd f P S k l k G hf dS kd S f k f ayrJh w&m;enf;vrf;usus pD&ifq;kH jzwfv@kd &wJh enf;vrf;awG&ygw,f? tJvv#K@d 0uvywmawmifrS rSwwrf;rSw&mawGe@J xm;+yD;vky&rSmjzpfw,f? f f f 37
  • 38. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k a&S@u jzpfcwtr_awGe@J qifwtr_awGjzpfvmcHr,fq&if w&m;ol}u;D &Jh pD&ifcsuawGuvnf; hJ hJ l kd f wlae&rSmjzpfygw,f? qdvwmu 'Dtr_rsK;d udk a&S;we;f uusK;vGeoukd wrsK;d pD&ifcsucs+yD;awmh k kd k k f l f tckusK;vGewvukd wrsK;d pD&ifcsucswmrsK;d rvky&bl;? Oyrm — aiGacs;iSm;wJtr_/ tvkyorm; f hJ l f f h f a&;&mvdrsK;d awGpwJh tr_rsK;d awGukd b,fvp&ifcsucsr,fqwm }udKwifcef@re;f vd@k &Edi&r,f? k f kd D f kd S kf jypfrusL;vGeotay:rSm pD&ifcsuf rrlwnf&bl;? _ f l w&m;r#wwJh w&m;pD&ifa&;qdwmbmvJqawmh Oyrm — tr_onf (2) OD;rSm csr;f omwJou k kd h l G f qif;&Jwoukd w&m;pJwmbJjzpfjzpf/ qif;&Jwou csr;f omwJoukd w&m;pJwmbJjzpfjzpf pD&ifcsuu hJ l G hJ l h l awmh Oya'ujyXmef;xm;wJh twdi;f bJjzpf&r,f? w&m;r#waom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfukd &EdiwhJ k kf aemufwenf;u Ediia&;tzJ@G tpnf; (od@k ) tzJ@G tpnf;wckc&hJ zdtm;ay;r_rygwhJ pD&ifcsursK;d bJ kfH k f f kd jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh w&m;ol}u;D u pD&ifcsiwi;f pD&ifv@kd &w,fv@kd vnf; ajymvd@k r&ygb;l ? w&m;ol}u;D [m ol@&p&ifcsutay:rSmtmrcHr_ &S&r,f? pD&ifcsucswtay:rSm tusKd ;ta=umif;&Si;f jyzd@k wm hJ D f d f hJ 0ef&w,f? pD&ifcsutay:rSm t,lcjH yef0ifr,fq&if w&m;ol}u;D [m jyef+y;D &Si;f jyEdiwtajctae dS f kd k f hJ rSm&S&r,f? w&m;ol}u;D [m w&m;O ya'eJ@ ol@txufw&m;&H;k udk bJwm0efcz@kd vw,f? qdvwmu d H kd k kd w&m;ol}uD;[m Ediia&;ygwD (od@k ) tm%mydiy*Kd~ vfawGtay:rSm wm0efcz@kd rvdygb;l ? kfH kf k H k w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; b,favmufta&;}uD;ovJqwmudk ajymcsiygw,f? w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k kd f a&;[m Ediia&; tcGita&;eJ@ vl@tcGita&;awGukd tumtuG,ay;ygw,f? OpPmypPn;f ydiqir_ kfH hf hf f k f kd f eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;acgi;f yHjk zwfrawGuvnf; tumtuG,ay;ygw,f? usaemfw@kd [m w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; _ kd f eJ@ vGwvyfww&m;pD&ifa&;pepfukd vdvm;ygw,fv@kd ajymae&Havmufe@J awmh r&ygb;l ? 'Dawmh f hJ k k bmawG&atmifvyz@kd vovJqawmh yxrtaeeJ@ ajzmifrwfww&m;ol}uD; vdygw,f? w&m; k f kd kd h hJ k ol}uD;awG usifh0wfeJ@qdkifwJh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;awGvnf; vdktyfygw,f? Oya'u|rf;usifwJh w&m;ol}uD;awGjzpfz@kd vnf; vdtyfygw,f? rSeuefwp&ifcsua=umifh ud,v+kH cHKa&;udk rpd;k &drwhJ k f hJ D f k hf f w&m;ol}u;D jzpfz@kd vdtyfygw,f? ol@ukd vpmvHvavmufavmufay;xm;zd@k vnf; vkygw,f? jyify k k kH d k d k vGr;f rd;k r_urcHbJ Oya'twdi;f pD&ifwhJ tpOftvm&SwhJ w&m;ol}uD;jzpfz@kd vnf; vdtyfygw,f? kd trsm;u wwfu|r;f w,f/ em;vnfw,f/ ormorwf&w,fv@kd ,lqxm;wJh yk*Kd~ vjf zpfz@kd vygw,f? dS kd kd S kd tJvkd w&m;ol}u;D rsK;d udk &atmifb,fv&mrvJ? 'Dar;cGe;f udk bmvd@k ar;&ovJqawmh jynfe,f zJ@G pnf;yHr=l urf;awGu w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;eJ@ vGwvyfww&m;pD&ifa&;pepfukd aZmif;ay;a&;xm;vd@k k f hJ jzpfw,f? jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHwi;f rSm tenf;qH;k A[dw&m;&H;k wckukd zJ@G pnf;xm;w,f? +y;D awmh jynfe,f k kd k v$wawmfawGuvnf; w&m;&H;k tqifqifuz@GJ pnf;zd@k twGuf tm%mtyfEi;f xm;wmudawG@& f kd h h kd S k r,f? jynfe,fawG[m ud,jfh ynfe,ftajctaeeJ@ udunr&ww&m;&H;k awG zJ@G pnf;xm;wmbJv@kd k k f D _ dS hJ usaemf,qygw,f/ l tck usaemfw@kd aqG;aEG;zd@k u zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'qdi&m w&m;&H;k udpygb? tjcm;EdiiawGrm k kf P J kfH S k kd awmh zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'qdi&mw&m;&H;k eJ@ A[dw&m;&H;k csKyfukd oD;oef@xm;ygw,f? 'Dvo;D oef@ k kf 38
  • 39. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f pDxm;wmu wcgw&Hrmb,fvtr_[m zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'qdi&m w&m;&H;k eJ@qi+f yD;awmh S kd k kf kd b,fvtr_[m A[dw&m;&H;k csKyfe@J qiw,f qdwhJ jyemawGay: Ediygw,f? kd k kd f k kf usaemfar;vdwmu A[dw&m;&H;k csKyfrm jynfe,fo/l jynfe,fom;awGuav;pm;wJh w&m; k k S ol}u;D wOD; &Sae+yq&if tjcm;w&m;&H;k wckukd usaemfw@kd vao;vm;? oD;oef@w&m;&H;k awG&wm[m d D kd kd dS tjcm;aumif;rGewhJ ta=umif;jycsuawG &Saumif;&SEiygw,f? f f d d kd f d w&m;ol}u;D a&G;cs,enf;udawmh jynfe,fawGu tao;pdwjf yXmef;xm;jcif; r&Sygb;l ? rsm;aom f k tm;jzifh tkycsKyfa&;ydi;f eJ@ Oya'jyKwJtydi;f awGu oabmwlnr&,l+yD;awmh w&m;ol}uD;awG f k h k D _ cef@wm usaemfw@kd awG@&rSmjzpfw,f? aemufwcku tqifjh rifw&m;&H;k uae+y;D awmh tqiferw&;kH u h h d hf hJ w&m;ol}u;D awGukd tqifqifcef@tyfom;wmudk awG@&rSmjzpfw,f? zuf'&,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' h h G k (rl=urf;) FCDCC &Jh jynfaxmifpr=l urf;xJrm 0ef}u;D csKyuae+y;D A[dw&m;&H;k csKyf w&m;ol}u;D udk k S f k a&G;cs,+f yD;awmh v$wawmf (2) &yfv;kH u twnfjyK+yD; &G;cs,ygw,f? 'gayrJh tjcm;tqiferwhJ f f h d fh w&m;ol}u;D udk b,fva&G;cs,r,fqwm jyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sygb;l ? ucsijf ynfe,f zJ@G pnf;yHrmvnf; kd f kd d kS xdenf;wlygb? aumfo;l avzJ@G pnf;yHrmawmh tqiferww&m;ol}uD;awGukd b,fva&G;r,f k J k S h d hf hJ kd qdwmudk jyXmef;xm;wm&Sygw,f? u&ifejD ynf zJ@G pnf;yHrmawmh A[dw&m;&H;k csKyf&hJ w&m;ol}u;D udk k d kS k ygvrefuae+yD; a&G;ygw,f? tqiferwhJ w&m;&H;k awGukd b,fvz@JG pnf;rvJ/ w&m;ol}uD;awGukd D h d hf kd b,fva&G;rvJ/ zJ@G pnf;yHqi&m w&m;&H;k xm;rxm;qdwmawmh &Si;f vif;r_r&Sygb;l ? w&m;ol}uD; kd k kd f k d a&G;aumufjcif;eJ@ywfouf+y;D awmh b,fvypba&G;a&G; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; jzpfz@kd u t"dujzpfygw,f? kd kH H J FCDCC &Jy'r (133) eJ@ ucsiy'r (76) udk b,fvtaumiftxnfazmfrmvJ? tu,fI hkf fkf kd S v$wfawmfuaewifvm&if w&m;&Hk;uvufrcHbl;vdk@ajymrSmvm;? w&m;&Hk;uvlrsKd;tay:rSm tajccH+y;D a&G;vd@k / vditay:rSmtajccH+y;D a&G;vd@k qd+k y;D a&G;rSmvm;wJ? usaemfjrifwmu jynfaxmifpk f h tqifrmjzpfjzpf/ jynfe,ftqifrmjzpfjzpf w&m;ol}u;D vpfvyfaewJtcserm trsK;d orD;wOD; (od@k ) hS hS h dfS &Sr;f wdi;f &if;om;wOD;OD;udk 0ef}u;D csKyf (od@k ) orwu a&G;csK,vuwtcserm uJjG ym;jcm;em;r_awGukd k f kd f hJ d f S xif[yfay:vGiapwJtwGuf a&G;cs,yici&w,fv@kd xifygw,f? f h f kd f G hf dS aemuf+yD;awmh w&m;ol}uD;awGud b,foawGuae cef@tyf&r,fvkd a&;xm;+yD;wJaemufrm l h S h kd w&m;ol}u;D &Jh t&nftcsi;f awG[m b,fvjkd zpf&r,fq+kd y;D xnfa&;zd@k vao;vm;? t&nftcsi;f xJ u tawG@t}uHKtenf;qH;k (10) eSpf qdwae&mrSm b,fvtawG@t}uHKrsK;d vJqwm pdwxrm k hJ kd kd f J S &Si;f &Si;f vif;odxm;ygovm;? k kd k kd S S S f S f h kd S f f d zJ@G pnf;yHwi;f vdvrm jynfe,frmtenf;qH;k b,fEpEpaecJw,fqwhJ owfrwcsuu &Sae w,f? usaemfar;csiwmu vlwa,muf[m wki;f jynfajymif;vJz@kd }uKd ;pm;wJtxJrm yg0if+y;D awmh f d h S tjcm;t&nftcsi;f awGvJ jynfpaer,f? owfrwwhJ tenf;qH;k ESpe@J rudunb;l qd&if b,fvkd h kH S f f k f D k pOf;pm;=urvJ qdwmygw? aumfo;l av jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHrmawmh 'Dupe@J ywfouf+y;D wdwusus k J kS dP d jyXmef;xm;ygw,f/ Oyrm — 'kuonfawG/ xdi;f Ediirm cdvaewJoawG/ Ediia&;e,fy,ftoD;oD; Q k k f H S k H_ h l kfH 39
  • 40. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k u jyefvmr,fvawGtwGuf jynfe,fom;b,fvowfrwr,fqwmudk pOf;pm;xm;ygw,f? h l kd S f kd 'DvpOf;pm;csursK;d udk tjcm;jynfe,fawGuvnf;pOf;pm;rdvrr,fv@kd ar#mvifygw,f? kd f d hf f h hJ kd h w&m;ol}u;D &Jh vpm[mvnf; vGwvyfww&m;pD&ifa&;pepfu&zd@k twGuf ta&;}u;D wJtcsuf f jzpfw,f? tcsK@d jynfe,fawGu vpmav#mv@kd r&bl;vd@k wdwususajymxm;w,f? ucsijf ynf h d e,fz@GJ pnf;yHrmqd&if w&m;ol[mjynfe,ft}u;D tuJe@J vpmwlw,fv@kd azmfjyxm;w,f? aumfo;l kS k avrSmqd&if w&m;ol}uD;vpmavsmr&bl;vd@k oabmoufa&mufwhJ jyXmef;csursK;d &SwmawG@ k h f d &r,f? ar;cGe;f u vpmravsmatmif v,fvtpDtpOfawGe@J tumuG,ay;r,f qdwmygb? h kd f k J h w&m;ol}uD;[m tjcm;wm0efwckcukd xrf;aqmifv@kd r&bl;qdwm a,bk,tm;jzifaumif; k k w,f? 'gayrJh 0ifaiG&mwJupe@J ywfoufwuef@owfcsuawG[m vlawGuw&m;ol}u;D jzpfvpwf S h dP hJ f f kd kd d r&Satmif vkyovdrsm;jzpfaervm;? w&m;ol}u;D wa,mufu pmjyw,f/ pma&;w,f/ pmtkyxwf d f k f k w,fq&ifaum r&bl;vm;? w&m;ol}u;D wa,muf[m tazqH;k oGm;vd@k vyief;tarG&r,f qd&if kd kf k aum tJ'vyief;awGukd qufvycir&bl;vm;? 'Dvkd tao;pdwuswtcsuawGukd v$wawmfu D kf k f G hf f hJ f f jyXmef;&ifvnf; jzpfEiygw,f? kd f Sf f k tjcm;jyemawGe@J ,O&if 'DjyemawGu vG,ygao;w,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifp&hJ w&m;pD&ifa&;[m aumif;w,fv@kd vlawGuajym=uayrJh aqG;aEG;jiif;cHrawG t+rJwrf;&Sygw,f? k_ d jrefrmjynfrmvnf;bJ 'Duput+rJwrf;ajymqdk ae=u&rSmygb? S d P kd J ESD;aESmzvS,fyJGodk@wufa&mufvmaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh Oya'ynm&Sifrsm; 40
  • 41. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f jynfe,ftycsKya&; k f f Prof. David C Williams tkycsKyfa&;rSm orwpepfe@J 0ef}u;D csKyfpepfq+kd y;D (2) rsK;d &Sygw,f? f d tkycsKyfa&;rSm wm0ef&oawG[m Oya'jyKjcif;udk raqmif&uf f dS l G =uygb;l // tkycsKyfa&;tm%mudixm;olawG[m olw@kd Eii&hJ f kf kd f H ud,pm;jyKolawGtaeeJ@ Ediiwuma&;&mawGrmvnf; wm0ef k f kfH S ,laqmif&u=f uygw,f? wu,fv@kd wdi;f jynf[m ppfwuz@kd G k kd f wm0ef&vmwJtcgawGrmvnf; tkycsKyfa&;wm0ef&oawGubJ dS h S f dS l 'Dupukd aqmif&uygw,f? dP G f kd kd hJ k f 'Dvq&if orwOD;aqmifwtycsKyfa&;pepfe@J 0ef}u;D csKyf OD; aqmifwhJ pepf (2) rsK;d &SwtxJu b,fpepfaumif;w,fqwm d hJ kd h h Prof. David C Williams =unf&atmif? orweJ@ 0ef}uD;csKyfpepfukd uJjG ym;apwJwmu k f kd f f S orwudk Ediiom;awGu wdu&ua&G;cs,ygw,f? orwpepfrm kfH orw&Joufwrf; (4) ESpjf zpfap/ (8) ESpjf zpfap/ ol&hJ oufwrf;rjynfrcsi;f ol@ujkd zKwfcsv@kd r&ygb;l ? h h 0ef}u;D csKyfuawmh jynfoawGu wdu&ua&G;cs,wmr[kwbe@J v$wawmftrwfawGuae a&G; kd l k f kd f f f J f cs,wmjzpfygw,f? orwpepfe@J oGm;r,fq&if wm0efxrf;aqmifaewJumvrSm orwudk f kd h jzKwfcsv@kd r&yg bl;? f 0ef}uD;csKyfpepfe@J om;r,fq&ifawmh 0ef}uD;csKyfukd jzKwfcscsiw,fq&if ol@oufwrf;ukewhJ G kd f kd tcsetxd apmihz@kd rvdygb;l ? b,ftcserqdk t,Ht=unfr&Stqdwif+yD; jzKwfcsv@kd &ygw,f? d f f k d f k d k 0ef}uD;csKyfrm&Swtm%mwcku ygvrefutcsera&G; zsuor;f Edici&+dS yD; =um;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ S d hJ D kd d f f d k f G hf usi;f ycGi&wmbJ jzpfygw,f? orwrSm tm%mtuke&ygw,f? 0ef}uD;awGukd cef@tyfyicihf tm hf dS f dS kd f G %m&Sygw,f? 0ef}uD;awGu orwcdi;f ovdrvkyb;l qd&if 0ef}uD;awGtm;vH;k udk xkyy,fyicihf d k k f k f kd f G tm%morwrSm &Sygw,f? ygvrefpepfrmusawmh 0ef}u;D csKyfukd ygwawGua&G;&ygw,f? +y;D awmh d D S D tpd;k &zJ@G z@kd vtyfwhJ rJyrm%udk tEdi&ygwwckxu r&bl;qd&if ygwD (2) ygwD (od@k ) (2) ygwxuf kd kf D J k D yd+k yD; pkaygi;f +yD;awmh “!$e@f aygi;f tpd;k &” zJ@G &wmrsK;d awG&ygw,f? dS orwpepfrmawmh tJvr[kwygb;l ? uufbeuftzJ@G 0if0ef}u;D tm;vH;k udk ol@ygw0ifawGubJ S kd f d D kd cef@ygw,f? orwpepf tm;aumif;csuu orwudk jynfoawGu wdu&ua&G;cs,xm;wmjzpfwhJ f l k f kd f f twGuf orwu ay:vpDtrSm;awGcsr&if jynfoawGu orwudwu&uajymcGihf &Sygw,f? d l k kd f kd f d D S pepf (2) ckpvH;k rSm tm;enf;csu/f tm;omcsuawG&=dS uygw,f? ygvrefpepfrmusawmh f jynfoawG[m tkycsKyfa&;tm%mydiawGukd b,faomtcgrS a&G;cs,cir&Sygb;l // Oya'jyKwJh l f kf f G hf d 41
  • 42. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k ygvreftrwfawGubJ a&G;cs,wmjzpfw,f? tJ'D trwfawGuwqifh b,fou0ef}u;D csKyjf zpfoif@ D kd f l w,fqwm xyf+y;D a&G;wmjzpfw,f? kd orwpepfrmawmh orwudjk ynfoawGu wdu&ua&G;cs,wmjzpfovdk v$wawmftrwfawG S l k f kd f f f udk vnf; jynfoawGu wdu&ua&G;cs,wmjzpfygw,f? wcgw&Hrm orw&Jay:vpDawGukd uGef l k f kd f f S h *&ufu oabmrwlv@kd tvkyrjzpfwmawGvnf; &Sygw,f? tck tar&duefrmjzpfaewmudbJ f d S k =unfyg? &Dywfyvpfuifygwu orwvkyae+yD;awmh 'Dru&ufawGu v$wawmfu}kd uD;pd;k aewJh h D f kd f twGutvkyf rjzpfygb;l ? 2008 a&G;aumufyuapmif+h y;D awmh 'Dru&ufwpfygwu orwjzpfvm f GJ kd kd D zd@k ubJ ar#mae=uygw,f// b,fru cifAsm;wd@k Eiie@J oifawmfw,fqwmu cifAsm;wd@k u,wibJ kd f l kd f H h kd kd f dk f qH;k jzwfoifygw,f? h woD;yk~vtcGita&; hf Prof. Susan Williams Prof. Susan Williams jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHawGtm;vH;k [m woD;yk*vtcGita&;eJ@ ywf k ~ hf ouf+yD; awmfawmftajctaeaumif;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? woD;yk*vtcGita&; jyXmef;wJae&mrSm jynfe,fwcke@J wck ~ hf h wlae p&mrvdygb;l ? woD;yk*vtcGita&;udtmrcHxm;wJh k ~ hf k twGua=umifh ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhx;kH pHawG eJ@ udunwy'rawGukd f k f D hJ k f jynfe,fxrmjyXmef;xm;vd@k &ygw,f? jyXmef;+yD;awmh tmrcH J S csu&atmif b,fvvyrvJqwmudk ar;cGe;f awGt&if ar;+yD; f dS kd k f kd awmh wifjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? ar;cGe;f (3) ckar;rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dar;cGe;f awGukd ajzjcif;tm;jzihf zJ@G pnf;yHawGrmb,fvkd ajz&r,f k S qdwmjyifqifEirm jzpfygw,f? k kd f S (1) tcGita&;wckukd tmrcHjyXmef;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh jynfoawGu bmaumif;usK;d awGukd &ovJ? hf l woD;yk*vtcGita&;rSm taygi;f vuQ%maqmifwhJ tcGita&;eJ@ taygi;f vuQ%mqefwhJ ~ hf hf f tcGita&;qd+k yD; tkypk (2) pkcxm;vd@k &w,f? usrwd@k qrm&SwhJ tcGita&;[m tE_wvuQ%m hf f GJ DS d hf qefwtcGita&;qd&if tjyifuvlwa,mufa,muf Oyrm — tm%mydiawGuvm+yD; csK;d hJ hf k kf azmuf vd@k r&ygb;l ? tJvkd usrwd@k e@J tu|r;f w0if&wtcGita&;awG[m tEkwvuQ%mqefwhJ dS hJ hf f tcGita&;awGbJ jzpfw,f? Oyrm — vGwvyfpmajymqdcitcGita&;[m olrsm;ajymrSr[kwf hf f G k G hf hf bl;/ tJ'D tcGita&;[m ol@[mol&ae+yD;om; jzpfw,f? hf dS 42
  • 43. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f 'gayrJh wcsK@d tcGita&;awGu taygi;f vuQ%mqefwtcGita&;xJrm ygygw,f? taygi;f hf hJ hf S vuQ%mqefwhJ tcGita&;awGu awmif;qdr&wJh tcGita&;awGjzpfw,f? Oyrm — ynmoif hf kS hf =um;cGihf jzpfw,f? 'DtcGita&;[m ol@[mol&aewmawmh r[kwb;l ? 'gayrJh tpd;k &qDrm awmif; hf dS f S qd&if&EdiwtcGita&; jzpfw,f? aemufxyftaygi;f vuQ%mqefwtcGita&;wcku use;f rm k k f hJ hf hJ hf a&;tcGita&;jzpfw,f? use;f rma&;tcGita&; &Sw,fv@kd ajymwJtcgrS aq;&H/k aq;ay;cef;awGzihf hf hf d h G ay;zd@k tpd;k &udawmif;qdr&EdiwtcGita&; jzpfw,f? k k S k f hJ hf tckwufvmwJvawGxrm Ediiwumvl@tcGita&;qdi&m yÉdnOfpmwrf;awGe@J tu|r;f h l J S kfH hf kf S ~ hf k h S 0ifwvl &SEiw,f? 'Dpmwrf;awGrm woD;yk*vtcGita&;udazmfjywJtcgrm rsK;d quf (3) ckqkd hJ d kd f +yD;awmh wifpm;+yD;azmfjyxm;wmawG &Sw,f? d (1) yxrrsKd;quftcGifhta&;tkyfpku tEkwfvuQ%mqefwJh tcGifhta&;tkyfpkxJrSm&Sdw,f? hf d _fS hf k hJ vl@tcGita&;&&Sz@kd pwifvy&m;uwnf;u 'DtcGita&;awGukd awmif;qdcwmjzpfw,f? (2) 'kw,rsK;d quf tcGita&;tkypusawmh taygi;f vuQ%mqefwtcGita&;tkypk jzpfw,f? d hf fk hJ hf f J S _ hf 'DtcGita&;awGxrm rsm;aomtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;tcGita&;awGyg0if+yD;awmh vl@ hf tcGita&;v_y&m;olawG 'kw,v_y&m;wmif;qdwhJ tcGita&;awG jzpfw,f? hf fS d fS k hf hf k f k kd f (3) wwd,rsK;d quf vl@tcGita&;v_y&m;wJtcgusawmh ,Ofaus;r_tcGia&;/ vltype@J qiwhJ hf fS h tcGita&;awGukd v_y&m;awmif;qdvm=uw,f? hf fS k 'gayrJh usrwd@k em;vnfxm;&rSmu taygi;f vuQ%mqefwtcGita&;awG&ovd/k tE_wf hJ hf dS d fk hf vuQ%mqefwhJ tcGita&;awGvnf; &Sw,f? ESpcpvH;k oabmoufa&mufwhJ tcGita&;awG hf vnf;&Sygw,f? Oyrm — ckeuajymwJh tE_wvuQ%mqefwhJ tcGita&;[m omreftm;jzifh d f hf tekwvuQ%mqefwhJ tcGita&;vd@k em;vnf=uw,f? 'gayrJh usrwd@k qrm&Sxm;+yD;om; tcGihf f hf DS d ta&;awGjzpfw,f? tpd;k &uvm+yD;awmh csK;d azmufaESmuf,uywyifv@kd r&wJh tcGita&;jzpf S f d f hf w,f? 'gayrJh 'DtcGita&;udk vufawG@rmusawmh taygi;f vuQ%mqefwhJ tcGita&;vd@k vnf; hf S hf J kd hf H kf f ,lqvd@k &w,f? bmjzpfv@kd vqawmh 'DtcGita&;udk vufawG@cpm;Ediz@kd twGuu tpd;k &u 'D tcGita&;udk zefw;D ay;rSomv#i&Ediv@kd bjJ zpfw,f? 'ga=umifr@kd v@kd taygi;f vuQ%mqefwhJ hf f kf h tcGita&;oabmrsK;d oufa&mufom;jyefw,f? qdawmh usaemfw@kd [m tmrcHz@kd twGuz@GJ pnf;yHk hf G k f xJrmjyXmef;awmhr,fq&if ar;p&m&Svmwmu 'DtcGita&;udk tEkwvuQ%mqefwtcGihf S kd d hf f hJ ta&;vd@k bJ owfrwrmvm;/ taygi;f vuQ%mqefwhJ tcGita&;rsK;d taeeJ@ umuG,jf yXmef;ay; S fS hf rSmvm; qd+k yD;awmh ar;zd@k &ygw,f? dS (2) tcGita&;vd@k qdwtcserm 'DtcGita&;[m b,fo@l qDu&xm;wJtcGita&;vJ? hf k hJ d f S hf h hf kd hf k d f vGwvyfpmajymqdyici&r,fq&if tpd;k &uae+yD;awmh 'DtcGita&;udywv@kd wm;vd@k r& f G k kd f G hf dS ygb;l ? qdvwmu tkycsKyfwtpd;k &[m jynfoawGuumuG,ay;&r,f? Ediiom;awG&hJ tcGihf k kd f hJ l kd f kfH 43
  • 44. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k ta&;awGukd csK;d azmufv@kd r&ygb;l ? jynfotcsi;f csi;f awGuvnf; csK;d azmufv@kd r&ygb;l ? qdvwm l k kd u tvky&iutvkyorm;&JtcGita&;awGukd csK;d azmufv@kd r&ygb;l ? tJ'awmhpOf;pm;zd@k vdwmu fSf f h hf D k zJ@G pnf;yHrmjyXmef;xm;wJh tcGita&;awG[m tpd;k &&Jv@l tcGita&;csK;d azmufw&efu umuG,z@kd kS hf h hf hJ f wifrubJe@J jynfotcsi;f csi;f jyef+yD;csK;d azmufw&efu umuG,ay;Ediz@kd vnf;vdygw,f? l hJ f kf k (3) tcGita&;awGukd jyXmef;wJtcserm tpd;k &uuef@owfr,fq&if b,fvtcGita&;rsK;d udk hf h dfS kd kd hf uef@owf cGiay;rvJ qdwar;cGe;bJjzpfygw,f? hf k hJ f hf dS hf zJ@G pnf;yHxu wcsK@d tcGita&;[m uef@owfv@kd r&wJh tjynft0cHpm;cGi&whJ tcGita&;awG k J hf h jzpfw,f? Oyrm - vlrqefpm!Si;f yef;ESypufru uif;vGwcijhf zpfw,f? 'gayrJh tcGita&;trsm;pk G df _ fG hf [m c|i;f csu&whJ xm;vd@k &wJtcGita&;awG jzpfw,f? wcsK@d bmoma&;usipOfawG[m vlxk f dS h hf hf use;f rma&;udk xdcuapEdiwvy&yfrsK;d awG jzpfEiw,f? qdawmh zJ@G pnf;yHawGxrm vGwvyfpm kd f k f hJ k f kd f k k JS f G ud;k uG,,=kH unfcihf tcGita&;awGukd tmrcHxm;ayrJvnf; bmoma&;a=umifh vlxuxcuap f G hf h k kd d kd f Ediw,fq&if tajctaeawGukd =unf+h yD;bmoma&;vGwvyfciawGukd uef@owfxm;wmudk kf kd f G hf awG@&rSmjzpfw,f? f G k G hf aemuf Oyrmwcku vGwvyfpmajymqdcijhf zpfw,f? 'gayrJh vGwvyfpmajymqdciukd toH;k jyK+y;D f G kG awmh vlwOD;wa,muf&toa&udk zsuv@kd r&ygb;l ? 'ga=umifh wdi;f jynftrsm;pku vGwvyfpm hJ f k f G ajymqdciukd jyef+yD;awmhuef@owfxm;wmjzpfw,f? k G hf ~ hf h 'ga=umifh woD;yk*vtcGita&;awGukd jyXmef;wJtae&m 'Dar;cGe;f oH;k ckukd tajccHpOf;pm;+yD; jyXmef;r,fq&if trsm;}u;D taxmuftuljzpfygvrr,f? zJ@G pnf;yHxrm tcGita&;awGukd tao; kd d hf k JS hf pdwfjyXmef;Edkifavav w&m;ol}uD;awG&JhvkyfydkifcGifhawGudk uef@owfEdkifavavjzpfygvdrfhr,f? a,bk,bJ jyXmef;r,fq&if w&m;ol}uD;awGukd tm%myday;xm;ovdbjJ zpfw,f? kd k k usm;§r wef;wla&; Prof. Susan Williams zJ@G pnf;yHxrm usm;§r wef;wla&;udjk yXmef;zd@k pOf;pm;wJtcgrm rsm;aomtm;jzifh wef;wla&; k JS h S qdwhJ acgi;f pOfatmufrm pOf;pm;avh&w,f? 'gayrJh usm;§r wef;wla&;[m wef;wla&;acgi;f pOf k S dS wckwnf;atmufrmr[kwbe@J zJ@G pnf;yHwckv;kH udk tusK;d oufa&mufr&whJ u¾wckjzpfw,f? S f J k _ dS zJ@G pnf;yHxu tcGita&;acgi;f pOfatmufrm=unf&if wef;wla&;vnf;ygwmudk awG@&rSmjzpfw,f? k J hf S h rdom;pkqi&mtcGita&;awGrmvnf; vifr,m;uGm&Si;f wJae&mrSm usm;§r wef;wla&;udk kd f hf S h pOf;pm;zd@k vygw,f? rsK;d yGm;a&;udprmvnf; usm;§r wef;wla&;udk pOf;pm;zd@k vygw,f? tvkyf kd P S kd vkyuicirmvnf; usm;§r wef;wla&;udk pOf;pm;zd@k vygw,f? ynma&;/ use;f rma&;tcGita&; f kd f G hf S kd hf 44
  • 45. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f awGrmvnf; usm;§r wef;wla&;udk pOf;pm;zd@k vygw,f? 'D tcGita&;trsm;}uD;[m usm;§r S kd hf wef;wla&;eJ@ oufqiaeygw,f? tpd;k &tzJ@G ukd zJ@G pnf;wJae&mrSmvnf; usm;§r wef;wla&;tay: kd f h tusK;d oufa&mufr_ &SwtwGuf 'Dtcsuukd pOf;pm;zd@k vygw,f? usm;§r wef;wla&;0ef}uD;Xme d hJ f kd G zGi+hf y;D }u;D =uyfay;vd@k vnf; &ygw,f? FCDCC (Draft) rSm cJwef;pepfo;kH +y;D usm;§r wef;wla&;udk tmrcHxm;ygw,f? a&G;aumufyrmvnf; tcsKd ;usu,pm;jyKr_ (Proportional Representative) GJ S kd f pepfukd toH;k jyKjcif;jzifh wef;wlrazmfaqmifa&;udk taxmuftuljyKEdiygw,f? _ kf Ediiawmf ta&;ay:tajctaea=ujimjcif; kfH Prof. Susan Williams jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'awGxrm pOf;pm;zd@k vwmu ta&;ay:tajctaeeJ@a=ujimcGihf k JS kd eJ@ywfouf+y;D jyXmef;zd@k vrvdk pOf;pm;zd@k jzpfw,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHrmawmh ta&;ay: kd k kS tajctaeeJ@ywfouf+yD; tus,w0ifjh yXmef;xm;wmr&Sygb;l ? 'ga=umifh ta&;ay:tajctae f d a&mufvm&if v$wawmfuae jyXmef;ay;wJtwdi;f vduemaqmif&uavh&w,f? f h k k f G f dS rwnf+idrrukd jzwfoef;cJ&wJh wdi;f jynfawGa&m/ zH@G +zdK;+yD;wdi;f jynfawGrma&m olw@kd &hJ zJ@G pnf;yHk f_ h k k S awGrm ta&;ay:tajctaeawGukd jyXmef;xm;avh&w,f? Oyrm — awmiftar&duEdiiawGrm S dS kfH S vnf; ta&;ay:tajcaeeJ@ywfouf+y;D awmh jyXmef;xm;wmr&Sb;l ? rwnf+irrawG/ tm%modr;f d df_ r_awG t+rJwrf;vdv&aewJtwGua=umifr@kd v@kd jynfoawGuvnf; zJ@G pnf;yHut,Ht=unf r&Sd k kd dS h f h l k kd k =ubl;? 'ga=umifh wdi;f jynftajymif;tvJjzpf+y;D wJtcgrm ta&;ay:tajctaeudk xnfoi;f jyXmef; k h S h G vm=uw,f? kd ta&;ay:tajctaeeJ@ywfouf+y;D jyXmef;zd@k twGuf tajctae (2) &yfukd pOf;pm;zd@k vygw,f? xnfoi;f jyXmef;r,fq&if tpd;k &&JtvGo;kH pm;vkyrukd pd;k &dr&r,f? tpd;k &[m zJ@G pnf;yHuay;tyf h G kd h J f_ f k xm;wJh tm%mxuf/ tm%mpufukd cs@J xiwmrsK;d awGjzpfvmEdiw,f? 'Dp;kd &rfr[m oabmw&m; Gf kf _ tqifr[kwygb;l ? vufawG@t+rJwrf;vdvjkd zpfaewJh tajctaersK;d jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh ta&;ay: h f k tajctaeudk jyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Svnf; tpd;k &tm%mtvJo;kH pm;vkywm/ tm%modr;f wm d G f awGu jzpfaewmygb? thvkd vkywmawG[m zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk tpd;k &ucsK;d azmufwm J J f k jzpfwtwGua=umifh vlxawGuzJ@G pnf;yHukd ,H=k unfrenf;oGm;wmrsK;d awG jzpfvmEdiygw,f? hJ f k k _ kf jynfe,fawGu ta&;ay:tajctaeudk jyXmef;zd@k vtyfw,fv@kd ,q&if tpd;k &tm%mtvJo;kH kd l G pm;vkyr_ tenf;qH;k jzpfatmif xde;f csKyfxm;wJjh yXmef;csuawG jyXmef;vd@k &ygw,f? f f 45
  • 46. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k zuf'&,fzpnf;yHtajccHOya' (FCDCC) rl=urf;tay:aqG;aEG;=ujcif; @GJ k Prof. David C. Williams jynfe,f (7) cku zJ@G pnf;yHawG[m tcGita&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; k hf jyXmef;wJae&mrSm wlnrr&S=d ubl; qdwmawG@&rSmyg? 'g[m h D _ k jyemr[kwygb;l ? aumif;wJh vuQ%mygb? f J FCDCC (rl=urf;) tcef; (5)/ yk'r (106) udk =unf&if f h jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'[m jynfaxmifpwckv;kH tay: k k k rSm v$r;f rd;k &r,fv@kd azmfjyxm;wmawG@&rSm jzpfw,f? qdvwmu k kd jynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ@ jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'wduqirr&Sv@kd yÉdyuQjzpf&if jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHtajccH k f kd f _ d k k Oya'uyJ tEdi&rSmjzpfygw,f? yk'r (26) OpPmypPn;f ydiqiciukd kf f k f kd f G hf Prof. David C. Williams =unfyg? Armjynf&ordi;udk jyef=unfr,fq&if tpd;&[mjynfol h hJ k f h kd k awG&hJ OpPmypPn;f odr;f yduwmawGukd awG@&rSmjzpfw,f? odr;f yducH k f k f xm;&wJh a'ocHjynfolawG&Jh ypPnf;awGudk jyef+yD;a0iSEdkifp&m ta=umif;&Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh todr;f cHxm;&wmu umv=umaeyg+yD? tck FCDCC rl=urf;rSmawmh OpPmypPn;f rw&m; todr;f cH&wJh tajctaeuae umuG,xm;ygw,f? jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHrm jyXmef;xm;wJh f k k S tm%mjzpfayrJh 'Dtodr;f cHxm;wJypPn;f awGukd jyefa0r,fq&if jynfe,ftpd;k &rSm vGwvyf h kd f pGmvkyaqmifyici&&rSmjzpfw,f? bmjzpfvqawmh a'ocHjynfoawG&hJ udpukd jynfe,fawGu f kd f G hf dS J kd l P yd+k yD;odaewJtwGua=umifbJ jzpfygw,f? h f h tm%mcJGa0jcif; FCDCC rl=urf; yk'r (2) rSm tzJ@G 0ifjynfe,fawGu ud,yijf yXmef;cGi&&r,fv@kd azmfjyxm;yg f k f kd hf dS w,f? 'g[m aumif;wJtcsuygb? 'gayrJh jynfe,fawGu bmtm%mawG&oifw,fqwmudk h f J dS h kd awmh bmrSazmfrjyxm;ygb;l ? yk'r (49) eJ@ (50) udk xyf=unfyg? yk'r (50) rSmazmfjyxm;wmu f h f jynfe,fawG[m Oya'jyKydici/hf tkycsKyfyici/hf w&m;pD&ifyicihf awGay;xm;ygw,f? wu,f kfG f kd f G kd f G aumif;wJh tcsuygb? zJ@G pnf;yHawGa&;wJtcgrm b,ftm%mawGukd jynfaxmifpu ,loifovJ/ f J k h S k h b,ftm%mawGusawmh jynfe,fu,loifovJqwmudk aocsmavhvm qH;k jzwfoifygw,f? h kd h yk'r (100)/ (101)/ (105) awGu=kd unfyg? yk'r (100) rSmawmh jynfaxmifpubJvyyici&whJ f h f k k f kd f G hf dS tm%mawGukd azmfjyxm;ygw,f? yk'r (101) usawmh jynfe,fa&m/ jynfaxmifpa&m xyfwl f k Oya'jyKEdiwtm%mawGukd azmfjyxm;ygw,f? yk'r (105) rSmawmh jynfe,fubJ jyKydici&whJ k f hJ f k f G hf dS 46
  • 47. jynfe,frsm;zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qJa&;ES;D aESmzvS,yrwwrf; k G f GJ S f tm%mawGukd azmfjyxm;ygw,f? yk'r (106) rSmusawmh jynfe,fe@J jynfaxmifpu Oya'jyKa&; f k rSm yÉdyuQ&vm&if jynfaxmifput+rJEiw,fv@kd azmfjyxm;ygw,f? Oyrm - yk'r (11-8) rSm dS k kd f f a'oqdi&m a&'D,Ei&yjf rifo=H um;xkwvia&;vkyief;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygw,f? u&ifz@GJ pnf;yHrm kf kd S hf k f G hf f kS usawmh a&'D,ei&yjf rifo=H um;awGukd u&ifbmomeJ@bxwviz@kd a&;xm;ygw,f? 'Dtajctae kd S hf k J k f $ hf kd k df rSm jynfaxmifpu jrefrmbmomeJ@bxwviz@kd jyXmef;r,fq&if jynfaxmifpubJ tEki&rSm k J k f G hf jzpfygw,f? yk'r (101- 14) ud=k unfyg? &mZ0wfOya'ESihf w&m;rusix;kH Oya'rsm;qd+k yD; jyXmef;xm; f h hf ygw,f? jynfe,frm jynfaxmifpppfom;awG[m bmudpa=umifbjJ zpfjzpf vlowfcir&Sb;l vd@k S k P h G hf d jyXmef;xm;ayrJh jynfaxmifprmusawmh ppfom;awG[m jynfaxmifpv;kH +cHKa&;twGujf zpfap k S k ta=umif;wckctwGuf vlowfyici&w,fv@kd azmfjyxm;&ifawmif jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHubJ k kd f G hf dS k k tEdi&rSmjzpfw,f? usaemfom jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHa&;qJojl zpfr,fq&if yk'r (101) [m tifrwefrS kf k G kd f pd;k &drz@kd aumif;wJy'r jzpfaeygvrr,f? bmjzpfvqawmh jynfe,fawG[m ud,yifjyXmef;cGihf f h k f d hf J kd k f kd tjynft0&Sonfv@kd tmrcHxm;aomfvnf; jynfaxmifprl yk'r (101) jyXmef;xm;wJh twdi;f qd&if h d k f k k jynfe,fawGrm bmrSr&Soavmufygw? yk'r (104) rSmusawmh c|i;f csuoabmrsK;d jyXmef;xm;yg S d J f f kd f f HS _ S w,f? jynfaxmifpu obm0o,HZmw/ pGr;f tife@J EiijH cm;&if;ES;D jrSyErw@kd rm Oya'jyXmef;r,f k qd&if jynfe,fuoabmwl+y;D rSbJ Oya'utwnfjzpfw,fv@kd azmfjyxm;vd@k yg? usewae&mawG k f hJ rSmawmh jynfaxmifp[m jynfe,f&oabmwlnrukd ,lp&mrvdbJ vkycsiwmvkyv@kd &wJh oabm k hJ D_ k f f f rSm&Sygw,f? 'Dvjkd ynfe,fawGtwGuf tm%mr&SoavmufjzpfaewJ@ jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yH[m d d k k jynfe,fojl ynfe,fom;awGvcsiwypH jzpfaumif;jzpfEiygw,f? usaemftaeeJ@ bmrS=um;uae kd f hJ kH kd f h 0ifrajymoifhygbl;? t}uHwckay;csifwmu jynfe,fawGudk 'Dxufydk+yD; tmrcHcsufay;EdkifwJh enf;pepfawG/ yHpawG&ygao;w,fqwmygb? k H dS kd J S jynfaxmifpOya'jyKcGitm%mawGukd azmfjyxm;+yD; usewtm%mtm;vH;k jynfe,frm k hf f hJ &Sw,fv@kd azmfjyxm;wma,bk,tm;jzifh aumif;ygw,f? 'gayrJh tm%mb,favmufuseovJ d f qdwtay:rSmbJ rlwnfyg w,f? yk'r (100) udk =unfr,fq&if jynfaxmifpvyyicitm%mudk k hJ f h kd k k f kd f G hf azmfjyxm;wm (22) ck&ygw,f? 'Dtm%mawG b,favmuf}u;D rm;us,jf yef@w,fqwm vufawG@ dS kd toH;k jyKwhJ tcgrom &kyv;kH ay:vmygvrr,f? aemuf+y;D awmh 'Dtm%m (22) rsK;d udk b,foawGu S f d hf l b,fvkd t"dym,fziovJqwtay:rSmvnf; rlwnfaeygw,f? rsm;aomtmjzifh zJ@G pnf;yHawGukd ` G hf kd hJ k t"dym,fziwae&mrSm }uD;}uD;us,us,ziwtwGuf tm%m[m xifwmxufy}kd uD;xGm; ` G hf hJ f f G hf hJ oGm;wwfygw,f? usaemfa&m w&m;ol}uD;a&m owfrwxm;wmu jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHubJ S f k k tm%mydrsm;+yD; tm;omaeygw,f? k 'DjyemawGudk a&Smif&Sm;EdkifwJhtjcm;enf;vrf;awG &Sdygw,f? jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;yHkrSm k jynfe,fawGvyyiciawGubjJ yXmef;+yD;awmh usewtm%mawGukd jynfaxmifpukd ay;vnf;& k f kd f G hf kd f hJ ygw,f? wwd,wenf;u b,fOya'udjk yKjyK jynfe,fa&m jynfaxmifpuyg oabmwlrS twnf k 47
  • 48. zJŒG pnf;yHtajccHOya'a&;&maumfrwD (ENC/CAC) k jzpfr,fqwhJ enf;ygb? FCDCC yk'r (104) u wwd,enf;vrf;eJ@ udunaeygw,f? 'gayrJh kd J f k f D Oya'jyKtm%m oH;k / av;ckavmufubJ abmifcwfxm;ygw,f? kd 'Dwwd,enf;vrf;u aumif;vm;vd@k ar;&if udpwcsK@d twGuaumif;w,fv@kd ajz&rSmygb? P f J kd d P Oyrm — rGejf ynfe,frm e,luvD;,m;j'yfaygi;f zdk aqmufr,fqygq@kd ? 'Dupu rGejf ynfe,fol S jynfe,fom;awG oabmwlrvyoifwhJ udpjP zpfw,f? S kf h wwd,enf;vrf;u wcsK@d upawGrm aumif;w,fqayrJh tm;enf;csuawGawmh &Sygw,f? d P S kd f d qHk;jzwfcsufcszdk@vdktyfwJhtcsdefrSm tpdk;&wckckuuyfae&if tvkyfrjzpfawmhygbl;? 'gayrJh 'D enf;vrf;[m jynfaxmifpuvkycsiwi;f vkyv@kd r&atmif uef@owfxm;wJenf;vrf;jzpfovdk k f f kd f h wcsexrmbJ jynfe,fawGvJ vkycsiwi;f vkyv@kd ra&atmif jynfaxmifputm%may;xm;wJh df JS f f kd f k kd enf;vrf;yg? pwkwenf;vrf;uawmh zJ@G pnf;yHjk yemjzpfvm&if w&m;&H;k udk qH;k jzwfci;f wJenf;yg? Oyrm ˆ kd h kf h k kf — use;f rma&;udpyg? use;f rma&;tm%mudk jynfe,fuudioifovm;/ jynfaxmifpuudioifh P ovm;/ w&m;&H;k udk qH;k jzwfci;f wJenf;yg? 'Denf;vrf;u a,bk,qefve;f ygw,f? b,fol tm%m kd h G &rvJqwm }uKd rodEiygb;l ? w&m;&H;k udk tm%may;xm;wJh twGua=umifh w&m;&H;k uoifawmf kd kd f f h ovdk qH;k jzwfEiygw,f? kd f cifAsm;wd@k xifxm;wmu b,ftm%mawGu jynfaxmifptm%m/ b,ftm%mawGu k jynfe,ftm%mvd@k azmfjyxm;&if&i;f oGm;wmbJv@kd wGuxm;=uw,f? 'gayrJh jynfaxmifppepfu S f k h d t+rwrf;&_yaxG; aeygw,f? qufE,aewJae&m/ xyfwjl yKaewJae&mawGu &Saeygw,f? jyem J f G f h wufvm&if b,fv&i;f rvJ/ b,foEirvJqwmudk }udKpOf;pm;zd@k vygw,f? dk S l kd f kd kd 48