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ဗိုလ္မႈးခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္းေက်ာ္ေဇာ္အတၳဳပၸတၱိ (၅)
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ဗိုလ္မႈးခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္းေက်ာ္ေဇာ္အတၳဳပၸတၱိ (၅)
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စိတ္တူကိုယ္တူ
စိတ္တူကိုယ္တူ
Chin Lan Sin 3 (The Chin Way No. 3)
Chin Lan Sin 3 (The Chin Way No. 3)
myanmar real estate
myanmar real estate
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သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္) -...
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ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
လူထုဦးလွ လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
လူထုဦးလွ လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
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ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
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ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
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သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္) -...
သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္) -...
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
လူထုဦးလွ လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
လူထုဦးလွ လုပ္ႀကံမႈ႔ႀကီးတြင္ပါ၀င္သူတစ္ဦး
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
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ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
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ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
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ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
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ဗိုလ္မႈးခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္းေက်ာ္ေဇာ္အတၳဳပၸတၱိ (၅)
1.
AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm. twˆKy`wWd tydkif; (5) ZGef/ 2007
ckESpf? trSm 1989 ckESpf ygwDwGif; z±kdz&Jjzpfr_}uD; ay:ayguf+yD;aemuf A[kdaumfrwDacgif;aqmifrsm; tem;,l=u&ef A[kdu qHk;jzwfvkduf &ygawmhonf? u|efawmftem;,lzkd@ xGufcGmcgeD;wGif ygwDA[kdukd qufvufOD;aqmif&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&onfh A[kdacgif;aqmifxJrS wOD;wnf;usef&pfol/ EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ@0if &JabmfxGef; (Akdvf=uifarmif) u “at;at;aq;aq; em;em;aeaeae&if; ukd,fa&;twÎKy`wWd a&;ygvm;”[k wkdufwGef;cJhzl;ygonf? jynfwGif;&Sd u|efawmfESifhacwf+ydKifrdwfaqGrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;vkyfazmfukdifzufa[mif;rsm;uvnf; vl}uHKrsm;ESifh vSrf;wkdufwGef;cJh=u ygonf? okd@aomf u|efawmfu twÎKy`wWdqkdwm ukd,faorS wjcm;vlawG a&;=uvdrfhrnf[k oabmxm;um a&;zkd@pdwfrul;cJhyg? 2003 ckESpfa&mufawmh u|efawmf twÎKy`wWda&;csifvmygonf? xkdtcsdefwGif u|efawmfhtouf 80 ausmfaeyg+yD? tawmfarhavsmhp jyKvmojzifh a&;zkd@rvG,fulawmhyg? okd@aomf u|efawmfa&;rnfqkdv#if a&;Ekdifonfhtcsuftvufrsm; &Sdygonf? 1? u|efawmfhom;}uD; atmifausmfaZm (ukdjrarmif) rSm a&$vDwGif aexkdifae&mrS ArmjynfwGif;rS pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; &oavmuf &SmazGpkaqmif;ay;ojzifh u|efawmf,cifu a&;om;xkwfa0zl;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg;r# jyefvnf&&Sd±Hkr#ru e0w acwf/ etz acwf xkwfor# orkdif;pmtkyfrsm;vnf; &&Sdxm;ojzifh vkdtyfonfhtcsuftvuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &wefoavmuf &Ekdifygonf? 2? ygwDrS &Jabmfrsm;onf ygwDhtmabmf “jynfol@tm%m” *sme,fukd tqufrjywf qufvufxkwfa0=u&m xkd*sme,ftwGuf vkdtyfonfhorkdif;ta=umif;t&m/ tcsuftvufrsm;ukd u|efawmfhxH r=umc% pma&;ar;jref;=u/ aqmif;yg;rsm;twGuf tcsuftvufrsm; awmif;cH=uvkyf=u&m/ u|efawmfhrSm xkdjyefpmrsm;. rdwWLrsm; &Sdaeojzifh tcsuftvufrsm; tawmftoifh pHkvifpGm&Sdaeygonf? 3? xkd@jyif ‘jynfol@bufawmfom;rsm;pmay’rS OD;atmifapmOD;onf ‘orkdif;jzpf&yfrSef ay:aygufa&;’ qkdaom aºu;a=umfoHjzifh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; r=umc%xkwfwwf&m olu ol@pmtkyfrsm;twGuf u|efawmfhukd trSmpmrsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm; awmif;avh&Sdygonf? xkdaqmif;yg;rsm;rSmvnf; orkdif;0iftjzpftysufrsm;omjzpfojzifh u|efawmfhtwÎKy`wWda&;&mwGif rsm;pGmtaxmuftul &apEkdifygonf? 4? 199& ckESpf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf}uHcH&r_ ESpfig;q,fjynfhtcsdefwGif BBC rS txl;tpDtpOfw&yftwGuf u|efawmfhukd pmjzifhar;jref;qufoG,f+yD; awG@qHkar;jref;cef;vkyf&mwGif orkdif;0ifta=umif;t&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm; yg0if+yD;/ xkdtar;tajzrsm;ukd ‘w&m;cHtppfb,fov’qkaom acgi;f pOfjzifh pmtkywtkyvnf; xkwjf zpfcygonf? xkrS tquf&um useowif;Xmersm;uvnf; tcg}uD;/ l J d f f hJ d f &uf}uD;rsm; (Oyrm-vGwfvyfa&;ae@/ awmfvSefa&;ae@) wGif awG@qHkar;jref;cef;rsm; tqufrjywfvkyfvm&m/ u|efawmf. ajzqkdcsufrsm;rSm rdwWLrsm;&Sdojzifh tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;+yD;ovkd jzpfaeygawmhonf? 5? xkd@tjyif u|efawmfukd,fwdkifvnf; rSwfrdor#awGukd t=urf;zsif;csa&;xm;/ ae@pOfrSwfwrf;rsm;xJwGif a&;xm;rd pwmrsm;vnf; &Sdaeygonf? xkdrSvnf; tcsuftvufrsm; &ygonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmf 2003 ckESpfrSpI ukd,fwkdifa&;twÎKy`wWdukd tykdif;rsm;cGJI a&;om;vm&m ,cktykdif; 5 +yD;oGm; yg+yD? 1976 ckESpf/ Zlvkdif 20 &ufae@wGif u|efawmfvGwfajrmufa'o ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&Sd&mokd@ a&muf&Sdonfhta=umif; azmfjy+yD; tykdif; 5 ukd tqHk;owfvkdufygonf? TwGif u|efawmf. yk*~vdub0 +yD;qHk;oGm;+yD jzpfygonf? u|efawmfygwDokd@ jyefa&muf+yD;aemuftykdif;rSm ygwDorkdif;ESifh qufpyfaeojzifh u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm;tygt0if aemufrsdK;quf &Jabmfrsm;u qufIwm0ef,l/ okawoejyK a&;om;oGm;=u&ef wkdufwGef;&ayonf? u|efawmf ,ck touf 88 ESpf &Sd+yDjzpfI u|efawmf qufra&;Ekdifawmhyg? u|efawmf em;yg&apawmh? TwGif pum;csyftjzpf ajymvkdwmwck &Sdygonf? u|efawmfukd,fwkdifa&; twÎKy`wWdpmtkyfwGif u|efawmf aemufqufwGJtjzpf xyfxnfhcsifonfh pm&Gufpmwrf;tcsdK@ &Sdygonf? yxrpmwrf;rSm u|efawmfygwDukd a&muf+yD;aemuf 1976 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 10 &ufwGif “jynfol@toH” rSaeI toHv$ifhcJhaom u|efawmf. ‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’jzpfygonf? xkd@tjyif 1999 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm 3 &ufae@wGif touf 80 jynfhaom u|efawmfhtm; *k%fjyKuAsmwyk'fukd uAsmq&m (ukd) 0if;wifxe;f u pyfay;cJz;l ygonf? u|eawmftouf 80 jynf+h yD;aemufae@ 1999 ckEp/f 'DZifbm 4 &ufwif uG,vecaom u|eawmfZeD;onf h G h f S G f G f hJ f h a':oef;pdefukd &nfn¸ef;+yD; xkduAsmq&muyif *k%fjyKuAsmwyk'f a&;ay;cJhzl;ygonf? xkduAsmESpfyk'frSm u|efawmfhb0wGif ta&;}uD;aom tcsdefESifhtjzpftysuftrSwftom;tjzpf &Sdaeojzifh TpmtkyfwGif aemufqufwGJ 'kwd,pmwrf;ESifh wwd,pmwrf;tjzpf xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkdufygonf? xkduAsmESpfyk'fukd pyfqkday;cJhonfh ukd0if;wifhxGef; tm;vnf; aus;Zl;txl;wifa=umif; azmfjytyfygonf? u|efawmfh Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf 0kdif;0ef;ulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJh=uonfh &Jabmfrsm;tm;vHk;ukdvnf;aumif;/ xkwfa0 ay;onfh ‘"l0Hpmay’ukdvnf;aumif; aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sdygonf? AkdvfausmfaZm 24-4-07 1
2.
yOPrykdif; 1957 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifvqef;rSm
u|efawmf &efukef+rdK@/ prf;acsmif;&yf/ qDqHkvrf;/ tdrftrSwf 36okd@ r*Fvm'Hk {nfhcHa*[mrS ajymif;a&$@ oGm;cJhygonf? u|efawmfpkaqmif;xm;wJh aiGav;u oHk;axmifausmfavmufyJ&Sdvkd@ tJ'Dtdrf0,fzkd@ vkdtyfwJhaiGukd u|efawmfhtpfukd}uD; OD;yku xkway;ygonf? aemifusrS u|eawmfajruGuudk a&mif;+yD; qyfEiygonf? u|eawmfZeD;&J@ zcifvnf; uG,veom;+yDjzpf+yD;/ ol@rcif a':wifu f f h f dk f f h f Gf G d u|efawmfwkd@rdom;pkeJ@twl vkdufaewmjzpfvkd@ olwkd@&J@ oHk;q,ftdrf}uD;ay: vliSm;wif+yD;/ tdrfaxmify&dabm*awGudkawmh u|efawmfwkd@ tckaer,fh prf;acsmif;tdfrfukd o,f,l+yD; oHk;pGJcJh&ygawmhonf? u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm;ukdawmh tdrfeJ@eD;onfh pdef@zDvkdrDemuGefAifhausmif; (aemifprf;acsmif; txu 2) rSm xm;ygonf? rdef;uav; ausmif;jzpfaomfvnf; a,musfm;av;rsm;ukd av;wef;txd vufcHojzifh armifESpfr ig;a,mufpvHk;ukd tJ'Dausmif;rSmyJ xm;vkdufygonf? u|efawmfhESpfr0rf;uGJrsm;rSm xkdausmif;xGufrsm;jzpfojzifh xkdausmif;rS c&pf,mefr,foDv&ifq&mr}uD;rsm;eJ@ &if;ESD;ojzifh olwkd@wm0ef,l ausmif;tyfay;cJh=uygonf? om;orD;rsm; ausmif;udpP+yD;wmeJ@ u|efawmf a&S@a&;udpPtwGuf pOf;pm;vkyfaqmif&ygawmhonf? tJ'Dacwf (zqyv tpkd;&acwf) wkef;u 'Drkdua&pDvnf; toifhtwifh&SdaewJhumvjzpfvkd@ a&S@av#muf wkdif;jynfeJ@ jynfolvlxk twGuf EkdifiHa&;vkyfrnfqkdv#if vkyfEkdifwJh tcGifhtvrf;awG &Sdaeygonf? 'DtwGuf jyifqifonfhtaejzifh u|efawmfwyfu rxGufrD trsdK;rsdK; ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;ajymjy&ef owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJw&yfukd u|efawmfjyKvkyfcJhyg onf? 1957 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 6 &ufae@wGif u|efawmfaexkdif&m aetdrfwGifyif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ jyKvkyfchjJ cif; jzpfygonf? owif;pmwkduf toD;oD;rS owif;axmuftawmfrsm;rsm; wufa&mufcJhygonf? u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ t"duxm; ajymqkdcJhr_rsm;uawmh u|efawmfhtay: pGyfpGJcsufrsm; rckdifvHkyHk/ oufaorjynfhpHkyHk/ txl;ojzifh u|efawmfhukd pepfwus w&m;r#wr_ &SdpGm ppfaq;jcif;/ xkacscGifhjyKjcif;rsm; r&SdyHkawGukd u|efawmfajymqkd&Sif;vif;cJhygonf? aemufae@owif;pmrsm;wGif u|eawmf. ajym=um;csutjynftpHudk xnfoi;f azmfjy=u+yD; t,f'wmtmabmf tcef;rsm;rSvnf; f f h k h G D u|efawmf. awmif;qkdcsufjzpfaom‘±Hk;wifppfaq;yg’qdkonfh tcsufukd txl;tav;ay;a&;om;=uygonf? txl;ojzifh vuf0Jbuf ,drf;onfh owif;pmrsm;/ *sme,frsm;u u|efawmf. wkdif;jynftay:pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&GufcJhr_rsm;tay: tus,fw0ifh a&;om;=uygonf? tcsdK@wyfrawmfwGif;u u|efawmfhukd av;pm;=unfndK=uonfh wyfrSL;wyfom;rsm;uvnf; u|efawmfeJ@twl wkdufyGJrsm;rSm yg0ifcJh=uyHk/ u|efawmf. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; pwmrsm;ukd tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm;tjzpf a&;om;=uygonf? xkdpOfu zqyv tpkd;&twGif; jcpm;r_/ vmbfpm;r_/ tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefpGyfpGJr_rsm;eJ@ emrnfysufpjyKvmcsdefeJ@vnf; wkdufqkdif aeojzifh tpkd;&ukdwkdufckdufa0zefonfh t&Sdefjzifhvnf; a&maeygonf? xkdowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGif owif;axmufwOD;u jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;eJ@ ywfoufI u|efawmf.oabmxm;ukd ar;jref;&m u|efawmfu oD;jcm;xkwfjyefygrnf[k ajymqkdvkduf+yD; u|efawmfru|rf;usifonfh EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;jyemrsm;ukdyg tus,fw0ifh tcsdef,l avhvm+yD;rS atmufwkdbm 27 &ufwGif ‘jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufI u|efawmf. oabmxm;’qkdonfh pmwrf;wapmif xkwfjyef vkdufygonf? xkdpmwrf;ukd tykdif;rsm;cGJI owif;pmrsm;u azmfjy=u+yD; aemufykdif;wGifvnf; pmtkyftjzpf xkwfa0cJhygonf? xkdpmwrf;i,fwGif tykdif;av;ykdif; yg&Sdygonf? 1? yxrykdif;wGif jynfwGif;ppf 10 ESpfc&D;ukd t=urf;zsif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? 1948 ckESpfukefcgeD;rSpI wkdufcJh&aom autif'Dtkd (KNDO) wkd@tygt0if tjcm;vufeufukdif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh tvHjzL/ tvHeD uGefjrLepf/ &JabmfjzL/ &ckdifolykefrsm;ponfh wjynfvHk; twkdif;twmeJ@ tESH@tjym;jzpfcJhonfh wkdufyGJrsm;ta=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? 2? 'kw,yki;f wGif ‚ 10 ESpc&D;twGi;f tpk;d &ESioyersm; ESpO;D ESpzuf. vuf&tajctaersm;ukd a0zefo;kH oyfxm;+yD;/ tu,fI d d f hf l k f f f dS Ttwkdif; qufwkdufckdufygu tem*wf. tvm;tvmukd u|efawmfa0zefwifjyxm;ygonf? Ttykdif;wGif u|efawmfu “EdkifiHa&;onf jynfwGif;ppftwuftus. ausm±kd;r¾dKifjzpfonf? ppfa&;onf taxmuftul tykdif;om jzpfonf? olykefta&;edrhfaprnfh xl;jcm;onfh EkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_ rygbJ ppfa&;oufoufjzifhom &ifqkdifaev#if olykefta&;rSm tvGef&Snf=umcufcJEkdifa=umif;/ vuf&Sdtpkd;&taeeJ@ ppfa&;oufoufcsnf; tm;rukd;bJ EkdifiHa&;t& }udK;pm;oifha=umif;/ Ttwkdif; qufoGm;aeygu jynfwGif;ppf}uD; &Snf=umoGm;rnfh tvm;tvm&Sda=umif;/ ppfwyfwkd;csJ@&I jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vnf; usqif;Ekdifa=umif;” pwmrsm;ukd tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm; xkwfjy/ &Sif;vif;jy+yD;/ ppfa&;oufoufjzifh aemufxyf 7 ESpfqufwkdufv#ifvnf;/ olykeftiftm; rusqif;Ekdifa=umif; a&;om;xm;ygonf? 3? wwd,yki;f wGif ppfEiEiia&;. &nf&,csursm;/ ppfEijhf ynfovx/k ppfEiEiia&;acgi;f aqmifrsm;. wm0efqufpyfaeyHrsm;ukd d S hf dk f H G f f S l l S hf dk f H k tus,fw0ifh a&;om;xm;ygonf? txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ppfEkdifa&;twGufomru ppfukdrlv EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrS aoGzDroGm;atmifESifh ppf+yD;aemuf +idrf;csrf;a&;umvwnfaqmufa&;twGuf wm0ef&Sda=umif;pwmawG yg&Sdygonf? ppfonf jzpf&efvG,fulaomfvnf; t+yD; owf&ef cufcJwwfa=umif;ESifh ppf.'%fukd jynfolvlxku t"du cH&a=umif;awG yg&Sdygonf? 4? pwkwÎykdif;wGifrl vuf&SdjynfwGif;ppfukd rnfuJhokd@ tqHk;owfoifhonfukd a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf? xkdpOfu 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek ajym=um;onfh rdef@cGef;ukd ukd;um;+yD; jynfolvlxku ppftwGuf ay;&aomtzkd;tcrsm;ukd axmufjy+yD; “jynfwGif;ppfjzpf&jcif;tay: EkdiiHa&; f acgif;aqmifrsm;taeeJ@ wm0ef&Sda=umif;/ EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taeeJ@ ppfeJ@ ywfoufI xifjrif,lqyHk ayghqrSm;,Gif;jcif;ta=umif;&if;rSm 2
3.
ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&cgp tawG@t}uHK/ A[kokwenf;yg;r_
a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ pdwful;qENawGukdvnf;aumif;/ a'go - arm[rsm;ukd a&S@xm;rdaoma=umifhvnf;aumif; rSm;cJh=uyHk/ b,fola=umifh/ b,f0gha=umifh[k qufvuftjiif;ryGm;oifhawmhbJ trSm;0efcH±HkrubJ? trSm;ukd &J&J0Hh0Hhjyif=u&ef” wkdufwGef;xm;ygonf? vuf&SdEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh vuf&Sdwkdif;jynftajctae/ ESpfOD;ESpfzuf &yfwnfae&aom tajctaewkd@ukd wdwdusus qef;ppf=unfh±SK+yD;/ jynfolvlxktem*wftusdK;ukd rqef@usifapbJ/ usdK;a=umif;r#wI ,xmblwusaom enf;vrf;jzifh &yfpJ=u&ef wkdufwGef;xm;ygonf? (xkdtcsdefu q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif; OD;pD;I v_yf&Sm;aeaom jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_ vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;rsm;vnf; w+cdrfh+cdrfhESifh wEkdifiHvHk; usif;yae=uygonf?) u|efawmfxkdpmwrf;a&;om;&ef jynfwGif;ppfjyemukd tao;pdwfavhvmavav jynfwGif;ppfa&&Snf+yD; jynfolwkd@. qif;&J'kuQ tE W&m,frsm;ukd jrifavavjzpfum jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;onfom tem*wfEkdifiHopf xlaxmifEkdifa&;twGuf aomhcsufjzpfa=umif; ykdrkdI oabmaygufvmygonf? vuf&Sdjynfolvlxkwkd@. 'kuQrsdK;pHk qHkcsufjzpfaeonfh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;ukd jynfolvlxktusdK;pD;yGm;jyK EkdifiHa&; tajccHay:wGif &yfpJEkdifygu wkdif;jynftay:t}uD;rm;qHk; tusdK;jyKEkdifcsuf[kvnf; ,Hk=unfvmrdygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif u|efawmfonf q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;. “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; &SpfOD;aumfrwD”tzGJ@0ifwcsdK@ESifh aqG;aEG; wkdifyif+yD; xkdtzGJ@ESifhyl;aygif;v_yf&Sm;&ef pDpOfygawmhonf? okd@aomf 1958 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvwGif yxrt}udrf Akdvfae0if;OD;pD;I ppftm%modrf;yGJ ay:aygufvm&m v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; cufcJvm+yD; 1959 ckESpfwGif xkdjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; &SpfOD;aumfrwDukd zsufodrf;ypfcJh&onf? zqyv tpkd;&uGJ/ oef@&Sif;tpkd;&wufeJ@ tajctaeawG ±SKyfaxG;ae&mrS 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;ukd tm%mv$Jajymif; ay;onfqkdum tdrfapmifhtpkd;&wufvmjcif; jzpfygonf? tdrfapmifhtpkd;&uvnf; 1960 ckESpf/ azazmf0g &Dv 6 &ufae@wGif a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;cJhonf? xkda&G;aumufyGJwGif u|efawmfonf woD;yk*~vtrwfa[mif;tjzpf =unfhjrifwkdifawmifykdif; rJqENe,frS yg0if,SOf+ydKifcJhygonf? oef@&Sif; zqyv rS ocifpHa0/ wnf+rJ zqyv rS Akdvfp=umESifh yrnw rS EkwfxGufvm+yD; woD;yk*~vtjzpf 0ifvmonfh OD;atmifoef; (AdkvfcsKyftpfukd) wkd@ESifh ,SOf+ydKif&jcif; jzpfygonf? rJqG,fw&m;yGJrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif tpyxrykdif;wGif u|efawmfu wkdif;jynfwnfaqmufa&;/ xlaxmifa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;ukdom tav;ay;a[majym&m vltrsm;u }udKufESpfoufjcif;r&SdvSay? u|efawmf. a&G;aumufyGJulnDa&; tzGJ@0ifrsm;u EkdifiHa&;t&wkdufckduf ajymqkdae=uonfh wjcm;trwfavmif;rsm;. a[majymcsufrsm;ukd oGm;a&mufem;axmif=u+yD; u|efawmfhukd jyefvnfajymjyum jyef&Sif;vif; ajym=um;&ef wkdufwGef;=uygonf? okd@jzifh u|efawmfrSm aemufykdif;rJqG,f w&m;yGJrsm;wGif EkdifiHa&;t&a&m/ yk*~dKvfa&;t&yg ajymqkdr_rsm; yg0ifvm&ygawmhonf? txl;ojzifh wnf+rJ zqyv (qkd&S,fvpfrsm;) ta=umif; ajyma[mojzifh wcsdK@jynfolrsm; todenf;ao;aom twGif;a&;rsm;ygojzifh vltrsm; tawmfoabmus=uygonf? rJqG,fw&m;yGJrsm;rSmvnf; tvGefpnfum; }uD;us,fvmygonf? u|efawmf. a&G;aumufyGJ ulnDa&;tzGJ@wGif u|efawmf. ,cifwyfrawmfxJwGif wm0eftwlxrf;aqmifcJhzl;onfh &Jabmf a[mif;rsm;/ wcsdK@rSm awmjyefvufeufcsrsm;/ xkd=unf@jrifwkdif awmifykdif;rJqENe,f &yfuGuftoD;oD;rS u|efawmfhtm; yk*~dKvft& av;pm; =unfndKolrsm;/ wcsdK@u&ifwkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; pojzifh tv$maygif;pHkrS vlyk*~dKvftrsdK;rsdK; yg0ifcJh=uygonf? EkdifiHa&;e,fy,f txl;ojzifh vuf0Jbuf,drf;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS vlyk*~dKvftcsdK@vnf; vma&mufulnD=uygonf? vltm;eJ@ ulnDEkdifolu ulnD/ aiGtm;eJ@ ulnDEkdifolu aiGtm;ulnDeJ@ bufpHku 0kdif;0ef;ulnDol tawmfyifrsm;jym;cJhygonf? xdkolrsm;tm;vHk;ukd u|efawmf,cktxd owd& aus;Zl;wifvsuf &Sdygonf? okd@jzifh 1960 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 6 &uf a&G;aumufyGJwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ycJh&m u|efawmf±_H;edrfhoGm;+yD; yxp trwfavmif; ocifpHa0 EkdifoGm;ygawmhonf? u|efawmfwkd@ Armjynfolrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;t& tvGefvufawG@uspGm pOf;pm;wwfolrsm; jzpfygonf? olwkd@.tjrifwGif wnf+rJ zqyv (qkd&S,fvpfrsm;) tay: tawmfjywfom;pGmjrifxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? &&Sdvmonfh EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk ppfwyfESifhaygif;+yD; ukd,fusdK; pD;yGm;vkyfrnfholrsm;/ jynfolvlxktrsm;pkukd eif;zdxm;rnfholrsm;tjzpf (vufawG@t&) odjrifxm;+yD; jzpfonf? 1958 ckESpf ZGefv 9 &ufae@u wnf+rJ zqyv u v$wfawmfwGif oef@&Sif; zqyv ukd t,Hkt=unfr&Sd tqkdwifoGif;+yD; rJccpOfu oef@&i;f rsm;bufu tomrJ &Sprav;jzifom tEki&oGm;cJz;l ygonf? xkae@u v$wawmfwi;f tajctaersm;ukd a&'D,rS wku±uf JG hJ S f J h df h d f G dk d f dk toHv$ifhay;&m wEkdifiHvHk; &ifwrrjzifh aecJh&onfukd wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;u rarhEkdifao;yg? tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGifvnf; ppfAkdvfrsm;. rw&m;&rf;um;r_ukd trsdK;rsdK;cHcJh&onfh tjzpfoepfrsm;uvnf; &Sdaeygonf? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;twGif; txl;ojzifh wkdif;&if;om; a'orsm;ESifh e,frsm;wGif ppfwyf.vkyf&yfrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/ jyLapmxD;/ vJAD;ponfh ppfwyf. vufukdifwkwfrsm;. ESdyfpufr_rsm;ukd vnf;aumif;/ a&G;aumufyGJjyifqifcsdefumvrsm;twGif; 'Drkdua&pDwpHkw&m zGifhay;xm;&csdefwGif jynfoltrsm;od&Sdatmif ajymqkdolrsm;/ a&;om;olrsm; ay:aygufcJhygonf? xkd@a=umifhyif jynfolvlxku ppfwyf.axmufcHr_&aeonf[k xif&aom wnf+rJukd tjywfz,f&Sm;ypf vkduf+yD;/ oef@&Sif;ukd yHkatm+yD; tonf;=um;u rJjym;rsm;ukd ay;ypfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? wEkdifiHvHk; 0gxdefoGm;ygawmhonf? (oef@&Sif;. ta&mifrSm t0ga&mifjzpfygonf?) u|efawmf a&G;aumufyGJ±_H;&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;rSm Tjynfolvlxk. oef@&Sif; zqyv rsm;tay: tm;ukd;tm;xm; yHkatmvkdr_pdwf"mwf tajccHa=umifh jzpfygonf? 3
4.
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Oyrm wnf+rJtrwfavmif; Akdvfp=umtwGuf t&efxm;aomrJrsm;ukd rdrdwkd@ rEkdifEkdifawmhrSef;odvmwJh naeykdif;wGif oef@&Sif;trwfyHk;xJyJ xnfhay;vkdufr_/ oef@&Sif;rsm;bufu rJqG,fa[majymyGJrsm;wGif rdrdwkd@u tpkd;&zGJ@zkd@om ta&;}uD;a=umif;/ rdrdwkd@tpkd;&jzpfvmv#if AkdvfausmfaZmudk ypfxm;rSm r[kwfa=umif;pojzifh a[majymr_rsm;/ u|efawmf. rJykH;wGif u|efawmfppf0wfESifh ±kdufxm;aom "mwfyHkukd uyfxm;jcif; (wcsdK@u ppfqkdv#if a&awmif ppfraomufvkdyg[k ajymqkdaeaomtcsdef) ponfrsm;jzpfygonf? wu,fawmh xka&G;aumufyrm jynfovx. “toHrxGuaom awmfvea&;w&yf”om jzpfcygawmhonf? xka&G;aumufyjJG zifh d JG S l l k f S f hJ d u|efawmfwkd@ Armjynfolrsm;u ppfwyfukd yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf EkdifiHa&;t& z,fcsvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf? oef@&i;f tpk;d & wufvm+yD;aemuf Akvae0if;onf xkvx. wnf+rJqef@usia&;v_i;f ukp;D +yD;/ wyfrawmfxrS “rdr.bufrvkua&; S d f d l k f d d J d d f n¸ef=um;csufukd rvkdufem”[kqkdum a&G;aumufyGJtwGif; wnf+rJbufu yif;ay;cJhonfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;ukd xkwfy,fypfvkdufygonf? Akdvfae0if;. wu,fh&nf&G,fcsufrSm ol@tm;+ydKifqkdifEkdifonfh ppfbuf0gcsif; rwdrf;r,drf;jzpfaeonfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;udk ol@&mxl; vHk+cHKa&; twGuf z,f&Sm;&efom jzpfygonf? xkdz,f&Sm;cH&onfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm; tkyfpkwGif ,ck NLD OuUÏjzpfaeonfh OD;atmifa&$ (xkdpOfu ajrmufykdif;wkdif; - wkdif;rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf) vnf; yg0ifoGm;ygonf? xkdpOfu jyKwfoGm;onfh wyfrSL;rsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;okd@ oHtrwf}uD;rsm;tjzpf apv$wfcef@xm;r_rsm;a=umifh jzKwfcscH&onfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;uvnf; auseyf=uygonf? jynfoltrsm;.tjrifwGifvnf; Akdvfae0if;rSm awmfwnfhrSefuefol[k xifrSwfoGm;Ekdifygonf? Tenf;jzifh Akdvfae0if;onf rdrdtm;wifay;cJhonfh jynfolvlxk. pGef@ypfjcif;cHvkduf&+yDjzpfaom q&m&if;wnf+rJrsm;ESifh vrf;cGJ vkdufygawmhonf? wyfwGif;wGifvnf; wpHkw&m =oZm&Sdaeonfh qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;ukdvnf; z,fxkwfvkdufEkdif+yDjzpfonf? Akdvfae0if;. Tvkyf&yfonf ol@ukdf,fusdK;twGufawmh tvGefajymifajrmufonfhvkyf&yfwck jzpfygawmhonf? jynfolvlxktwGif;rSmvnf; ol@tay: EkdifiHa&;t& tjrifaumif;rGefap+yD; ppfwyfwGif;rSmvnf; ol@tm;,SOf+ydKif Ekdifonfh tvm;tvm&Sdonfh wyfrSL;tcsdK@ukd z,fxkwfvkduf Ekdifygonf? Ta&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&vmaom oef@&Sif;tpkd;&wufvmaomtcg jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnf touf0if vmygonf? xkd@a=umifh 1959 ckESpfu ysufoGm;aom yxrjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@tpm; 'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ aqmif&Guf&ef EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsdK@ESifh aqG;aEG;wkdifyif=u+yD; “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@” ukd 22-5-60 ae@wGif u|efawmftyg yk*~dKvf ajcmufOD;jzifh zGJ@cJhygonf? xkdolrsm;rSm 1? q&m}uD;ukdf,fwkdif OD;aqmifum 2? u|efawmf AkdvfausmfaZmu t}uHay;tjzpfvnf;aumif; 3? OD;baomf 4? OD;ausmf 5? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wifESif@ 6? OD;oef@Zif (awmfbk&m;av;) wkd@ jzpf=uygonf? xkdtzGJ@rSm E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@om jzpfygonf? xkdtcsdefu q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;rSm touf 80 ausmfae+yDjzpfojzifh tawmf tiftm; csnfheJ@ae+yDjzpfaomfvnf; u|efawmftygt0if vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;vmojzifh vnf;aumif;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekukd,fwkdif uvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf urf;vSrf;csuftopfrsm; jyKvkyfvmojzifhvnf;aumif; tm;wuf&$ifvef;vmygonf? q&m}uD;tawmftwef usef;rmvmaomtcg rsufpdwGif;rS wdrfukd cGJpdwfuko&ef ta&S@*smr%Dokd@ xGufcGmoGm;ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@onf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tay: jynfolwkd@ jyefvnfpdwf0ifpm; wufºuvmap&ef E_d;aqmfjcif;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;atay: xm;&Sdonfh jynfolrsm;. oabmxm;ESifh EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;rsm;ukd wD;acgufavhvmjcif;/ aemifzGJ@pnf;rnfh “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@”twGif; yg0ifrnfholrsm;udk &SmazGa&G;cs,fjcif;ponfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd qufwkdufvkyfukdfif=u& ygawmhonf? xdkuJhokd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf vHk;yef;aepOfrSmyif ArmjynfY trsdK;om;a&;jyemwck ay:aygufvm ygonf? 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif Armhwyfrawmf. w±kwfjzLwkdufa&; rJacgifppfqifa&;}uD;twGif; w±kwfjzLppfXmecsKyftwGif;rS tar&duefvyvufeufrsm; zrf;qD;rdjcif;/ tar&duefvyf pufav;vH;k wyf w±kwjf zLav,mOf}uD;u w±kwjf zLwyfawGtay: &dumcsay;aepOf k f k Q Armhwkdufav,mOfESifhwkdufyGJjzpf&m xkdav,mOf}uD;vnf; ysufus+yD;/ Armhwkdufav,mOfwpif;vnf; ysufusoGm;ygonf? xkdav,mOfrS av,mOfrSL; AkdvfyDwm usqHk;oGm;&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh ArmjynfwGif w±kwfjzLta&;tcif;}uD; xyfrHay:aygufvm+yD; vlxku tar&duefoH±kH; a&S@ qENjyr_rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhygonf? xdk@a=umifh xkdta&;tcif;ukd vlxkod&Sdyg0ifvmap&ef pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf&ef&nf&G,f+yD; &efukef+rdK@wGif;&Sd EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ ausmif;om; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ 1961 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 27 &ufwGif pk±Hk;aqG;aEG;wkdifyif=u+yD; “Armjynf w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsKd ;om;aumfrwD}uD;”ukd zG@J pnf;cJ=h uygonf? u|eawmftm; OuUÏ wifajr‡muf=u+yD;/ 'kOuUÏrsm;tjzpfawmh Akvte;f wif/ Aef;armfwifatmif f h d f k polrsm; jzpfygonf? tvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@xJwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ jynfol@&Jabmfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh xkdtcsdefu ao'%fu vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh &vmonfh AkdvfrSL;cspfaumif;vnf; ygvmygonf? xkdtzG@J wGif tv$mtoD;oD;rS yk*~dKvfpHk ygvm&m/ pma&;q&mrsm;/ *Dwpm qkdrsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ trsdK;orD;tzGJ@ acgif;aqmifrsm;/ &[ef;oHCmrsm;pojzifh tawmfyifpHkvifygonf? tzGJ@tpnf;aygif; 29 zGJ@ESifh woD;yk*~v rsdK;cspfrsm; yg0if=uygonf? &efukef+rdK@ t&Siftm'dpP0Ho ausmif;wkdufwGif usif;yjcif;jzpfygonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif u|efawmfu w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_orkdif;ESifh e,fcsJ@pGufzufr_rsm;ukd twkdcsKyfI ajryHkESifhwuG &Sif;vif;wifjy+yD; ,if; tE W&m,frsm;ukd rnfuJhokd@ckcHumuG,f&ef/ qef@usif&efenf;vrf;rsm;ukdyg aqG;aEG;wifjycJhygonf? xkdrdef@cGef;. ed*Hk;ykdif;wGif u|efawmfu atmufygtwkdif; wifjycJhygonf? “,cktcg rJacgifppfqifa&;rSm qDwkd;.vuf&mjzpfa=umif; vufyl;vuf=uyf jynfolwkd@a&S@arSmufwGif rdxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? 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5.
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&nfrSef;csufrsm;ukd tcktcg usaemfwkd@oJoJuGJuGJ od=u+yDjzpfygw,f? ” “e,fcs@J orm;rsm;[m Armjynfrm ol&@J vufeufuizEya&;wyf w±kwjf zLwyfuom csxm;wmr[kwb;l ? rdrw@kd &@J trsKd ;om;a&; S dk f d dS f dk f d rausreyf yËdyuQjzpfae=uwJh vlrsdK;pkrsm;&J@ wcsdK@aomtpdwftykdif;rsm;ukdvnf; jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif+yD;/ olwkd@&J@ ppftiftm;ukd wkd;csJ@+yD; wzufu jynfwGif;ppfeuf±_dif;atmif vkyfaew,f?” “'Dr#eJ@yJ &efol&J@ &nf&G,fcsuf[m a&&SnfzdESdyfusL;ausmfa&;jzpfvkd@ tvGef}uD;rm;a=umif; xif&Sm;ygw,f? &efol[m wu,fvnf; tiftm;}uD;wJh &efoljzpfw,f? 'Dvkdtiftm;}uD;wJh &efolu jywfom;wJh EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufeJ@ usL;ausmf pGufzufaewmukd ayghayghqq ,lq&if rSm;ygvdrfhr,f? 'Djyem[m tE W&m,f}uD;rm;vSygw,f?” “'D&efol&@J aemufrSm }uD;rm;wJh ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;&Sdaevkd@ 'D&efolukd ppfa&;wckwnf;eJ@ b,fvkd enf;eJ@rS t+yD;wkdif ajz&Sif;Ekdfifr,fr[kwfyg? ppfa&;oufoufqkd&if &efolqDwkd;ppftkyfpk[m ppfa&;tiftm;}uD;oljzpfygw,f? a=umuf&GH@rnf r[kwfyg? aemuf+yD; abmf'ge,fpyfrsm;rSm aemufqHk;EkdifiHa&;enf;rygbJ/ oHwrefa&;&m v$rf;rkd;r_rygbJ &efolukd tukefarmif;xkwfEkdifonfxm;OD;/ tiftm;}uD;wJh &efol jyefr0ifEkdifatmif qufvufxdef;odrf; umuG,fxm;zkd@[m rvG,fygbl;? ” “'ga=umifh ppfa&;oufoufomru wwkdif;jynfvHk; jynfolvlxk pnf;±Hk;tHkºuv_yf&Sm;r_rygbJ t+yD;wkdif armif;xkwfajz&Sif;Ekdifr,f r[kwfyg? e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;[m Twkdif;jynfay:rSm ol@&J@ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;&SdwJhtwGuf jynfolawGu tHkºuv_yf&Sm;vmrSmukd ta=umufqHk; jzpfygw,f? aemuf+yD; urBmt&yf&yfrS e,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd wrsdK;om;vHk; jynfoltrsm; pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;rSom atmifjrif=up+rJjzpfygw,f? e,fcJs@orm;rsm;[m wjcm;t&mxuf jynfoltrsm; Ekd;=um;odjrif+yD; pnf;±Hk;qef@usifvmrSmukd tpkd;&drfqHk;jzpfw,f? ta=umuf&GH@qHk; jzpfygw,f? 'g[m usL;ausmfvmol e,fcsJ@wkd@udk wkdufxkwfa&;rSm txda&mufqHk;vufeuf jzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqygw,f?” “'Dvkd vlxkwkdufyGJrsm; 0ifrSom wzufu ppfqifa&;ESifh oHwrefa&;&mwkdufyGJrsm;rSm rsm;pGmtaxmuftul&apygw,f? 'ga=umifh ppfrsufESm 3 &yf/ ppfa&;/ oHwrefa&;/ vlxkwkdufyGJeJ@ wkdufyGJ0ifrSom jywfom;pGm atmifjrifEkdifr,fjzpfyg w,f? ” “'DtxJrSm vlxkwkdufyGJ[m ta&;t}uD;qHk; jzpfygw,f? usaemfhukd,fawG@t& jynfolvlxk&J@ axmufcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;[m ppf ajrjyifrSm rsm;pGm tusdK;&SdapcJhygw,f? 1954 ckESpf/ bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;rSm vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ eD;uyfpGmqufpyfr_eJ@ awG@}uHK&vkd@ ppfa&;rSm rsm;pGm wyef;omcJhygw,f? wyfrawmfom;awG[m zufqpfawmfvSefa&;aemufykdif;rSm 'Dwkef;uavmuf pdwf"mwfwufºur_ wcgr# r&SdcJhyg?” “&efolqkd&if pdwf"mwfwkefv_yfygw,f? olrsm;EkdifiH usL;ausmfzkd@vmwJh&efol[m tdrf&SifwtdrfvHk;u qef@usif&if b,fvkd a&&Snf aexkdif tjrwfxkwfzkd@ jzpfEkdifyghrvJ? tenf;qHk; 'DEkdifiHrSm olwkd@ukdvufcHr,fh opPmazmufenf;enf; &SdrS/ 'DopPmazmufawGuvnf; tdrfrSm =oZm&SdOD;rSom jzpfEkdifwm? 'Dawmh 'Dvkdjynfolvlxku qef@usif&if ola&m ol@ukdvufcHcsifwJh opPmazmufa&m vuf&GH@aemufqkwf&rSm "rRwmyg?” “usaemf&J@ bk&ifhaemifppfqifa&;rSwfwrf; ed*Hk;csKyfrSm 'Dppfqifa&; atmifjrifjcif;&J@ tajccHta=umif;&if; (7) csufteuf jynfolvlxkwkdufyGe@J ywfouf+yD; (3) csuf xnfhoGif;a&;om;rdwmukd zwfjyvkdygw,f? wcsufrSm ‘wkdif;jynfvlxk v_yf&Sm;r_ t&Sdeft0ga=umifh J wyfrawmftm;wufºu+yD; &JpGrf;owWda&m/ vHk@v0D&d,yg ppf+yD;acwfwyfrawmforkdif;wGif r}uHKbl;avmufatmif wufwufºuºu&Sdjcif;’? aemufwcsufrSm ‘wkdif;jynfv_yf&Sm;r_[m &efol@pdwf"mwfukdyg ,drf;,kdiftm;enf;apjcif;’(‚rSm ppfajrjyif&Sdwkdufaeaom w±kwfjzL&efolrsm; ukdom t"duqkdvkdcJh[ef &Sdonf? ol@aemuf }udK;ukdife,fcsJhorm;tzkd@ xkdxufykdpdwfxdckdufrnfjzpfonf?) aemufwwd,tcsufrSm ‘rdrdwkd@u xkd;ppf}uD;paomtcg wu,fhtm;xufykdrkdI tiftm;tvGef}uD;rm;av[ef owif;pmq&mrsm;jzifh 0g'jzef@jcif;rsm;’jzpfygonf?” 'gha=umifhyJ 'Djyem&J@ t&if;cHtajzeJ@ t"dutiftm;[m vlxkwkdufyGJomjzpfa=umif;/ aemuf 'DwkdufyGJ[mvnf; a&&Snf wkduf&rSmjzpfa=umif; wifjycJhygonf? 'ghtjyif 'Dtpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ b,fvkd yg0ifr,fqkdwJhta=umif; uwdopPmpum;eJ@twl tpkd;&ukdvnf; wkdufwGef;yef=um;&mrSm atmufygtwkdif; ajym=um;cJhygao;onf? “usaemfhtzkd@ t&ifwkef;uqkd&if tckvkde,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd wyfOD;uae+yD; ppfom;}uD;wa,muftaeeJ@ wkdufckdufumuG,f cJhygw,f? wkdif;jynfwm0efukd ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifcJhygw,f? ,ckvJ EkdifiHom;wa,muftaeeJ@ usaemfEkdifiH&J@ e,fcJs@usL;ausmfr_ tE W&m,frsm;ukd b,fvkdumuG,fEkdifrvJqkd+yD; usaemfenf;vrf;&Smawmh txufuajymcJhwJh jynfolvlxku usL;ausmfqef@usifr_wkd@ukd qef@usiftHkºuv_yf&Sm;wJhtcg vlxkwkdufyGJrSm usaemfyg0ifEkdifa=umif; jrifvmygw,f? 'DwkdufyGJ[m usaemfaqmif&GufcJhzl;wJh ppfa&;wkdufyGJ xufyif v_yf&Sm;Ekdif&if wefckd;}uD;rm;vSa=umif; usaemfxifjrifrdygw,f? 'DwkdufyGJ[m usaemfaqmif&GufcJhzl;wJh ppfa&;wkdufyGJxufyif v_y&m;Eki&if wefc;kd }uD;rm;vSa=umif; usaemfxifjrifrygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dve,fcs@J usL;ausmr&efudk umuG,qef@usiz@dk usaemf&@J cetm;ukd f S df d dk f _ f f G f jynfolvlxkeJ@twl toHk;jyK+yD; qef@usifumuG,foGm;zkd@ 'Dtpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm usaemfuwdjyKygw,f?” “aemuf t pk d ; &uk d usaemf y ef = um;wk d uf wG e f ; vk d w muawmh - (u) ,ck w k d u f a ewJh ppf q if a &;eJ@ ppf a &;t& usef a o;wJh w±kwfjzLrsm;ukd t+yD;tykdif wkdufxkwfa&; }udK;yrf;&ef? (c) EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifh ‚wkd@tjrefqHk; vHk;0qkwfcGmoGm;&ef ukvor*~wGif xdxd a&mufa&muf ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef? (*) tpkd;&[m tHkºuwkdufyGJ0ifvmaom jynfolvlxkESifhtwl AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acwfuvkd yl;aygif;vufwGJ+yD; usL;ausmfol&efolrsm;ukd qef@usif=uzkd@ jzpfygw,f?”vdk@ ed*Hk;csKyf ajym=um;cJhygonf? TtrsdK;om;aumfrwDuyif 1961 ckESpf/ rwfv 12 &ufwGif wkdif;jynfokd@ E_d;aqmfyef=um;v$mwapmif xkwfa0+yD; w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_orkdif;tusOf;csKyfukd azmfjyum w±kwfjzL.aemufrS }udK;ukdifv_yf&Sm;aeol tar&duefe,fcsJ@. t}uHtpnfrsm;ukd azmfxkwf &Sif;vif;+yD; wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfpGmjzifh tHkºuqef@usif=u&ef E_d;aqmfcJhygonf? 5
6.
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EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufukd rSefuefpGm roHk;oyfEkdifygv#if xkdjyemukd atmifjrifpGm rajz&Sif;Ekdif±Hkr#ru ykdIyiftE W&m,fusa&mufEkdifygonf? xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ trsdK;om;aumfrwDu rwfv 15 &ufae@wGif owif;pmrsm;okd@ xkwfjyefcsufwapmif xkwfjyef+yD; OD;Ek. rdef@cGef;onf tE W&m,f&Sda=umif;/ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_. aemufuG,frS e,fcs@J orm;rsm;. olwkd@tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf urBmt&yf&yf wkdif;jynf trsm;tjym;wGif Tenf;rsm;twkdif; ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ aoG;cGJa&;enf;aygif;pHkjzifh aESmifh,SufzdESdyf+cdrf;ajcmufaea=umif;/ TtE W&m,f}uD;ukd ppfa&;enf;jzifhomru EkdifiHa&;enf;jzpfonfh wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwf+yD; qef@usifv_yf&Sm;=u&efvkda=umif;wkd@ukd wifjyvkdufygonf? xkd@tjyif u|efawmfwkd@onf &efukef+rdK@twGif; &yfuGuftoD;oD;wGifvnf; tzGJ@cGJrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf? &yfuGufvkduf aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;a[majymyGJrsm; jyKvkyf&m/ tif;pdefc±kdifonf twufºuqHk;jzpfcJhonf? aqG;aEG;a[majymyGJrsm;rprD *Dwpmqkdrsm;jzpfonfh ukdjrwfav;/ pEN,m;cspfaqG polrsm; acgif;aqmifonfh tzGJ@u aw;oDcsif;rsm;/ oDqkdajzazsmf=uygonf? tvGefwufºuvef;qef;onfh EkdifiHa&;ywf0ef;usifw&yfukd zefwD;EkdifcJhygonf? Tw±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;trsdK;om;aumfrwD. ±Hk;ukdvnf; u|efawmf.aetdrf (prf;acsmif;/ trSwf 36 qDqHkvrf;) rSmyif owfrSwfxm;ygonf? xdktrsdK;om;aumfrwD rzGJ@rDav;rSmyif u|efawmfu yk*~dKvfa&;E_d;aqmfcsufpmwrf;wapmif xkwfjyefcJhygao;onf? 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvtwGif; rJacgifppfqifa&;eJ@ ywfoufI u|efawmf.oabmxm;ukd xkwfjyefjcif; jzpfygonf? xkdpmwrf;wGif w±kwfjzLrsm;onf e,fcsJ@tm;ukd;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@. vGwfvyfa&;}uD;ukd +cdfrf;ajcmufaea=umif;/ wyfrawmfonf jyif;xefpGm tm;rxkwfbJ atmifjrifxajrmufEkdifrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh jynfolvlxktaygif;ESifh ygwDtzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;u TuJhodk@ cJ,Of;yifyef;pGm wkdufckdufay;aeonfh wyfrawmfukd 0kdif;0ef;axmufcHtm;ay;&ef yef=um;a=umif;/ oufqkdif&m tm%mykdifrsm;uvnf; ,cifppfqifa&;}uD;rsm;uJhokd@ owif;axmufrsm;ukd ppfajrjyifv$wfI jynfoltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif wifjyapvkda=umif; ponfwkd@ yg&Sdygonf? xkd@tjyif wyfrawmfwGif;&Sd wyfrSL;wyfom;taygif;ukdvnf; atmufygtwkdif; yef=um;xm;ygao;onf? “wyfrawmfESifh a&S@wef;ppfqifa&; uGefrif'grsm; trSL;jyK+yD; &Jabmfrsm;/ t&m&Sdrsm; wyfrSL;rsm;tm;vnf; yef=um;ygonf? ppfqkdonfrSm raumif;aomt&m/ aoG;xGufoH,kd jzpf&aomt&m/ tenf;ESifhtrsm; pGef@pm;&aomt&mjzpfygonf? okd@&mwGif u|efawmfwkd@ rSm e,fcs@J pepfatmufrm vljzpfvm&ojzifh rv$omI T&efoudk toufay;wkucu&ygonf? u|eawmfw@dk bk;d ab;rsm;vnf; ol@acwfe@J ol S J l d f dk f f wkuc&ygonf? xk@d a=umifh &Jabmftaygi;f rSm tcuftcJrsm;ESihf &ifqi&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; xufoefaom rsKd ;csppwjf zifh aemufq;kH Te,fcs@J d f hJ dk f f d &efolukd }udK;pm;+yD; wm0efausyGefpGm wkduf ckduf=uvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifh,Hk=unfonf?” “Tokd@&J0HhpGm wkdufckduf=u&mwGif wzufwGif rvkdtyfaom xdckdufqHk;±_H;r_rsm; rjzpf&atmifESifh atmifyGJukd rdrdbufrS tustqHk; enf;pGmjzifh &&Sdatmif tpGrf;ukef aphpyfaocsmr_ESifh }uD;rm;aom vHk@v0D&d,wkd@jzifh }udK;pm;tm;xkwf=uvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfygonf?” “ppfOD;pD;Xme&Sd &JabmfnDaemif ppfOD;pD;t&m&Sdrsm;tm;vnf; yef=um;ygonf? u|efawmfrSm ,ck‘rJacgifppfqifa&;’ ae&mrsm;ukd 1955 ckEpuyif ava=umif;uif;axmufrj_ zifh aphpyfpm =unf±avhvm+yD;jzpfIvnf;aumif;/ w±kwjf zLwk@d . vky&nfui&nf tusi"avhrsm; S f G h _ f dk f hf ukdvnf; ,cifwkdufyGJrsm;. tawG@t}uHKt& od+yD;jzpfIvnf;aumif;/ wpHkw&m od&Sdar;jref;vkdaomf tcsdefra&G;ulnD&ef toifh&Sdygonf?” “EkdifiHom;wa,muftaejzifhvnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfhtaejzifhvnf;aumif; Tokd@ulnD&ef rsm;pGmvkdvm;ygonf? 0wW&m;vnf; &Sdonf[k ,lqygonf”[k a&;om;yef=um;xm;ygonf? Ekiiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfEihf umuG,a&;0ef}uD;jzpfaom OD;Ekxo@dk vnf;aumif;/ ppfO;D pD;csKyfAvcsKyfae0if;xHo@dk vnf;aumif; oD;oef@pm dfH S f H dk f rsm;vnf; a&;om;ay;ykd@cJhygonf? twGif;oabmuawmh txufygyef=um;v$mESifhtwlwlyif jzpfygonf? xkdpmukd 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufae@pGJjzifh xkwfjyefcJhygonf? xdktrsdK;om;aumfrwD}uD;uyif OD;pD;+yD; 1961 ckESpf/ {+yDv 9 &ufae@ uefawmfrifyef;+cHwGif +rdK@vHk;u|wf qENjyyGJ}uD;w&yfukd pnf;±Hk;usif;ycJh&m vlxkodef;csDwufa&mufcJhygonf? &efukef+rdK@wGif; &yfuGuftoD;oD;rSvnf;aumif;/ &efukefywf0ef;usif&Sd +rdK@e,ftoD;oD;rS vnf;aumif; vltiftm;trsm;tjym; wufa&muf&m owif;pmrsm;u vGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;onfhumv 46-47 ckESpfrsm;aemuf t}uD;rm; qHk;aom vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;[k a&;om;=uygonf? xkdqENjyyGJ}uD;wGif u|efawmfrdef@cGef;ajymqkd&m ta=umif;t&m tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ,cifwifjycsufxJrSyif jzpfygonf? trsdK;om; aumfrwD zGJ@pnf;onfhae@u u|efawmf &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfh rdef@cGef;ay:tajcwnf+yD; ajym=um;cJhjcif; jzpf ygonf? 6
7.
xdkae@u u|efawmfwkd@ wifoGif;=uonfh
aºu;a=umfoH 3 &yfrSm- w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ wkdufckduf=u/ wkdufckduf=u - tar&duefe,fcsJ@pGufzufr_ qef@usif=u/ qef@usif=u - trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&; wnfaqmuf=u/ wnfaqmuf=u æ æ [lI jzpfygonf? Te,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwD vkyfief;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@wawG tvkyfrsm;ae=u+yD;/ wwkdif;jynfvHk; vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk; a[majymae&ygonf? Tonfrm e,fcs@J qef@usia&;tajccHjzpf+yD; jynfwi;f +idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&m;r_twGuvnf; taxmuftul jzpfaeygonf? S f G f S f xkd@aemuf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; 'kwd,tzGJ@ukd 1961 ckESpf/ rwfv 9 &ufae@wGif q&m}uD;r_dif;.aetdrf/ prf;acsmif;/ trSwf 5 csrf;omvrf;wGif zGJ@pnf;cJhygonf? xkdtzGJ@wGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm OuUÏrSm q&m}uD;ukd,fwkdifjzpf+yD;/ 'kOuUÏtjzpf u|efawmfu aqmif&Gufonf? useftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm 1? OD;baomf (,cif &SpO;D aumfrwD0if) 2? OD;xGe;f wif (v$wawmfa&S@ae}uD;/ tzG@J . taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;) 3? OD;ausmf (Ed;_ aqmfa&;tzG@J 0if) f f 4? OD;oef@Zif (awmfb&m;av;/ aemif OD;atmifaZ[k trnfajymif;) 5? a':tdrp;dk (q&m awmf OD;OwWr. ESr) 6? ref;ausmt;kH (u&iftrsKd ;om; k f f acgif;aqmif) 7? OD;bausmf (v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;) 8? OD;vSausmf (v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD;) wkd@ jzpfygonf? xkd'kwd, jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@wGif twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@ukdvnf; zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? xkdolrsm;rSm - 1? pma&;q&m}uD; Aef;armf wifatmif 2? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;vSwif (uavmiftrnf armifarmifwif) 3? OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm) 4? OD;pkd;rif; (Avp) 5? apmausmfpkd; (tif;pdefrS u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif) 6? u|efawmf trnfrrSwfrdawmhaom wGHaw;rS u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;wkd@jzpf=uonf? xkdtwGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifrsm;. wm0efrsm;rSm vkdtyfonfh tultnDrsm;jzifh tzGJ@ukd ulnDyHhykd;jcif;/ EkdifiHa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd bufpHku avhvmoHk;oyf+yD; tzGJ@ukd t}uHay;wifjyjcif;/ a'otoD;oD;Y +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@rsm;zGJ@&mwGif vufvSrf;rDoavmuf ulnDzGJ@pnf; ay;jcif;/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifhtwl e,fvSnfha[m ajymyGJrsm;okd@ vkdufyga[majym&jcif;wkd@ jzpf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@. tzGJ@ukd yifwkdiftultnD ay;aeaom yk*~dKvftcsdK@vnf; &Sd=uygao;onf? ‚wkd@rSm 1? ocifbarmif 2? ocifaxG;ESifh 3? usHKrai; ocifwifarmifwkd@ jzpfygonf? wjynfvHk;&Sd EdkifiHa&;wufºuolrsm; tm;vHk;avmufeD;eD; yg0ifvm=u+yD; aiGa&;a=u;a&;t&vnf; tultnD tawmf&vkdufygao;onf? e,fc±kdiftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tzGJ@cGJrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmygonf? wu,fawmh u|efawmfwkd@ T'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJ@a&;jyifqif&mwGif xifwmxuf tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;&onfh ta=umif;&if;rSm yxrjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ ysufoGm;onfukd pdwfysufoGm;aom xkdpOfu tiftm;t}uD;qkH; twkduftcH EkdifiHa&; ygwD}uD;u awmfawmfESifh axmufcHr_ray;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@rSm 'kwd,tzGJ@ukd rv$Jra&Smifom zGJ@vkduf& aomfvnf; tm;r&vSyg? okd@aomf u|efawmfwkd@ xkdtzGJ@zGJ+yD; pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf&mwGif u|efawmfwkd@ ar#mfrSef;xm;onfxuf vsifjrefpGmouf0if v_yf&Sm; }uD;xGm;vmygawmhonf? TwGif u|efawmf oifcef;pmwck &&Sdchygonf? TonfrSm jynfolwkd@ vkdvm;awmifhwaom vrf;pOfta=umif;w&m; rSefuefygv#if J vlxk}uD;u vsifjrefpGm v_yf&Sm;xºu+yD; axmufcHvmwwfonfqkdonfh tcsufyifjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh vlxku rdrdwkd@bufu &yfwnf aeolrsm;[k owfrSwfxm;cH&olrsm;u OD;aqmifygu xkd,Hk=unfr_ESifhyif ykdrkdjrefqefpGm axmufcHvmEkdifygonf? xkoifcef;pm &rSyif e*ku tm;r&w&jzpfaeaom u|eawmfw@dk wawGvnf; pdwoufom&m&+yD; wufºuv_y&m;aeaom vlxEihf d d f f f S k S twl qufvuf}udK;pm; v_yf&Sm;&ygawmhonf? u|efawmfwkd@. TtzGJ@ukd yxrqHk;pwif+yD; zdwfac:aom e,fc±kdifrSm ykodrf+rdK@ jzpfygonf? 1961 ckESpf/ arvukefykdif;wGif pwif oGm;a&muf=uonf? ykodrfc±kdif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd pwifzGJ@pnf;+yD; zdwfac:olrSm OD;atmifrkd; jzpfygonf? yrnw rS acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfygonf? *syef BDA acwfu u|efawmfhwyfrS ppfAkdvfa[mif;wOD; (emrnfarhae) uvnf; wufºupGm OD;aqmifvmygonf? aemuf ykodrfc±kdif/ omaygif;+rdK@e,fu zdwfvmI wqufwnf;oGm;&ygao;onf? u|efawmfESifhtwl OD;baomf/ OD;oef@Zifwkd@yg0ifygonf? xkd@aemufwGifawmh atmufArmjynf/ txufArmjynf wcGifwjyif tESH@/ e,ftoD;oD;u zdwfac:vmojzifh u|efawmfESifhtwl tzGJ@0ifrsm; oGm;a&mufa[majym pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf=uygonf? u|efawmfrSm w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwDukdvnf; OD;aqmifae&ojzifh wcgw&H xkdESpfzGJ@ (trsdK;om;aumfrwDESif@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;) ukdaygif;I zdwf=um;cH&jcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? tajccHvkyfief;csif;uvnf; ruGJjym;vSyg? &efukefc±kdiftwGif; wkdufe,fwkdif;vkdvkdrSmvnf; a[majympnf;±Hk;vm&m 1961 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 20 &ufae@wGif &efukefc±kdif/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ wkdufe,fau'gaygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;}uD; vkyfEkdifcJhygonf? &efukef+rdK@ =unfhjrifwkdif&Sd pvif;ausmif;wkduftwGif; jyKvkyfcJh+yD; wdyfacGESifhoGif;xm;aom q&m}uD;. rdef@cGef;ukdvnf; zGifhjy=uygonf? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@rS twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifESifh &efukef c±kdifjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@.taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm) u jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ ay:ayguf&yHkta=umif;ESifh &efukefc±kdif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJpnf;vm&yHkta=umif;rsm;ukd wifjyygonf? xktpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif u|eawmfonf jynfwi;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J . oabmxm;rsm;tay:tajccHI ta=umif;t&m tawmfpvif d f G kH onfh rdef@cGef;w&yfukd ajym=um;cJhygonf? xkdrdef@cGef;wGif jynfwGif;ppfjzpf&jcif;ta=umif;rsm; txl;ojzifh e,fcsJ@pepf. aoG;cGJa&;ESifh wkdufckdufzdESdyfa&;enf;vrf;rsm;ukd Arm EkdifiHwGifomru wjcm;ukdvkdeDEkdifiHrsm;. tawG@t}uHKtjzpftysufrsm;ESifhyg wifjyajymqkdcJhygonf? xkdrdef@cGef;twGif;rS wcsdK@tcsufrsm;ukd xkwfEkwfwifjy&aomf “Armjynfwif AkvcsKyfusq;kH oGm;&jcif;rSm e,fcs@J orm;ESihf wki;f &if;om;opPmazmufrsm; yl;aygi;f vky}f uHrj_ zpfa=umif; tm;vH;k od&+dS yD; G d f d 7
8.
jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk AkvcsKyf
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9.
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10.
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J f l d u|efawmfwkd@. ukaËESpf&mausmf ukefusonf[k qkdaom ‘jynfawmfom pDrHudef;’rSm Tenf;jzifh vrf;v$JzsufqD;onfh enf;vrf;jzpfonf? xkdpOfu OD;Eku vlwukd,f/ wkdufwvHk;/ um;wpD;/ vc &Spf&musyfjzifh jynfawmfomap&rnf[k uwday;aºu;a=umfcJhzl;ygonf? zqyv tpkd;&taeESifh pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;ukd a&;qGJzkd@ tar&dueft}uHay;rsm;ukd ac:zdwf+yD; pDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJckdif;&m tvGJvGJ tacsmfacsmfawGjzpfatmif vkyfypf=uygonf? t"duukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfa&;wGif rjr‡KyfESHbJ ukefypPnf;o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;vrf;yef; taqmuf ttHvyief;rsm;rSm aiGt&if;tES;D rsm; jr‡KyfEvuygonf? wu,fawmh xkuo@dk vrf;rsm;azmufvyjf cif;rSmvnf; e,fcs@J orm;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;/ k k f HS dk f d hJ k zdESdyfa&;&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGufyif &nf&G,fygonf? trsdK;om;pufr_vufr_ xlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; apwemrrSefwmrsm;ukd awG@Ekdifygonf? Oyrm - orkdif;csnfpuf}uD;ukd urBmhb%fu acs;aiGjzifh wnfaqmufonf? oHk;ukaËeD;yg; ukefusonf[k qkdaomfvnf; xkpuf}uD;rSm tar&duefEiirS pufta[mif;}uD; jzpfonf? xkpufEivnf&rnfh 0g*r;f rSmvnf; tar&duef0g*r;f ESirS txnf&ufvyEionf? d dk f H d S hf G G hf k f dk f xkd@a=umifh tar&duefrS 0g*Grf;ukd rSm,lwifoGif;&onf? xkd@a=umifh 0g*Grf;aps;ukd tar&duefu }udKufovkd upm;Ekdifonf? okd@a=umifh ESpfpOf t±_H;ay:onf? urBmhb%facs;aiG t&if;rajymESifh twkd;awmif rqyfEkdif? xkd@twl t*FvdyfESifh zufpyfwnfaxmifonfh bD-yD-tkdif ac: aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;puf±Hk/ oH&nf}udKpufpwmrsm;rSmvnf; 'Dvkdyif jyemaygif;pHk ay:ygonf? e,fcs@J b%fwdkuf}uD;rsm;tm;vHk;ukdvnf; qufvufzGifhvSpfxm;&SdcGifhjyK+yD;/ ‚wkd@. }uD;rm;vSonfh aiGt&if;tESD; rsm;jzifh ArmEkdifiH pD;yGm;a&;xJ wkd;0ifvmonfukd vufykduf=unfhaecJh=u&ygonf? jynfwGif;ppfukdvnf; zqyvu wtm;zdwkdfufaeojzifh vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; 0,f,l&efaiG rvHkavmufonfhtcg urBmh b%fponfh e,fcsJ@b%ft&if;tESD;rsm;ukd tm;ukd;+yD; twkd;}uD;ay; aiGacs;&onf? 0,f,l&onfh ypPnf;rsm;uvnf; e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;. vufeuf+ydKifqkdifwyfqifr_a=umifh acwfrrDawmhonfh (olwkd@twGufvnf; toHk;rusawmhbJ ykdv#Haeonfh) ppfvufeufypPnf;rsm;ukd olwkd@ }udKufaps;ESifh 0,f,l&jyefygonf? e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;rSm Tenf;jzifh ypPnf;tay:rSma&m/ acs;aiGtay:rSmyg ESpfxyftjrwf&=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ EkdifiHrsm;uawmh rdat;ESpfcgem jzpf&yg onf? Tenf;jzifh zqyv tpkd;&onf e,fcsJ@orm;ESifhaygif;I pDrHudef;trsdK;rsdK;/ vkdifpiftrsdK;rsdK;xGifum AsL±kdu&uft&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; w&yfukd arG;jrLay;vkdufygawmhonf? rdrdukd,fusdK;pD;yGm; wkd;wufa&;ay:rSmom tajccHvm=uojzifh jynfolvlxkukd tm;rukd;EkdifawmhbJ/ e,fcs@J orm;ukdom vHk;0pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ ppfa&; tm;vHk;rDSckd&onfh tajctae jzpfvmygonf? e,fcs@J orm;rsufESmom =unfhae&onfhb0 a&muf&ygawmhonf? xkdpOfu 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek tar&duefe,fcsJ@ukd b,fvkdrsufESmvkyfonfukd u|efawmfhukd,fawG@wck ajymjyvkdygonf? 1954 - 55 ckESpf/ u|efawmfwkd@ w±kwfjzLwkdufckdufa&; ppfqifa&;rsm; vkyfaepOfumvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku a&S@wef;u &Jabmfrsm; tm; ar;jref;tm;ay;pum;ajym=um;&ef u|efawmfwkd@ a&S@wef;XmecsKyf ±Hk;pkduf&m rkdif;qwfokd@ wyfrawmfav,mOfi,fwpif;ESifh a&muf&Sd vmygonf? u|efawmfwkd@u wyfrsm;ukd wef;pDay;+yD; OD;Ekukd =o0g'pum;ajym=um;&ef awmif;qkd&ygonf? OD;Eku wyfrawmfom;rsm;ukd pdw"mwfxufoefpm/ ol&owWajymifajrmufpmjzifh wkucu=f u&ef wkuwe;f +yD;/ ol&aumif;wOD;ukd f G d G d f dk d f G J Oyrmay; ajym=um;oGm;ygonf? olOyrmay;ajym=um;onfh ol&aumif;rSm ‘a*sm0g&iwef’ OD;aqmifwucuconfh tar&duef vGwvyfa&; J h Sf dk f dk f h J f wkdufyGJtwGif;u tar&duefol&Jaumif;av;wa,mufta=umif; jzpfygonf? tar&duef tm;ay;ulnDr_jzifh Armjynftm; usL;ausmfvmonfh w±kwfjzLrsm;tm; t±kd;a=ua=u t&nfcef;cef; wkdufckduf&rnfh olrsm;ukd tar&duefol&aumif;ta=umif; tom;ay;ajym=um;onfh OD;Ektay: u|efawmfwkd@wawG tawmfyif pdwfqkd;a'goxGufrd=uonf? J aemufrS wGufrdonfrSm OD;Eku tar&dueftpkd;&ukd rsufajzpum;yg;vkdufwmyJ[k wGufqrdygawmhonf? xkduJhokd@ e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;ukd rsufESmvkyf t}udKufay; qufqH&onfh zqyv tpkd;&onf 'Drkdua&pDukdvnf; zdESdyfvm&ygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;v#if 'kwd,tqifhrSm 'Drkdua&pDwnfaqmufa&;/ xGef;um;a&;yif jzpfygonf? wu,fawmh jynfolrsm;. 10
11.
vGwvyfa&;rSm 'Drua&pDtcGita&;rsm; r&Sv#if
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Tonfrsm;rSm jynforsm;. tajccHtcGita&;rsm; jzpfonf? f G hf S f G f G hf d l hf u|eawmfw@dk onf ukveb0wGif TtcGita&;rsm;ukd ESpaygi;f rsm;pGm qH;k ±_;H cJ&onf? vGwvyf+yD;&ifawmh xktcGita&;rsm; tjynft0&&Sz@dk f d dk D hf f h f d hf h d ar#mfvifhcJh=uygonf? &&Sdzkd@ vkdvnf;vkdtyfygonf? xkd'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; &&SdrSomv#if rdrdwkdif;jynf. trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;ESifh wkdif;jynf wnfaqmufa&;vkyief;rsm;ukd jynfovx}k uD;w&yfv;kH wufºupGmyg0ifvmatmif v_@H aqmfpnf;±H;k Ekirnf jzpfygonf? e,fcs@J trScuif;onfh f l l df D dk trsKd ;om;pDrue;f pD;yGm;a&;}uD;rsm;ukd jynfovx. rsm;jym;vSaom wDxizefw;D Ekiaom tawG@t}uHK t&nftcsi;f rsm;ukd tm;uk;d trSDjyKI H d l l k Gf df atmifjrifus,fjyef@pGm azmfxkwfEkdifrSm jzpfygonf? okd@aomf jynfolvlxk. tusdK;ukd ukd,fpm;rjyKbJ e,fcsJ@ESifhaygif;um ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;&Sm csrf;omvm=uonfh tkyfpkd;ol zqyv tpkd;&onf zdESdyfa&; Oya'trsdK;rsdK;ukd ykdrkdqkd;0g;pGm wkd;csJ@toHk;csvmygonf? wkd;wufwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ pma&; q&mrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ponfh wkdif;jynf. om;aumif;&wem trsm;tjym;ukd ESpf&Snfaxmifcs ESdyfpufcJh=uygonf? Tenf;jzifh Armjynf}uD;onf vGwvyfa&;&+yD;cJaomfvnf; zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufonfvyief;rsm; rvkyEi=f ubJ/ jynfwi;f ppfacsmufwi;f f h h k f f dk G G usum tusyftwnf;aygif;pHkESifh &ifqkdifvm&jcif; jzpfygonf? TyËdyuQwkdufyGJrsm;onf u|efawmfwkd@ &efole,fcsJ@orm;rsm;ESifh wkdufvm cJh&onfh wkdufyGJrsm;.tquf (wenf;) trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;.tquf jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwkd@onf e,fcsJ@ESifhraphpyfbJ tjywftowfwkdufyGJ0ifum awmfvSefa&;enf;jzifh vGwfvyfa&;ukd t&,lum/ e,fcsJ@pepfrS vGwfuif;onfh trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH xlaxmifEdkifcJhrnfqkdygu jynfwGif;ppfjzpfEkdifp&m ta=umif;r&Sdyg? e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u ‚wkd@. vufa0cH jynfwGif;azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm; (zqyv vuf,m*kd%f;) ukd topfarG;jrL+yD;/ olwkd@tm; toHk;csI u|efawmfwkd@EkdifiH. trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;vrf;a=umif; wvGJwacsmf jzpfoGm;atmif vkyfvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf? TonfrSm 1948 ckESpfu u|efawmfwkd@ &cJhonfh vGwfvyfa&;ESifh ywfoufonfh u|efawmhftjrif jzpfygonf? trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ukd rwnfaqmufEkdifbJ/ trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;ukd rwnfaqmufEkdifyg? xkd@a=umifh t&if;cHjyem jzpfonfh wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;twGuf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;onf tvkdtyfqHk;jzpfaeojzifh Tvkyfief;wGif u|efawmf0ifa&muf yg0ifcJh&jcif; jzpfygonf? e,fpnf;±Hk;a&;a[majymyGJrsm; u|efawmfwkd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd e,frsm;u 1961 ckESpf/ arvykdif;rSpI vma&mufpnf;±Hk; a[majymay;&efESifh jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@cGJrsm; zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef zdwf=um;=uygawmhonf? jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o (ykodrfc±kdif) u yxrqHk; jzpfygonf? xkd@aemuf jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orsm;jzpfonfh rtlyif/ usdKufvwf/ zsmyHk/ bkduav;/ ZvGefponfh +rdK@rsm;okd@vnf;aumif;/ yJcl;wkdif;twGif; +rdK@tawmfrsm;rsm; - (yJcl;/ jynf/ aygif;wnf/ a&$awmif/ }udK@yifaumuf/ rif;vS/ vufyHwef;/ om,m0wD+rdK@rsm;) okd@vnf;aumif;/ rE Wav;wkdif;twGif;vnf; rE Wav;/ ausmufqnf/ jrif;+cH/ ompnf/ aysmfbG,f/ &rnf;oif; ponfh+rdK@rsm;okd@vnf;aumif;/ armfv+rdKif/ xm;0,f/ +rdwfponfh +rdK@}uD;rsm;okd@vnf;aumif; xkdESpfwESpfvHk;ESifh 1962 ckESpf ESpfqef;ykdif;txd r&yfrem; vSnfhvnfoGm;cJh&ygonf? u|efawmfrSm w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwDOuUÏvnf;jzpfaeojzifh xkdvkyfief;rSmvnf; jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhvnf; qufpyfaeojzifh e,frsm;wGif xkdtzGJ@ESpfzGJ@ukd wzGJ@wnf;vkdyif oabmxm;I v_yf&Sm;cJh=u&ygonf? e,frsm;wGif u|eawmfw@dk onf n - vlxw&m;a[myGrsm; jyKvkyum jynfovx}k uD;tm; jynfwi;f +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf awmif;qkd f k J f l l G wkdufyGJ0if&ef v_H@aqmfpnf;±Hk;a[majym&m wcgw&H vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;rsm;o¿mef jzpfoGm;wwfygonf? jrpf0u|ef;ay:u wcsdK@a'orsm;rSm u|efawmfwkd@tm; vma&muf}udKqkdonfh vlxkrSm urf;vHk;n¸wfr#yif jzpfygawmhonf? e,fa'o toD;oD;rSm &Sdae=uonfh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ ppfjyef&Jabmfrsm;/ jynfol@&Jabmfrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;/ vufvkyfvufpm;aps;onfrsm;/ awmifolv,form;rsm;pojzifh tv$maygif;pHkrS vlxkrsm; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;vm=uygawmhonf? wcsdK@+rdK@rsm;wGif +rdK@vHk;u|wfr# xGuf}udKqkd=u+yD; u|efawmfwkd@wawGrSm +rdK@v,fvrf;rwav#muf vrf;av#mufoGm;&+yD; E_wfquf =u&ygonf? wcsdK@+rdK@&Gmrsm;wGif u|efawmfwkd@ukd }udKqkdonfhtzGJ@rsm;u aºu;a=umfoHrsm; [pfaºu;+yD;}udKqdk&m vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;/ vlxk pDwef;vrf;av#mufyGJ}uD;o¿mef jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? u|efawmfwkd@ nykdif;a[majymyGJrsm; +yD;oGm;v#if wcsdK@&Gmrsm;u wufvmonfh jynfolrsm;onf rjyef=ubJ u|efawmfwkd@ESifh awG@qHkcGifhawmif;um olwkd@&J@tcuftcJ jyemrsm;ukd wifjyajymqkd=u&m wcgw&H rkd;yifvif;oGm;wwfygonf? u|efawmfonf Tnykdif; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ukd tvGefyif oabmuscJhygonf? e,fjynfolvlxkESifh u|efawmf yxrqHk; t}udrf &if;ESD;pGm eD;uyfpGm awG@qHkxdawGcJh&ygonf? TvdkrsdK; jynfolvlxk. ,Hk=unf&if;ESD;r_tjynfhjzifh rdrdtm; olwkd@pdwfqEN/ cHpm;csufrsm;ukd zGifh[ajymqkd jcif;cH&aom rnfonfhrsdK;cspfjynfcspf yk*~dKvfrqkd xkdjynfolvlxk}uD;ukd arhaysmufEkdifjcif;vnf;r&Sd/ olwkd@.qif;&J'kuQukd ajz&Sif;ay;vkdpdwf/ pmempdwfukdvnf; arhaysmufEkdifjcif;r&SdbJ xkdjynfolrsm;twGuf bmyJay;qyf& ay;qyf&/ ay;qyfcsifonfh oEMdÏmefrSm ykdrkdckdifrmIyif vmyg awmhonf? jynfolvlxkonf Tr#yif tpGrf;xufygonf? jynfolvlxkonf +idrf;csrf;a&;ukd v_dufv_dufvSvSJ vkdvm;=uygonf? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;onf olwkd@. t"dujyem jzpfaeonf J qkonfuvnf; oabmaygu=f uonf? pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekiia&;ESihf olw@dk .uk,a&;uk,wm jyemtm;vH;k onf T+idr;f csr;f a&; jyemay:wGif d dk dfH d f d f wnf&Sdaea=umif; ajymqkd=uygonf? jrpf0u|ef;ay:wGif u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;ESifhvnf; awG@cJh&m jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhywfouf+yD; olwkd@u 11
12.
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Tenf;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@onf axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;. tE W&m,f/ rdrdwkd@twGif;0ifI v_yf&Sm;aeaom olrsm;.tE W&m,frS tawmftwef vGwfuif;cJh=u&ygonf? aemufykdif;wGifvnf; TtjzpftysufrsdK; trsm;tjym; }uHKcJh&ygonf? ,ckaemufykdif; u|efawmfonf trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf ta=umif;rsm;udk EkdifiHjcm;a&muf ArmvlrsdK; rsm;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&if; “wcsdK@vlrsm;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfu odyfvluJcwfawmfw,f? wcsdK@axmufvSrf;a&;awG/ olv#dKawGqdk&if olt&ifowwfw,f” vk@d ajym=uygonf? TwGif u|eawmfpOf;pm;rdonfrm ol@ukd vnf; u|eawmfudk jynfoawGu tem;uyf ajym=uovkd d f S f h l ajymwmvnf; ygEkdifa=umif; xifjrifrdygonf? aemufwa=umif; u|efawmf pOf;pm;rdonfrSm u|efawmfwdk@ v_yf&Sm;vkyfukdifaeaom EkdifiHa&;rSm jynfolvlxktwGuf/ vlxktusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf jzpfav&m vlxkukd qef@usifaom/ vlxkukd &efolvkdoabmxm;aomolrsm; (OyrmaxmufvSrf;a&;/ olv#dK/ owif;ay;rsm;) . tajymtqkd/ tjyKtrlrsm;rSm b,favmufyif [efaqmifaumif;apumrl/ wuGufr[kwf wuGurm ay:vmwwfygonf? u|eawmfh tawG@t}uHKt&awmh txl;ojzifh vlx. 'kua0'emukd rcHpm;Eki/f rpmemEkiEihf vufvwpy,f f S f k Q d df S G f ajymwwf q k d w wf / vk y f w wf u k d i f w wf o l r sm;onf vuf & S d a xmuf v S r f ; a&;aomf v nf ; aumif ; / aemif w ae@ azmuf j yef o G m ;ol r sm; aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfaewwfygonf? Armjynf EkdifiHa&;rkefwkdif;uvnf; tvGefjyif;xefav&m tajccHpdwfrsm; wauG@r[kwfwauG@ zswfceJzswfceJ ay:vmwwf+yD; tqifhwqifha&mufonfhtcg opPmazmufrsm; jzpfoGm;=uygawmhonf? EkdifiHa&;cH,lcsuf jywfom;jyif;xef ygu/ owdtvGefxm;ygu tawmfapmapmuyif vlwa,muf. pdwfaepdwfxm;ukd tuJjzwfEkdifygonf? okd@aomfvnf; u|efawmf. tuJjzwfcsufrsm; wcgw&H rSm;,Gif;wwfonfvnf; &Sdygonf? u|efawmfwkd@. naqG;aEG;yGJrsm;uvnf; tvGefpnfum;ygonf? txl;ojzifh aus;vufawm&Gmu wufvmonfh vlxkrsm;u olwkd@a'orsm;wGif eHrnftrsdK;rsdK;ESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh vufeufukdifwyfrsm; (jyLapmxD;rsm;/ umuG,fa&;rsm;) . tEkdifusifhr_trsdK;rsdK;/ 'kuQtzHkzHkwkd@ukd ajymjywwfygonf? txl;ojzifh tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxuf ppfwyf.trdef@jzifh xkwfcJhonfhtrdef@trsdK;rsdK;/ vlxktm; twif;tusyf vkyfaqmifapckdif;onfh tr_rsm;pwmawG ygwwfygonf? wcgw&H trdef@xkwfonfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;. uav;uvm; pOf;pm; enf;rsm;/ a&S@aemufrnDonfh trdef@rsm;pwmawG ajymqkd=u&if; ikdtm;xuf&,ftm;&onfh tjzpfrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? jynfolrsm;. 'kuQ qif;&Jrsm;ukd =um;&onfrSm tvGef&ifarmzG,f&m/ &ifemzG,f jzpfygawmhonf? tvGef=uifemzG,f jzpfygonf? u|efawmf ykodrf+rdK@ukd a&mufpOfu xkduJhokd@aom naqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif ykodrfu vlwcsdK@u tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxuf olwkd@ ykodrf+rdK@rS tdrfwkdif;&Sd tdrfomrsm;ukd oef@&Sif;a&;twGufqkdum acsmif;rsm;/ jrpfrsm;buf vSnfhaqmufckdif;ojzifh acsmif;a&/ jrpfa&rsm; tnpfta=u;rsm;jzifh a&maESmoGm;um oHk;r&jzpfoGm;&yHkrsm;ta=umif;ajym+yD; xkdtrdef@xkwfonfh taemufawmifwkdif;rSL; (xkdpOfu AkdvfrSL;}uD;=unfarmif jzpfygonf) ta=umif; jyemrsm;ukd aoaocsmcsm ravhvmbJ trdef@csvkyfaqmifyHkawGta=umif;ajym+yD; waomaom &,farm=u&ygonf? 12
13.
aemif AkdvfrSL;}uD; =unfarmif
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'ge@J u|eawmfvnf; tJ'um;ay:wuf+yD; uJ - rif;wk@d vnf; igom;r,fae&mukd vkurmyJ/ 'Dawmh igut'ae&mom vkuy@dk umvk@d f D G h d f S h dk J D d f G ajym+yD; u|efawmf AkdvfcsKyftdrfvkdufykd@ckdif;vkdufwm”[k ajym+yD; w[m;[m; &,faeygawmhonf? olu tJovkd vlrsdK;jzpfonf? Akdvfae0if;ukdvnf; r}udKuf/ r=unfndK/ Akdvfae0if;vkyfaeonfh rqv qkdwmukdvnf; r}udKuf? ol@wkdif;rSm Akdvfae0if;wkd@u vmusif;yonfh v,form;aqG;aEG;yGJ}uD;rsm;udkvnf; rwufa&muf/ a&SmifaewwfwmawGukd Akdvfae0if;u +idK;xm;+yD; ol@ukd wyfu xkwfypfcJhwmjzpfygonf? ukd=unfarmif taeESifh uGefjrLepfukd qef@usifwmvnf; uGefjrLepfawGrSm 'Drkdua&pDr&Sd[k xifjrifaewma=umifhvnf; jzpfygonf? xkd@jyifolu tar&duef'Drkdua&pDukdvnf; tawmftxif}uD;ygonf? ol. t"dutm;enf;csufrSm ArmjynfolawG EkdifiHa&;t& wkd;wuf vSnfhajymif;oGm;onfhacwf 1942 - 45 twGif; ol Armjynfr&Sdb/J *syefwGif ppfynmoif oGm;ae&onfhtwGuf Armjynfolrsm;. EkdifiHa&;ESifh olru|rf;0if/ r&if;ESD;jzpfoGm;&jcif; jzpfygonf? okd@aomfvnf; jynfolvlxktay: ol.apwemukdrl uG,fvGefoGm;csdeftxd wwfpGrf;Ekdifor#/ pGr;f tm;&Sor# azmfjyoGm;cJygonf? 1990 a&G;aumufywif trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf. ,m,DOuUÏtjzpfEihf tjywftowf tEki&atmif d h JG G dk S df pGrf;aqmifay;oGm;cJhygonf? xkdtcsdefu 'DcsKyf. usefacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vHk; tusOf;usaeygonf? xkdtcsdefu AkdvfrSL;}uD;=unfarmifvkdyif u|efawmf@qDukd r=umc%vmwwfonhf wyfrSL;}uD;wOD;rSm AkdvfrSL;}uD;wifarmif (pma&;q&m jrwfxef) jzpfygonf? olu &Srf;jynfawmif}uD;wGif wyfrif;vkyfaepOf Akdvfp=uma&mufvm+yD; acwWwnf;ckdum ol@tdrfrSwqifh xkdif;oGm;+yD; OD;Ekwkd@ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;ojzifh Akdvfae0if; t}uD;tus,f pdwfqkd;um zrf;/ jzKwf/ axmifcs+yD;rS t+idrf;pm;ay;jcif;cH&ol jzpfonf? wu,fawmh Akdvfp=um. t}uHtpnfukd olbmrS odwmr[kwf? olwkd@wawG *syefppfwuUokdvfwufaepOf ArmjynfrSm *syefawmfvSefa&; ay:ayguf+yD; *syefppf±_H;um vufeufcs&onf? xkdpOf *syefwGif aomifwifaeaom olwkd@tm;vHk;ukd xkdpOfu *syefjynf&Sd Armjynf. ppfoHrSL; Akdvfp=umu u,fxkwfac:vmI &efukefokd@ jyefa&mufvmjcif; jzpfonf? Taus;Zl;rsufESmjzifh ol@qD0ifvmaom Akdvfp=umukd olu {nfhcHvkdufjcif;yif jzpfonf? Akvae0if;u ukwifarmifuom zrf;qD;axmifcs±ru ol@ZeD;ukyg zrf;/ axmifcsypfonf? ukwifarmifudk u|eawmfonf tapmyki;f d f d dk kH d d f d uwnf;u &if;ES;D od&+dS yD; jzpfonf? u|eawmfw@dk uENpmcsKyft+yD; zG@J pnf;cJonfh trSwf 3 Armhaoewfuif wyf&if;rSm u|eawmf 'k&if;rSL;jzpfpOf f D h dk f olu 'kwyfcrL;jzpfc+hJ yD;/ u|eawmfw@dk twlwyif ar+rdK@Y zGivpaom txl;ppfoifwef;ukd wufc=hJ u&ygonf? (Tta=umif;t&m awmfawmf JG S f l hf S f rsm;rsm;ukd ol. ‘wkdif;jynfu EkEk/ rkefwkdif;u xefxef’pmtkyfwGif a&;om;+yD; jzpfygonf?) xkdpOfu u|efawmfwOD;wnf; tdrfaxmifusao;+yD; useft&m&Sdrsm;rSm vlysdKvlvGwfrsm;jzpfonf? xkdpOfu ukdwifarmif (ol@ yxrZeD;) ary,fvfESifh arwWm&Sdae=uaomfvnf; rdef;uav;rdbrsm;u oabmrwlojzifh vufrxyf&ao;bJ &Sdaeygonf? xkdpOfu cspf'kuQa&mufaeol aemufwOD;uawmh ukdvSaz (aemufykdif; awmckdoGm;ol) yg? ukdvSazuvnf; wifwif (vlxk a':trm nDr) ESifh rdbrsm;u cGifhrjyKojzifh vufrxyfEkdif jzpfae&ygonf? u|efawmfhZeD;rSm olwkd@. ykÀm;wkdif jzpfae+yD;/ wae@wrsdK; trsdK;rsdK;jzifh r±kd;Ekdifatmif olwkd@. aomutwuftusukd em;axmifae&ygonf? aemif awmhvnf; olwkd@ESpfwGpvHk; ab;bDtultnDjzifh vufxyfjzpfoGm;=uygonf? J okd@aomf ary,fvfrSm oufqkd;r&Snfyg? ol. aemufZeD;rSm &Srf;trsdK;orD; jzpfygonf? u|efawmf@tdrfwGif ukd=unfarmif/ ukdwifarmifESifh aemufwOD; ukdwifxGef; (AdkdvfrSL;}uD; wifxGef;) wkd@qHkrd=uv#if a&S;a[mif; aESmif;jzpfomru Adkvfae0if;ta=umif;/ ol@ZeD;cifaroef;ta=umif; olwkd@odvmor# =um;vor# aumvm[v tpHkajym+yD; wa0ga0gESifh yGJusaewwf=uygonf? Akdvfpdef0if; 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmawmh zGwf - rdausmif;jzpf/ jrpfrcsrf;omqkd+yD; Akdvfpdef0if; ukd@±kd;um;,m; vkyfor#awGukd ajym+yD; &,faewwf=uygonf? xkdjyif xkdpOfu Akdvfae0if;teD; tem;jym vkyfaeaom Akdvfpef;,k ta=umif;vnf; ygwwfygonf? xkdumvrsdK;wGif u|efawmfhtdrfywfvnf&Sd axmufvSrf;a&;rsm; tvGeftvkyf±_yfoGm;wwf=uygonf? u|efawmf TumvtwGif;u &if;ESD;cJhonfh tjcm;&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;ukdvnf; Tae&mwGif rSwfwrf;wif a&;om;vkdygonf? olwkd@tm; u|efawmf txl;yif owd&vGrf;qGwfrdygonf? 1? Aef;armfwifatmif? ? u|efawmf ol@ukd jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifaepOfumvrSm pwifod od&Sd&jcif; jzpfygonf? u|efawmf wyfuxGufcgeD;ESifh xGufcgpumvrsm;wGif ol. vif;,kef*sme,fu u|efawmfhta=umif; awmfawmfrsm;rsm; a&;om;cJhwmawGukd owdxm;rdonf? u|efawmfu ol@ukd ‘OD;wifatmif’vkd@yJ ac:ygonf? 13
14.
olonf u|eawmf OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&uaom
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15.
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16.
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twlwl c&D;xGuf pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;&zl;ojzifh ykdrkd&if;ESD;vmygonf? olESifh ol.ZeD;avmif; rjrolwkd@ +idrf;csrf;a&;&rS vufxyf=urnf[k pDpOfxm;aomfvnf; 1963 ckESpf/ Akdvfae0if;. +idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ ysuom;aomtcgwirl vufxyfvu=f u&ygawmhonf? olw@dk vufxyf+yD;aemuf olw@dk ZeD;armifEHS u|eawmfw@dk tro@dk vma&muf f G Gf dk f df vnfywf=uygonf? u|efawmfhorD;rsm;u ukdwifa&$.ZeD;ukd ‘rr-rr’ [k ac:a0: E_wfquf&m ukdwifa&$u u|efawmfhorD;rsm;ukd rif;wkd@u ighukdawmh OD;av;ac:+yD; ol@ukdawmh ‘rr-rr’eJ@ac:aewm rw&m;bl;[kajym&m u|efawmhforD;rsm;u 'guawmh rru vSwmukd; æ vkd@ jyefajymygonf? 'gukdawmh olu oabmusyHk &ygonf? w[J[J &,faewm awG@&ygonf? u|efawmf awmckdvm+yD;aemuf olESifha0;uGmoGm;&m 1990 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; ukdwifa&$ tzrf;cH&+yD;aemuf axmifxJrSmyif uG,fvGefoGm;a=umif; =um;od&ygonf? jynfol@bufu xm0pOf&yfwnfcJh+yD; pum;ajymqkd&mwGif +yHK;+yHK;+yHK;+yHK;ESifh tvGefoabmoum, aumif;vSonfh ol@ukd u|efawmft+rJtrSwf&aerdygonf? u|efawmf olwdk@tm;vHk;udk trSwf&aerdygawmhonf?? xkdtawmtwGif;u u|efawmfESifh e,fc&D;vkdufolrsm;vnf; rsm;ygonf? usKHrai; ocifwifarmif/ a';'&JrS OD;cifarmifjrifh/ jynfol@ &Jabmfacgi;f aqmifa[mif;rsm; pojzifh tawmfrsm;rsm; yg0if&m/ u|eawmfvnf; xkvy&m;r_udk tawmf yif tm;&auseyfcygonf? e,frsm;u f d _ f S hJ w&m;yGJrsm;omru &efukef+rdK@wGif; w&m;yGJrsm;uvnf; =umav t&Sdefaumif;av jzpfvmygonf? 'D=um;xJwGif wuUodkvfwGif wuo rS }uD;rSL;Iusif;yonfh a[majymyGJrsm;wGifvnf; u|efawmfhukd zdwf=um;wwfojzifh r=umc%oGm;a&muf a[majymcJh&ygonf? Tokd@ pnf;±H;k v_y&m;vmcJ&m yxrt}udrf +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J (q&m}uD;r_i;f OD;pD;cJaom 1954 ckEpf tapmyki;f rsm;umv v_y&m;r_rsm;) . t&Set0grsKd ; f S h d h S d f S df v_yf&Sm;tHkºuvm+yD;/ &efukefc±kdif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tiftm;jyyGJ}uD; vkyf&efwmplaepOf 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 2 &ufae@wGif Akdvfae0if;. 'kwd, t}udrfppfwyftm%modrf;r_}uD; ay:aygufvmygawmhonf? 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 1 &ufae@nu u|efawmfwkd@wawG urm&Gwf+rdK@e,ftwGif; a[majymyGJvkyfaewJh ae&mukd urm&Gwf&Jpcef;u &JtzGJ@0if tcsdK@a&mufvm+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ a[majymyGJukd apmapmodrf;&ef ajymcJhygonf? u|efawmfwkd@vnf; a[majymyGJ+yD;v#if vkyfaeus aqG;aEG;yGJrvkyfawmhbJ w&m;yGJukd±kyfodrf;+yD; tdrfjyefvmcJh=uygonf? u|efawmf tdrfjyefa&mufcsdefwGif AkdvfrSL;atmiftdrfrSa&m/ Akdvfrif;acgif qDrSa&m v$wfvkdufonfhvlrsm; a&muf&Sdae+yD; u|efawmfhukd apmifhae=uygonf? +yD;aemuf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ 0ef}uD;rsm; tm;vHk;ukd zrf;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;/ 0if'grD,mukdvnf; ppfwyfeJ@ 0kdif;xm;a=umif; ajymjy=uygonf? 1960 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; OD;Ek&J@ yxp tpkd;& wufvmonfhtcg OD;EktaeESifh 1958 ckESpf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&ukd tm%mv$J ay;&onfh jzpf&yftay: oifcef;pm,l+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tcsif;csif;t=um; jyefvnfnDnGwfzkd@ tm;xkwfr_rsm; vkyfvmygonf? jynfwGif;ppf &Sdaeojzifh ppfwyftaeESifh tiftm;}uD;aewmukdvnf; oabmaygufyHk&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh awmwGif;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh aphpyf&eftm;xkwfr_ rsm;vnf; vkyfaqmifvmygonf? okd@aomf OD;EkESifh ol. yxp tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm jynfolvlxk tusdK;xuf/ rdrdwkd@ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;ay:wGifom tm±Hpuvyaqmifra=umifh olw@dk tcsi;f csi;f t=um; tuGt+yJrsm;uvnf; rxde;f Ekirodr;f Ekijf zpfum tjyeftvSef tykycsrrsm;a=umifvnf; k dk f k f _ J df d f _ h xkdacwf zqyv/ yxp EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; *k%foduQm t}uD;tus,f usqif;cJh&ygonf? uG&+yJ&onfh tajccHrsm;rSmvnf; pm;cGufvkr_rsm;u J pygonf? ppfwyftaeESifhuvnf; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfr_a=umifha&m/ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ukd wkdufay;ae&r_a=umifhyg ArmjynfEkdifiHa&; avmuwGif EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvm&ygonf? xkd@tjyif ppfwyfukd 1950 ckESpfaemufykdif;wGif qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;u tkyfpD;oGm; ygonf? ppfwyfxJu ae&maumif;[lor#udk qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;u &,loGm;ygonf? ppfwyftaeESifh jynfwGif;ppfukdwkduf&if; ppfwyfukd oufomacsmifcsda&;qkdwmukd ta=umif;jyum D.S.I vkyfief; rsm;/ B.E.D.C vkyfief;rsm;ukd 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifvm=uygonf? TwGif ppfwyftm%mESifhaygif;+yD; ppfAkdvfrsm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvmum ppfAsL±kdua&pDpepf tpkd@tan‡mufrsm; ay:aygufvmygawmhonf? 1958 ckESpf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGif ppfwyfu txufv$mrsm; Tvkyf&yf. t&omukd +rKd;+rKd;jrufjruf cHpm;rdoGm;ygawmhonf? zqyv/ yxp acwfrsm;wGifvnf; ‚wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDt& vkdifpifolaÏ;rsm;ESifhaygif;I EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u t&if;tESD; pkaqmif;}uD;xGm;vm&m ppfwyf. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh yËdyuQrsm; jzpfvmygawmhonf? TwGif ppfwyfu rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfvm+yD; pD;yGm;a&; vnf; vkyfvkd@&/ ppfwyftm%mvnf; vufv$wfp&mrvkdwJh ppftm%modrf;r_awG jzpfvm&jcif; jzpfygonf? EkdifiHwumh tajctaet&uvnf; tm&SwkdufwGif uGefjrLepf'Dv_dif;}uD; (xkdacwfu AD,uferfppfyJG +cdrfh+cdrfhooJ jzpfaeonfhumv) J ukd wm;qD;Ekdifonfh/ uGefjrLepfukd tjywftowfrkef;+yD; wkdufaeonfh jynfwGif;u azmufjyefa&;tif tm;pkrsm; tm%m&r_ukd azmufjyefonfh tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;u vkdvm;aeonfhtajctae jzpfygonf? xkduJhokd@aom tiftm;pkrsm;ukd 0kdif;IyHkI tm;ay;aecsdefESifhvnf; wkdufqkdifae ygonf? Armjynf jynfolvlxkuvnf; tawmfEkd;=um;wufºuae+yD; jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;rsm;ukd awmif;qkdv_yf&Sm; vm=u&m pD;yGm;a&;uvnf; bufpHk c|wf+cHKusvmojzifh ykdrkdrwnfr+idrf jzpfaeygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekonf e,fcsJ@tvkdus vuf,morm;}uD; wOD;yifjzpfaomfvnf; Twufºuvmaeaom jynfolvlxk}uD;ukd jywfjywfom;om; &uf&ufpufpuf ESdrfeif;zkd@qkdwmukdawmh vkyfEkdifr,f rxifyg? ypfowfzkd@ qkdwmawmh ykdIyif rjzpfEkdifyg? TumvwGif jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh EkdifiHa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t& tusdK;tjrwf&&Sdaeonfh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vkduf+yD; jynfol vlxkukd ppftm%m&SifpepfESifh tjywfESdrfeif; zdESdyfypfvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf? ukd,fa&;}uD;yGm;vkdpdwf jyif;xefvSonfh Akdvfae0if;onf ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd xlaxmifvkdufygawmhonf? 1956 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;t+yD;/ twkduftcH yrnwtrwfrsm;/ tawmfrsm;rsm; 16
17.
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u|efawmfhukdajymonfrSm “'Dtwkdif; qufoGm;&ifawmh 'DaumifawG (yrnw rsm;ukd qkdvkdonf) aemufa&G;aumufyGJ ESpf}udrfavmufqkd&if tpkd;&zGJ@oGm;EkdifawmhrSm”[k jzpfygonf? Akdvfae0if;. tajccHpdwfaepdwfxm;rSm TuJhokd@yif jzpfygonf? ol. tusihfoDv pm&dwWrSm vnf; 'Drkdua&pDtvif;a&mifatmufwGif aeEkdifolwOD; r[kwfojzifh TuJhokd@aom 'Drkdua&pDpepfukdvnf; r}udKufEkdif jzpfyHk&ygonf? awmfvea&;aumifptpk;d &onf ‘pxGuuwnf;u ,Ofouk’qkovkyif wufvmvmjcif;yif tm%m& yxp acgi;f aqmifrsm;ukd S f D f d d d omru vlrsdK;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;/ ajray:EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS acgif;aqmiftrsm;tjym;ukdyg zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vkdufygonf? xkd@jyif ppfwyf tm%modrf;wufvmjcif;ukd uef@uGufa=umif; a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcJhonfh ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukdvnf; zdzdpD;pD;zdESdyfzkd@ }udK;yrf; vmygonf? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; =oZm}uD;aer_rsm;udvnf; xde;f odr;f wm;qD;vk=d uygonf? xk@d a=umifyif taqmifpnf;urf; trsKd ;rsKd ; k h xkwfjyefvm+yD; &efpvmygawmhonf? xkd@a=umifh wzufowfxkwfjyefonfh taqmifpnf;urf;rsm; ±kyfodrf;ay;&ef qENjyyGJrsm;ukd ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (Auo/ wuo/ &uo) OD;pD;I 1962 ckESpf Zlvkdif 6 &ufae@ &efukefwuUokdvfwGif; ay:xGufvm&mrS ausmif;om;rsm;tay: &ef+idK;}uD;pGm xm;&Sd aeonfh Akdvfae0if; OD;aqmifaom ppftkyfpk0ifrsm;onf Armjynforkdif;wGif xkdtcsdeftxd ray:zl;ao;onfh =urf;wrf;&ufpufvSaom “Zlvkdif 7 &uf ypfowfr_}uD;” ukd usL;vGefvkduf=uygawmhonf? xkd@jyif aemufae@ Zlvkdif 8 &ufae@ reufvif;tm;}uD;tcsdefwGif ausmif;om; trsm;tjym; ykef;atmif;ckdv_Haeonf[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh wuUodkvfor*~taqmufttHk}uD;ukdvnf; 'kdif;erkdufrsm;jzifh azmufcGJ zsufqD;vkdufygawmhonf? ppftpkd;&u ol@bDvl;±kyfukd txift&Sm; azmfjyvkdufjcif;yif jzpfygonf? okd@aomf Ttjzpftysuf}uD;rSm tvGeft±kyfqkd; tusnf;wefvSojzifh xkdtcsdefu awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ol@wm0ef/ ukd,fhwm0efyHkcs ajymqkdaer_rsm;ukd T ta&;tcif;}uD;+yD;aemuf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm qufvufay:xGufaeonfukd awG@&SdEkdifayonf? (1988 ckESpf rwkdifcif AkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; atmif}uD;. tdwfzGifhay;pmrsm;ukd =unfhyg? OD;ae0if;. v$wfawmfwGif; ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukdvnf; =unfhyg?) TZlvkdif 7 &uf vlowfyGJ}uD;ESifh or*~taqmufttHk}uD;ukd AHk;cGJzsufqD;vkdufr_rsm;+yKvkyf+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tpk;d &onf rdrw@dk . qk;d 0g;vSaomyH&yudk jyifqifEi&eftvk@d im 1963 ckEp/f ZGevwGif awmwGi;f vufeufuif tiftm;pkrsm;ok@d “+idr;f csr;f a&; d k d f dk f S S f dk urf;vSrf;csuf”ukd xkwfjyefvkdufygonf? xkd@tjyif u|efawmfwkd@ +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukdvnf; olwkd@ESifhtwl wufwufºuºu zdwfac:&ef wkdufwGef;onfh ajymqkdr_rsm;/ vkyf&yfrsm; vkyfaqmifvmygonf? okd@aomf q&m}uD;tygt0if u|efawmfwkd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf Akdvfae0if; ppftkyfpk. aumufuspf vSnfhzsm;wwfaom trltusifhukd owd&Sd/ owdxm;rd=uojzifh &J&J}uD;a&S@xGuf zdwfac: jcif;rjyKbJ/ cyfrSefrSefyif &yfwnfcJhygonf? u|efawmfwkd@wawG vufeufukdifawmwGif;tzGJ@rsm;ukd Akdvfae0if;vufokd@ 0uGufay;tyf vkdufovkdjzpfrSm/ orkdif;aºu;wifcH&rSmukd tvGefpkd;&drf=uygonf? TumvtwGif;rSmyif Zlvkdif 7 &uf wESpfjynfh tcrf;tem; a&muf&Sdvmygonf? ausmif;om;tcsdK@u +zdKcszsufqD;jcif;cHxm; vkduf&aom or*~taqmufttHkae&mwGif ausmufwkdifi,fav; wwkdifxlvkduf+yD; "mwfyHkjyyGJrsm;/ txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;rsm; vkyfvm =uygonf? ausmif;om;rsm; v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdef jrifhwufvm+yD; wnrSmawmh taqmifwHcg;rsm;udkydwf+yD; awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wifI qENjyyGJ pwif v k d u f y gawmh o nf ? tm%myk d i f r sm;uvnf ; taqmif w H c g;rsm;uk d zG i f h c k d i f ; ygonf ? ausmif ; om;rsm;uvnf ; ‚wd k @ awmif;qkdcsufrsm;r&ygu wHcg;rzGifh[k wif;cHae&m 0kdif;xm;aom ppfwyfu twif;tusyf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;rnfh vuQ%m ay:aygufvm&m wif;rmr_rsm; jrifhrm;vmygonf? Towif;ukd u|efawmfwkd@ =um;od&aomtcg u|efawmfESifh OD;xGef;wifwkd@ESpfOD; q&m}uD;r_dif;tdrfokd@ oGm;a&mufum q&m}uD;udk tusdK;ta=umif; wifjycGifhawmif;+yD; ausmif;om;ta&; q&m}uD;. n¸ef=um;csufjzifh 0ifa&mufjzefajzay;&ef OD;xGef;wif.um;av;jzifh &efukefwuUokdvfokd@ oGm;a&mufcJhygonf? ‘jrefrmhtoH’a&S@a&mufonfhtcsdefwGifrl rnfonfhum;ukdrS qufoGm;cGifhrjyKbJ ppfwyfu wm;qD;ydwfqkd@xm;wm awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfu uif;wm0efcHukd u|efawmfb,folb,f0gjzpfa=umif;/ q&m}uD;r_dif;. n¸ef=um;csufjzifh ausmif;om;rsm;xH oGm;a&muf+yD; wHcg;rsm;zGifhay;&ef arwWm&yfcHzkd@oGm;rSmjzpfa=umif; ajymjyvkdufygonf? uif;wm0efcH ppfAkdvfav;vnf; uysmu,m jrefrmhtoH taqmufttHktwGif; ajy;0ifoGm;ygonf? xkdtxJwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0iftcsdK@ &Sdae+yD;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;udk ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkd@ aqG;aEG;yGJxkdifaea=umif; aemufrS u|efawmfod&ygonf? r=umrDrSmyif ppfAkdvfav; jyefxGufvm+yD; u|efawmfwkd@ukd oGm;cGifhjyKvkdufygonf? u|efawmfwkd@ &efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;0if; wHcg;r}uD;a&S@ a&mufaomtcg wHcg;}uD;udk ydwfxm;+yD; ausmif;om; 14 - 5 a,muf uif;apmifhaewm awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfu OD;xGef;wif. arm&pfrkdif;em;um;uav;ay:wufum u|efawmfwkd@ um;a&mufvmoH=um;I taqmiftoD;oD;rS pka0;xGufvm=uaom ausmif;om;rsm;ukd u|eawmfw@dk vma&muf&onfh ta=umif;&if;ukd ajymjy+yD; olw@dk . acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;vka=umif; ajymaomfvnf; f d emrnf}uD; ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmiftawmfrsm;rsm;ukd olw@dk yke;f a&Smifxm;cki;f +yD; jzpfonf? u|eawmfw@dk udk xGurawG@yg? ausmif;om;rsm;u d f f wHcg;zGifhqkdv#if zGifhay;rnfjzpfa=umif; okd@aomf olwkd@wHcg;zGifhay;+yD;v#if ausmif;0if;xJodk@ ppfom;rsm; 0ifrvmzkd@vkda=umif;/ ausmif;om; rsm;ukdvnf; rzrf;qD;&ef uwday;zkd@vkda=umif;ajymojzifh u|efawmfESifh OD;xGef;wif ‘jrefrmhtoH’ukd wacgufjyefum ausmif;om;rsm; ajymqkd csufukd u|efawmhftm;xGufawG@onfh ppfAkdvf (Akdvf}uD;wOD;) tm; ajymjyvkdufygonf? r=umrDyif xkdppfAkdvf jyefxGufvm +yD; ausmif;om;awG awmif;qkdonfh tcsufESpfcsufukd vufcHa=umif; ajymygonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ ausmif;okd@jyefoGm;=u+yD; tusdK;ta=umif;ajymjyum wHcg;rsm;ukd zGifhckdif;vkdufygawmhonf? u|efawmfwkd@ 17
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