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PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE:
Towards Federal Union of Burma
[Series No. 9]
_idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkŒ
(pmpOftrSwf = 9)

jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
1962 azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@wGif
&efukef+rdK@jynfvrf;toHv$ifh&Hkcrf;rwGif usif;yaom
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@rS wifoGif;onfh “jynfaxmifpkppfppf rl” ESifh
ywfoufonfhaqG;aEG;yJGESifh 1962 rwfv (1) &ufae@wGif ,if; “rl” tay:
wkef@jyefaqG;aEG;csufrsm;rSwfwrf;

a'guwm qvdi;vsere; qmacgi;
f
kf f _ f
f
(Lian H. Sakhong)

ESihf
pdi;arm (ef)
kf
pkaqmif;wifjyonf?
Typesetting & Design:
Sai Mawn (UNLD-LA)

With generous financial support from:
National Reconciliation Program (NRP)

UNLD Press
Chiang Mai, Thailand
2005
rmwdum
xkwa0ol.ed'ge;f .................................................................................... 5
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tcef; (1)
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crf;raqmifY usi;f yaomaqG;aEG;yJtpDtpOf .......................................... 17
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tcef; (2)
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tcef; (3)
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udk &Sr;f jynfe,fOuUX p0fcecsKd rS wifoi;f jcif; ......................................... 25
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tcef; (4)
ucsijf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f 'l0gaZmfve;f .aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ................ 33
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aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ................................................................................. 38
tcef; (6)
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aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ................................................................................. 42
tcef; (7)
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zqyvtzJ@G csKyf OuUX OD;AaqG. aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf .......................... 103
jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

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jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

pyfxm;onf twkta,mifjynfaxmifp}k u;D jzpfvmcJ&ygonf? xd@k a=umifh
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AdvcsKyfatmifqef;vky}f uHc+H yD;aemuf a&;qJjG yXmef;cJaom “1947 EdiiH
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ygonf?
yxrtm;enf;csurm — jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if jynfe,frsm;udk ud,yif
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jyXmef;cGihf tjynft0ray;cJjh cif; yifjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh 1947 ck EdiiH
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tjynfta0r&Sc&omru jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm;udvnf; oD;
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jcm;a&;qJjG yXmef;ydicihf r&&Sc=hJ uay? xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynf
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'kw,tm;enf;csurm — jynfaxmifppepft& jynfaxmifpvwf
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cGi&aom jynfe,frsm;udtajccHI zJ@G pnf;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; Armwdi;f &if;
hf dS
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jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

. udvee,fy,fb0od@k usqif;apcJ&omru ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;twdi;f “Arm
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Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk ppfreaomjynfaxmifppepfjzifh jyif
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csursm;udk ArmEdiia&;ygwrsm;u wke@f jyefaqG;aEG;Edi&eftwGuf ES;D aESm
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k f G h

8
jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G . wifjycsuEihf yrnw ESihf zqyvwd@k .
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(4) csurm —
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(2) v$wawmf (2) &yfukd tm%mwlay;a&;/
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jynfe,frsm;tm; Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycsKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;
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(Federal — States Relations) udk OD;pm;ay;&rnftpm; jynfe,frsm;
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9
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13
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24
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ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)
ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)

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လူထုဦးလွ   လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦးလူထုဦးလွ   လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
လူထုဦးလွ လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦးဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိးလူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိးဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း   အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလားလူထုစိန္၀င္း   အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလားဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္းရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ  (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ  (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္းျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 

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လူထုဦးလွ   လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦးလူထုဦးလွ   လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
လူထုဦးလွ လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
 
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
လူထုဦးလွ   စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္လူထုဦးလွ   စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
 
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိးလူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
 
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း   အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလားလူထုစိန္၀င္း   အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
 
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
 
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္းရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
 
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ  (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ  (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
 
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္းျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
 

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ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၉)

  • 1. PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE: Towards Federal Union of Burma [Series No. 9] _idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkŒ (pmpOftrSwf = 9) jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl 1962 azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdK@jynfvrf;toHv$ifh&Hkcrf;rwGif usif;yaom jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@rS wifoGif;onfh “jynfaxmifpkppfppf rl” ESifh ywfoufonfhaqG;aEG;yJGESifh 1962 rwfv (1) &ufae@wGif ,if; “rl” tay: wkef@jyefaqG;aEG;csufrsm;rSwfwrf; a'guwm qvdi;vsere; qmacgi; f kf f _ f f (Lian H. Sakhong) ESihf pdi;arm (ef) kf pkaqmif;wifjyonf?
  • 2. Typesetting & Design: Sai Mawn (UNLD-LA) With generous financial support from: National Reconciliation Program (NRP) UNLD Press Chiang Mai, Thailand 2005
  • 3. rmwdum xkwa0ol.ed'ge;f .................................................................................... 5 f tydi; (1) kf jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@rSwifoGif;aom jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl tcef; (1) 1962 azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdK@jynfvrf;toHv$ifh&Hk crf;raqmifY usi;f yaomaqG;aEG;yJtpDtpOf .......................................... 17 G tcef; (2) Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek.tzGire@f ce;f ................................................. 19 kfH hf d G tcef; (3) jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@rSwifoGif;aom “jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl” udk &Sr;f jynfe,fOuUX p0fcecsKd rS wifoi;f jcif; ......................................... 25 Gf G tcef; (4) ucsijf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f 'l0gaZmfve;f .aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ................ 33 kd f G tcef; (5) csif;txl;0daoowdkif;udk,fpm;vS,f uy`wdefref;wHkEHk;. aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ................................................................................. 38 tcef; (6) &Srf;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;) . aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ................................................................................. 42 tcef; (7) u,m;jynfe,fu,pm;vS,f OD;pde.aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ....................... 62 kd f f
  • 4. tydkif; (2) jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G rS wifoi;aom “jynfaxmifpppfppfr” G f Gf k l tay: ArmEdiia&;ygwrsm;. wke@f jyefcsursm; kfH D f tcef; (8) 1962 rwfv (1) &ufae@wif usi;f yaomaqG;aEG;yJtpDtpOfEihf G G S Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKyO;D Ek. tzGitrSmpum; ........................................ 71 kfH f hf tcef; (9) yrnwOuUX ocifcsparmif. aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ............................. 73 f tcef; (10) zqyvtzJ@G csKyf OuUX OD;AaqG. aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf .......................... 103
  • 5. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl xkwa0ol. ed'gef; f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiukd 1947 ckEpf azaz:0g&v (12) &ufae@wif csKyfqkd kfH S D G cJaom “yifvpmcsKyf” tay:tajccHI zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfygonf? h kH “yifvpmcsKyf” oabmwlncsursm;.tESpom&udk avhvmqef;ppfygu kH D f f tcsu}f uD;oH;k csutay: tajccHa=umif;awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;wd@k rm— f S (1) wef;wla&; (2) ud,yijf yXmef;cGi&&Sa&; k f kd hf d (3) cJxuvu vGwvyfpmjzifh jynfaxmifpxrcxuci&&Sa&; G G f kd f G k H S GJ G f G hf d wd@k yif jzpfygonf? yifvHkpmcsKyfoabmwlnDcsufrsm;tay:tajccHI topfzJG@pnf;xl axmifrnfh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiawmfopf}uD;. zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccH kfH f kH Oya'vrf;!Gerl (7) csuukd AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u wdi;f jyKjynfjyKv$wawmf f f k f f k f wGitqdwifoi;f axmufcr_ &&Scygonf? xdvrf;!Gerl (7) &yfonf jynf f k G H d hJ k f axmifpjk refrmEdii. tajccHtusq;kH aom vrf;!Geryifjzpfonf? ‚if;wd@k rm kfH fl S (1) tcsKytjcmtm%mydionf zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyytajccHOya'jzpfap&rnf? f kf f f kH (2) ud,yitycsKyfa&;tm%mtjynft0&Saom jynfe,frsm;jzifh wef;wl k f kd f k f h d &nfwz@GJ pnf;onfh jynfaxmifpjk zpfap&rnf? l (3) Ediiawmf.tm%mrsm;onf jynfovxxrS qif;oufap&rnf? kfH l l k H (4) Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra&;e,fy,frsm;wGif vlrsKd ;ra&G;/ bmomra&G; kfH _ wef;wlnr#r_ &Sap&rnf? D d (5) jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;twGi;f &Sd vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGita&; k hf rsm;udtjynft0 umuG,jf yXmef;ay;&rnf? k h (6) jynfaxmifpwnfwci+f ra&;ESihf tcsKyftjcmtm%mpd;k rd;k a&;udk Oya' k hH kd J t& xde;f odr;f apmifa&Smuf&rnf? h 5
  • 6. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom (7) urBmEiirsm;ESihf &ifabmifwef;vduEi&ef}udK;pm;+yD; EdiiwumESihf h kd f H k f kd f kfH +idr;f csr;f pGm qufqa&;rlukd usio;kH &rnf [laomtcsursm;yifjzpf H hf f ygonf? xdktajccHvrf;!Gefrltwddkif; jynfaxmifpk}uD;udkzJG@pnf;cJhygu jynf axmifpukd wef;wlaom jynfe,frsm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ xdo@kd wef;wl k k aom jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,fwi;f udk ud,yijf yXmef;cGitm%mt k kd k f kd hf jynft0 tyfEi;f xm;&rnfjzpfygonf? qdvonfrm — jynfaxmifptzJ@G h S k kd S k 0ifjynfe,frsm;udk Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycsKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&; f tm%mrsm; tjynft0tyfEi;f +yD;/ xdEiia&;tm%mrsm;udk w&m;Oya' h S k kd f H ESitnD vGwvyfpmusio;kH taumiftxnfazmfEi&eftwGuf jynfe,f hf f G hf kd f zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm;udk jynfe,ftoD;oD;twGuf vGwvyfpma&;qJG k f G jyXmef;ap&rnftjyif jynfe,fvwawmf/ jynfe,fw&m;pD&ifciEihf jynf h $ f G hf S e,ftycsKyfa&;aumifprsm;udk vGwvyfpmzJ@G pnf;xlaxmifcihf &&Sap&rnf kf D f G G d jzpfygonf? od@k rom ud,yijf yXmef;cGitjynft0&Saom jynfe,frsm;udk S k f kd hf h d tajccHI zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifonfh “jynfaxmifp” [laomtESpom& ay: k f vGixif&m;Edirnf jzpfygonf? f S kf xd@k tjyif jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0iftrsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm; wef;wlnwy;l k D l aygi;f I jynfaxmifpvwawmfukd zJ@G pnf;aomtcg jynfaxmifpvwawmf k $ f k $ f . txufvwawmfwif jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;udk OD;a&wlnD $ f G k aomud,pm;vS,rsm;udk apv$w=f u&rnfjzpfonf? jynfaxmifpvwf k f f k $ awmf. txufvwawmfonf vlO;D a&udk ud,pm;jyKjcif;rjyKbJ/ jynfe,f $ f k f rsm;udk ud,pm;jyKaom v$wawmfjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh wef;wlaomjynf k f f e,frsm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifonfh “jynfaxmifp” [laomtESpom&udk k f ay:vGixif&m;ap&ef txufvwawmfwif jynfe,frsm;u OD;a&wlnD f S $ f G aom ud,pm;vS,rsm;udk apv$w&jcif;jzpfygonf? k f f f od@k &mwGif jynfaxmifp}k uD;. vrf;!GetajccHrrsm;udk vufawG@t f l aumiftxnfraz:Edicay? jynfaxmifpzcif}uD; AdvcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf k f hJ k k f }uHjcif;cHc&ygonf? AdvcsKyfatmifqef;vky}f uHc&+yD;aemuf xGuay:vm hJ k f H f aom jynfaxmifp}k u;D onf rlvuar#mre;f xm;cJonftwdi;f ppfreaom fS h h k Sf jynfaxmifpjk zpfrvmyJ/ jynfaxmifppepfEihf wjynfaxmifpepfw@kd ukd a&m k S 6
  • 7. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl pyfxm;onf twkta,mifjynfaxmifp}k u;D jzpfvmcJ&ygonf? xd@k a=umifh h AdvcsKyfatmifqef;vky}f uHc+H yD;aemuf a&;qJjG yXmef;cJaom “1947 EdiiH k f h kf awmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'}uD;udk atmufygtm;enf;csufrsm; yg&SdvmcJh ygonf? yxrtm;enf;csurm — jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if jynfe,frsm;udk ud,yif fS k k f kd jyXmef;cGihf tjynft0ray;cJjh cif; yifjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh 1947 ck EdiiH h kf awmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya't& zJ@G pnf;cJaom jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,f k h k rsm;onf Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycsKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m f tjynfta0r&Sc&omru jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm;udvnf; oD; h d hJ kH k k jcm;a&;qJjG yXmef;ydicihf r&&Sc=hJ uay? xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynf kfG d k e,frsm;onf Ediia&;tm%mr&Saom trnfcjH ynfe,frsm;om jzpfom;cJh kfH d G &ygonf? 'kw,tm;enf;csurm — jynfaxmifppepft& jynfaxmifpvwf d f S k k $ awmf. txufvwawmfonf wef;wlaomjynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,f $ f k rsm;udk ud,pm;jyK&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOy k f kfH k a't& jynfe,frsm;udk ud,pm;jyKjcif;r&SyJ jynfe,frsm;twGi;f &Sd vlO;D a& k f d udk atmufvwawmfuo@kd ud,pm;jyKapcJaom tm;enf;csuyifjzpfyg $ f hJ k f h f onf? xda=umifh txufvwawmfwif jynfe,frsm;u OD;a&wlnaom k $ f G D ud,pm;vS,rsm;udk apv$wt&rnftpm; vlO;D a&udtajccHI apv$wf k f f f h k cJaoma=umifh vlO;D a&ydrsm;aom Armwdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;u jynfaxmif h k k pkvwawmf. atmufvwawmfuomru txufvwawmfuyg xde;f $ f $ f kd $ f kd csKyfrif;rlEiapcJygonf? ,if;onf 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' kd f h kfH k jynfaxmifppepfrS aoGzapcJaom tm;enf;csursm;yifjzpfygonf? k D h f wwd,tm;enf;csurm — jynfaxmifpukd wef;wlIud,yijf yXmef; fS k k f kd cGi&aom jynfe,frsm;udtajccHI zJ@G pnf;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; Armwdi;f &if; hf dS k k om;vlrsKd ;rsm;twGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;jcif;rjyKyJ Armjynfe,f. tm %mESihf jynfaxmifp}k uD;. tm%mrsm;udk yl;wJcsKyfuiapv#uf Ediiawmf G kd f kfH w&yfv;kH . tkycsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf Oya'jyKa&;tm;vH;k udk ArmvlrsKd ; f rsm;vufxo@kd vH;k 0tyfEapcJygonf? Tod@k tm;jzifh 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf; J HS h kfH yHtajccHOya'u Armr[kwaom wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk ArmvlrsKd ;rsm; k f k 7
  • 8. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom . udvee,fy,fb0od@k usqif;apcJ&omru ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;twdi;f “Arm k kd D h kH k vlrsKd ;0g'” xGe;f um;oGm;ap&ef vrf;zGiay;cJygonf? hf h xdtm;enf;csu}f u;D rsm;udk jyifqifEi&eftwGuf Armr[kwaom wdi;f k kd f f k &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;u tpOfwpdu}f udK;yrf;r_rsm; jyKvkyc=hJ uygonf? ueOD; k f }udK;yrf;r_rsm;udk “yifvnvmcH” wGif zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifcaom "Supreme kH D hJ Council Of United Hill People" (SCOUHP) OD;aqmifc+hJ yD; 1961 ck ZGevwGif &Sr;f jynfe,f awmif}u;D +rKd @wif nDvmcHw&yf ac:,lusi;f yEdichJ f G kf ygonf? xdawmif}uD;nDvmcHrS Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk “jynf k kfH k axmifpppfppfr” jzifh jyifqifjyXmef;Edia&;udk wpdurwfrwf aqmif&uf k l kf k f G oGm;Edia&;twGuf “jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G ” udvnf; zJ@G pnf;Edicyg kf G f k k f hJ onf? Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk ppfreaomjynfaxmifppepfjzifh jyif kfH k Sf k qifjyXmef;Edi&eftwGuf jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u }udK;yrf;r_rsm; jyK kf G f vkyc&Y yxrqiftaejzifh Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfO;D EkEihf awG@qaqG;aEG;yJG f hJ h kfH S kH 1962 azaz:0g&v (24) &ufae@wif &efue+f rdK@jynfvrf;&Sd toHvi&wif D G k $ hf kH G usi;f yEdicygonf? ,if;wd@k ukd “zuf'&,fE;DS aESmzvS,y” (Federal Semik f hJ f GJ k f f f hJ G f nar) [k ordi;wGiuse&pfcygonf? jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G . wifjy csursm;udk ArmEdiia&;ygwrsm;u wke@f jyefaqG;aEG;Edi&eftwGuf ES;D aESm f kfH D kf zvS,yukd tqifqifjh yKvyom;&efvnf; &nf&,csu&cygonf? yxrqifh f GJ h kf G G f f dS hJ taejzifh Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKyO;D Eku “yrnw” ESihf “zqyv” acgi;f aqmif kfH f rsm;udk 1962 ck rwfv (1) &ufae@wif zdwac:+y;D jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&; G f G f tzJ@G u wifjyxm;aom “jynfaxmifpppfppfr” tay: aqG;aEG;wke@f jyefr_ k l rsm; jyKvkyapcJygonf? tjcm;Ediia&;ygwrsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;yJukd rwfv (7) f h kfH D G &ufae@rm usi;f y&efppOfcaomfvnf; xd&ufrwdicif 1962 ck rwfv (2) S D hJ k kf &ufae@wif AdvcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u “jynfaxmifpppfppfronf jynfaxmifpk G k f k l +ydKuJa&;” jzpfonf[aom ta=umif;jycsujf zifh Ediiawmftm%mudk ppf G l kfH wyfjzifh rw&m;odr;f yduom;cJygonf? k f G h 8
  • 9. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G . wifjycsuEihf yrnw ESihf zqyvwd@k . G f f S wifjycsu? f jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G OuUX p0fcecsKd . wifjycsuEihf ucsijf ynfe,f G f Gf fS 'l0gaZmfve;f / csi;f 0da'owdi;f rSm uy`wef ref;wHE;l / &Sr;f jynfe,frO;D xGe;f jrifh G k d k S (awmif}uD;)/ u,m;jynfe,frS OD;pdew@kd . axmufcaqG;aEG;r_rsm;udk +cHKI f H oH;k oyfygu — jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u vdvm;aom “jynfaxmifpk G f k ppfppfr” jzpfvmEdia&;twGuf Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk atmuf l kf kfH k ygtcsuf (4) csujf zifh jyifqifjyXmef;&efvvm;a=umif; awG@Eiygonf? ‚if; kd kd f (4) csurm — f S (1) jynfrudk jynfe,fwe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;/ (Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;) (2) v$wawmf (2) &yfukd tm%mwlay;a&;/ f (3) vlrsKd ;pkvwawmfo@kd jynfe,fwi;f / jynfe,fwi;f wlnaomud,pm; $ f kd f kd D k f vS,ay;a&;/ f (4) jynfe,frsm;u rdrqENtavsmuf vJtyfaomtm%mrsm;udk jynf d $ axmifpA[dtpd;k &od@k uef@owfay;I usetm%mrsm;udk jynfe,frsm; k k f wGixm;&Sa&; — wd@k yifjzpfygonf? f d jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G . wifjycsuf (4) &yfukd avhvmoH;k oyf G f =unfrnfqygu eHygwf (1) tcsujf zpfaom “jynfrudk jynfe,fwe,fz@GJ pnf; h kd a&;” (0g) Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;rlrty useaomtcsuf (3) csuonf S f f jynfaxmifpEihf jynfe,frsm;qufqa&; (Federal — States Relations) k S H udkom OD;wnf+yD;/ jynfe,frsm;. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtjynfht0&&Sda&;/ jynfe,frsm;tm; Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycsKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&; f tm%m (3) &yfpvH;k tjynft0tyfEi;f a&;ESihf jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccH h S k Oya'rsm; oD;jcm;a&;qJGjyXmef;ay;a&;[laom — jynfaxmifpkpepf. tajccHtwjf rpfjzpfonfh “jynfe,frsm;.tcef;u¾ydi;f wGif txl;tm; k k enf;cJa=umif;udk awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh yrnwOuUX ocif h csparmifu Armjynf zJ@G pnf;a&;ESihf jynf axmifpEihf jynfe,frsm;qufqa&; f kS H (Federal — States Relations) udk OD;pm;ay;&rnftpm; jynfe,frsm; h tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;udk yxrpOf;pm;oifha=umif; axmufjycJhonfudk awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? 9
  • 10. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom od@k &mwGif jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G . toHvi&wifjycsuwck G f $ hf kH f wnf;udk wGuIr=unfyJ 1961 ZGevwGif usi;f ycJaom awmif}u;D nDvmcH f h f h qH;k jzwfcsursm;ESihf qufpyf=unf&avhvmygu jynfe,frsm;vdvm;aom f h_ k “jynfaxmifpppfppfr” onf yifvpmcsKyfwif tajccHIwdi;f jyKjynfjyKv$wf k l kH G k awmfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wifoGif;cJhaom “tajccHvrf;!Gefr_”udk tjynft0 taumiftxnfaz:&ef }udK;yrf;aqmif&u&efjzpfa=umif;udk h G f awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? awmif}u;D nDvmcHwif jynfe,frsm;. tcef;u¾udk G aocsmpGm aqG;aEG;cJ=h u&Homru xdpOfu jynfe,fr&&Sao;aom csi;f / &cdif k k d k ESihf rGejf ynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;a&;udk awmif;qdxm;cJ+h y;D jzpfa=umif; awG@&rnfjzpf k ygonf? ArmEdiia&;orm;rsm;jzpf=uaom yrnw OuUX ocifcsparmifEihf kfH f S zqyv OuUX OD;AaqGw@kd . wke@f jyefaqG;aEG;csursm;udk avhvmoH;k oyfyg f u jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G rS wifjyxm;aom tcsuf (4) csupvH;k udk G f f vufrcHEica=umif; awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf; kd f hJ a&;udk ESpO;D pvH;k u wl;wl;cg;cg; jiif;qefc=hJ uygonf? f OD;AaqGu ol@taejzifh jynfaxmifppepfr[kwyJ wjynfaxmifpukd k f k vdvm;ESpoufca=umif; yGiyivif;vif;wifjycJ+h y;D / 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHk k f hJ hf G hf kfH tajccHOya'onf jynfaxmifpppfppfomv#ijf zpfa=umif; jiif;csuxwchJ k f k f ygonf? ocifcspfarmifurl “A[dkOD;pD;pepf” udk}udKufESpfoufa=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra&;e,fy,fwif ydI wd;k wufjrifrm; kfH _ G k h aom “jynfracgif;aqmifrsm;uyJ acgif;aqmifr_ay;+yD; udk,fusdK;pGef@wJh tultnDawGEihf (jynfe,frsm;) rsm;qJac: jr‡iwifay;&rSm jzpfa=umif;/ S G hf xd@k a=umifh Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;jcif;rjyKyJ jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk ArmvlrsKd ;rsm; A[dkrScsKyfudkif tkyfcsKyfoifha=umif; wifjycJh&Hk omru ArmvlrsdK;rsm;udk w&kwjf ynfrS “[ef” vlrsKd ;rsm;ESivnf;aumif;/ qdA,ufjynfaxmifprS hf k D k “&k&m;” vlrsKd ;rsm;ESivnf;aumif; Edi;f ,SOI “ArmvlrsKd ;}u;D 0g'” w&m;udk S hf _ f ynmom;ygygjzifh a[majymoGm;cJygonf? h pdw0ifpm;zG,aumif;aom tcsurm OD;AaqGa&m ocifcsparmif yg f f f S f ESpO;D pvH;k u “jynfaxmifpppfppfr” udjk iif;qef&jcif;ta=umif;udk wifjy f k l &mY — Armr[kwaomwdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;onf Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf f k kfH 10
  • 11. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl vlra&;e,fy,frsm;wGif tqiftwef;edrusaeao;aoma=umifh xdvrsKd ; _ h hf k l rsm;. wd;k wufz@GH +zKd ;a&;udk ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;u acgi;f aqmifray;I OD;pD;aqmif _ &Guay;&efvtyfa=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk Ediia&;tcGihf f kd k kfH ta&;ay;jcif;xuf ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;u A[dO;D pD;pepfjzifh vufwac:aqmifom; k GJ G jcif;u ydIoifavsmrnfjzpfa=umif; wifjy=ujcif;yifjzpfygonf? k h f ,if;onf &d;k om;aomwifjycsujf zpfrnf[k ,lqrdygonf? od@k aomf aocsmpGmavhvmqef;ppfay;ygu ppfreaomjynfaxmifppepfz@GJ pnf;jcif; Sf k jzifh jynfe,frsm;ud,yijf yXmef;cGitjynft0&&Sa&;udk jiif;qef+yD; xdo@kd k f kd hf h d k wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;&oif&xkuaom Ediia&;tcGita&;rsm;udk &kwor;f k h d f kfH hf f d +yD;rS xdvrsKd ;rsm;. wd;k wufz@GH +zdK;r_ukd ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;u A[drcsKyfuiI k l k S kd f aqmif&uay;rnf[aom t,ltqonf t*FvefEiiH 0dw&,acwf G f l kd f kd d (Victoria Era) wGif tvGeacwfpm;cJaom "Benevolent Colonislism" f h [laomtawG; tac:ESihf tvGewaeygonf? Benevolent Colonislism f l .tvdt& “+Adwo#vrsKd ;rsm;udk udvee,frsm;udk wducuor;f ydujf cif; k d l k kd D k f kd f d k onf xdkudkvdkeDe,frsm;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk wdk;wufzHG@+zdK;r_udk aqmif&Gufay;jcifaom a=umifhjzpfonf” [laomtawG;tac:yif jzpfygonf? vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;. ud,yijf yXmef;cGiukd &kwor;f +y;D rS xkvrsKd ;rsm;. uH=urRm k f kd hf f d d l udk wzufowfzefw;D ay;rnf [laomt,ltqonf udvepepfyif r[kwf k kd D ygavm? vkyyicir&Saomb0onf u|eb0tppfom jzpfygonf? ,if;udk f kd f G hf d f udkvdkeDacwfr[kwfyg[k jiif;qefaeolrsm;onf r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk ud;k uG,orsm;om jzpf=u.? xd@k a=umifh ucsitrsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD; f l f 'l0gaZmfve;f u Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'u “ArmvlrsKd ;}uD;0g'” &Sif G kfH k oefatmifvrf;zGiay;cJonf[k pGypcjhJ cif;jzpfygonf? hf h f GJ ocifcsparmifa&m OD;AaqGyg e,fcs@J uvepepfuv;kH 0qef@usicaom f kd kd D kd f hJ yk*Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;yif jzpf=uygonf? xd@k a=umifyif ESpO;D pvH;k u jynfe,frsm;nD h f !Gwa&;tzJ@G rwifjyaom “jynfaxmifpppfppfr” e,fcs@J ya,m*jzpfonf f S k l [k pGypcjhJ cif;jzpf[efwygonf? od@k &mwGif — jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G f GJ l G f rS wifoi;f aomtqdk (txl;ojzifh p0fcecsKd .wifjycsu) udk aocsmpGm G G f f avhvmqef;ppfygu AdvcsKyatmifqef;. vrf;!GetajccHrl (7) &yftwdi;f k f f f k 11
  • 12. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk jyifqifa&;qJ&efjzpfa=umif; awG@&rnf kfH k G jzpfygonf? jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G . awmif;qdcsuwif e,fcs@J ya,m G f k f G * ygonf[qygu olw@kd vvm;aom AdvcsKyfatmifqef;. vrf;!Gerl (7) k kd kd k f f &yfwif e,fcs@J ya,m*rsm; yg0ifaeoavm[k ar;cGe;f xkwp&m &Saeygonf? G f d AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u vrf;!GetajccHrwif e,fcs@J ya,m* ryg&covd/k k f f l G dS hJ ‚if; tajccHrutajccHI jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;&efawmif; l kd qdkonfh “jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl” wGifvnf; e,fcsJ@ya,m*ryg&SdEdkifay? ,if;onf EdkifiHa&;ta=umufw&m;rsm;udka[majymI wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd ;rsm;. tcGita&;udk ydwyifIaoG;xd;k vHaqmfr_ w&yfyifjzpfygonf? hf f _ jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u wifjyaomtcsurm — jynfaxmifpk G f fS ppfppfrjl zifh jynfe,frsm;wef;wl&nfwy;l aygi;f aom jynfaxmifppepfz@GJ pnf; l k a&; yifjzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifqygu zuf'&,fpepfukd tajccHaom h kd yl;aygi;f a&;yifjzpfygonf? od@k &mwGif jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G rS wifjycJh G f aom “zuf'&,fpepf (0g) jynfaxmifpppfppfr” onf Confederation k l omjzpfa oma=umifh ,if ;onf jynf axmif pk +zd KcJ G a&;yif jzpf a=umif ; ocifcspfarmifu pGyfpJGoGm;cJhygonf? zuf'&,f[laom pum;vHk;udk aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpkpepf[laom pum;vHk;udkaomfvnf; aumif;/ jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u wdwususo;kH ygv#uEihf tb,f G f d fS a=umifh Confederation jzpfonf[k pGyfpJGcJhoenf;? OD;AaqGuvnf; “jynfaxmifpppfppfr” udk cJxua&;vrf;pOfjzpfa=umif; pGypcygonf? k l G G f f GJ hJ yl;aygi;f a&;udk ajym=uygv#uEihf tb,fa=umifh cJxua&;orm;rsm;[k f S G G f Armr[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; rsm;udk uifyGef;wyfcJh=uoenf;? xdo@kd aom rrSeruefpypcsursm; — txl;ojzifh “jynfaxmifp+k zdKcJa&;” k f G f GJ f G ESihf “cJxua&;” [laom pGypcsursm;onf AdvcsKyf}uD;ae0if;uJo@kd aom G G f f GJ f k f h ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'Drsm;udk aoG;xdk;vH_@aqmf+yD; wdkif;jynftm%modrf;r_ }u;D [laom &mZ0if&i;f um;r_rsm; jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiwif jzpfay:ap&ef kd kfH G vrf;zGiay;cJygonf? hf h xda=umifh 1962 rwfv (2) &ufae@wif usL;vGecaom awmfvea&; k G f hJ Sf aumifp. Ediiawmftm%modr;f ydurEihf ,if;aemufyi;f jzpfym;cJ/h jzpfym; D kfH k f_S kd G G aeqJjzpfaom wdi;f jynftedXmef&rsm;udk rsuarSmufjyKv#uf jynfaxmifpk k kH f ordi;f wGif tvGeta&;}u;D onfh jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G wifjycJonfh k f G f h 12
  • 13. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl jynfaxmifpppfppfrEihf Federal Seminar rSaqG;aEG;yJrsm;udk jyefvnfavh k lS G vmoH;k oyfEi&ef xkwa0oGm;tyfygonf? xdaqG;aEG;yJrwwrf;udk ,ae@ kd f f k GS f txd jynfwi;f wGif xkwa0jzef@cscirjyKyJ ydwyifxm;qJjzpfygonf? G f D G hf f TaqG;aEG;csurwwrf;rsm;udk avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh ordi;f rSeuo&+dS y;D fS f k f kd d AdvcsKyatmifqef;ESiwi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;acgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm; yifvwiar#mre;f k f f hf kd kH G f f S cJaom wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk +idr;f csr;f pGmtwlvufwaexdiEirnfh h k GJ k f kd f “jynfaxmifpppfppf” udk tjrefq;kH wnfaqmufEi=f uygap[k qENjyKvkuf k kd d &ygonf? av;pm;pGmjzifh a'guwm qvdi;vsere; (Lian H. Sakhong) f kf f _ f xkwfa0ol ESifh t,f'Dwm “+idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepf qDodk@” csif;rkdif+rdK@/ xdkif;EdkifiH 2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (15) &uf ********** 13
  • 14. tydi; (1) k f jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJrwifoi;f aom G f @G S G jynfaxmifpppfppfrl k
  • 15. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl tcef; (1) 1962 azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdK@jynfvrf; toHv$ifh&Hk crf;raqmifY usif;yaomaqG;aEG;yJGtpDtpOf 1962 ck azaz:0g&v (24) &ufae@wif &efue+f rKd @/ jynfvrf; toHvi&crf;r D G k $ hf kH aqmifYusif;yaom jynfaxmifpkrlESifhywfoufonfh aqG;aEG;yJGtcef; tem;tpDtpOfEihf wifjyaqG;aEG;csursm;? S f ,cktcseup+yD; jynfe,frsm;ESihf ywfoufaomES;D aESmzvS,y}GJ uD;udk df f pwifusi;f yygawmhr,f? 'DESD;aESmzvS,fyJGrSm EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Eku obmywdtjzpfeJ@ aqmif&u+f yD;awmh usaemfu tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpfe@J aqmif&uygr,f? G G f h 'Dae@ yxrae@tpDtpOfrmawmh — S (1) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiawmfukd tav;jyK&ef/ kfH (2) usq;kH av+yD;aom acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;udk tav;jyK&ef/ (3) Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyf. rde@f ce;f / kfH G (4) &Sr;f jynfe,fOuUX}u;D 0ef}u;D owd;k r[moa&pnfol p0fcecsKu “zuf' Gf d &,fr” udwifjyaqG;aEG;&ef/ l k (5) ucsijf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f 'l;0g;aZmfve;f u axmufcwifjy&ef/ kd f G H (6) csi;f txl;0daoowdi;f ud,pm;vS,f r[moa&pnfol uy`weref;wHE;kH k k f df k uaxmufc&ef/ H (7) &Sr;f jynfe,fu,pm;vS,f OD;xGe;f jrifh (awmif}uD;) uaxmufc&ef/ kd f H (8) u,m;jynfe,fu,pm;vS,f r[moa&pnfol OD;pdeuaxmufc&ef/ kd f f H ,ck tcrf;tem;udk EdiiawmftvHEihf tav;jyK&eftwGuf tm;vH;k kfH S vl}uD;rif;rsm; rwfwyfxawmfryg? l 17
  • 16. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiawmfukd tav;jyK? kfH ae+rJ? usq;kH av+yD;awmf acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; tav;jyK? ae+rJ? tm;vH;k xdiEiygw,f? k f kd f 18
  • 17. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl tcef; (2) Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKyf OD;Ek.tzGirece;f k f H hf d @f G ,cktcseup+yD;awmh Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfu rde@f ce;f ¹rGu=f um;ygvrr,f? df kfH G d hf EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek? vl}u;D rif;rsm;cifAsm;/ 'Dae@'ae&mrSm u|eawmfw@kd pa0;=uwm[m jynfe,f D f k rsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G uwifjywJh zuf'&,frukd aqG;aEG;=ubd@k bJ jzpfygw,f? G f l 'Dre@J ywfoufv@kd b,fvoabmxm;w,fqwmudk xkwaz:ajymjybd@k l kd kd f tpd;k &tzJ@G &acgi;f aqmiftaeeJ@ u|eawmfrmwm0ef&ygw,f? hJ f h S dS 'gayrJh u|efawmfajymbdk@tcsdefra&mufao;wJhtwGuf u|efawmfh oabmxm;udk 'Duae@u|eawmf xkwaz:rajymao;ygb;l ? u|eawmfxwf f f f k az:ajymbd@k tcsea&mufvmwJtcg u|eawmfajymygr,f? d f h f h vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ aqG;aEG;yJukd u|eawmfw@kd 'DvppOfxm;ygw,f? G f kd D 'Duae@ u|eawmftpnf;ta0;zGire@f ce;f udk ajym+yD;wJaemuf &Sr;f jynfe,f f hf d G h OuUX}uD; p0fcecsKu zuf'&,frukd wifoi;f ygvrr,f? G f d l G d hf 'D zuf'&,frukd (1) 'l;0g;aZmfve;f / ucsijf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,/f (2) l G kd f uy`wdefref;wHkEHk;/ csif;txl;0daoowdkif;udk,fpm;vS,f/ (3) OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}u;D ) &Sr;f jynfe,fu,pm;vS,/f (4) OD;pdef u,m;jynfe,fu,pm; kd f kd f vS,w@kd u axmufc=H uygvrr,f? f d hf 'Dre@f ce;f (2) &yfuajym=um;+y;D wJaemuf/ aqG;aEG;yJukd rwfv (1) &uf/ d G kd h G =umoyaw;ae@ nae (6) em&Dtxd a&G@qi;f xm;ygr,f? 'Dvkd a&G@qi;f xm; kd h kd 'g[m wjcm;a=umifr[kwygb;l ? zuf'&,fre@J ywfouf+yD; jynfe,fOuUX h f l }uD; p0fcecsKd eJ@ 'l;0g;aZmfve;f / uy`wef ref;wH;k EH;k / OD;xGe;f jrif/h OD;pdew@kd wifjy Gf G d f ajym=um;oGm;wJtcsuawGukd yrnw/ zqyv/ &yvz/ yxp acgi;f h f aqmifrsm;eJ@ Ediiawmftpd;k &twdiyifctzJ@G 0ifrsm;u aoaocsmcsmavh kfH kf H vmEdib@kd twGuf tcseay;csi'ga=umifr@kd jzpfygw,f? kf d f f h vl}uD;rif;rsm; cifAsm/ rwfv (1) &uf =umoyaw;ae@ nae (6) em&D 'Dae&mrSmbJ tpnf;ta0;udk jyefpwJtcg (1) yrnw (2) zqyv (3) h 19
  • 18. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom &yvz (4) yxr tzJ@G awGukd ud,pm;jyKwJh ud,pm;vS,wOD;pDu tckaz: k f k f f jyxm;wJh tpDtpOftwdi;f zuf'&,fre@J ywfouf+y;D xm;&SwhJ tzJ@G &oabm k l d hJ xm;udk wifjyygvrr,f? d hf 'DEiia&;tzJ@G rsm;&Jh ud,pm;vS,rsm; ajym=um;+yD;wJaemuf tpd;k & kd f H k f f h twkiyifctzJ@G &u,pm; t*~r[moD&o"rR a'guwmOD;bOD;u twdiyif df H hJ kd f d k f kf cHtzJ@G &hJ oabmxm;udwifjyygvrr,f? k d hf (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ 'D ud,pm;vS,v}l uD;rsm; ajymvd@k +yD;wJtcg k f f h jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G ru,pm;vS,f (6) OD;/ G f S kd f yrnw ud,pm;vS,f (3) OD;/ k f zqyv ud,pm;vS,f (3) OD;/ k f &yvz ud,pm;vS,f (3) OD;/ k f yxp ud,pm;vS,f (3) OD;eJ@ k f twdiyifctzJ@G 0ifv}l uD;rsm;yg0ifwaumfrwDwckukd zJ@G ay;ygr,f? kf H hJ h 'DaumfrwDrm u|eawmfu em,uvkyygr,f? vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ S f f h tJ'aumfrwDu zuf'&,fre@J ywfoufv@kd aqG;aEG;p&m&SwtcsuawGukd D l d hJ f aqG;aEG;+yD;wJtcg &&SwoabmwlncsuawGukd 'DaqG;aEG;yJrm tpD&ifcH h d hJ D f G S ygvrr,f? aphpyfv@kd r&Ediwoabm uJvcsursm;&S&ifvJ 'DaqG;aEG;yJrmbJ d hf k f hJ G GJ f d GS tpD&ifcygr,f? vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ 'DtpD&ifcpmudk =unf+h yD;rSbJ aemuf H h H xyfbmawG quf+y;D vkyom;=ur,fqwmudk 'DaqG;aEG;yJrm qufvuf+y;D f G kd GS wdiyifaqG; aEG;=uygr,f? kf h vl}u;D rif;rsm;cifAsm/ aqG;aEG;yJ&tpDtpOfawGe@J ywfouf+y;D tcktcsef G hJ d tcgrm u|eawmf'avmufbJ ajymcsiygao;w,f? 'gayrJh tckvtcGihf S f D f kd aumif;&wJtcg jynfaxmifpwnfwci+f rJa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ta&;}uD;wJh h k hH kd pum; wcGe;f ESpce;f avmufukd u|eawmfajymcsiygw,f? fG f f vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ 'Duae@up+yD; 'DaqG;aEG;yJrm aqG;aEG;rJjh yem G S [m wjcm;r[kwygb;l ? jynfaxmifp}k uD;wnfwci+f rJa&;bJjzpfygw,f? 'D f hH kd jyem}u;D udk pwifwnfaxmifcwhJ u|eawmfw@kd wawG&vufxrmrS aus hJ f hJ JS ausvnfvnf ajz&Si;f oGm;atmif u|eawmfw@kd rajz&Si;f Edib;l qd&if aemuf f kf k vufxufawGrmawmh b,fenf;eJ@rS ajz&Si;f Edirm r[kwb;l vd@k u|eawmf S kfS f f wxpfcs,qxm;ovdk vl}uD;rif;rsm;vJ ,lqxm;+yD;+yDqwm u|eawmf l kd f 20
  • 19. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl ,H=k unfygw,f? 'D jynfaxmifp}k uD;om +ydKuJom;r,fq&if jynfe,fom; G G kd awGtwGua&m/ jynfrom;awGtwGua&m b,fo@l twGurS tjrwfxuf f f f G rSmr[kwb;l ? t&H;_ omxGur,fv@kd u|eawmfwxpfcs ,lqxm;ovdk f f f vl}uD;rif;rsm;vJ ,lqxm;+yD;+yD;qdwm u|eawmf,=kH unfygw,f? k f tJ'awmh vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ 'Davmufta&;}uD;wJh jyem}uD;udk D ajz&Si;f wJtcgrm jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk pwifxaxmifcwhJ u|eawmfw@kd w h S l hJ f awG[m/ u|eawmfw@kd tay:rSm usa&mufaewJh wm0ef}u;D awGukd t+rwrf; f J rsuajcrjywfb@kd u|eawmfowday;vdygw,f? f f k 'gwifruao;ygbl;? u|efawmfwdk@&JhnHhzsif;r_awG/ oabmxm;usOf; ajrmif;r_awG/ tmCmwawGa=umifh tu,fIom 'Djyem}uD;udk rajz&Si;f Edi&if/ u|eawmfw@kd e@J wuG u|eawmfw@kd &aemifvmaemufom;awG kf f f hJ &ifqi=f u&awmhrhJ ab;awG/ &efawG/ tE &,fawGuvJ t+rJwrf;rsuajc kd W kd f rjywfb@kd u|eawmfxyfrH owday;vdygw,f? f k vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm aqG;aEG;yJqwm t=urf;tm;jzifh ESprsKd ;ESppm;&Sd G kd f f ygw,f? wrsKd ;uawmh &efotcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;yJjG zpf+y;D / wjcm;wrsKd ;uawmh l rdom;pkjcif; aqG;aEG;yJjG zpfygw,f? rdom;pkaqG;aEG;yJrsKd ;qdwm &efotcsi;f G k l csi;f pm;yJcrm xdi+f yD; aqG;aEG;=uwJh aqG;aEG;yJrsKd ;eJ@ rwlygb;l ? &efotcsi;f G kH S k G l csi;f xdi+f yD;aqG;aEG;wJtcgrmud,u,,qwmom rSew,f? rSe&r,f? k h S k hf kd f l f f ud,,qwm om atmif&r,f? 'Dvratmif&if b,foaoao csr,f k f l kd l qdwhJ pdw"gwrsKd ;ESpzufpvH;k rSm &Sygw,f? k f f f d rdom;pkcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;=uwJh aqG;aEG;yJrsKd ;uawmh 'Dvr[kwygb;l ? G kd f 'D rdom;pkxrmyg=uwJh nDtudarmifErwawG[m ud,vwmawG ud,f JS k S k f kd k wifjy=uw,f? tJ'DvdkwifjywJhtcgrSm oabmuJGvJGcsufawG&Sdae&if wa,mufe@J wa,muf tay;t,lvy+f yD; oabmuJvcsuawGukd ndEi;f k G GJ f ‡ _d =uw,f? vl}u;D rif;rsm;cifAsm/ tckaqG;aEG;yJ[m rdom;pkaqG;aEG;yJjG zpf&r,f? jynf G axmifprom;pkxrmygae=uwJh vl}uD;rif;wd@k u|eawmfw@kd toD;oD;[m k d J S f ud,&xifjrif,qcsuawGukd tukev;kH xkw+f yD; wifjy=uwmayg? tJ'vkd k hf hJ l f f h D wifjywJtcgrm oabmuJvcsuawGuawmh &S&rSmayg? h S G GJ f d h 21
  • 20. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom tJ'oabmuJvcsuawGukd u|eawmfw@kd &tusKd ;/ u|eawmfw@kd aemif D G GJ f f hJ f vmaemufom;uav;awG&tusKd ;/ jynfaxmifp}k u;D &JtusKd ;udk ar#mu;kd +y;D hJ h f oabmwlncsuf r&-&atmif ndEi;f =u&rSmbJ? D ‡ _d vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ vl}uD;rif;rsm;odawmfrwtwdi;f ygb/J vGecwhJ l hJ k f hJ a&G;aumufywe;f u 'Drua&pDwnfwci+f rJa&;qdwhJ aºuG;a=umfoe@J u|ef GJ k kd hH kd k H awmfw@kd a&G;aumufy0ifcygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd rm vGwvyfa&;omr&S&if GJ hJ f S f d b,fenf;eJ@rS 'Drua&pDvnf;&SEirm r[kwwtwGu/f 'Drua&pDwnfwhH kd d kd f S f hJ kd cdi+f rJa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;wdi;f / }udK;yrf;wdi;f / vGwvyfa&;wnfwci+f rJa&; k k k f hH kd udyg u|eawmfw@kd }udK;yrf;ae&ygw,f? k f aemuf+y;D awmhvnf; jynfaxmifpwnfwci+f rygrS u|eawmfw@kd &vwf k hH kd J f hJ G vyfa&;vnf; wnfwci+f rJrm jzpfwtwGu/f 'Drua&pDwnfwci+f rJa&;eJ@ hH kd S hJ kd hH kd vGwvyfa&;wnfwci+f ra&;wd@k ukd }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&uwi;f aqmif&uwi;f f hH kd J G f kd G f kd jynfaxmifp}k uD;&Jwnfwci+f rJa&;udyg ud,pr;f &Soa&G@ ^m%fpr;f &Soa&G@ h hH kd k k f G d G d u|eawmfw@kd }udK;yrf;aqmif&uae&ygw,f? f G f tJ'awmh vl}uD;rif;rsm;eJ@ vufw+GJ yD; jynfaxmifpwnfwci+f rJa&;/ D k hH kd vG w f v yf a &;wnf w H h c d k i f + rJ a &;/ 'D r d k u a&pD w nf w H h c d k i f + rJ a &;awG u d k trSewu,ftusKd ;jzpfapEdiwhJ enf;aumif;vrf;aumif;awGukd u|eawmf f kf f wd@k &mcsiygw,f? S f 'Denf;aumif;vrf;aumif;awGukd u|eawmfw@kd awG@&vd@k wOD;udwOD; f k av#may;zd@k vvm&if jynfrom;awGe@J jynfe,fom;awG[m wOD;udwOD; h kd k av#may;=uzd@k 0efrav;=uyge@J ? nDtudtcsi;f csi;f aoG;csi;f om;csi;f awG h k tay:rSm wa,mufe@J wa,muf/ wzufe@J wzuf av#may;&wm *k%ri,f h f ygb;l ? 'Dvav#may;&ayr,fh jynfaxmifp}k uD;vnf; wnfwci+f rJvmr,f/ kd h hH kd jynfaxmifp}k u;D wnfwci+f rvmwJtwGuf vGwvyfa&;wnf; wnfwcif hH kd J h f f hH kd +rvmr,f/ vGwvyfa&;wnfwci+f rvmwJtwGuf 'Drua&pDvnf; wnfwhH J f Hh kd J h kd cdi+f rJvmr,fq&if u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifpom;tm;vHtzd@k *k%,p&m k kd f k k f l awmifjzpfygvrt;kH r,f? twdi;f rod 0rf;ajrmufp&mawmifjzpfygvrt;kH d hf k d hf r,f? tJ'awmh jynfaxmifpwnfwci+f ra&;/ vGwvyfa&;wnfwef@ci+f ra&; D k hH kd J f kd J 'Drua&pDwnfwci+f rJa&;udk trSewu,ftusKd ;jyKr,fh enf;aumif;vrf; kd hH kd f 22
  • 21. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl aumif;awGukd u|eawmfw@kd paygi;f +yD; ud,pr;f &Soa&G@ ^m%fpr;f &Soa&G@/ f k k f G d G d &SmazG=u&atmif? 'Denf;aumif;vrf;aumif;awGudk &SmwJhtcgrSm jynfrom;awGa&m/ jynfe,fom;awGyg rsujf cnfrjywfoifwtcsu}f uD;wcsuukd u|eawmf h hJ f f wifjyvdygw,f? 'Dtcsuuawmh wjcm;[mr[kwygb;l ? u|eawmfw@kd k f f f &SmazGr,fenf;vrf;awG[m w&m;r#wa&;/ vGwvyfa&;/ nDr#a&;qdwhJ h f k avmuygvw&m;oH;k yg;eJ@ jynfpaewJh enf;vrf;awGjzpf&r,fqwhJ tcsuf h kH kd bJjzpfygw,f? vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ u|eawmfe*;kH rcsKyfcif jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk pwif f d wnfaxmifvmcJ=h u+yD; ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh ,cktcgrm pdw0rf;uJG S f jym;ae=uwJh jynfaxmifpacgi;f aqmifaeGe@J jynfrom;awG/ jynfe,fom; k awG tm;vH;k Ediia&;oHa0*&=uzd@k u|eawmfq,fEpavmufwe;f u =unfchJ kfH f Sf k h &bl;wJh “,raer,f” jyZwfuav;udk u|eawmf'ae&mrSm wifjyvdyg f D k w,f? vl}u;D rif;rsm;cifAsm/ a&S;wke;f u w&kwouwi;f jynfqwm &Sygw,f? f k Q kd kd d tJ'w&kwouwi;f jynf&hJ igwaume,fu 'lvmbd/k igwAdve,fu tdk D f k Q kd k f av avh/ igwe,fvu iwGw}f u;D / igwrif;e,fu ajAmifaemifh ajAmifaemif l igjrif;igpdkif;e,fu bkaemif bkaemif wwfAdefqdkwJh ynmoifig;OD;[m wuUovq&m}uD; OD;*sr;f xd qDrmynmoGm;oif=uygw,f? kd f S tJ'vynmoif=uwJtcg ynmawmfoif tdavavhu &kyv;kH xkynm D kd h k f rSmwbufurf; cwfwwfygw,f? ynmawmfoif iwGw}f u;D u yef;csynm D rSm wbufurf; cwfwwfygw,f? ynmawmfoif ajAmifaemifh ajAmifaemif u t&kyutoufoi;f wJynmrSm wbufurf; cwfwwfygw,f? ynm f kd G h awmfoif bkaemif bkaemif wwfAeu av;twwfynmrSm wbufurf; df cwfwwfygw,f? ynmawmfoif 'lvmbduawmh bmynmrS rwwf&mbl;? k S tJ'awmh wuUovq&m}u;D OD;*Sr;f xdu 'lvmbdukd ,raeom; opfom; D kd f k wwH;k uday;+yD; ynmawmfoiftm;vH;k udk tdrjf yefcijhf yKvduygw,f? k G k f vrf;a&mufwtcg ,raeom;udk wuUovjf yef tdk avavhu rde;f r hJ kd ysKd uav; t&kyxvuygw,f? wuUovjf yef iwGw}f u;D u tifrwefvwhJ f k kd f kd S rde;f cav;wa,muf aq;jc,fvuw,f? wuUovjf yef ajAmifaemifh ajAmif kd f kd 23
  • 22. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom aemifu toufoi;f vduwtwGuf 'Dre;f rysKd uav;[m tifrwefacsm+y;D G k f hJ d touf&whJ rde;f rysKd uav; jzpfvmw,f? dS tJ'DtcgrSm udk,fa&$wuUodkvfjyefawG[m 'Drdef;rysdKuav;udk olyiw,f/ igyiw,fe@J 0di;f +yD;vk=uygw,f? tJ'D olw@kd vaewke;f 0Vm&uQ kd f kd f k k iSuqifwaumifu tvpf0if+yD; tkyvuwm ,raer,fuav;[m f f kd f iSuqifaemufygom; &&Smygw,f? f G tJ'tcgrm uHaumif;axmufr+yD; wuUovjf yef bkaemifwwf+Adeu D S kd f av;eJ@ypfvuwtwGuf iSuqif}uD;ao+yD; ,raer,fuav;jyefusvm kd f hJ f ygw,f? 'gayr,fh wuUovjf yefawG ta0rwnfwmeJ@ toufoi;f ay;wJh kd h G vlu toufujkd yef&yor;f / yef;csaq;jc,fwvu aq;awGukd jcpfypf/ yef;yk kf d D hJ l q&muvnf; t&kyuzsue@J vkyvu=f uwm tifrwefvwhJ ,raer,f f kd f f kd S uav;[m ukw&mjcpf&mawG/ jcpf&mz,f&mawGe@J jynfaewJh opfom;wk;kH f h h taygpm;}uD; jyefjzpfom;&&Smygw,f? G vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm wuUovjf yefawG rdurwma=umifh ,raer,f kd k f J tysKd acsmuav;[m ukw&m/ jcpf&m/ zJ&mawGe@J 'if;=urf;jzpfaewJh opfom; f h wkH; taygpm;}uD; jyefjzpfoGm;&ovdk tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifaewJh u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifp}k uD;[m u|eawmfw@kd tm;vH;k &Jh rkurra=umifh f f d f J _ tifrweft&kyq;kd vSwhJ u|eb0udk jyefa&mufroGm;&avatmif u|eawmf f f f wd@k tm;vH;k ud,pr;f &Soa&G@/ ^m%fpr;f &Soa&G@ }udK;pm;=uygp@kd ? k f G d G d (=obmoHrsm;) ********** 24
  • 23. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl tcef; (3) jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJrwifoi;f aom G f @G S G “jynfaxmifpppfppfr” k l udk &Sr;jynfe,fOUX p0fcecsdKrS wifoi;jcif; f G f G f eHygwf (4) tpDtpOft&/ &Srf;jynfe,f OuUX}uD; 0ef}uD;owdk;r[moa& pnfol p0fcGefcsdKu “zuf'&,frl” udkwifjy&efygcifAs? (=obmoHrsm;) av;pm;tyfwobmywd}uD; 0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ tpd;k &tzJ@G 0if0ef}uD;rsm; hJ cifAsm;/ jynfe,faygi;f pHrS wufa&mufvm=uwJh ud,pm;vS,awmf}u;D rsm; k k f f ESihf jynfrEdiia&;tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;rS ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm;? kfH k f f TES;D aESmzvS,yrm jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u,pm;/ pum;ajym f GJ S G f kd f cGi&&SwtwGuf rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wif 0rf;ajrmufvygw,f? tckvkd pHpnnD hf d hJ S k kH D pka0;=u+y;D awmh jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G wifjyxm;+y;D wJ/h jynfaxmifpk G f rl udpukd aqG;aEG;ndEi;f =uzd@k twGuf 'DE;DS aESmzvS,y}GJ uD; ay:ayguvm& P ‡ _d f f wm u|eawmftaeeJ@ tvGebJ 0rf;omaus;Zl;wifygw,f? f h f u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;ud,pm; jynfaxmifpruwifjy f G f k f k l kd &ef wm0efay;tyfwtwdi;f u|eawmfwifjyajymqdrnfh tcsutvufawG hJ k f k f udk em;qif=u&wJh ud,pm;vS,rsm;tm;vH;k [m rdom;pkpw"gwjf zifh ,ae@ k f f d f ay:ayguaewJh jynfe,frsm;jyemudk txl;pOf;pm;a0zef=uapvdygw,f? f k u|eawmfrsm;uvnf; jynfr&Saemifawmif}u;D rsm;udk &Si;f vif;wifjy=u f d wJtcg pdw&nvuf&ne@J rdrw@kd }uHKawG@aewJh }uHKawG@aeyHawGukd wifjy h f S f S f d k =uyg&ef arwWm&yfcvygw,f? jynfe,frsm;&Jh jyemawGukd pOf;pm;=uwJh H kd tcgrmvnf; jynfaxmifpr+ydKuJa&;/ jynfaxmifp}k uD;nD!wa&; qdwhJ S k G G f k tajccHrtay:wnf+yD; pOf;pm;=uyg&ef awmif;yefvygw,f? l kd yxrOD;pGm wifjytpD&ifcvwmu vuf&jdS ynfaxmifp}k u;D jzpfay:vmyHk H kd jzpfygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifpta=umif; pOf;pm;vduwi;f / jynf f k k f kd axmifpom;wdi;f rarhoifrarhxuwhJ tcsu[mjzifh 1947 ckEpf azaz:0g k k h kd f f S &DvwGiusi;f ycJwhJ yifvnvmcH}uD;yif jzpfygw,f? f h kH D 25
  • 24. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom tJ'yifvnvmcH}u;D [m ,ae@jynfaxmifp}k u;D udk ayguzm;vmap&ef D kH D fG tkwjf rpfcscwhJ nDvmcH}uD;vd@k qdEiygw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vnf;qdawmh u|ef hJ k kd f k awmfw@kd jynfaxmifpom;awGtay: tESpEptvv pd;k rd;k tkycsKyfvmwJh k f S f f e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfvufatmufuae+yD; vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkzdk@twGuf jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ jynfracgif;aqmifwdk@u nd‡Ed_if;atmifjrifvdk@ tckvkd vGwvyfwjhJ ynfaxmifpwck urBmwi;f jynfrsm;xJrm ay:vGivmwJh f k h kd S f twGuf u|eawmfw@kd yifvnvmcH}u;D [m jynfaxmifp}k u;D &Jh tajccHtwf f kH D k jrpfcscwhJ nDvmcH}uD;jzpfa=umif; wifjy&jcif;jzpfygw,f? hJ tJ'D yifvnvmcH}uD;rSm bmawGnEi;f =u+yD;/ bmawGatmifjrifc=hJ u kH D ‡d _d ovJ qdwmudk tusO;f csKyftm;jzifh az: jy&r,fq&if vGwvyfa&;awmif; k kd f qdwtcg nD!wwtm;[m tifrwefta&;}u;D wJtwGuf jynfreJ@usewhJ k hJ G f hJ h f jynfe,frsm;[m jynfe,frsm;wef;wlnatmif ndEi;f +yD; nD!wa&;wnf D ‡ _d G f aqmuf&rSmrd@k — (1) wef;wlnr#tcGita&;&Sjd cif;/ D hf (2) awmifwef;om;a'orsm;wGif ud,yijf yXmef;cGi&jdS cif;/ k f kd hf (3) vGwvyfa&;&&S+d yD;onfaemuf jynfaxmifpu cJxuvu cGxuEif f h k G G f kd J G f kd jcif;/ pwJh tajccHw&m;oH;k &yftay: t"duxm;+y;D jynfaxmifpwnfaqmufa&; k udk oabmwlc=hJ uygw,f? 'D tajccHo;kH &yfuoabmwlcwtwGuf urBmausmf yifvpmcsKyfukd kd hJ hJ kH csKyfqEic=hJ uygw,f? tJ'vkd jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfr[m wpdwxJ w0rf;xJ kd kd f D f &Sa=umif; jyoEdicv@kd bJ t*Fvytpd;k &[m jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiawmf d k f hJ d f kfH udk vufvwvu&ygw,f? $ f kd f yifvHknDvmcH}uD;rSm yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;aemuf (MR. REESE WILLIAM) acgi;aqmif+yD;/ jynfrjynfe,facgi;aqmifrsm;yg0ifwhJ pHprf; f f k a&;aumfrwDrm txufygtajccH “rl” oH;k &yftwdi;f jynfreJ@y;l aygi;f aqmif S k &Guz@kd wnDw!Gwwnf;vnf; oufaocHcygw,f? f f hJ tJ'vkd wnDw!GwxJ yl;aygi;f aqmif&ucwtwGuf e,fcs@J orm;&Jh D f G f hJ hJ aoG;cJa&;vkyief;[m ysujf y,fom;+yD; jrefrmjynf&hJ vGwvyfa&;udk tjref G f G f qH;k urBmod@k a=unmvmEdicygw,f? k f hJ 26
  • 25. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl 1947 ckEpf arvtwGi;f rSm usi;f ycJwhJ zqyv y%mrjyifqifrnvm S h _ D cHrmvnf;bJ vlrsKd ;pkwi;f wef;wl&&&Sa&;eJ@ zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfyrmvnf; tJ'D S kd d f kH S wef;wla&;tay: tajccHwhJ “jynfaxmifpppfppf” jzpfz@kd vrf;pOfcsrwchJ k S f ygw,f? vuf&Sd tajccHOya'}uD;a&;qJG=uzdk@qdk+yD; wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm jynfracgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;/ ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;eJ@ jynfe,facgi;f aqmif k f f ud,pm;vS,rsm;u 0di;f 0ef;pOf;pm;=uwJtcg tESpom&jzpfwhJ AdvcsKyf k f f k h f k f atmifqef;&Jh vrf;!Gef (7) csutusO;f csKyfukd az: jycGiay;apvdygw,f? f hf k tJ'gubmvJq&if — kd (1) tcsKyftjcmtm%mydiwhJ zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'jzpf&r,f? kf f kH (2) ud,yitycsKyfa&;tm%mtjynftpH&aom jynfe,frsm;yg0ifaom k f kd f k f h k dS jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;&r,f? k (3) tm%mrsm;[m wdi;f oljynfom;awGqu qif;oufvmap&r,f? k D (4) vlra&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Ediia&;wd@k rm t&kytvwftjrwfra&G; wef;wlnD _ kfH S f r#r_ &Sdap&r,f? (5) vlenf;pkukd tumtuG,f jyKap&r,f? (6) jynfaxmifp}k uD;wnfwci+f rJa&;/ tcsKyftjcmpd;k rd;k tkycsKyfa&;qdwm hH kd f k udk Oya't& xde;f odr;f apmifa&Smuf&ap&r,f? h dS (7) urBmEiiwumESihf &ifabmifwef;vduEi&eftwGuf }uKd ;pm;+y;D urBmh h kd f H k f kd f Ediia&;awGe@J +idr;f csr;f pGmqufqa&;udk a&S@&ap&r,f qdwhJ t"du kfH H _ k tajccH (7) csujf zpfygw,f? 'DtajccHrsm;udk tkwjf rpfcs+yD;aemuf jynfaxmifporwjrefrmEdiiH k kf awmf&hJ zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'udk a&;qJ=G u&ef AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u f kH k f vrf;!Gejf yocJwta=umif; ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;tm;vH;k todjzpfygw,f? h hJ k f f 'Dtcsetcgrm Ediia&;tajctaeawGu &_waxG;+yD; AdvcsKyfatmif d f S kfH f k f qef;eJ@wuG acgi;f aqmifrsm;[m vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif;cHc&onftwGuf hJ h wjynfv;kH ,l}uKH ;r& 0rf;enf;a=uuJjG zpfae&wJtcsejf zpfawmh vGwvyfa&; h d f twGu}f uKd ;yrf;r_rm pdwrcsr;f romp&mawGjzpfvmwma=umifr@kd / ud,wi;f S f h k hf kd jynf&hJ tajcudk wdi;f wyg;u 0ifa&mufrpGuzufEiatmif/ umuG,=f u&rSm k f kd f bJq+kd y;D cyfjrefjrefe@J wdi;f jyKjynfjyKv$wawmfrm tajccHOya'udk tjiif;yGm; k f S 27
  • 26. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom r_ rxm;bJ tvsipvdvufcvujf cif; jzpfygw,f? yifvnvmcH}uD;u f k H kd kH D tpjyK+y;D tqifqifawmif;qdvm=uvd@k vGwvyfa&;awmh vuf0,f&&S+d y;D h h k f yg+yD/ 'gayr,fh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJh aemufydkif;rSm yifvHknDvmcH}uD;&Jh tESpom&/ AdvcsKyatmifqef;&Jh csrway;vduwhJ vrf;!Gee@J udunw,f f k f f S f k f f k f D rudunb;l qdwmawGukd u|eawmfw@kd av#mufvm cJwhJ (14) ESpausmf k f D k f h f ausmc&D;tay: jyefvnfqef;ppfz@kd vdtyfygvrr,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f? f k d hf 'ga=umifh 'kw,tcsutaeeJ@ u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;&Jh vuf&cpm; d f f dS H ae&wJh tajctaeawGukd a,bl,soabmtm;jzifh tusO;f csKyfwifjyyg &ap? jynfe,frsm;. vuf&tajctaeudk u|eawmfw@kd u wifjyrSom dS f ES;D aESmzvS,yukd wufa&mufvm=uwJh ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;tm;vH;k [m f GJ k f f ydrjkd ynfppm pOf;pm;a0zefEivrr,fv@kd ,lqygw,f? k h kH G kd f d hf jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfe,fr&&Sao;wJh vlrsKd ;pkaqGrsKd ;&if;jcmrsm;[m vGwf d vyfa&;&&S+d yD;wJaemuf 'DbufumvrSm rdru=H urRmudk rdrw@kd zefw;D &r,f h d d qdwhJ ud,yijf yXmef;f cGiawG jynfjh ynf00rcHpm;&ao;a=umif; awG@&=dS u&yg k k f kd hf h w,f? 'Dvajymvduv@kd u|eawmftay:b,fvrS txifrvJapcsiygb;l ? kd k f f h kd G f bmjzpfv@kd vqawmh u|eawmf[m jynfe,frsm;ud,pm; &d;k &d;k om;om; J kd f k f taeeJ@ jynfe,fawG cHpm;ae&wm[mjzifh bmawGvnf;qdwm az: jywm k bJ jzpfygw,f? jynfe,fawGtm;vH;k ,H=k unfu;kd pm;cJwhJ jrefrmjynfvwvyfa&;&awmh h G f r,f/ vGwvyfa&;&+y;D &ifjzifh 'd@k wawG[m rdru=H urRm rdrzefw;D +y;D wd;k wuf f d d aomjynfe,frsm;jzpfvmatmif vkyEiawmhr,f/ wd;k wufwjhJ ynfe,fawG f kd f aygi;f xm;wJh jynfaxmifpjk zpfvmawmhr,f? qdwmawG[m u|eawmfw@kd k f jynfe,fom;awG/ vlrsKd ;pkrsm;tm;vH;k tm;vH;k awG&hJ 0rf;xJue;f atmif;+yD; d tar#mvif}h uD; ar#mvifcygw,f? f f h hJ 'gayr,fh vGwvyfa&;acwf (14) ESpc&D;/ jynfru aemifawmfawGe@J f f vufawG@av#mufvmwJtcg u|eawmfw@kd &hJ ar#mvifcsuawG/ u|eawmf h f f h f f wd@k &hJ ud,yijf yXmef;cGiawG[m tjynft0r&Sre;f odvmcJ&ygw,f? u|ef k f kd hf h d S h awmfw@kd wd;k wufz@GH +zdK;a&;udk tpGr;f ukef u|eawmfw@kd rvkyaqmifEiao; f f kd f a=umif; odomcHpm;ae&ygw,f? 'DvdkarG;zGm;&m ADZygvmwJh udk,fydkif jyXmef;Edicihf tcGita&;tjynft0rcHpm;vm&awmh/ u|eawmfw@kd jynf kfG hf h f 28
  • 27. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl axmifp}k u;D [m u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;tay: ud,pm;jyKvmwm r[kwf f k f awmhb/J jynfrvd@k ac:wJh Armjynfa'oawGukd t"duud,pm;jyKvmwm k f awG@jrifvm=u&ygw,f? jynfe,frsm;uawmh jynfreJ@ nDr#rr&ScwtwGuf pGr;f tm;&Soavmuf _ d hJ hJ d vkyuiEicir&Scv@kd / wd;k wufoifoavmuf rwd;k wufcygb;l ? 'Dvkd bm f kd f kd f G hf d hJ h hJ a=umifjh zpfcovJq&if jynfaxmifp&,fv@kd pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;=uwJtcg jynf hJ dk k h e,f&oif&xduwhJ vlrsKd ;pkrsm;udk jynfe,ft*F ge@J tnD zJ@G pnf;+yD;/ &Sr;f jynf h k f e,fvxtwGuf &Sr;f jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fvxtwGuf u,m;jynfe,f l k l k &S=d uovdk jynfrvlxtwGuvnf; jynfe,fwe,fz@GJ pnf;+yD;awmh wef;wl k f nDwl tajccHtay:zJ@G pnf;xm;jcif; r&Sv@kd bv@kd qwm oufaojyaeygw,f? d J kd yifvnvmcH&hJ tESpom&/ AdvcsKyfatmifqef;&Jh vrf;!Gecsursm;udk kH D f k f f f t"duxm;+yD; wef;wlnwz@GJ pnf; pkaygi;f &ef taumiftxnfazmfvm=u D l &if; jynfaxmifptpd;k &[m jynfe,frsm; tm;vH;k udk ud,pm;jyKwhJ tpd;k &bJ k k f jzpf&rSmygb? J tckawmh jynfrvlxtwGuf jynfe,fwe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;udk r}uKd ;pm;bJ k jynfrtjzpfq+kd yD;xm;avawmh jynfr&JtcGitm%meJ@ jynfaxmifptm h hf k %m a&maxG;pkaygi;f +yD; pd;k rd;k tkycsKyfvmawmhum jynfaxmifptjzpfu f k avsmusvm+yD; wjynfaxmifp;kd rd;k r_pepfo@kd wa&G@a&G@ ul;ajymif;vmwm h awG@&&ygw,f? onfta=umif;t&ma=umifvnf; u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,f dS h f rsm;[m wae@wjcm;wm0ef&whJ jynfru jynfrtpd;k &tay:rSm oHo,&Sd dS vmygw,f? 'Doo,awG[m xke@J xnfe@J 0if0ifvmvd@k uae@jynfe,frsm; H [m jynfrtay: rausreyfjzpfwta=umif; xkwazmfvm=u&ygw,f? hJ f uae@ zJ@G pnf;wnfaxmifxm;wJh jynfaxmifpyo¾mef[m jynfe,frsm;&Jh k kH trsKd ;om;nD!wa&; wnfaqmufEir,fh yHprsKd ;/ nDr#aom jynfaxmifpk G f dk f kH pepfrsKd ; r[kwa=umif;udvnf; awG@jrifvmcJ=h u&ygw,f? f k tckvdk u|eawmfwifjytpD&ifcvuawmh jynfrwm0ef&dS yk*Kd~ vfrsm;/ f H kd f acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;u u|eawmftay: wrsKd ;rsKd ; xif k f f f h a&mifxifrm; &Scsi&=dS uygvrrnf? 'gayr,fh uae@E;DS aESmzvS,yrm rdom;pk S d f d hf f GJ S pdw"gw/f jynfaxmifppw"gwe@J jynfe,frsm;jyemudk tjyeftvSen‡d f k d f f f Edi;f aqG;aEG;=urSmrd@k yGiyivif;vif; &d;k &d;k om;om;ESihf qufvufwifjyyg&ap? _ hf G hf 29
  • 28. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom wwd,tcsufuawmh txufu u|efawmftpD&ifcHcJhovdk [kwf r[kwf qef;ppf=unfvu&if vuf&jdS ynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiawmf zJ@G pnf;tkyf h kd f kfH csKyfytajccHOya' ed'ge;f ESihf tJ'e'ge;f udk tajcjyK+yD; a&;qJjG yXmef;xm;wJh kH D d aemuftyd'awGukd Edi;f ,SO=f unf+h y;D / pDppfvuyg&if a&S@Eiaemuf rudunD kf _ kd f S hf k f wm awmfawmfrsm;rsm;awG@&ygvrr,f? 'DtcsutvufawGuawmh u|ef d hf f kd awmftxl; raz: jyvdygb;l ? u|eawmfxuf Oya'u|r;f usiwhJ yk*Kd~ vfrsm; k f h f ydro&dS em;vnfawmfr=l uygw,f? tJ'vkd Oya'ed'ge;f rSm w&m;r#wjcif;/ k kd d D nDr#jcif;/ vGwvyfjcif;qdwhJ avmuygvw&m;awGukd xkwaz: jyXmef;xm; f k f vifhupm; aemuftydk'fawGrSm 'Dw&m;awG&JhtajccHeJ@ qef@usifaewJh ta=umif;&if;[m u|eawmfw@kd twGuf txl;0rf;enf;p&mw&yfjzpfygw,f? f tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfjyifqifapcsiwhJ qENjyif;jyif;jyjyay:ayguvm& f f wmvJ 'Dta=umif;&if;a=umifbJ jzpfygw,f? h tajccHOya'xJu ta=umif;jycsuwcsutaeeJ@ az: jy&r,fq&if f f kd tajccHOya' yk'r (222) t&/ jynfr[m tjcm;jynfe,frsm;enf;wl jynf f axmifptzJ@G 0ifwckjzpfayr,fh tajccHOya'yk'r (*) t&/ tjcm;aom k f jynfe,frsm;tay:rSm jynfaxmifptaeeJ@ pd;k rd;k tm%mv$r;f vmvd@k jynf k e,frsm;[m wu,fbJ rausreyfjzpfc&ygw,f? trSerm 'Dy'r&JtwGi;f hJ f S k f h tESpom&[m jynfr[me,fwe,ftjzpf jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifwOD;jzpfoifh f k ayr,fh jynfr[m jynfaxmifptm%mrsm;vuf0,f&&S+d yD;/ tJ'D tm%m k awGeJ@ jynfe,frsm;tay:rSm pdk;rdk;v$rf;+cHKvmw,fvdk@ jynfe,frsm;u ,H=k unf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfu aemufq;kH pwkwtcsutaeeJ@ jynfe,frsm;&Jh f ˆ f qENukd xkwaz:&ef wm0ef&onfEitnD u|eawmfw@kd vvm;awmifwwJh f dS S fh f kd h jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;tkycsKyfykH yHp[mjynfe,fwi;f [m wef;wlnwtcGihf k f k H kd D l ta&;eJ@ ud,yijf yXmef;cGitay: tajccHjyKwJh jynfaxmifppepfrsKd ;zJ@G pnf; k f kd hf k a&;bJjzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd wef;wlnwtay: zJ@G pnf;a&;udk tajccHwtcgrm D l hJ S &oifaoma'orsm;udk jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;ay;+y;D / jynfrtwGuvnf; jynfe,f h f we,fz@GJ pnf;rSom wef;wla&;tajccH[m taumiftxnfay:vmygvrhf d r,f? 'ga=umifh jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u,pm; u|eawmfw@kd vvm; G f kd f f kd aom jynfaxmifppepfz@GJ pnf;yHk yHo¾mefukd wifjytpD&ifc&yg&if — k k H 30
  • 29. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl (1) jynfrudk jynfe,fwe,f zJ@G pnf;a&;/ (2) v$wawmf (2) &yf tm%mwlay;a&;/ f (3) vlrsKd ;pkvwawmfo@kd jynfe,fwi;f jynfe,fwi;f wlnaom ud,f $ f kd kd D k pm;vS,ay;a&;/ f (4) jynfe,frsm;u rdrdqENtav#mufvJ$tyfaomtm%mrsm;udk jynfaxmifpA[dtpd;k &od@k uef@owfay;I usetm%mrsm;udk k k f jynfe,frsm;wGif xm;&Sa&;/ d qdwtcsutay: jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G uwifjyxm;wJh jynfaxmif k hJ f G f pkpepfyptwdi;f tajccHOya'rsKd ;jyifqifapjcif;ygb? kH H k J av;pm;tyfaom obmywd}u;D eJ@wuG jynfaxmifptpd;k &tzJ@G 0if 0ef k }uD;rsm;cifAsm;/ jynfaxmifpu,pm;vS,awmfrsm;/ jynfrEdiia&;tzJ@G t k kd f f kfH pnf;acgi;f aqmifu,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm;/ ,ck u|eawmfwifjyxm; kd f f f wJh t"dutcsu}f uD; (4) csujf zpfwhJ — (1) jynfaxmifpjk zpfay:vmyH/k (2) jynfe,frsm;vuf&tajctae/ dS (3) vuf&z@GJ pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'/ dS f kH (4) jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;a&;/ k qdwmawGukd tav;teufpOf;pm;a0zefyi;f jcm;+yD; u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,f k kd f rsm;tay: rdom;pkpw"gwe@J =unf+h yD; ajyvnfwtxd ndEi;f aqG;aEG;ajz d f f hJ ‡ _d &Si;f =uapvdygw,f? k (14) ESpausmausmf }uHKawG@cpm;vmcJ&wJh u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm; f f H h f &Jh tajctaeawGudkvnf; odapvdkygw,f? u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ tckvdk jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&;tzJ@G u,pm; wifjycGi&&Swmudvnf; txl;bJaus; G f kd f hf d k Zl;wif 0rf;ajrmufvygw,f? tck u|eawmfw@kd &hJ wifjycsu[m vGwvyf S f f f a&; (14) ESpwm vrf;c&D;&JtawG@t}uHKrsm;t& 'Dae@ a&mh&aewJh trsKd ; f h J om;pnf;vH;k nD!wa&;udk jyefvnfcirmpGm wnfaqmufEi&eftwGuf G f kd f kd f txufyg “rl” twdi;f vkyaqmifEirom jzpfajrmufatmifjrifvrr,f k f kd f S d hf vd@k tav;teuf,=kH unf+yD; wifjy&jcif;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tckvkd u|eawmfrsm;rdom;wpk rdom;pkpvif ES;D aESmzvS,f f kH yJ}G u;D u xajrmuftaumiftxnfaz:ay;wJh 0ef}u;D csKyfO;D Ekukd txl;aus; 31
  • 30. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom Zl;wif0rf;ajrmufa=umif; ajymjy&if; u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifp}k uD;&Jh jy f emrsm;udvnf; txl;bJajz&Si;f ay;Edi=f uyg&ef wduwe;f Ed;k aqmfarwWm&yfcH k k k f G I jynfaxmifp}k u;D wnfwci+f rygap[k qkawmif;&if; ed*;kH csKyygw,fcifAsm;? hH kd J f (=obmoHrsm;)? ********** 32
  • 31. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl tcef; (4) ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f 'l0gaZmfvGef; .aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; u axmufcHwifjyygvdrfhr,f? (=obmoHrsm;)? Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J tpd;k &tzJ@G 0if0ef}uD;rsm;/ Ediia&;tzJ@G toD;oD;rS kfH kfH acgi;f aqmifrsm;cifAsm;/ 'DE;DS aESmzvS,yusi;f y&jcif;[m u|eawmfrsm;&Jh f GJ f zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'}u;D udk qef;ppf&atmifv@kd Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKyf f kH kfH u pDpOfvujf cif; jzpfw,fv@kd ,lqrdygw,f? kd tckvkd wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pku,pm;vS,aygi;f pHk Ediia&;toD;oD;acgi;f k k kd f f kfH aqmifaygif;pHknDpGm qHkrd=ujcif;[m ta=umif;rJhqHk=ujcif;r[kwfyg? ta=umif;&Sv@kd om pHnpmqHr=d ujcif; jzpfygw,f? temwckcawmh jzpfae d k DG k k +y? onftemudk apmapmpD;pD;tcserD rukojzpfv#if 'kuawG@=uawmhr,f D df Q qdwmudk wif}uKd jrifw/hJ jrifrwhJ Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKyu temwjcm; aq;w k d kfH f jcm; rjzpf&avatmif rdom;pkawGuac:+yD; temeJ@wnfwaq;enf;&Sm kd h hJ atmifv@kd zdwjf cif;om jzpfwmbJv@kd vnf; ,lqrdygw,f? u|eawmfrsm;wd@k f wawG 'kuQawG@,Hkomru umvemus+yD; w&GmvHk;ysufEdkifr,fh ab; tE &,fq;kd }uD;udk ta0;u jrifr+d yD; umuG,waq;az:zd@k pDpOfvuaom W f hJ kd f 0ef}uD;csKyftm;u|eawmfrsm; aus;Zl;rwifbJ raeEkiyg? f df T ES;D aESm;zvS,y}GJ u;D [mjzifh jynfaxmifp}k u;D twGuf tbk;d rjzwfEif f dk wJtjrwfxwvur,fv@kd ,=Hk unfrwtwGuf tvGeav;eufvaom h G f dk f d hJ f S ES;D aESmzvS,y;JG }uD;[k av;pm;rdw,f? f temwckcawmhjzpfae+yqwmvlwi;f odEiyg+y/D 'Dtem[m bmtem k D kd dk kd f rsK;d vJ? b,fuay:vmwJh temvJqwmudk Zpfjrpf&m+y;D r aq;ukv,ygvrhf kd S S G f d r,f? jynfaxmifptwGi;f rSm jynfaxmifpwckv;Hk ukxcuapwJh tem k k d d dk f tqmay:vmv#if 0ki;f 0ef;umuG,upm;zd@k / wm0ef&=dS uwJtwdi;f jynfe,f d f k h k rsm;nD!wa&; tzG@J OuUX}u;D . wifjycsursm;udaxmufc&if; tenf;i,f G f f k H xyfjznf@wifjyvkuygw,f? d f 33
  • 32. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom tcktcsetcgrm jynfe,fom;rsm;[m rausreyfrrsm;jym;vm+yD;/ d f S _ jynfrom;rsm;tay: xifa&mifxifrm;jzpfvmwJh yGpypa&m*g[m wjcm; S d G d ta=umif;a=umifhay:vmwmr[kwfygbl;? trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AkvcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;!GecsrwcwhJ jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yke@J ,ck trSef d f f S f hJ k H wu,fjzpfwnfaewJh jynfaxmifpkzGJpnf;ykH[m rsm;pGmuGJjym;jcm;em; aewma=umifh wa=umif;/ vGwvyfa&;r&rDtcsee@J vGwvyfa&;t&,l+y;D f df f aom pyfu;l rwfu;l tcsewif awmifwef;a'ovleprsm;jzpfaom &Sr;f / d f G J k ucsif/ csif;tp&SdwJhvlenf;pkrsm;uvGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg b,fvkdjynf axmifprsK;d ukd zG@J pnf;Iaexkiva=umif;/ Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk rdrw@dk k d f dk d qENt}udr}f udrxwaz:cJaom jynfaxmifpz@JG pnf;yke@J trSez@JG pnf;cJaom f k f h k H f h jynfaxmifpz@JG pnf;ykrm tawmfuvJG aejcif;a=umifwa=umif;/ 0rf;enf; k H S JG h zG,f rauseyfr_ trsKd ;rsKd ;ay:vmcJygw,f? acgi;f aqmif}uD; AdvcsKyfatmif h k f qef;vrf;!GecsrwcwhJ jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;tkycsKyfye@J jynfe,fom;rsm; f S f hJ k f kH vdvm;wJh jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHrm t"dutajccHoabmeJ@ wln=D uwJh k k k S twGuf rsm;pGmoabmwduqir_ jzpfygw,f? k f kd f jynfe,fom;vlenf;pkrsm;u b,fvyprsKd ;jzifh jynfaxmifpwnfvkd kd kH H k w,fqwmudk vGwvyfa&;r&rD 1947 ck azaz:0g&v wGif awmifyi;f &Sr;f kd f D kd jynf yifv+kH rdK@Y usi;f ywJh trsKd ;om;nDvmcHY AdvcsKyfacgi;f aqmifaom k f trsdK;om;acgif;aqmmifrsm;eJ@ vlenf;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;awG@qHkI vGwf vyfa&;&vmwJtcg wef;wlnr#a&;udk tajccHxm;I jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf; h D k a&; aqG;aEG;em;vnfr_ &&Sc=hJ uygw,f? jynfaxmifp}k uD; arG;xkway;aom d f trsKd ;om;nDvmcHjzpfcw,f? &mZ0ifwiavmufaom yifvpmcsKyuvnf; hJ Gf kH f kd csKyfqc=hJ uygw,f? ‚if;tjyif 1947 ck {+yDv ar+rdK@ (DR. RERSE WILLkd f k Gf IAM) acgi;aqmifaom e,fpyfa'opHprf;a&;aumfrwDa&S@arSmufwivnf; &Sr;f / ucsif ud,pm;vS,rsm;u rdrw@kd &vtifqENukd rnfuo@kd tppfcH k f f d hJ kd hJ a=umif;/ tqdyg aumfrwD&tpD&ifcpmY e,fpyfa'orsm;. tem*wf k hJ H ta&;/ &Sr;f jynf/ ucsiawmifwef;e,frsm;rS oufaorsm;onf &Sr;f jynfe,f f ESifh ucsifjynfe,fyg0ifaom jynfaxmifpktwGif;Y rdrdwdk@jynfe,frsm; twGuf ud,yitycsKyfa&;&&S&ef qEN&a=umif;? od@k aomf trsm;ESiouf k f kd f k f d dS hf qdiaom XmetcsKd @ukd jynfaxmifpA[dtpd;k &od@k vJtyf&ef oabmwl kf k k $ a=umif; ponfjzifh &Sr;f / ucsirsm;. vdtifqENukd jycJ=h uygw,f? awmif f k 34
  • 33. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl wef;om;vlenf;pkrsm;&Jh vdtifqENt&qdv#if jynfaxmifpppfppfz@GJ pnf;&ef k k k yifjzpfygw,f? vGwvyfa&;r&rD tcsersm;Y t*Fvye,fcs@J &hJ aoG;cJpepf f d f d f G a=umifh vlenf;pkrsm;[m vlrsm;pkjzpfaom ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;tay: txif tjrifrm;r_rsm; &Sc=hJ uygw,f? vGwvyfa&;twl&,l&atmifv@kd AdvcsKyf S d f k f atmifqef;&Jh zdwac:pkpnf;wJtcg awGa0ae=uygao;w,f? trsKd ;om; f h acgi;f aqmif AdvcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ucsitrsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; 1946 k f f ck Ed0ifbmv (29) &ufae@/ jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@wif awG@q=kH uwJtcgY‚if;/ yifvkH k G h nDvmcHwif vlenf;pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@ awG@qwtcgY‚if;/ zqyvtzJ@G G kH hJ csKyy%mrjyifqifrnvmcHwif AdvcsKyatmifqef;a&;qJr,fh tajccHOya' f _ D G k f f G eJ@ ywfouf+y;D vrf;!Gejf yXmef;csursm; awG@&aomtcgY‚if;/ AdvcsKyatmif f dS k f f qef;. rSeuefaom trsKd ;om;a&;0g'jzpfaom — f (1) wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;&Jwef;wla&;/ k h (2) vlrsKd ;pkwi;f &ydicihf tjynft0&&Sapa&;/ kd k f G h d (3) vlrsKd ;pkrsm;&JtcGita&;udk umuG,apmifa&Smufa&;/ h hf f h udk u|eawmfrsm;=um;odvmwJtcg csujf cif;pdwajymif;vJY AdvcsKyfatmif f h f k f qef;trSL;jyKaom Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk t,H}k uD;I tm;ud;k tm;xm; jyKvm=uygw,f? &mZ0ifwif r}uKH b;l atmif trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wjf cif; G G &cJ=h uygw,f? wdi;f jynfjyKv$wawmfac:I zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'a&;qJ=G upOf k f f kH tcgYvnf; Armhacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk b,favmuf,om;ovJqwmu kH G kd awmh yH+k yD; tyfwtxdjzpfc=hJ uwmygb? wdi;f jyKjynfjyKnDvmcHusi;f yaeqJ hJ J k tcsewif vlrormwpk&hJ vufcsujf zifh AdvcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@wuG acgi;f d f G k f aqmiftcsKd @vy}f uHc&+yD;aemufyi;f wGif tqH;k owfa&;qJaom zJ@G pnf;tkyf k H kd G csKyfytajccHOya'[m AdvcsKyfatmifqef;csrwcaom rSeuefonftrsKd ; kH k f S f hJ f h om;0g'eJ@vnf; rnD!w/f vlenf;pkrsm;vdvm;aom rle@J vnf; uJvaewm G k G GJ udk wpwpawG@jrifvm=uygw,f? T zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyytajccHOya'udk (14) f f kH ESpywfv;kH usio;kH vmwJtcg tcuftcJtrsKd ;rsKd ;awG@}uKH I rjynfrpHjk zpfae f hf h h wmudvnf; awG@&ygw,f? T zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya't& usio;kH k f kH hf vmwJtcg rlvt"dutajccHrsm; ygrvmaoma=umifh rSe;f csue@J ESr;f xGuf h f ruduqovdk jynfaxmifp&hJ tESpom&uG,aysmuf+yD;/ qm;rcwfaom k f kd k f f [if;vsmuJo@kd aygysuysujf zpfaeygw,f? vGwvyfa&;&cgptcsewif vl h h f f d f G 35
  • 34. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom enf;pkrsm;[m 0rf;omrqH;k jzpfcg rdrw@kd u=H urRmudk rdrw@kd zefw;D Ediawmhr,f d d kf ud,jhf ynfe,f&w;kd wuf}uD;yGm;r_ tpGr;f ukevyEiawmhr,fv@kd tm;wuf k hJ f k f kd f =uygw,f? ar#mvif=h uygw,f? od@k aomf wESprS ESpEpo@kd wpwp=umvm f f fSf wJtcg rdrw@kd ar#mre;f csue@J uGmjcm;vmaomtjzpfe@J &ifqi=f u&aom h d f S f kd tcg rausreyfrj_ zpfvm=uygw,f? pdwysuvm=uygw,f? Armjynfrom; f f rsm;eJ@ qufqwae&mrSmvnf; r=umc%tqifrajyr_ jzpfay:vmcJ=h uyg H hJ w,f? jynfrom;rsm;u jynfe,fom;rsm;tay: zdEyw,f/ csKyfcs,w,f/ dS f f 0ifpuw,f/ vlrsKd ;}uD;0g' oH;k w,fv@kd xifjrifcg twif;tzsi;f ajymvm=u G f ygw,f? xduo@kd aom tjzpfrsKd ;[m ucsiwrsKd ;wnf;eJ@om jzpfwmr[kwyg? k hJ f f &Sr;f eJ@vnf; jzpfay:w,f? tjcm; vlrsKd ;pkwi;f eJ@vnf; jzpfay:cJygw,f? Arm kd h vlrsKd ;}uD;0g' oH;k w,fv@kd pGypv#if Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;u r[kwb;l vd@k f GJ f jiif;qef=urSmbJ? vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'r&Sre;f udk u|eawmfrsm;u ,H=k unf=uaomf dS f vnf; vuf&tajccHOya'u vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'&Satmif zefw;D ay;aewmu dS d awmh jiif;Edi=f ur,f rxifyg? tajccHOya'yk'r (222) wGif Armjynfr[m k f jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifwOD;om jzpf&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; tajccHOya'yk'r (*) k f t& tjcm;tzJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;tay:wGif jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiitaeESihf kfH pd;k rd;k I tm%mv$r;f rd;k jcif;udk awG@&ygvrr,f? T tcsuonfyifv#if jynf d hf f rom;rsm;udk vlrsKd ;}u;D 0g'twif;xd;k +y;D ay;ouJo@kd jzpfapI vlrsKd ;}u;D eJ@ vlrsKd ; h i,fEppm;&Satmif cJjG cm;apaomtcsujf zpfygw,f? 'Dtcsuonfyifv#if S f d f wef;wla&;/ rSeuefonfh trsKd ;om;0g'ESihf zDvmqef@usiaeygonf? vuf&dS f f zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'udk Oya'a&;&_a'gi/hf tkycsKyfa&;&_a'gi/hf trsKd ; f kH f om;a&;&_a'giu=unfv#if trsKd ;om;a&;vuQ%mudk raqmif/ csKd @,i;f ae hf h G onhtwGuf ,cktcg trsKd ;om;rsm;pnf;vH;k nD!wr[m a&mh&vmjcif; f G f _ J jzpfygw,f? ucsijf ynfe,fe@J oufqiaomtajccHOya'Y tjcm;jynfe,f kd f rsm;eJ@ wrlx;l jcm;+yD;/ vlrsKd ;a&;cJjG cm;I tcGita&;umuG,ay;xm;aom hf f yk'rrsm;xnfoi;f xm;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? 'Dtcsu[mvnf; trsKd ;om; f h G f a&;udk raqmif vlrsKd ;a&;yÉdyuQrukd tpOfzefw;D ay;&ma&mufapygw,f? _ txufwif az: jycJonftwdi;f vuf&tajccHOya't& zJ@G pnf;xm; G h h k dS wJh jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yH[m csKd @,i;f csujf ynfEuaewJtwGuf rauseyfr_ k k G hf S f h awG/ txifvrm;r_awG ay:xGuvm+y;D / trsKd ;om;rsm;&Jh pnf;vH;k r_ukd xdcuf GJ S f kd 36
  • 35. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl a&mh&J apcJygw,f? T twdi;f om qufvufom;=ur,fqv#if jynfaxmif h k G kd pk}u;D +yKd u&efyif pd;k &dryyefcygw,f? trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wr_ cdi+f rI jynf GJ f l hJ G f k J axmifp}k uD;wnfwci+f rJ&efrm vuf&dS zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk jyifz@kd vyg hH kd S k kd w,f? jyifwtcgvnf; rSeuefwtrsKd ;om;a&;vuQ%mudk aqmifaom hJ f hJ wef;wla&;eJ@ &ydicitjynft0 &&Sa&;udk t"dutajccHxm;v#uf — k f G hf h d (1) (2) (3) (4) Armjynfrudjk ynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if jynfe,fz@GJ a&;/ k v$wawmf (2) &yftm; tm%mwlay;a&;/ f vlrsKd ;pkvwawmfwif wlnaomud,pm;vS,apv$wa&;/ $ f G D k f f f trsm;ESifhoufqkdifaomXmetcsdK@udk A[dktpdk;&odk@tm%mvJ$ tyfI usetm%mrsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfe,fYxm;&Sa&;/ f d (5) jynfaxmifpb¾mawmfukd r#wpGmcJa0a&;/ k G paomtcsursm;yg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpusetifvuQ%mESijhf ynfponfh f k f h kH jynfaxmifpjk yKjyifz@GJ pnf;rSomv#if trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wr}_ u;D cdi+f rr,f G f k J jynfaxmifp}k u;D vnf; wnfwr,fv@kd wxpfcs,=kH unf=uygw,f? hH u|eawmfrsm; zuf'&,fac:wJh jynfaxmifpppfppfz@GJ pnf;&ef tqdjk yKjcif; f k [m vlrsKd ;a&;udk Ed;_ qGay;aejcif; r[kwyg? Confederation ac:wJh tvGef f jrifrm;wJh jynfaxmifpz@GJ &ef ta&;qdjk cif;vnf; r[kwyg? trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k h k f nD!wrukd wu,f&,lEiaom jynfaxmifpppfppfukd zJ@G pnf;jcif;om rSef G f_ kd f k uefonf[k ,H=k unf=ujcif;jzpfonftwGuf wifjy&jcif;jzpfygw,f? hf (=obmoHrsm;)? ********** 37
  • 36. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom tcef; (5) csi;f txl;0daoowdi;f ud,pm;vS,f k k f uy`wderef;wHE;kH . aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf f k tpDtpOf (6) t&/ csif;txl;0daoowdkif; udk,fpm;vS,f r[moa&pnfol uy`wdef ref;wHkEHk;u axmufcHwifjy&efjzpfygw,f? (=obmoHrsm;)? av;pm;tyfygaom obmywd Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J wuG tpd;k &tzJ@G 0ef kfH }uD;rsm;/ Ediia&;tzJ@G tpnf;acgi;f aqmifu,pm;vS,rsm;/ jynfe,fu,f kfH kd f f kd pm;vS,awmf}uD;rsm; cifAsm;? ckvkd ES;D aESmzvS,ynvmcHrm u|eawmf f f GJ D S f pum;ajymcGi&wJtwGuf txl;bJ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? hf h u|eawmf wifjyaqG;aEG;vdwmuawmh zuf'&,frupe@J ywfouf+yD; f k l dP bma=umifh u|eawmfw@kd zuf'&,fr/l jynfaxmifprukd vdvm;ae&w,f f k l k qdwhJ ta=umif;bJjzpfygw,f? u|eawmftaeeJ@ jynfe,frsm;nD!wa&; k f h G f tzJ@G OuUX}u;D p0fcecsKd re@f =um;oGm;onftwdi;f qufvuf+y;D axmufcom; Gf d hf k H G vdygw,f? vGecwhJ 1947 ckEpf azaz:0g&vtwGi;f rSm usi;f ycJwhJ yifvnD k f hJ S D h kH vmcH}uD;u tpjyK+yD; jynfaxmifp}k uD;ay:ayguvmw,fqwm[m rSeyg f kd f w,f? xdtcseu awmifwef;a'orsm;eJ@ ArmjynfrrSm&SwhJ acgi;f aqmif k d f d awG[m yl;aygi;f +yD; wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wrukd }udK;yrf;aqmif&uchJ k G f _ G f ygw,f? tJ'vkd wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wre@J }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&uc=hJ uvd@k vGwf D k G f_ G f vyfwjhJ ynfaxmifpEiiawmf &,fv@kd jzpfay:vm&w,f qdwmvnf; trSef k kd f H k twdi;f bJjzpfygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd u jynfaxmifppepfukd }uKd uEpoufv@kd k f k fSf jynfaxmifp&,fv@kd wnfaqmufcjhJ cif; jzpfygw,f? 1947 ckEpf pufwifbm k S vrSm usi;f ywJh wdi;f jynfjf yKv$wawmfrm jynfaxmifpoabmoufa&muf k f S k wJh zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'udk wifjypOfu u|eawmfw@kd tm;vH;k vG,f f kH f vG,uue@J 0di;f 0ef;axmufcc=hJ uygw,f? 'D zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya' f l l k H f kH [m jynfaxmifppw"gw/f jynfaxmifpoabmxm;rsm;ESitnD vufcH k d f k hf 38
  • 37. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl usio;kH oGm;Edivrr,fv@kd u|eawmfw@kd ,=kH unfar#mvifxm;cJygw,f? 'g hf k f d hf f f h h ayr,fh u|eawmfw@kd ,=kH unfar#mvifxm;ovdk jzpfrvmbl;vd@k qdcsiyg f f h k f w,f? zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'[m jynfaxmifpoabmrwufa&muf f kH k ovdk jzpfaewm tawmf=um=umvufawG@cpm;vmwJtcgrm od&vm&yg H h S dS w,f? u|eawmfw@kd awmifwef;a'o vlenf;pkawG[m b,fvpw"gwe@J f kd d f f jynfaxmifp}k u;D wnfwatmif jynfaxmifp}k u;D udwnfaqmuf=uwmjzpf hH k awmh jynfaxmifp}k uD;rSm t"duOD;aqmifaewJh aemifawmfjynfru acgi;f aqmifawG tay:rSm,H=k unftm;xm;=uygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd vdvm;,H=k unftm;xm;wJh jynfaxmifpyp[mvnf; f k k kH H jynfreJ@awmifwef;a'ou vlenf;pkawG nDwnr#tcGitm%m&SwhJ yHpH l D hf d k rsKd ; jzpf=urSmbJv@kd xifrw=f uygw,f? od@k aomfvnf; u|eawmfw@kd xifrwf S f S ovdk vuf&jdS ynfaxmifp&hJ jynfe,frsm;&Jtajctaeu 'Dvjkd zpfrvmwm k h u|eawmfw@kd awG@jrif=uwJtwdi;f tpD&ifcyg&ap? f h k H vGwvyf+yD;ptcg/ &+yD;vd@k (14) ESptawmtwGi;f rSm u|eawmfw@kd f f f qef;ppf=unfvuawmh jynfe,fawmifwef;a'oawG&hJ rlvud,yijf yXmef; h kd f k f kd cGiawG[m aysmufu,&awmhrvdk jzpfaewm awG@&ygw,f? hf G f jynfaxmifp}k u;D rSm jynfaxmifppw"gwawGusqif;ae+y? jynfaxmif f kd f f D pkoabmxm;qdwmvnf; bmud,&rSe;f rodatmif jzpfaeygw,f? jynf k k l axmifpk zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'ed'ge;f rSmygwhJ w&m;r#wr_/ vGwvyf f kH f r_/ nDr#r_ qdwpum;awG[mvnf; t"dyg` ,enf;enf;bJ &Sawmhw,fv@kd u|ef k hJ f d awmfw@kd xifrygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,fawmifwef;a'ou vlenf;pk d f awG[m vuf&jdS ynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;tkycsKyytajccHOya' tay:rSm oHo, k f f kH &Sdae=uw,f? jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifqdkwmudk t"dy`g,fydkif;jcm;wJhtcgrSm jynfe,fe@J jynfr [k jynfr/ jynfe,f ESihf jynfe,fr[kwwhJ usee,fajra'o f f qdwhJ jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if ESprsKd ;bJ&w,f? tck u|eawmfw@kd jynfrvd@k ac: k k f dS f aewm[m pifppfawmh jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if bJjzpfygw,f? jynfe,fawG k [mvnf; jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifawGbJ jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh jynfaxmifpk k tzJ@G tm%mudk csKyfuip;kd rd;k aewmuawmh jynfromv#if jzpfaeawmh kd f jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0iftcsi;f csi;f awGrm tjiif;yGm;p&m/ rauseyfp&mawG jzpf k S vm=uygw,f? 'Dvkd tjiif;yGm;r_/ rauseyfrawG r=umc%jzpfvmawmh _ 39
  • 38. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom b,fou b,fvajz&Si;f ay;rvJ? rajz&Si;f Ediv@kd jyemawGpy+kH y;D jzpfvm l kd kf k v#if wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wrukd rxdcuaybl;vm;? 'gukd tav;t k G f_ kd f euf pOf;pm;=uapcsiygw,f? f aemuf+y;D awmh rauseyfr/_ epfemr_&w,f qdwmvJ jynfe,f jynfaxmif dS k pktzJ@G 0ifawGu cyfrsm;rsm;jzpfaeawmh jynfrtaeeJ@ pOf;pm;wJtcgrm 'g h S awG[m tao;tzJawGygv@kd r,lqapcsib;l ? 'Dv,q&if trSm;}uD;rSm; G f kd l ygvrr,f? u|eawmfw@kd taeeJ@ jrifwmuawmh zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfytajccH d hf f f kH Oya'udk jyifqifa&;qJG=uwJhtcgrSm jynfaxmifpkpepf}uD; yDyDoojzpf atmif jyifqifa&;qJ=G uapvdygw,f? 'DvrS rjyifqif/ rjyif&if xyfovJvJ k kd jyemawGjzpft;kH rSmbJ? jynfaxmifppw"gwe@J jynfaxmifpoabm k d f f k w&m;awG[m jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'rSm owfrwcsuf k f kH S f awGe@J wdwusus udunaprSjzpfawmhr,fv@kd u|eawmfw@kd ,H=k unfygw,f? d k f D f Oyrmqd&if u|eawmfw@kd csi;f a'o[m jynfaxmifp}k u;D txJrm b,f k f S vdk tzJ@G 0ifrsKd ;jzpfxuw,fqwm oD;oef@owfrw+f y;D jzpfygw,f? +y;D awmh kd f kd S jynfaxmifpygvrefEihf jynfe,faumifpawG&hJ qufo,roabmw&m; k D S D G f _ awGuvnf;f jynfaxmifppepfe@J uunatmif xm;&Sapcsiygw,f? 'Dvkd kd k kd f D d f jynfe,f jynfrqd+k y;D qufvufyi;f jcm;r,fq&ifawmh 'D jynfaxmifp}k u;D &Jh kd kd wnfwci+f rJa&;[m &SEiygt;kH rvm;/ 'D 'Drua&pD&tESpom&udaum hH kd d kd f kd hJ f k &Smvd@k awG@ygt;kH rvm; qdwm pd;k &drp&mjzpfvmygw,f? k f 'gawGa=umifh u|eawmft}uH^m%fay;axmufcom;csiwmu jynf f H G f e,f jynfr&,fv@kd rcJbJ jynfe,fcsn;f bJ pkaygi;f xm;wmjzpf=uatmif jynfr G udvnf; jynfe,fwcktjzpfz@GJ yg? 'gromv#if jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0iftcsi;f k S k csi;f nDr#rj_ zpf+yD;/ jynfe,fawG&hJ oHo,&SrawG[m ajyaysmufom;Ediyg d _ G kf w,fv@kd u|eawmf,=kH unfygw,f? f tcku|eawmfwifjyovdk jynfe,ftcsi;f csi;f pkaygi;f wJh “rl” udvufcH f k rS tkycsKyfrtm%m/ w&m;pD&ifrtm%m/ Oya'jyKr_tm%m qdwhJ t"du f _ _ k r¾dKijf zpfwhJ tm%moH;k &yfukd wef;wlr#wr_ &Satmifca0+y;D / A[djk ynfaxmif d GJ pkukd oifavsmwhJ tm%mawGowfrway;xm;jcif;jzifh ppfrewjhJ ynfaxmifpk h f S f Sf }uD;udk wnfaqmufEirmjzpfygw,f? kd f S 40
  • 39. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl u|eawmfw@kd &hJ aemifawmf}uD;wawGjzpfwhJ jynfracgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm; f udk u|eawmftav;teufarwWm&yfccsiwmu aemifawmfawG&hJ oabm f H f xm;}uD;r_ukd xif&m;atmifjy=uyg? ynm&SowdEivnf; pOf;pm;a0zef=u S d S hf yg? u|eawmfw@kd 0di;f 0ef;wnfaqmufwhJ wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wr}_ u;D f k k G f r+ydKuJGatmifvnf; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufawmfrl=uygvdk@ av;eufpGm awmif;yefajym&if; u|eawmf ed*;kH csKyfvuygw,f? f kd f (=obmoHrsm;)? ********** 41
  • 40. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom tcef; (6) &S r f ; jynf e ,f u d k , f p m;vS , f OD ; xG e f ; jrif h (awmif } uD ; ) . aqG ; aEG ; wif j ycsuf eHygwf (7) tpDtpOft& &Srf;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;) u axmufcHrSmjzpfygw,f? av;pm;tyfwhJ obmywd}uD; Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ av;pm;tyfwhJ kfH aoG;csi;f ud,pm;vS,rsm;cifAsm;/ jynfaxmifpppfppfz@GJ pnf;a&; “rl” udk k f f k u|eawmfwifjyvduw,f qd&ifb/J jrefrmjynfrS trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif f k f k toD;oD;qDrS &_a'gitjrif trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ oabmxm;wke@f jyefr_ trsKd ;rsKd ;ay: hf xGuvmcJygw,f? f h jrefrmjynf[m 0HomEkacwfuae+yD; AdvcsKyfatmifqef;acwftxd k f +Adwo#uveb0u vGwajrmufatmif vGwvyfa&;wduytqifqifh d kd kd D f f k f GJ h qifEvmcJygw,f? [kr;f &l; (Home Rule) ac:wJh ud,yitycsKyfa&;uae $J h k f kd f k f vH;k 0 vGwvyfa&;txd/ vGwvyfa&;trsKd ;rsKd ;awmif;qdc=hJ uygw,f? 'D f f k awmif;qdcsuawGukd jrefrmtrsKd ;om;rsm;bufu=unf&if tvGew&m; k f h f aom awmif;qdcsursm;jzpfygw,f? udvee,fcs@J orm;rsm;bufu =unfh k f k kd D &if rw&m;wJh awmif;qdcsuawGv@kd jzpfygw,f? jrefrmtrsKd ;om;bufu k f vGwvyfa&;/ +Adwo#e,fcs@J orm;rsm;bufu udvewnf+rJa&; &_a'git f d k kd D hf jrifjcif; rwl=uygb;l ? 'D OyrmeJ@ 'Dae@ u|eawmfw@kd tjzpftysu[m xyfwxyfr#qavsmf f f l D w,fv@kd u|eawmfrqdvygb;l ? [dta&;u e,fcs@J orm;eJ@ udveu|eb0 f k kd k k kd D f usa&mufaewJh jrefrmtrsKd ;om;rsm; vGwvyfa&;awmif;qdwhJ qufqa&;/ f k H tck u|eawmfw@kd ta&;[m rdom;pkcsi;f wef;wlrawmif;qdwhJ qufqa&;/ f _ k H qufqa&;trsKd ;tpm;jcif; uGmjcm;ygw,f? txufu Oyrmudk u|eawmf H f wifpm;az: jy&wJh &nf&,csuu wjcm;ta=umif;a=umifh r[kwygb;l ? G f f f cHpm;r_b0udk ay:vGiapvdwhJ apwema=umifbjJ zpfygw,f? f k h u|eawmfw@kd wifjywJh jynfaxmifpppfppf “rl” &Jh tESpom&[m bmvJ f k f qd&if wef;wla&;bJjzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpppfppfrl qd+k y;D u|eawmfw@kd wif k k f 42
  • 41. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl jywJtcgrm Ediia&;yHo¾mef/ tkycsKyfa&;yHo¾mef/ tm%mcJa0a&;yHk h S kfH k f k G o¾mef ponfjzifh az: jyxm;wJtwGuf 'Dae@jzpfay:aewJh jyem[m h tvGew&m eufecufcaeonf[k ,lqp&mjzpfaeygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd f J J f vdvm;csuukd t&Si;f qH;k pum;vH;k eJ@az: jy&&if u|eawmfw@kd Arm/ &Sr;f / k f f ucsi/f csi;f / u&if/ u,m;/ rGe/f &cdif nDtudrom;pkawG[m wef;wlnwl k k d D qufq=H uygp@kd / wef;wlnwl cHpm;=uygp@kd v@kd qdvujf cif;bJjzpfygw,f? D k kd u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifpppfppfrukd yk*Kd~ vftcsKd @u b,fvtawG; f k l kd ayguw,f/ b,fvt"dyg` ,aumufw,f rajymwwfygb;l ? vufrcHEib;l ? f kd f kd f rjzpfEib;l vd@k wH;k wd}uD; jiif;y,fae=uygw,f? 'Dvkd jiif;y,fjcif;[m u|ef kd f awmfw@kd cpm;&wJb0eJ@ t"dyg` ,jf yefvu&if rif;wd@k e@J wef;wlnwqufqH H h kd f D l vd@k rjzpfEib;l ? wef;wlnwcpm;cGihf ray;Edib;l vd@k t"dyg` ,ayguygw,f? kd f D lH kf f f Armjynfrowif;pmawGubJjzpfjzpf/ Ediia&;acgi;f aqmifawGubJ jzpf kfH jzpf/ Oya'ynm&SiawGubJjzpfjzpf u|eawmfw@kd wifjyvduwhJ jynfaxmifpk f f k f rl udk vufrcHEib;l ? rjzpfEib;l vd@k ajymvduwtcgwi;f tcgwi;f / u|ef kd f kd f k f hJ kd kd awmfw@kd pwrm ckwifu t"dyg` ,twdi;f vm+yD;cHpm;&ygw,f? d f S f k +Adwo#tm %mydirsm;u vGwvyfa&;ray;Edib;l vd@k ajymvduwi;f d kf f kf k f kd ajymvduwi;f jrefrmtrsKd ;om;rsm;pdwrm cHpm;&ovd/k jynfaxmifpppfppf k f kd fS k rle@J ywfouf+yD;/ Armaemifawmfrsm;buf ypfypfcgcgajymvduqvuwi;f k f kd kd f kd u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;&Jpwrm tvm;wla0'em cHpm;&ygw,f? u|ef f h d f S awmfw@kd jynfe,ftrsKd ;om;awG jynfaxmifpppfppfrukd awmif;qd=k uwm k l [m tcGix;l tcGirawGukd awmif;aewmr[kwygb;l qdwmudk 'Dae&mrSm hf hf l f k u|eawmftpD&ifcH vdygw,f? f k u|eawmfw@kd &Sr;f jynftrsKd ;om;rsm;taeeJ@ tpD&ifc&r,fq&if u|ef f f H kd awmfw@kd [m ArmtrsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl ud,wi;f jynf/ ud,vrsKd ;/ ud,hf k hf kd k hf l k tcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@ aexdivm=uygw,f? acwfa[mif;&mZ0ifrm &Sr;f kf S trsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ ArmtrsKd ;om;rsm; qufqa&;[m wzufe@J wzufemusn;f H p&mawG&ovd/k cspcifjrwfE;kd p&mawGvnf; tajrmuftrsm; &Sygw,f? vlrsKd ; dS f d a&;tEG,t& &Sr;f trsKd ;om;awG[m ,d;k ',m;eJ@yIeD;pyfaomfvnf; vuf f kd awG@qufqa&;t& ArmeJ@y+kd y;D &if;ES;D ygw,f? acwfopf&mZ0ifukd =unfr,f H h qdk&ifvnf; +Adwdo#u|efoabmufb0udk &Srf;eJ@Arm[m twlwlbJ 43
  • 42. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom uscw,f? e,fcsJ @p;kd rd;k r_atmufrm twlwbcpm;cJ&=uw,f? vGwvyfa&; hJ S l JH h f udvnf; &Sr;f eJ@Arm[m twlwvufw+GJ yD; &,lc=hJ uygw,f? u|eoayguf k l f b0uae tjcm;u|eoaygub0wckukd ycH;k ajymif;r_ ArmtrsKd ;om;rsm; f f rvdvm;ovdk u|eawmfw@kd &r;f jynftrsKd ;om;rsm;uvnf; enf;enf;rS rvdk k f S vm;ygb;l ? ArmtrsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ vufw+GJ y;D vGwvyfa&;&,lovdk vGwvyf f f wJ&r;f jynftrsKd ;om;rsm;[m vGwvyfwhJ ArmjynftrsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ wef;wl hS f nDwl yl;aygi;f +yD; jynfaxmifpukd zJ@G pnf;aexdiae=uygw,f? k kf 1945 ckEprS 1947 ckEpf wdi;f jynfjyKv$wawmfac:qdk usi;f ywJae@txd Sf S k f h u|eawmfw@kd &r;f trsKd ;om;rsm;[m ArmjynfrtrsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ yl;wJvwf f S G G vyfa&;&,l+y;D jynfaxmifpppfppfrl yl;aygi;f zJ@G pnf;aexdiva=umif; qENxwf k k f kd k az:cJwoufaoom"u taxmuftxm;awG/ pm&Gupmwrf;awG[m h hJ f ,ae@raysmufu,Eiao;ygb;l ? &Sr;f rl vd@k ac:wJh pmtkyjf ymxJrm tjynfh G f kd f S tpHaz: jyxm;ygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd &Sr;f rluwifvuwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;/ k f kd kd f wcsKd @y*Kd~ vu cifAsm;wd@k &r;f awG b,fvpwu;l ayguv@kd jynfaxmifpppfppf k f S kd d f f k qdwrukd tckv+kd AHK;pm;}uD; xyfawmif;vmwmvnf;vd@k ar;=uygw,f? k hJ l wcsKd @y*Kd~ vawGuvnf; cifAsm;wd@k ukd b,foajrmufay;vduovJ/ b,fo@l k f l ‡ k f ya&m*eJ@ awmif;wmvnf;vd@k ar;=uygw,f? 'Dvar;cH&wJtwGuf u|ef kd h awmfw@kd [m pdwxtawmfbJ xdcuemusn;f rd cJ=h uygw,f? trSeawmh f J kd f f u|eawmfw@kd [mvnf;f ykxZOfom;awG r[kwygvm;? ykxZOfw@kd obm0 f k f k pdwxcuemusn;f wm[m tqef;r[kwygb;l ? 'gayr,fh u|eawmfw@kd [m f d kd f f f oabmxm;}uD;}uD;eJ@ onf;cHc=hJ uygw,f? ArmtrsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD; rsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ Ediia&;ygwtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;qDukd u|eawmfw@kd kfH D f &Sr;f jynfe,f OuUX}uD; p0fcecsKd ud,wiO;D pD+yD; c,0yfwm;pGmoGm;a&muf G f k f kd f G &Si;f jycJygw,f? 'ga=umifvnf; txifrm;r_awG 'Dvrvdvm;tyfwhJ ar;cGe;f h h S kd k rsKd ;awG aemufxyfay:rvmawmhygb;l ? Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J nDtudu,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm;? u|ef kfH k kd f f awmfw@kd jynfaxmifpppfppfrukd wifjyawmif;qdwm[m Armjynfrtay: k l k tEdiusivwoabmrsKd ;/ t=uyfuivwoabmrsKd ;/ tcGix;l ydawmif; k f hf kd hJ kd f kd hJ hf k wJoabmrsKd ;eJ@ awmif;qdcwm r[kwygb;l ? u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;[m h k hJ f f jynfreJ@wef;wlr_ r&Sjd zpfaewmudk wef;wlr&vmatmif awmif;qdae=ujcif; _ dS k om jzpfygw,f? 44
  • 43. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl vuf&z@GJ pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'[m u|eawmfw@kd ukd ArmjynfreJ@ dS f kH f wef;wlrae&mrSmrxm;bl;? Ediia&;/ pDym;a&;/ vlra&;rSm nDr#wtcGihf _ kfH G _ hJ ta&;ray;bl;? tzufzufu epfemapw,fv@kd u|eawmfw@kd &;kd om;pGm f awG@jrifae=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh wef;wlnr#rr&SwhJ 'D tajccHOya'}uD;udk D _ d wef;wlr&vmatmif jyefvnfjyifqif=uygp@kd v@kd u|eawmfw@kd u rdom;pkpwf _ dS f d "gwe@J &d;k &d;k om;om;awmif;qd=k ujcif; jzpfygw,f? f 'g[m u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifpppfppfr&hJ vd&if;twdcsKybjJ zpfygw,f? f k l k k f 'DtajccHOya'}uD;udk wdi;f jynfjyKv$wawmfwe;f u cifAsm;wd@k &r;f jynfu k f k S ud,pm;vS,awGyg0ifa&;qJ+G yD; oabmwlcwmbJ r[kwvm;vd@k wcsKd @ k f f hJ f yk*~dKvfawGu ar;=uygw,f? rSefygw,f wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwkef;u u|eawmfw@kd &r;f jynfu ud,pm;vS,awG[m yg0ifa&;qJ+G yD; oabmwl f S k f f axmufccygw,f? b,fvc,csue@J oabmwlcw,fqwmudk quf+yD; H hJ kd H l f hJ kd &Sif;jyyg&ap? wdi;f jynfjyKvwawmfukd wufc=hJ uwJh u|eawmfw@kd &r;f jynfu ud,pm; k $ f f S k f vS,awG[m Ediia&;tawG@t}uHKrsm; r&Sc=hJ uygb;l ? Oya'vnf; ru|r;f f kfH d usi=f ubl;qdwmudk u|eawmf&;kd om;pGm 0efcvygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd wdi;f k f H kd f k jynfjyKv$wawmfukd wuf=uwm[m Oya'a&;qJz@kd xuf u|eawmfw@kd e,f f G f pyfa'o rygwvwvyfa&;[m t"dyg` ,r&Sovdk ArmrygwhJ e,fpyfa'o hJ G f f d ta&;[mvnf; t"dyg` ,r&Sb;l vd@k u|eawmfw@kd ,=kH unf=uwJtwdi;f / Arm f d f h k jynfreJ@ wef;wly;l wJ+G y;D vGwvyfaomjynfaxmifpwnfaqmufvwhJ aZm f k kd u yd+k y;D }u;D aeygw,f? e,fcs@J vufatmufu tjrefvwz@kd ta&;}u;D w,f? G f e,fcs@J orm;awG r&Swaemuf aoG;csi;f om;csi;f awG txl;ajymaep&mrvdk d hJ bl;vd@k &d;k &d;k bJ,qcJ=h uygw,f? l wdi;f jynfjyKvwawmfvyief;aqmif&uaepOfwe;f u aumfrwDtpnf; k $ f f kf G f k ta0;wckrm u|eawmfw@kd tvGe,=kH unf tvGe=f unfnKd av;pm;wJh acgi;f S f f aqmif}uD; AdvcsKyfatmifqef;ajymcJwpum;wcGe;f udk u|eawmfw@kd ,ae@ k f h hJ f xufwi=f um;a&mifaeygao;w,f? aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wckrm tajccH kd S Oya't}uay;t&m&Sd OD;csexe;f utajccHOya'jyXmef;csuawG wyHwacgi;f H f G f k }uD;a&;qJwifjyvmwJtcg AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u “OD;csexe;f — cifAsm; G h k f f G vefbm;a=umufovm;? 'DvawGa&;aevd@k b,fjzpfrvJ? (Brand Prinkd 45
  • 44. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom hJ h f ciple) us,jf yef@woabmw&m;avmuf yg&ifawmfa&mhayg? vGwvyfa&; &+yD;wJtcg aemufvwmawGukd (By Act) ygvrefrm tufOya'vky&if h kd D S f +y;D wmbJ? 'Davmuf&n&nvsm;vsm;eJ@ vkyae&if (2) v (3) v eJ@b,frm S fS f f S +yD;EdirvJ” vd@k ajymcJygw,f? kf h AdvcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ zqyvacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk u|eawmfw@kd tifr k f f wefcspcif=unfnKd av;pm;ovdk tifrwefvnf; ,H=k unftm;ud;k cJygw,f? f h AdvcsKyf&oabmu tajccHOya'udk yk'rawGtrsm;}uD;eJ@ &Sn&nvsm; k f hJ f f S f vsm;a&;aep&m rvdkbl;? us,fjyef@wJhoabmw&m;eJ@ t*F gpHk&ifawmf avmuf+yD? vGwvyfa&;+yD;wJaemuf tajctaeeJ@tcsetcgu=kd unf+h yD; f h d f vdovdaqmif&uom;r,f? tJ'vkd oabmxm;ygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd [m k k G f G D f AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;udk tºuGif;rJh,Hk=unfwJh tavsmuf vH;k 0OHytyfcygw,f? k kH hJ tJ'we;f u &Sr;f jynfu ud,pm;vS,wcsKd @[m 'Dae@ay:ayguaewJh D k k f f f jyemrsKd ;ay:ayguvmrSmpd;k wJtwGuf EdiijH cm;om;Oya'yg&*lwOD;udk f h kf iSm;&rf;zd@k pDpOfcygw,f? zqyv&Japwemudk ,Hrm;&musrmpd;k wJtwGuf hJ h k S S h u|eawmfw@kd [m 'DtpDtpOfukd wduzsucygw,f? 'Dtjzpftysu[m tJ'D f k f f hJ f tcsewe;f u owif;pmawGrmvnf; ygygw,f? AdvcsKyftrSL;jyKwJh Arm d f k S k f acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; odygw,f? &Sr;f jynfe,f ud,pm;vS,awG[m Arm k f f acgif;aqmifawGtay: b,favmuft,Hkt=unf}uD;cJhw,f qdkwm/ 'D om"u utxift&Sm;jyocJw,f? h AdvcsKyfw@kd usq;kH oGm;+yD;wJaemuf qufvufa&;qJ=G uwJtcg tajccH k f h h Oya'[m AdvcsKyfvvm;wJh tajccHOya'rsKd ;r[kwawmhb;l ? AdvcsKyfre@J k f kd f k f l uJvmw,fqwmuawmh xif&m;ygw,f? zqyv y%mrnDvmcHu G kd S a&;qJwhJ tajccHOya'rl=urf;eJ@ ,SOwzwf=unf&if/ uJjG ym;r_awG wyHwacgi;f G f GJ h k }uD;awG@&ygvrr,f? AdvcsKyfatmifqef;r&Swaemuf Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyf d hf k f d hJ kfH trSL;jyKwJh Armhacgif;aqmifawGtay: u|efawmfwdk@[m qufvuf+yD; ,H=k unfu;kd pm;cJygw,f? h tajccHOya'rSmyg&whJ jyXmef;csuawGtay: u|eawmfw@kd tvGetrif; dS f f f tav;teufrxm;cJygb;l ? aumif;aumif;vnf; em;rvnfc=hJ uygb;l ? tck h xd tajccHOya'rSm csKd @,i;f csu&onfwiatmif AdvcsKyfatmifqef; ajym G f dS h kd f k f 46
  • 45. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl cJouJo@kd — ( Letter and Spirit of Constitution) Oya'pum;vHk;eJ@ h h pdwapwem cJjG cm;Eki+f yD; usio;kH oGm;&if jzpfajrmufEirmygbv@kd ,H=k unf f d hf kd f S J pdwcsaecJ=h uygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd [m tJ'vpwxm;,H=k unfcsue@J 'D f f D kd d f f tajccHOya'}uD;udk oabmwlvufcc=hJ ujcif; jzpfygw,f? H 'gayr,fh vGwvyfa&;&+y;D wJaemuf tajccHOya'udk vufawG@usio;kH f h hf wJtcgrm wdi;f jynfjyKv$wawmfrmxm;&ScwhJ rdom;pkpw"gwawG[m pke;f h S k f S d hJ d f f pke;f jrKwfaysmufu,aeygw,f? tajccHOya'a&;qJpOfu Oya'pum;vH;k G f G aemufrmxm;&ScwhJ pdwapwemawG[mvnf; aysmufu,ueygw,f? S d hJ f G f k f Oya'pum;vH;k awGtay:rSmom twdtusaumuf+yD; usio;kH vm=uwJh hf tcgrS u|eawmfw@kd [m txife@J tjrif wufwufpif vJ;J$ rSm;ukewmudk od f f vm&ygw,f? wae@xufwae@ epfemcsuawG ydIydI ay:vGivmygw,f? u|eawmf f k k f f wd@k &hJ tcGita&;qdwi;f tajccHOya'pmtky}f uD;eJ@ udiayguwmudbJ cHchJ hf k kd kf f k =u&ygw,f? 'Dawmh u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;taeeJ@ b,ftajcuda&mufcygovJ f k hJ qd&if Armjynfrtm%m&ygwacgi;f aqmifrsm;&Jh pdwapwemeJ@ qENtay: k D f tpOft+rJrctm;xm;ae&r,fh tajcrsKd ;qdua&mufvmygw,f? tJ'vkd DS kd k f D rSctm;xm;EdirbJ jynfe,frsm;[m touf&acsmifr,fb0rsKd ;od@k us D kd kf S l h a&mufvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd tajctaeudk u|eawmfw@kd u f f kd f H f jynfr&Jh Lesser State y¾mqufEiiv@kd orkwvmw,f vmcJ=h ujcif; jzpfygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd &ydici&wtcGeawmfaiGubJ axmufya=u;qd+k y;D ESppOf f k f G hf dS hJ f kd hH f vufjzef@cawmif;&wmvnf; tarmbJ? tcserr&vd@k jynfe,frsm;tkycsKyf H d f SD f a&;rSm tcuftcJ}uHK&aygi;f vnf; ra&rwGuEiawmhygb;l ? tJ'D axmuf f kd f yHa=u;ay;&wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; yk*Kd~ vftcsKd @u u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,fawGukd h f rD;&xm;ukew}GJ u;D awGvkd oabmxm;=uw,f? Armjynfru tvGew&m f f tepfemcH+y;D yifyef;}u;D pGm u|eawmfw@kd ukd '&Gwwuqae&ovdk ,lq=u f f kd f GJ w,f? tJ'y*Kd~ vfawGukd u|eawmftpD&ifcvygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynf D k f H kd f axmifpkppfppfrl[m cifAsm;wdk@u|efawmfwdk@udk 'Davmufyifyef;}uD;pGmeJ@ 47
  • 46. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom '&GwwuqGJ raeapzd@k jzpfygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd ukd jzwfypfcyg? cifAsm;wd@k f kd f f hJ (13) ESpv;kH vH;k qJcayr,fh u|eawmfw@kd rm c&D;xifoavmufraygucb;l ? f G hJ f S f hJ ud,pr;f tif ud,v@kH veJ@bJ oGm;yg&ap? k hf G k hf obmywd}uD; Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm;/ kfH k f f vGwvyfa&;&+y;D (10) ausmumvtwGi;f vufawG@cpm;csut& }uKH awG@ f f H f vm&wJh epfemcsuawG/ qH;k &H;_ csuawG wyHwacgi;f }u;D pkyvmwdi;f tajccH f f k kH k Oya'jyefvnfpppfa&;udpuvnf; ay:ayguvmwJtwGuf u|eawmfw@kd D P f h f [m 'DtcGita&;udk t"du&,l+yD;/ 'Dae@ aqG;aEG;aewJh jyem}uD;udk hf wifjyvdujf cif; jzpfygw,f? k wcgao;bl; ysOfbdk;em;vnf qdkwJhpum;yHkudk acgif;aqmifwOD; (od@k r[kw) ygwwck&hJ pdwapwemay: ,H=k unfu;kd pm;aevd@k r&awmhygb;l ? f D f vlqwm “ocF g&” yg? ygwtzJ@G }uD;vnf; rwnf+rJygb;l ? 'ga=umifh u|ef kd D awmfw@kd tcGita&;awGukd tjzLtrJ cJjG cm;+yD; a&yufr0ifatmif a&;qJG hf xm;zd@k vdtyfw,fv@kd u|eawmfem;vnfygw,f? k f Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ tajccHOya'udk jyifqifwtcgrm tcsKd @ kfH hJ S yk'r avmufjyifvu&if jyifvu&if jzpfp&maumif;&Jvm;vd@k u|eawmf f kd f kd f h f wdk@ tpyxrwGif ,lqcJh=uygao;w,f? 'gayr,fh vufawG@cHpm;&wJh tawG@t}uHKeJ@ ,SOw+GJ yD; tajccHOya'udk pDppfwtcg yk'rwcke@J wckquf f hJ f pyfaewmudk awG@vm&ygw,f? tajccHrawGukd rjyif&if rjzpfwmawGukd l odjrifvm&ygw,f? 'ga=umifvnf;bJ tajcrl}u;D awGukd jyKjyifypfz@kd u|eawmfw@kd wifjyvm h f jcif;jzpfygw,f? Oya'jyKpm&if;/ tcGeawmfpm&if;awGukd jyKjyifay;jcif;jzifh f tcGita&;awG ydr&Edib;l vm;vd@k ar;&if/ &oifoavmuf &ygw,fv@kd ajz hf k kf h &ygr,f? 'gayr,fh 'Denf;[m tajctjrpfukd rukpm;Ediygb;l ? Palliative ac:wJh kf tay:,Hvr;f aq;enf;bJ jzpfygw,f? tajctjrpfukd rukpm;EdiwtwGuf d k f hJ r=umc% [dua&mif/ 'Duazgi;f eJ@ jyemawG[m tpOft+rJay:vmrSm k rvJygb;l ? u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifpppfppfr[m temudtajctjrpfu G f k k ukpm;Ediwenf;bJv@kd u|eawmfw@kd &d;k &d;k om;om;,H=k unfygw,f? k f hJ f 48
  • 47. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl 'gayr,fh u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifpppfppfrukd acgi;f aqmiftcsKd @[m f k l u|eawmfw@kd jrifovdk rjrifygb;l ? u|eawmfw@kd wifjywJh t"dyg` ,uvnf; f f f kd oabmrayguf=ubl;? wcsdK@yk*~dKvfawGu jynfaxmifpkrleJ@ ywfouf+yD; aumif;raumif; ra0zefb;l ? Oya'a&;&mtcsutvufawGay:rSm w&m; f aoudip+GJ y;D t=uyfuiae=uygw,f? wcsKd @y*Kd~ vfawGuawmh u|eawmfw@kd kf kd f k f &JepfemcsuawG[m trSewu,fepfemcsuawG&,fv@kd oabmraygu=f u h f f f bl;? u|eawmfw@kd &hJ rluwifjy+y;D wJaemuf jynfru rdwaqGtcsKd @u cifAsm; f kd h f wd@k &r;f jynfovxepfemaew,fqwm oabmayguvufcygw,f? Arm S l l k kd f H jynfrrSmvnf;bJ vlrsm;pkjzpfwhJ awmifov,form;/ tvkyorm;awG[m l f vGwvyfa&;oufwrf; wav#mufrm bmrSr,fr,f&& rcHpm;&ao;ygb;l ? f S 'ga=umifh &Sr;f jynftwGuf oD;jcm;awmif;r,ftpm; &Sr;f jynfoawG[m Arm h l jynfoawGe@J vufw+GJ yD; wduy0if&if raumif;bl;vm;vd@k qdtyfygw,f? l k f GJ k 'Dt}uay;csu[m tvGeaumif;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh vuf&dS tajctae H f f xufjrifrm;aew,fv@kd u|eawmfw@kd ,lqygw,f? qd&,vpfyef;wdio@kd h f k S f kf cswuf&mrSm t&if;&Sipepfe@J qd&,vpfpepft=um;/ =um;ckvyfpcef;awG D f k S f &Sovdk jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfrvlxk wae@vufwEia&;twGuf tcku|ef d GJ kd f awmfw@kd awmif;qdaewJh jynfaxmifpppfppfr[m =um;ckvyfpcef;bJv@kd u|ef k k l awmfw@kd ,=kH unf=uygw,f? vuf&tajctae twdi;f omqufom;&if dS k G jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfrvlxvufwEib@kd rqdxm;eJ@ vlrsKd ;csi;f rrke;f wD;vm k GJ kd f k atmif tifrwefowd}uD;pGmeJ@ xde;f odr;f =u&ygvrr,f? d hf Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ u|eawmfw@kd wifjywJh jynfaxmifpppfppf kfH f k rlrm Fundamental Principles ac:wJh tajccHr}l uD;awG yg0ifaeygw,f? S tJ'D tajccHr}l uD;awG[m — (1) (2) (3) (4) Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;/ v$wawmfEp&yf tm%mwlay;a&;/ f S f txufvwawmfo@kd wlnaomud,pm;vS,O;D a&apv$wa&;/ $ f D k f f f A[dukd tm%muef@owfay;+yD;/ jynfe,frsm;u usetm%m k f rsm;udk &,la&; wd@k jzpfygw,f? 49
  • 48. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom tJ'tajccHr}l uD; (4) &yf t"dyg` ,e@J tajccHr}l uD; (4) &yfukd wef;wlr_ D f twGuf tb,fa=umifh vdtyfw,fqwmudk u|eawmfr&Si;f jycif cHpm;r_ k kd f oabmudk tenf;i,fxyf+y;D az: jyyg&ap? u|eawmfw@kd wifjycsurm xdyf f fS qH;k uaz: jyxm;wJh Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;udpukd jynfracgi;f aqmiftcsKd @ P [m ra=uvnf=uygb;l ? oabmvnf; raygu=f uygb;l ? 'D[mvnf; cHpm;r_ &Jh oabmobm0bJ jzpfygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;bufuawmh f a=ua=uvnfvnf}uD; oabmaygu=f uygw,f? vGecwEpf awmif}uD;nDvmcHukd wufa&mufvm=uwJh ucsi/f csi;f / f hJ hJ S u,m;/ u&if/ rGe/f &cdif trsKd ;om;ud,pm;vS,rsm;tm;vH;k vnf; a=ua=u k k f f nufnuf oabmayguem;vnf=uygw,f? Armjynfe,fz@GJpnf;a&;udp[m f P aveJ@uif;a0;+y;D u|eawmfw@kd toufr&SiEiovdk jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;a&; f f kd f k rSm wef;wla&;twGuf rygv#if r+yD;ygb;l ? Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;udprm P S ra=unufor#/ u|eawmfw@kd wifjyxm;wJh usewhJ ygvrefz@GJ pnf;a&;udp/P f f D tm%mcJa0a&;udpawGrmvnf; a=unufawmhrm r[kwygb;l ? G P S S f bma=umifvnf;qd&if ArmjynfrtrsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifawG[m udpP h k &yfawGukd pOf;pm;qifjcifwtcgrm jynfe,fwe,fb0uae+yD; r=unfEi/f hJ S hf kd r=unfrjrifEibJ A[dtm%mudyg csKyfuixm;wJh jynfrb0uae+y;D awmh h kd f k k kd f =unf&o;kH oyfwhJ twGua=umifh jzpfygw,f? h_ f Armjynfr[m jynfe,fwe,f&b0udk rcH,or# rcHpm;or# wef;wlr_ hJ l udpawGtay:rSm tjrifwrsKd ;csn;f jzpfaerSm rvJygb;l ? 'Dae@ ES;D aESmzvS,yGJ P G f }uD;rSm ºuGa&mufae=uwJh jynfe,fjynfrudk,fpm;vS,fawmfawG[m toJEv;kH wcg;udk yGivif;pGm zGixm;+y;D u|eawmfw@kd wifjycsuawGukd em; S hf hf f f qifawmfr=l uyg&ef arwWm&yfcygw,f? toJEv;kH yGivif;pGmeJ@ aqG;aEG;pOf; H S hf pm;r,fv@kd vnf; ar#mvifygw,f? f h Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm;/ u|eawmfw@kd kfH k f f f jynfaxmifpppfppfrrm wifoi;f az: jyxm;wJh tajccHr}l uD; (4) csuukd k l S G f tenf;i,f &Si;f vif;cGijhf yKyg&ef tpD&ifctyfygw,f? H 'Dae@ u|eawmfw@kd [m jynfaxmifppepfe@J wjynfaxmifpepf[m b,f f k [mu aumif;w,fq+kd yD;awmh tjiif;yGm;aezd@k &m jyemaz:zd@k &m rvdyg k bl;? u|efawmfwdk@tzdk@ jynfaxmifpkpepfuvJG+yD;/ wjcm;b,fpepfeJ@rSm 50
  • 49. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl zJ@G pnf;vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? 'Dae@ 'Dae&mrSm u|eawmfw@kd &hJ vuf&z@GJ pnf;tkycsKyf f dS f yHtajccHOya'[m jynfaxmifpypH [kww,f§ r[kwb;l qdwm tjiif; k k kH f f k ryGm; vdyg? 'gayr,fh jynfaxmifpppfppf r[kwb;l qdwmudawmh tm;vH;k u k k f k k vufc=H uvdrr,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f? hf jynfaxmifpppfppfqwm b,fv[mrsKd ;vJqwupukd qef;ppf=unf&if k kd kd kd hJ d P h urBmrSm pHwif+yD;=unf=h uwJh jynfaxmifpEiiH (6) Edii&ygw,f? 'D (6) k kd f k f H dS Ediiuawmh — kfH (1) tar&duef/ (2) uae'g/ (3) qDZmvef/ G (4) =opa=w;&D;,m;/ (5) awmiftmz&du/ (6) qdA,uf,e,H wd@k jzpfygw,f? kD lD tJ'D (6) Ediiz@GJ pnf;yHoabmw&m;eJ@ jynfe,fawG pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;xm; kfH k wJhtwGuf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawGvdk@ ac:a0:Edkifayr,fh tm%mcJGa0a&; oabmw&m;eJ@ ydi;f jcm;=unfr,fq&if 'D (6) Ediixu uae'ge@J awmif k h kd kfH J tmz&du[m jynfaxmifpoabm roufa&mufygb;l ? urBmOya'ynm&Sif k h }uD;rsm;uvnf; uae'ge@J awmiftmz&du[m jynfaxmifp&,fv@kd wdwd k usus rac:a0:Ediwta=umif; az: jy=uygw,f? k f hJ bma=umifh 'DEpEii[m urBmjh ynfaxmifppm&if;wGif yg0ifae&ovJ S f kd f H k qd&if jynfaxmifpoabmw&m;udk wifjy=uwJtcg 'D ESpEii[m usef k k h f kd f H (4) Ediie@J tm%mcJa0yHca0enf;rSm qef@usiaewJtwGuf om"uEdi;f ,SOf kfH G k GJ f h _ wifjy&mrSm tvGeaumif;wJh EdiiawGjzpfwtwGua=umifh jzpfygw,f? f kfH hJ f jynfaxmifpEiiqwm[m jynfe,fawG qENtavsmuf oabmwl k kd f H kd yl;aygi;f zJ@G pnf;xm;wm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd jynfaxmifptjzpf yl;aygi;f =uwJh k tcg e*drv&ScwhJ tcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@ e,fajrudk rysurpD qufvuf k l d hJ f xde;f odr;f xm;=uygw,f? 'g[m jynfaxmifppepfe@J wjynfaxmifpepfw@kd k &Jh t"dujcm;em;csubJ jzpfygw,f? f 'Duae@ tar&duefjynfaxmifprm (51) jynfe,f/ uae'grm (4) jynf kS S e,f/ qDZmvefrm (22) jynfe,f/ =opa=w;&D;,m;rSm (6) jynfe,f/ awmif G S 51
  • 50. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom tmz&durSm (4) jynfe,f/ qdA,uf,e,rm (16) jynfe,f toD;oD;yg0if kD lD HS zJ@G pnf;wnfaxmifxm;=uygw,f? jynfaxmifpqwm jynfe,fawGaygi;f pnf; pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;xm;&rSmjzpf k kd wJtwGuf u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdii[mvnf; jynfe,fawG h f kfH pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;&rSmbJ jzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh vGecwhJ wdi;f jynfjyKvwawmfwe;f f hJ k $ f k u tajctae wrsKd ;wrnf jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd [m wrl f qef;+yD; yHpwrsKd ;eJ@ zJ@G pnf;cJ=h uw,f? k H u|eawmfw@kd &hJ wrlqef;wJyp[m b,fvyprsKd ;vnf;qd&if urBmb,f f h kH H kd kH H k h jynfaxmifprmrS r&SwyprsKd ; jzpfygw,f?u|eawmfw@kd rm &Sr;f jynfe,f/ ucsif kS d hJ kH H f S jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fq+kd yD; jynfe,fawG zJ@G pnf;vduayr,fh jynfrus k f awmh jynfe,fwe,ftaeeJ@ rzJ@G pnf;bJ A[dtpd;k &eJ@ waygi;f wpnf;xJ k xm;vduygw,f? k f trSeuawmh jynfaxmifpoabmw&m;t&qd&if tJ'we;f u u|ef f k k D k awmfw@kd rm Armjynfe,f/ &Sr;f jynfe,f/ ucsijf ynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f qdk S f +yD; jynfe,f (4) jynfe,fpaygi;f +yD;rS jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'D k k jynfe,fawG[m toD;oD;ud,tcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@ e,fajr&S=d uw,f? k hf tm;vH;k &Jtay:rSmrSm A[dtpd;k &jzpfwhJ jynfaxmifptm%m wnf&&r,f? h k k dS 'gayr,fh u|eawmfw@kd [m ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh 'D wrlqef;+yD;/ yHpH f k wrsKd ;jzpfwhJ zJ@G pnf;r_ypukd vufcc=hJ uw,f? 'D yHpe@J bJ vufawG@vyaqmif kH H H kH kf wJae&mrSm atmifjrifEip&maumif;&Jv@kd ,lqcJ=h uygw,f? h kd f h tJ'vvufcc&mrSm u|eawmfapmapmu tpD&ifcovdk u|eawmf D kd H hJ f H f wd@k &r;f jynfe,fu,pm;vS,awGrm csKd @,i;f csuawG &Sw,f? +y;D awmh tajc S kd f f S G f d taet&yf&yfukd v$r;f rd;k aewJh jzpf&yfEp&yfvnf; &Sygw,f? 'D jzpf&yf}uD;ESpf Sf d &yfu bmvJq&if u|eawmfw@kd wi;f jynfrm b,fvrS tpm;xd;k vd@k r&Edif kd f kd S kd k wJh acgi;f aqmif}uD;awG usq;kH ukew,f? tJ'D acgi;f aqmif}uD;awG usq;kH f ukewtwGuf u|eawmfw@kd rm ,l}uHK;r& ylaqG;ae&w,f? f hJ f S 'g&,f+y;D awmh acgi;f aqmif}u;D awGcsrwcwtwdi;f wESptwGi;f vH;k 0 S f hJ hJ k f vGwvyfa&;t&,lr,f qdwhJ pdwaZm&,f/ 'Djzpf&yfEp&yf[m usewhJ tajc f k f Sf f taetm;vH;k udk v$r;f rd;k aecJygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd [m 'Dype@J 'D h f kH H tajccHOya'udk vG,v,aygayge@J bJ vufcc=hJ uygw,f? 'Dvkd wrlqef;+yD; f G f h h H 52
  • 51. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl zJ@G pnf;wJypukd u|eawmfw@kd vufawG@prf;oyfcwm (13) ESpausmvmyg+yD? h kH H f hJ f f u|eawmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;taeeJ@ 'Dypukd wae@wjcm; ydIydI ra=ureyf f kH H k k jzpfvmygw,f? jynfreJ@ jynfe,frsm;[m wef;wlnwl r[kwb;l qdwm D f k wae@wjcm; yd+k yD;xif&m;pGm jrifawG@vmygw,f? b,fvkd wef;wlnwl S D r&SdovJ qdkwmudk tjcm;ta=umif;t&mawGxuf tpdk;&tm%mwck wnf;udk om"u wifjyyg&ap? u|eawmf[m Oya'ynm&Sir[kwwtwGuf Oya'tcsutvufe@J f f f hJ f rwifjywwfyg? t&yfom;tawG;tac:eJ@bJ wifjyvdygw,f? Oyrm &Sr;f k jynf[m jynfe,fwe,fjzpfwtwGuf jynfaxmifptpd;k &udk vJtyfxm;wJh hJ k $ udpP&yfrsm;eJ@ ywfoufor#wdk@rSm jynfaxmifpktpdk;&&Jh =oZmtm%m atmufrm &Sygw,f? Armjynfr[m jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifwck jzpfcaomf S d k hJ vnf; jynfe,fwe,fr[kwbJ A[djk ynfaxmifptpd;k &eJ@ waygi;f wpnf;xJ f k zJ@G pnf;xm;wJtwGuf jynfaxmifptpd;k &udk v$tyfxm;wJh udp&yfawGe@J h k J P ywfoufor#awGrm u|eawmfw@kd &r;f jynf[m Armjynfr&Jh =oZmatmuf S f S rSm oufa&mufaeygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh A[dtpd;k &tm%mudyg wJzuf,xm;wJh Armjynfr[m k k G l jynfe,fawGtay:rSm pd;k rd;k cs,v,aeygw,f? Oya'tusKd ;oufa&mufr_ f S f awG/ Oya'tusKd ;cHpm;r_awGukd ab;z,fxm;+y;D 'Dtjrifwckwnf;ESiyif jynf hf e,f jynfrwef;wla&; uif;rJr[m v,fjyifrmqifom;ovdk xif;xif;}uD; h_ S G awG@jrifEiygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifprrm wef;wla&; kd f f k l S twGuf Armjynfrudk jynfe,fwe,ftaeeJ@ zJ@G pnf;zd@k &ef a&S@q;kH u az: jy xm;jcif;jzpfygw,f? Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKyfe@J aoG;csi;f nDtudk ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm;/ kfH k f f u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifprukd jynfaxmifpppfppfv@kd 0daooexl;+y;D ac: f kl k a0:wm[m ta=umif;&Sdygw,f? txufu u|efawmfaz: jycJhwJh jynf axmifpk (6) Ediirm uae'ge@J awmiftmz&du[m usef (4) Ediie@J rwlwhJ kfHS kfH ta=umif; tpD&ifcc+hJ yD; jzpfygw,f? tJ'vkd rwlye@J ywfouf+yD; wdi;f jynf H D kH k jyKv$wawmfnvmcHrm u|eawmfw@kd &hJ rdwaqG}u;D OD;csexe;f u uae'gukd f D S f f f G tvwfpm;jynfaxmifp/k tar&dueftp&SwEiiawGukd jynfaxmifpppfppf d hJ kd f H k vd@k ac:cJygw,f? h 53
  • 52. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd [m u|eawmfw@kd vvm;wJh jynfaxmifpukd OD; f f kd k csexe;f &Jh tac:ta0:twdi;f jynfaxmifpppfppfv@kd emr0daooexnfh f G k k +y;D ac:a0:xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpppfwmeJ@ rppfwmudk tm%mcJG k a0yHk yHpu=kd unf+h y;D ydi;f jcm;=uygw,f? Unitary State ac:wJh wjynfaxmif kH k Ediirmqd&if tajccHOya'rSm tm%mcJa0a&;jyem[m ray:ygb;l ? kfH S k G wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfwtwdi;f jynfe,fawGpaygi;f xm;jcif;r&SwhJ twGuf hJ k k d tm%mcJa0 aep&mrvdb;l ? A[dtpd;k &eJ@ A[dtpd;k &u tm%mvJtyfjcif; G k k k $ cH&wJh a'oE &tkycsKyfa&;bJ &Sw,f? W f d zuf'&,fpwdwf ac:wJh jynfaxmifpusawmh jynfe,fawG pdwwl k f oabmwlyg0ifz@GJ pnf;=u&wJtwGuf tajccHOya'rSm tm%mcJa0ay;xm; h G &ygw,f? jynfe,fawGtwGuf olw@kd rm&SwhJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mvnf; S d rysup;D &atmif wzufuxde;f odr;f +yD;/ wjcm;wzufu A[dukd tm;vH;k eJ@ f k oufqiwupawGukd vJtyf&ygw,f? 'g[m tm%mcJa0a&;&Jh tajccH kd f hJ d P $ G oabmw&m;bJ jzpfw,f? tm%mcJa0a&;rSm enf; (2) enf;awG@&ygw,f? G (1) A[dutm%mowfrway;+y;D / jynfe,frsm;u usetm%mrsm; k kd S f f udk tyfwenf;/ hJ (2) jynfe,frsm;udk tm%mowfrway;+y;D / usetm%mrsm;udk A[dk S f f od@k tyfwenf;/ enf; (2) enf; jzpfygw,f? hJ pHwifxm;wJh EdiiH (6) Ediiu=kd unf&if tar&duef/ qDZmvef/ =opa=w; kf kfH h G &D;,m;eJ@ qdA,uf,e,w@kd rm A[dukd tm%mowfrway;+yD;/ jynfe,f k D l D H S k S f rsm;u usetm%mrsm;udk ,lxm;=uygw,f? uae'ge@J awmiftmz&du f usawmh jynfe,frsm;udk tm%mowfrway;+yD;/ A[du usetm%m udk S f k f odr;f xm;ygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd vuf&z@GJ pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'udk =unfv#if — f dS f kH h (1) Oya'/ jynfaxmifpkOya'jyKpm&if;/ (2) jynfe,f Oya'jyKpm&if;/ qd+k yD;owfrwxm;wJtwGuf wrlx;l S f h jcm;aeovdk xif&ygw,f? 'D Oya'jyKpm&if;awGrm a&wGuaz: jyxm;wm S f udk aoaocsmcsmavhvm=unfr,fq&if jynfe,fawGukd tm%muef@owf h kd 54
  • 53. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl ay;+yD;/ A[ku usetm%mrsm;tm;vH;k udk ,lxm;wJenf;bJ jzpfygw,f? d f h wenf;tm;jzifh uae'gyprsKd ;bJ jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd vuf&dS kH H f jynfaxmifp[m jynfaxmifpppfppfrsKd ;r[kwbJ uae'gvtaysmpm; jzpf k k f kd h aeygw,f? uae'gukd jynfaxmifpr[kwb;l qd&if u|eawmfw@kd vnf; jynf k f k f axmifpr[kwawmhygb;l ? k f 'gwiruao;ygb;l ? jynfr[m jynfe,fwe,fr[kwbJ A[dtpd;k &tm Gf f k %mudk yl;wJ,xm;wJtwGuf tm%mtm;vH;k udk cHpm;ae&ygw,f? 'Dae&m G l h rSmvnf; jynfe,fjynfrwef;wla&; uif;rJaew,fv@kd u|eawmfw@kd xyf+yD; h f jrifygw,f? tJ'D uae'g enf;jzpfwhJ tm%mcJa0a&;yHpukd u|eawmfw@kd G k H f prf;oyfcwm (13) ESp&vmyg+yD? 'DyprsKd ;udk u|eawmfw@kd rvdvm;awmhyg hJ f dS kH H f k bl;? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifpppfppfr[m tar&duef/ qGZm f k l D vef/ =opa=w;&D;,m;/ qdA,ufjynfaxmifprsm;rSmuJo@kd A[dukd tm%m kD k h k owfrway;+yD;/ usetm%mrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;od@k v$tyf&ef wifjyvduf S f f J k jcif; jzpfygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifpppfppf jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;=uwJtcg f k h Armjynfe,f tygt0if jynfe,faygif;pHkudk,fpm;vS,fawG[m A[dkudk b,fvXme/ b,fvup&yfawG vJtyfoifw,fqwmudk a=ua=uvnf kd kd d P $ h kd vnf aqG;aEG;nd‡ Edi;f &rSmom jzpfygw,f? _ Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm/ jynfaxmifprxrm ygwhJ (Unitary State) kfH kl JS ac:wJh wjynfaxmifEiiawGrm Oya'jyKv$wawmf w&yfvnf;xm;=u kd f H S f w,f? ESp&yfvnf; xm;=uygw,f? v$wawmfEp&yfxm;&wJh rlvta=umif; f f Sf &if;u bmvJq&if v$wawmf w&yfuw&yfukd xde;f uGyz@kd bJ jzpfygw,f? kd f f 'ga=umifh oabmw&m;t& tm%mwlay;zd@k vdvmygw,f? jynfaxmifpk k Ediirmawmh v$wawmfEp&yfrxm;vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? vlO;D a&eJ@ e,ftus,f kfHS f Sf t0ef;csif; rwlnDwJhjynfe,f awGaygif;pnf;xm;wJhtwGuf v$wfawmf ESp&yf[m vdtyfaeygw,f? f k jynfaxmifprmxm;&SwhJ v$wawmfEp&yfusawmh w&yfEiw&yfxe;f kS d f Sf S hf d uGy&wifruawmhygb;l jynfe,fawG&hJ tcGita&;awGukd umuG,apmifh f kH hf f a&Smuf&r,fh wm0efawGvnf; ygvmygw,f? v$wawmfw&yfukd vlO;D a& f ay:rSmwnf+y;D zJ@G pnf;wm[m 'Drua&pDoabmw&m;t& jzpfygw,f? jynf kd 55
  • 54. jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom olvxw&yfv;kH udk ud,pm;jyK+yD; jynfotm;vH;k udk tusKd ;jyKapzd@k jzpfyg l k k f l w,f? jynfaxmifprm 'gavmufe@J rvHavmufygb;l ? k S k jynfaxmifpxrm vlO;D a&tifrwefrsm;wJjh ynfe,f/ vlO;D a&enf;wJh k J S jynfe,fawG yg0ifaewJhtwGuf vlOD;a&tay:tajcwnfwJh 'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m;wckwnf;xm;v#if vlO;D a&rsm;wJjh ynfe,f}u;D u acgi;f aqmif awGpdwfxm;raumif;&if jynfe,fi,fawGtay: tpOft+rJtEdkifusifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyaerSm rvJb;l ? 'ga=umifh aemufvwawmfw&yfz@GJ pnf;wJh f G $ f tcg vlO;D a&tcsKd ;tpm;tvduf zJ@G pnf;vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? vlO;D a&enf;onf k jzpfap rsm;onfjzpfap ud,pm;vS,ta&twGuf tnDtr#e@J zJ@G pnf;&yg k f f w,f? 'ga=umifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpukd pwifz@GJ pnf;wJtcg qD;edwac:wJh k h f v$wawmfw&yfukd jynfe,fwe,fv#if ud,pm;vS,f (2) OD;pD tnDtr#ap f k f v$w&r,fv@kd owfrwxm;jcif; jzpfw,f? tJ'rtwdi;f bJ aemufay:ayguf f S f Dl k vmwJh jynfaxmifprsm;[mvnf; v$wawmfw&yfukd e,f}uD;onf i,f k f onfr[l ud,pm;vS,tnDtr#apv$w=f uw,f? uae'grm wjynfe,f k f f S v#if (24) OD;pD/ qDZmvefrm (2) OD;pD/ =opa=w;&D;,m;rSm (6) OD;pD/ awmif G S tmz&durSm (8) OD;pD tnDtr#apv$=uw,f? qdA,uf,e,[m 'DtajccHrukd rypfy,faomfvnf;bJ wrlx;l wJh k D l D H l ud,pm;vS,apv$wenf;udk wDxixm;ygw,f? qdA,uf,e,rm yg0if k f f f Gf kD lD HS aewJh jynfe,ftcsKd @[m tjcm;jynfaxmifpawGrm yg0ifaewJh jynfe,fawG f k S eJ@ rwlwtcsu&ygw,f? qdA,uf,e,rm yg0ifaewJjh ynfe,f (16) jynf hJ f dS kD lD HS e,fteuf (8) jynfe,f[m &d;k &d;k jynfe,fawG r[kwygb;l ? ud,yitycsKyf f k f kd f k f a&;orwEdii/H ud,yitycsKyfa&;a'o/ vlrsKd ;pka'orsm; yg0ifz@GJ pnf;xm; k f k f kd f k f wJh jynfaxmifpawG jzpfygw,f? k wzef tJ'jD ynfaxmifpawGxrmygwhJ ud,yitycsKyfa&;orwEdiiH k J S k f kd f k f kf awG[mvnf; jynfaxmifpuav;awGbJ jzpfygw,f? qdA,uf,e,[m k kD lD H jynfaxmifpk (3) qif[ac:qd&if ac:Ediygw,f/ 'ga=umifh qdA,uf,e,H h k k kf kD lD &Jh vlrsKd ;pkvwawmfukd zJ@G pnf;wJtcg tajccHrjl zpfwhJ ud,pm;vS,tnD $ f h k f f tr#apv$wa&;rlukd vufcusio;kH aomtm;jzifh jynfe,f (16) jynfe,f f H hf pvH;k wjynfe,fv#if (25) OD;pD tnDtr#apv$w=f uw,f? 56
  • 55. jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl 'gayr,fh jynfe,fawG&hJ xl;jcm;wJh zJ@G pnf;yHa=umifh tJ'jD ynfe,fawGxJ k rSm yg0ifaewJh ud,yitycsKyfa&;orwEdii/H ud,yitycsKyfa&;a'oESihf k f kd f k f k f k f kd f k f vlrsKd ;pka'oawGukd ud,pm;vS,apv$wciay;xm;ygw,f? ud,yityf k f f f G hf k f kd f k csKyfa&;orwEdiiwckv#if (10) OD;pD/ ud,yitycsKyfa&;a'o wckv#if kfH k f kd f k f (5) OD;pD/ vlrsKd ;pka'o wckv#if (1) OD;pD apv$wci&=uygw,f? f G hf ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpk[mvnf;bJ qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Jh rludk ,lxm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifprxrm tajccHre@J f k l J S l oabmw&m;t& v$wawmf (2) &yftm%mwlay;&r,f? atmufvwf f $ awmfukd vlO;D a&tvdua&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&r,f? txufvwawmf k f $ f udawmh jynfe,fwi;f ud,pm;vS,tnDtr# apv$w&r,fv@kd wifjyxm; k kd k f f f jcif;jzpfygw,f? Ediiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J ud,pm;vS,awmfrsm;cifAsm/ u|eawmfw@kd &hJ kfH k f f f jynfaxmifprxrm az: jyoifwaemufq;kH ta&;}uD;wJh tajccHr}l uD;u k l J S h hJ jynfaxmifpb¾ma&;udpP jzpfygw,f? urBmay:rSm&SwhJ jynfaxmifpEiiH k d k kd f wdi;f }uHKawG@&wJh tcuftcJq;kH jyem[m jynfaxmifpb¾mawmfcGJ k k a0a&;udpbJ jzpfygw,f? wjcm;jynfaxmifpawGrmawmifrS cufcaewJh P k S J jyemudk u|eawmfw@kd qrm vG,v,e@J ajz&Si;f vd@k &r,fv@kd u|eawmfw@kd f DS f G f f rar#mvifygb;l ? f h 'gayr,fh tajccHre@J oabmw&m;awmh owfrwxm;oifw,fv@kd l S f h u|eawmfw@kd ,qygw,f? jynfaxmifpukd jynfe,fawGe@J qiwup&yfawG f l k kd f hJ d P udk pdwwoabmwlA[dukd tyfEi;f =uw,f? usewmawGukd ud,bmom f l k S f k hf ud,f pDrcef@c=GJ uw,f? 'g[m jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;jcif;&Jh tajccHoabm k H k w&m;bJ jzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpkb¾ma&;qdkwmvnf; 'Djynfaxmifpkoabmw&m; tay: rD+S yD;pDrcef@c&ygw,f? A[dtpd;k &udk tyfEi;f xm;wJup&yfawGxrm H GJ k S h dP JS tcGeawmf0ifaiG ajrmufrsm;pGm&SwhJ XmeawGyg0ifovdk toH;k p&dwajrmuf f d f rsm;pGmukeuswhJ XmeawGvnf; yg0ifygw,f? f jynfe,fawGtaeeJ@ — Oyrm — taumufawmfceXmersKd ;udk A[dk G f od@k vay;&wJtwGuf tcGeawmfaiGtrsm;tjym;epfemoGm;ovdk umuG,f $J h f a&;eJ@ EdiijH cm;a&;vdXmersKd ; A[do@kd vay;&wJtwGuf toH;k p&dwtrsm; kf k k J$ h f 57