ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၃)

+idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;0g' rSonf
ppfrSefaom zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkpepf qDodkŒ
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qvdi; vsere; qmacgi;
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pkaqmif; wifjyonf?

xkwa0ol
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2002 ckESpf
yxrt}urf
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tkya& 1000 tkyf
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UNLD Press
Chiang Mai, THAILAND
2002

With generous support from:
National Reconciliation Program (NRP)

rmwdum
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yifvnvmcH ay:aygucyk.H ...................................................................... 4
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2³2 tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS jynfaxmifpkpepfudk
avhvmoH;k oyfEi;f ,SOjf cif;........................................................
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63
64
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69
70
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71
74
74
75
75
77
77
79
81
83
84
84
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87
88

tydkif; (3) 'Drua&pD ajymif;jyef
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4³2 1947-zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'.csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;......... 174
4³3 csi;f trsKd ;om;rsm;xyfqifusqif;vmyH.k ................................... 187
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4³4 awmfvSefa&;aumifpDaqmif&Gufr_rsm;a0zefcsu.f .................... 196
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atmufcsi;f iSuaw;oH
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'*kewm&m ..................................................................................... 237
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tcef; (6)

The Panglong agreement,1947 ..................................................... 241

xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
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oGm;rnffavm ³³³ [laom jyemyifjzpfygonf?
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Tjynfaxmifpk}uD;udk rzJG@pnf;cif/ odk@r[kwf vGwfvyfa&;r&cifu tb,fa=umifh
“yifvHkpmcsKyf” vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef vdktyfcJhoenf;? xdkrSwqifhqufI ar;&rnfh
ar;cGe;f rSm yifvpmcsKyfukd “wef;wla&;rl” tajccHI a&;xd;k cJygvsuf tb,fa=umifh
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&um jynfwGif;ppf}uD;onfvnf; jynfaxmifpk. zGg;zufawmftjzpf wJGuyfygvm
cJh&ygonf?


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r[kwf jynfaxmifpkpepfudk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkyHk rSm;,Gif;oGm;cJhjcif;avm/ odk@wnf;r
[kwf yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhpOfu tm;enf;csdK@,Gif;csufrsm; &SdcJhoavm?
rnfonfEiia&;jzpfpOfEihf ordi;f a=umif;w&m;awGa=umifh csi;f / ucsiEihf &Sr;f vlrsKd ;
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rsm;om yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=u+yD; tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
udk csefxm;oGm;cJhoenf;? rnfonfhtm%m rnfonfhOya'ESifh rnfonfhordkif;
a=umif;w&m;rsm;udk tajccHI AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u Arm (0g) jrefrm wdi;f &if;om;
k f
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vlrsdK;rsm;tygt0if xdkpOfu Burma Proper (or) Ministerial Burma [kac:qdkcJh
aom tkycsKyfre,fy,fxwif yg0ifonfh u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;/ rGevrsKd ;rsm;ESihf &cdivrsKd ;
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rsm;udk yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif udk,fpm;jyKEdkifcJhoenf;?
xdkar;cGef;rsm;onf ordkif;qdkif&mar;cGef;rsm;omruawmhyJ Oya'a&;&mESifh
Ediia&;oabmw&m;qdi&m ar;cGe;f rsm;vnf; yg0ifaeygonf? xda=umifh ‚if;ar;cGe;f
kfH
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rsm;udk tajz&Smaomtcg bufaygif;pHkrS &_jrifoHk;oyf&ef txl;vdktyfvSygonf?

jynfaxmifppepf t"dyg` ,ziqcsuf
k
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“jynfaxmifpkpepf” udkt*Fvdyfbmomjzifh zvS,foHk;pJGaomtcg "Federal System" odk@wnf;r[kwf "Federalism" [k vG,fulpGmem;vnf=u&ygonf?
xda=umifh “jynfaxmifppepf” udt"dyg` ,f zGiqjkd cif;rjyKcif ‚if; "Federal" [laom
k
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tcsufudk tenf;i,fqef;ppf&ef vdktyfvmygonf?
Federal System od@k r[kwf Federalism [laompum;vH;udk 16 &mpkwif
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ay:aygucaom tawG;tac: jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;acwf (Renaisance) aemufyi;f wGif
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ay:xGe;f cJ+h yD;rSom pwifo;kH pJaom acwfopfEiia&;a0g[m& pum;vH;k yifjzpfygonf?
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kd f H
‚if ; pum;vH k ; t&if ; tjrpf o nf "Foedus" [l a omvuf w if b mom pum;rS
qif;ouf vmcJhjcif;jzpfI t"dy`g,frSm oabmwljcif; (Agreement)/ tjyeftvSef
aps;qpfI ESpO;D ESpzufoabmwlq;kH jzwfjcif; (Bargain)/ ESpO;D ESpzuf oabmwlnD
f f
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csujf zifh tusKd ;wlvyief;rsm; aqmif&ujf cif; (Contract)/ yÉdOmOfjyKjcif; (odk@r[kwf)
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2

xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;

qdkaom pum;vHk;.t"dy`g,fonf omrefESpfOD;ESpfzuf oabmwlnDjcif;
r#udkom qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfyJ xdkxufav;eufaoma=umifh‚if;udk "Fides" [laom
pum;vHk;ESifh tjyeftvSefvJvS,fI yl;wGJoHk;pJGavh&SdcJh=uygonf?
Fides [laomvufwifbmompum;vHk;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh Faith
odk@r[kwf Trust [lIkjyefqdkavh&Sdum ,if;onf omrefoabmwlnDr_ tqifhudk
ausmfI “,Hk=unfpdwfcsjcif;” [laomt"dy`g,fudk aqmif,loGm;apcJhygonf?
xdka=umifh ‚if; Foedus ESifh Fides wdk@udktajccHI Federalism udk EdkifiHa&;odyH`
ynm&Sif rsm;u EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;wcktjzpf usifhoHk;aomtcg “ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
tjyeftvSefav;pm; todtrSwfjyKjcif;udk tajccHI EdkifiHawmfwckudk twlwuG
yl;aygif; xlaxmifjcif;ESifh ‚if;EdkifiHawmf.tm%mudk tqifhqifhcJGa0oHk;pJGjcif;”
[lIt"dy`g,f zGifhqdkavh&Sd=uygonf? xdkoabmw&m;rsm;udk tajccHI q&m}uD;
'*kefwm&mu jynfaxmifpkpepfudk atmufygtwdkif; t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkoGm;cJhygonf?
"Foedus"

“jynfaxmifpkqdkonfrSm- jynfaxmif (trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmf)rsm;nD!Gwf
pnf;vH;k pGm }uD;i,fr[l wef;wljcif;tajccHjzifh zG@J pnf;xm;aom pkaygi;f EdiiH
kf
awmfpepfjzpfonf? ”
xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifppepfonf jynfaxmifrsm; (0g) trsKd ;om;Ediiawmf
k
kfH
rsm; (0g) wdi;f jynfrsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygi;f I Ediiawmfw&yfukd zJ@G pnf;xlaxmif
k
kfH
jcif; jzpfaoma=umifh jynfaxmifpkpepf. tajccHtkwfjrpfESifh av;eufaom tESpf
om& rsm;onf “wef;wla&;” yifjzpfonf?
od@k &mwGif “wef;wla&;” [laom pum;vH;k udk Ediia&;a0g[m&tjzpf oH;k pJG
kfH
aomtcg rnfonfh pHcsef pHEe;f rsm; &Soifoenf; [laomtcsuukd xyfqifavhvm
d
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&efvdktyfvmygonf? rnfuJhodk@aom EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;w&m;ESifh ordkif;aemufcH
rsm;udk tajcjyKI vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;ESihf wrsKd ; “wef;wl” ae=uygonf[k ac:qdEirnfenf;?
k kd f
,if;onf EdkifiHa&;ody`Hqdkif&m ar;cGef;r#yif r[kwfawmhyJ ordkif;qdkif&m tcsuf
tvufrsm;ESifh qufpyfESD;EG,faeaoma=umifh ordkif;qdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;udk xyfqifh
avhvm qef;ppf&ef vdktyfvmygonf?

3


ordi;qdi&mar;cGe;rsm; (od@k r[kw) yifvnvmcH ay:aygucykH
kf kf
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EdkifiHa&;ordkif;&_a'gifhrS avhvmoHk;oyfaomtcg “wef;wla&;” udkrnfodk@
rnfyHk t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&rnfenf;/ odk@wnf;r[kwf rnfuJhodk@aom tajctaersdK;wGif
rnfonft*F g&yfEihf jynfpaom “vlrsKd ;” rsm;udk ordi;f t& “wef;wlae=uygonf”
h
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acwfopf ordi;f ynm&Sirsm;u “udveacwf rwdicifu oD;jcm;vGwvyf
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aom vlrsdK;rsm;udk ordkif;a&;t&wef;wlaom vlrsdK;rsm;” [lI omreftm;jzifh
ac:qdavh &S=d uygonf? oD;jcm;vGwvyfaom vlrsKd ;rsm;[k ac:qd&mYvnf; rdrw@kd .
k
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cJh=uaom vlrsdK;rsm;udk qdkvdkjcif;yifjzpfygonf?
vGwvyfaom vlrsKd ;rsm;[k ac:qd&mYvnf; acwfopfEiia&; odyynm&Sif
f
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rsm;u t"dyg` ,f zGiqxm;onfh “tcsKyftjcmtm%mydiEiiawmfrsm;” udxaxmif
hf kd
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onfvrsKd ;rsm; jzpfcsirS jzpf&ayrnf? rjzpfonfu rsm;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm udveD
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kf
acwfopf EdkifiHa&;ody`H&_a'gifhrS =unfhv#if “tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHawmfrsm;”
[k ac:qdkEdkif=urnf r[kwfaomfvnf; ordkif;pOfwav#muf rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif wDxGif
}uHq usifhoHk;cJhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm;jzifh rdrdwdk@bmom oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm
tkyfcsKyfcJh=uaom vlrsdK;rsm;om jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
xd@k a=umifh “jynfaxmifpk Ediiawmfopf” wckukd wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygi;f xl
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axmif&ef pOf;pm;wdiyif=uaomtcg/ ‚if;ordi;f qdi&m ar;cGe;f rsm;udk +Adwo#tpd;k &
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u aomf‚if;/ tav;teufxm;I pOf;pm;cJ=h ua=umif; ordi;f taxmuftxm;rsm;
k
t& od&Eiygonf? ,if;uJo@kd av;eufpm pOf;pm;wdiyifc=hJ uaoma=umifh yifv#if
dS kd f
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yifvpmcsKyfukd vufrwa&;xd;k &ef vktyfcjhJ cif; jzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh “yifvpmcsKyf
kH
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f
k kd D
kf
f
k
vlrsdK;rsm;onf udkvdkeDacwft+yD;wGif oD;jcm;pDjzifh vGwfvyfa&;&,lI oD;jcm;vGwf
vyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmfrsm;udk oD;jcm;pDxlaxmif
4

xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;

Edkif=uygaomfvnf;/ xdkuJhodk@ oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom trsdK;om; EdkifiHawmfrsm;udk
oD;jcm;pD xlaxmifjcif; rjyKyJ/ wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygi;f I “jynfaxmifpk Ediiawmfopf
kfH
wckudk twlwuG xlaxmifoGm;=urnf” [laom yÉd^mOfpmcsKyf pmwrf;}uD;yif
jzpfygonf?
xdk@a=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
rsm;udk aocsmpGmqef;ppf avhvmygu/ udkvdkeDacwft+yD;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&xHrS
wdu&uf vGwvyfa&;&,lI trsKd ;om;Ediiawmfrsm;udk oD;jcm; xlaxmif&ef ordi;f
k f dk
f
kfH
k
a&;&_a'gifhrS tqifhoifhjzpfcJh=uaom csif;/ ucsifESifh &Srf; vlrsdK;rsm;tjyif udkvdkeD
acwfrwdicifu Arm (0g) jrefrmrif;rsm;. ydieufajrudk tajcjyKI zJ@G pnf;xm;cJaom
kf
kf
h
Burma Proper (0g) Ministerial Burma udk ud,pm;jyKonhf Interim Burmese
k f
k f
S f
k h
Government . t}uD;tuJ AdvcsKyfatmifqef;wd@k yg0ifvufrwa&;xd; cJa=umif;
udk awG@&rnf jzpfygonf? qdvonfrm - csi;f / ucsiEihf &Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;onf +Adwo#
k kd
S
f S
d
tpdk;&u oD;jcm;pDjzifh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf oD;jcm;tcsdefumv
rsm;wGif odr;f yduc=hJ uygonf? Oyrm - csi;f vlrsKd ;rsm;udk oDaygrif; ygawmfr+l yD;aemuf
k f
10 ESp=f umaomtcgrom 1896 ckEpwif +Adwo#w@kd w&m;0ifor;f yduEif cJygonf?
S
S f G
d
d k f kd h
yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;r_ESifh pyfvsOf;I ar;cGef;aygif;rsm;pGm
ar;jref; Edi=f uygonf? ‚if;ar;cGe;f rsm;teuf Arm (0g) jrefrm r[kwaom wdi;f &if;
k
f
k
om;vlrsKd ;rsm; jzpf=uonfh u&if/ u&ifeD (u,m;)/ rGeEihf &cdivrsKd ;rsm;ESihf ywfouf
f S kf l
aom ar;cGef;rsm;yif jzpfygonf? ,if;ESifhqufpyfaom ar;cGef;rsm;rSm - rnfonfh
ordkif;a=umif; w&m;a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u rGefvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;
tjyif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;udkyg yifvHknDvmcHwGif udk,fpm;jyKI vufrSwfa&;xkd; pmcsKyf
csKyf qdEicoenf; [laom ar;cGe;f yif jzpfygonf? Tar;cGe;f ESihf ywfoufI rGeEihf
k kd f hJ
f S
&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh ar;cGef;udk tvsifajz=um;&ygrnf?
rGefESifh &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;onf +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtpdk;&u oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom
vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf oD;jcm;pD odrf;ydkufjcif;rjyKyJ/ Arm (0g) jrefrmrif;rsm;. ydkifeufxJrS
vlrsKd ;rsm;tjzpf odr;f ydujf cif;cHc&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm - rGevrsKd ;
k
hJ
f l
rsm;udk tavmif;bk&m;u 1575 wGif‚if;/ &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;udk b}uD;awmfbk&m;u
1784 wGi‚if; odr;f yducygonf? xd@k a=umifh ‚if;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk udveacwfwav#muf
f
k f hJ
k kd D
vH;k oD;jcm;pDjzifh tkycsKyfjcif; rjyKyJ Burma Proper xJwiom xnfoi;f I tkycsKyf
f
Gf
h G
f
oGm;cJhygonf? udkvdkeDacwft+yD;wGifvnf; ‚if;vlrsdK;rsm;. vGwfvyfa&;udpPonf
5


+Adwo#tpd;k &ESihf wdu&uoufqijf cif; r&Sy/J ,cif Arm (0g) jrefrmrif; e,fy,frsm;
d
k f dk f
kd
d
udk vGwfvyfa&;ay;aomtcg tvdktav#mufygoGm; oGm;&rnfhudpPr#om jzpfcJh
ygonf? xda=umifh ‚if;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk yifvpmcsKyfwif AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u ud,pm;
k
kH
G k f
k f
jyK vufrSwfa&;xdk;Edkifjcif; jzpfygonf?
u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;. ta&;onf ordi;f a=umif; t&a&m/ Ediia&; t&yg txl;
l
k
kfH
yif&yaxG;vSygonf? tusO;f csK;H I wifjy&ygu u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;onf rGeEihf &cdivrsKd ;
_ f
l
f S kf l
rsm;uJhodk@ Arm (0g) jrefrmrif;rsm;. ydkifeufxJrS vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf +Adwdo#tpdk;&u
odrf;ydkufjcif; r[kwfay? oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKI
odrf;ydkufcJhjcif;om jzpfygonf? xdka=umifh u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;. vGwfvyfa&;udpPonf
vnf; Burma Proper ESifh wJGzufrpOf;pm;yJ/ oD;jcm;pOf;pm; azmfaqmif&rnfh udpP
jzpfcJhygonf? odk@&mwGif udkvdkeDacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; wdk;wufajymif;vJ
oGm;cJaom Ediia&;tajctae trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;. vGwvyfa&;t}udK
h
kfH
l
f
umv trsdK;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSmvnf; wrsdK;wzHk ajymif;vJoGm;cJhygonf?
‚if; ajymif;vJoGm;aom EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;teuf u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;.
tem*wf uH=urRmudk trsm;qHk; &dkufcwfoGm;cJhaom tcsufrSm 1937 ckESpfwGif
1935 Burma Act udk w&m;0ifjyXmef;I Armjynfukd tdE,jynfrS cJxu+f yD;/ oD;jcm;
dN
G G
bk&ifcH vufatmufwGif pwiftkyfcsKyfonfh tcsdefwGif jzpfygonf? 1935 Burma
Act udk jyXmef;&jcif;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm - ,cif Arm (0g) jrefrmrif;rsm;.
ydieuf twGi;f +Adwo#tpd;k &. tkycsKyfa&;,E &m; vnfywfr_ acsmarG@om;apa&;
kf
d
f
W
G
yifjzpf ygonf? xd@k a=umifh 1935 Burma Act ESihf u&ifvrsKd ;rsm; wdu&uf tusK;H 0if
l
k f kd
p&m ta=umif; r&Scay? od@k &mwGif xdacwf u&ifynmwwf wcsKd @u 1935 Burma
d hJ
k
d
k
kf H
D G
l
Act t& zJ@G pnf;onfh +Adwo#tpd;&. twdiyifcaumifpwif u&ifvrsKd ;rsm; trwf
ae&m &,ljcif;tm;jzifh u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;. ynma&;/ vlra&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; ponfw@kd
l
_
wdk;wufzHG@+zdK;a&;twGufrsm;pGm aqmif&GufEdkifrnfudk wGufcsufcJhaoma=umifh 1935
l
H
Burma Act udk u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;twGuf tusK;0if vmapa&;udk txl;}udK;yrf;aqmif
&GufcJh=uygonf? jrpf0u|ef;ay:ESifh +rdK@awmf &efukefa'ow0dkufwGif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;
trsm;tjym; aexdkif=uaoma=umifhvnf; xdk}udK;yrf;csufrsm;rSm vG,fvifhwulyif
&&SdoGm;cJhygonf?
odk@&mwGif urBmppft+yD; EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;udk aumif;pGmoHk;oyf
csdefqEdkifcJhaom u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;u u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; 1935
6

xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;

. Oya'abmifxwif qufvufaeoGm;rnf qdygu u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;.
J G
k
l
trsdK;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk taESmuft,Sufay;Edkif&Hkru/ u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;.
uH=urRmwckvHk;udk ArmvlrsdK;rsm;vufxJodk@ ‚if;Oya' t& xdk;tyfoGm;&m usEdkif
a=umif;udk wGucsupOf;pm;cJaoma=umifh 1935 Burma Act t& 1946 ckEpwif
f f
h
S f G
usi;f yrnfh wdi;f jyKjynfjyK v$wawmfa&G;aumufywif u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;taejzifh yg0if
k
f
GJ G
l
,SO+f ydKifjcif; rjyKyJ/ oydwarSmuf&ef u&ifvx}k uD;udk pnf;&H;k v_@aqmfcygonf? ,if;
f
l
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hJ
onf omrefa&G;aumufywckukd uef@uuqENjyjcif;r#om r[kwy/J 1935 Burma
GJ
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f
l
f
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Act u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;tay: Oya't& tusKH ;0ifywfoufr_ rSeor# tqH;owfap&ef
}udK;yrf;aom tvGefyg;eyfonfh EdkifiHa&;wdkufuGuf wckyifjzpfygonf? xdktcsdefu
apmbOD;}uD;. Ediia&;vrf;!Gerukd u&ifvx}k uD;w&yfv;kH u vduavsmemcHcygu
kfH
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l
k f
hJ
u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;uH=urRm wrsdK;wrnf ajymif;vJaumif; ajymif;vJEdkif
cJhrnf jzpfygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;om 1935 Burma Act . =oZm
atmufrS vGwfxGuf oGm;EdkifcJhygu/ ‚if;wdk@. trsdK;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_ rSefor#udk
+Adwo#tpd;k & ESihf wdu&uaqG;aEG; oGm;=u&rnfjzpf+yD;/ u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;. tem*wf
d
k f kd f
l
uH=urRmudk Interim Burmese Government rSwqifh aqG;aEG;&efvdktyfawmhrnf
r[kwfcJhay? odk@&mwGif apmbOD;}uD;. vdrRmyg;eyfvSaom EdkifiHa&;vrf;!Gefr_udk
u&ifvli,f wcsdK@u vdkufemvufcHjcif;rjyKyJ/ 1946 wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;
aumufywif yg0if,O+f ydKifjcif; jyK&Homru/ AdvcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifI zJ@G pnf;
GJ G
S
k
k f
cJaom =um;jzwftpd;k & wGif 0ef}uD;ae&mrsm;udyg 0if,om;cJ=h uygonf? xd@k a=umifh
h
k
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u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;udk 1935 Burma Act t& AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u yifvnvmcHwif
l
k f
kH D
G
‚if;wd@k . tpd;k &t}uD;tuJ tjzpf ud,pm;jyK vufrwa&;xd;k EdicjhJ cif; jzpfygonf?
k f
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kf
u&ifeD (u,m;) vlrsKd ;rsm;. ta&;udprm Ediia&;t&a&m/ ordi;f a=umif;
P S kfH
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t&yg txl;&Si;f vif;vSygonf? ta=umif;rSm - u&ifevrsKd ;rsm;onf +Adwo#tyg
D l
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t0if rnfonfhe,fcsJ@tpdk;&urS w&m;0if odrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfjcif; rjyKEdkifcJhyJ/ rdrdwdk@
vGwfvyfa&;udk (wcsdK@aom u&ifeDa'orS vJGI) tpOfwav#muf xdef;odrf;xm;
Edkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xdkodk@ xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcJhjcif;rSmvnf; 1875 ckESpfwGif
+Adwo#tpd;k &ESihf rif;wke;f rif;wd@k . oabmwlpmcsKyft&/ +Adwo#tpd;k &u aomf‚if;/
d
d
jrefrmrif;rsm;u aomf‚if;/ u&ifeDvlrsdK; vGwfvyfa&;udk todtrSwfjyK&rnf[k
oabmwl xm;cJhygonf? (‚if;pmcsKyfwGif rif;wkef;rif;udk,fpm; uif;0efrif;}uD;u
vufrwf a&;xd;k cJygonf?) ‚if;pmcsKyf. oabmw&m;rSm - xdpOftcgu +Adwo#
S
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Burma Act

7


tpd;k &ESihf jyifopftpd;k & ESpO;D ESpzuf oabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfq+kd yD;/ xdi;f Ediiukd rnfor#
f f
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e,fcsJ@odrf;ydkuf jcif;rjyKyJ/ ‚if;EdkifiHudk +Adwdo#tifyg,mESifh jyifopf udkvdkeDe,f
t=um; =um;cHEdkifiHtjzpf xm;&rnf[laom pmcsKyfESifh oabmw&m;jcif; twl
wlyif jzpfygonf?
xdk@a=umifh u&ifeDvlrsdK;rsm;onf udkvdkeDacwfwav#mufvHk; vGwfvyfcJh
aom vlrsKd ;rsm;omv#if jzpfcaoma=umifh ‚if;vGwvyfaom vlrsKd ;rsm;. ta&;udpP
hJ
f
udk udvepepf. u|eb0atmufrS vGwajrmuf&ef pdi;f jyif;aeqJjzpfaom wdi;f &if;
k kd D
f
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om;vlrsdK;rsm;.ta&;ESifh wef;wlxm;+yD; aqG;aEG;&ef roifhavsmfaomt&myif
jzpfcJhygonf? xdk@a=umifh u&ifeDvlrsdK;rsm;udk yifvHknDvmcHodk@ w&m;0ifzdwfac: jcif;
rjyKcJacs? yifvpmcsKyfwif u&ifevrsKd ;rsm; vufrwa&;xd;k jcif; rjyKyJ csevyxm;cJh
h
kH
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S f
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jcif;rSmvnf;/ ‚if;vlrsdK;rsm;. vGwfvyfa&;udk av;pm; todtrSwfjyKaoma=umifh
omv#ifjzpfygonf?
(yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;aemufydkif; u&ifeDvlrsdK;rsm; jynfaxmifpk. tzJG@0if
trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm; yg0ifvm&jcif;rSmrl - yifvpmcsKyfEihf wdu&uoufqijf cif;
kH
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kd
r&SdyJ/ oD;jcm;jzpfay:cJhaom EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOf w&yfomv#ifjzpfaoma=umifh/ Tae&m
wGif aqG;aEG;jcif; rjyKyJ csefvSyfoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?)

AdvcsKyfatmifqef;. yifvpmcsKyf t"dyg` ,ziqcsuf
k f
kH
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txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; cdkifvHkaomordkif;a=umif;/ av;eufaom
EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfESifh raoGzDtyfaom Oya'w&m;rsm;tay: tajccHI udkvdkeDacwf
rwdkifcifu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;I
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopf wckudk twlwuGxlaxmif&ef oabmwlnDcsufjzifh
yifvHkpmcsKyfudk 1947 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk; cJh=uygonf?
,cktcg yifvHkpmcsKyf. av;eufr_udk ayghysufapaom t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkr_
trsKd ;rsKd ; udk =um;ae&ygonf? wcsKd @u yifvpmcsKyf. “pmom;”rsm;udom A[djk yKI
kH
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usO;f ajrmif;pGmjzifh t"dyg` ,f zGiqae=uygonf? wcsKd @url yifvpmcsKyfxuf “yifvkH
hf kd
kH
pdwf"gwf” udkom tav;teufxm;oifha=umif; &Sif;vif;wifjy ae=uygonf?
rnfo@kd yifqap yifvpmcsKyf. Ediia&; tESpom&udk av;eufpm em;vnfoabm
kd
kH
kfH
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aygu&ef vdtyfaom t"duaomhcsurm - ‚if;pmcsKyfukd taumiftxnfaz:onfh
f
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8

xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;

taejzifh a&;qJGjyXmef;cJhaom 1947 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk em;vnf
oabmayguf&ef vdktyfonf[laom tcsufyif jzpfygonf?
xdk@a=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyfESifh 1947 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' ESpfckudk
oD;jcm;pD r=unfhyJ/ aiG'*F g;wck. acgif;ESifh yef;vdk ,SOfwGJ&_jrifEdkifrSom t"dy`g,fay:
vmrnf jzpfygonf? yifvpmcsKyf r&Sygu 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'onf
kH
d
kfH
rnfonfh Ediia&;wefz;kd r# r&Sovd/k 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' r&Sygu
kfH
d
kfH
d
vnf; yifvpmcsKyf. tESpom& jynf0pHvifEirnf r[kway? xd@k jyif yifvpmcsKyf
kH
f
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kd f
f
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ESihf 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' wd@k ukd aygi;f ul;qufpyfay;aom ordi;f 0if
kfH
k
rSwfwrf;rsm;udkvnf; avhvmod&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf? ‚if;ordkif;0if rSwfwrf;rsm;
teuf ta&;}uD;qHk;aom pmwrf;rSm vGwfvyfa&; zcif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
udk,fwdkifu wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfwGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhaom EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya' vrf;!Gefr_ (7) csuf yifjzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifh xdkpmwrf;udk
“AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. yifvHkpmcsKyf t"dy`g,f &Sif;vif;zGifhqdkcsufpmwrf;” [lI
ac:qdkorkwf Edkifrnfjzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u yifvHkpmcsKyf. t"dy`g,fudk &Sif;vif;wifjy&mY ‚if;pmcsKyfukd tajccHI topfz@GJ pnf;xlaxmif&rnfh Ediiawmfonf vGwvyfItcsKyf
kfH
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tjcm tm%mydkif orRwEdkifiH jzpf&rnfhta=umif; OD;pGm&Sif;vif; wifjycJhygonf?
xdrEihf wqufwnf; AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u wifjyxm;aomtcsurm - ‚if;zJ@G pnf;
k l S
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&rnfh Ediiawmfopf}uD;onf “wjynfaxmifpepf” jzifr[kwy/J “jynfaxmifppepf”
kfH
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jzifhomv#if zJG@pnf;rnfhta=umif; atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; ajymqdkoGm;
cJhygonf?
“jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf qdkuwnf;u u|efawmfwdk@ tckzJG@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'[m (Unitary Constitution) vlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;qdkwJh EdkifiHrsdK;
r[kwfbJESifh vlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH qdkwJht"dy`g,f a&mufoGm;
ygw,f”
xdk@jyif jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if trsdK;om;/ trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk zJG@pnf;
aomtcg/ ‚if;trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;tm; “udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh tm%m” tjynfh
t0 tyfEi;f &rnfta=umif;udvnf; &Si;f vif;cJygonf? qdvonfrm - jynfaxmifpk
S
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9


tzJ G @ 0if trsd K ;om;jynf e ,f r sm;onf rd r d w d k @ . trsd K ;om;jynf e ,f r sm;twG i f ;
tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%mESifh Oya'jyK tm%mrsm; tjynfht0
&&Sdap&rnfhtjyif/ ‚if;trsdK;om;jynfe,f tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@. trsdK;om;
,Ofaus;r_ESifh vlrsdK;*k%ftifvuQ%mrsm;udk jr‡ifhwifEdkif&ef tcGifhta&;tjynfht0
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rSm - trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm; yl;aygi;f I “jynfaxmifp” udz@GJ pnf;xlaxmifaomtcg
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jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfxJrSm udk,fygcsifrS udk,fhe,f qdkif&mrS ae+yD;awmh
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·
10

yifvHkpmcsKyfudk qdkvdkonf?

xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;

twif;tm;jzifh u|eawmfw@kd jynfaxmifpxrm roGi;f ygb;l ? oabmrwlbJ
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[lI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u &Sif;jyoGm;cJhygonf? xdk@jyif
“tJonfawmh awmifwef;e,fqdkif&mudpPESifh ywfouf+yD;awmh u|efawmf
wd@k &@J apwem[m tifrwef &Si;f &Si;f xm;ygw,f? u|eawmfw@kd wifoi;f wJh
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qdkwm odapcsifvdk@ ajymjcif; jzpfygw,f”
[kajym=um;oGm;cJhygonf?
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm; rdrw@kd qENtav#mufomv#if
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jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if jynfe,frsm;tjzpf yg0ifvmEdia=umif; wdi;f jyKjynfjyK v$wawmf
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jzpfaom “wef;wla&;” udk wqifwufI ckirmapaomtcsurm - yifvpmcsKyfudk
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yd'rudk a&;qJG jyXmef;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh “cJxuci” yd'r. qdv&if;rSm
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jzifh rdrdwdk@jynfe,ftwGuf tusdK;pD;yGm;r&Sd[k ,lqvmaomtcg rdrdwdk@ qENt
av#muf vGwfvyfpGm cJGxGufoGm;Edkifonf [laomtcsuf yifjzpfygonf?
11


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ydk'fr” udk &Srf;jynfe,fESifh u,m;jynfe,frsm;omv#if tyfESif;onf[k v$JrSm;pGm
,lqaoma=umifh jzpfay:vmaom jyem yifjzpfonf? trSepifppf T “cJxucihf
f
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pmcsKyfudk ydkrdkav;euf cdkifrmapcsifaoma=umifhjzpfI xdktcGifhta&;udkvnf; jynf
axmifpktzJG@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm; tm;vHk;udk tyfESif;a=umif;/ ‚if; zJG@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya' tcef; (10) ydk'fr (202) ESifh (203) wdk@wGif twdtvif; jyXmef;
azmfjyxm;ygonf? odk@&mwGif jyemjzpfyGm;apaom ta=umif;tcsufwckrSm Ed k i f i H a wmf z J G @ pnf ; yH k . &S r f ; jynf e ,f E S i f h u,m;jynf e ,f r sm;qd k i f & m tcef ; rsm;
yd'rrsm;wGif T “cJxucihf yd'r” rsm;xyfrH yg&aoma=umifh wcsKd @u &Sr;f jynfe,f
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ygonf? ,if;onf jynfe,frsm;. zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rsm;udk oD;jcm;pDjzihf a&;om;
jyXmef;jcif; rjyKyJ/ jynfaxmifpk zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'. tpdwftydkif;rsm;tjzpf
yl;wJGjyXmef;cJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfay:aom 1947 EdkifiHawmf zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
tm;enf;csuf a=umifhjzpfygonf? tb,fa=umifh jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if trsdK;
om;jynf e,frsm;. jynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' oD;jcm;pDjzifh a&;qJGjyXmef;
oifha=umif;udk atmufwGif xyfrHaqG;aEG;oGm;ygOD;rnf?

jynfaxmifpk b,frmvrf;v$coenf;
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oGm;cJhoenf;/ wenf;tm;jzifh qdk&ygu tb,fa=umifh Tjynfaxmifpk}uD;onf
yifvHkwGif ar#mfrSef;cJhovdk ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpk jzpfrvmyJ “twkta,mif
jynfaxmifpk” jzpfcJh&avoenf;?
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ta=umif;&if;rSm - AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf
[k qd&ayrnf? AdvcsKyfatmifqef; vky}f uHc&+yD;aemufyi;f wufvm=uaom Arm
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12

xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;

r&SdcJh=uay? txl;ojzifh OD;Ek 0ef;}uD;csKyfjzpfvmaomtcg ArmEdkifiHa&; avmurS
vuf0JpGef;ESifh vuf,mpGef;tkyfpkESpfck=um;u zdtm;udk ckcHausmfv$m;Edkifjcif; r&SdyJ
wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;. ta&;omru/ jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;. ta&;jzpfaom
Ediiawmf zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udyg tavsmay;vduavsmcJI jynfaxmifp}k uD;rSm
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xif&m;pOfu zqyv nDvmcH}uD;wGif twnfjyKjyXmef;cJ+h yD;aom Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHk
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tm; “jynfaxmifpkpepf” ESifh “wjynfaxmifpepf” a&mpyfxm;aom “twk
ta,mif jynfaxmifpk” jzpfoGm;cJh&ygonf?
1947 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'. tm;enf;csufrsm;teuf t"du
tusq;kH aom tm;enf;csu}f uD;rSm - jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm;udk
k
ud,yijf yXmef;cGihf Ediia&; tm%mrsm;tjynft0 tyfEi;f jcif; r&Saom tcsuyif
k f kd
kfH
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jzpfygonf? AdvcsKyfatmifqef;. vrf;!Gert& - jynfaxmifp0if trsKd ;om; jynf
k f
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cGiwnf;[laom Ediia&; tm%m oH;k &yfpvH;k tjynft0 &&Srnftjyif/ ‚if; Ediia&;
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tm%mrsm;udk vGwvyfpm usio;kH jyXmef;cGihf &&Sap&ef jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif rdrw@kd
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. jynfe,f zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udkvnf; oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmjzihf a&;qGJjyXmef;I
vGwfvyfpGm usifhoHk;=u&ygrnf? odk@&mwGif 1947 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'
t& jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ EdkifiHa&;
tm%mrsm; tyfEi;f jcif; rjyK&Hrsm;ru/ jynfe,f zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rsm;udvnf;
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tpdyftydkif;tjzpf wif;=uyfpGm yl;wJGjyXmef;oGm;cJhygonf? Todk@jzifh jynfaxmifpk
tzJ@G 0if jynfe,frsm;onf rdru=H urRm rdrvwvyfpm jyXmef;cGihf rqdxm;bd rdrw@kd .
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'kw,tm;enf;csuf wckrm - jynfaxmifpk v$wawmfxrS vlrsKd ;pk v$wf
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tcsdK;tpm;udk tajccHI a&G;cs,fapv$wfcJhaoma=umifh “wef;wla&;” [laom
tESpom& uif;rJc+hJ yD; vlO;D a& ydrrsm;aom Arm (0g) jrefrm vlrsKd ;rsm;u txuf
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13


Todk@jzifh jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;. EdkifiHawmftm%m&yfrsm; pkpnf;&m A[dkjzpfaom
jynfaxmifpvwawmfukd vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;xJ vufxo@kd xd;k tyfouJo@kd jzpfom;cJygonf?
k $ f
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jynfe,frsm;u rdrw@kd jynfe,ftpd;k &rsm;udk zJ@G pnf;+yD;/ xduo@kd jynfe,ftpd;k &rsm;
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oD;jcm;zJG@pnf;jcif; rjyKyJ/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&. tm%mwckvHk; xdkvlrsdK;rsm;tm;
vHk;0OkH xdef;csKyfcGifhay;xm;cJhjcif; yifjzpfygonf?

jynfaxmifptay: jyefvewe@f jyefcsursm;
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Sf k
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pmcsKyfukd vufrwa&;xd;k cJ=h uaom csi;f / ucsiEihf &Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;u yifvpmcsKyfukd
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tajccHI a&;qJjG yXmef;cJaom Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESiwuG/ jynfaxmifpk
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tay: jyefvnfo;kH oyfa0zefaom pmwrf;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? xd@k a=umifh Tpmwrf;
rsm;u jynfaxmifpkb,frSm vrf;v$JoGm;cJhoenf; qdkaom ar;cGef;udk av;eufpGm
qef;ppf ar;jref;=u+yD;/ wcsdefwnf;wGif xdkrSm;,Gif; vrf;v$JcJhr_rsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHk
jyifqif jznfhpGufoifha=umif; rD;armif;xdk; wifjyoGm;=uygonf?
pmwrf;&Sif toD;oD;onf rdrw@kd . tjrifrsm;udk rwlnaom tajctaeESihf
d
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tcsdefumvrsm;wGif oD;jcm;pDwifjyoGm;cJh =uaomfvnf;/ pmwrf;&Siftm;vHk;.
tHh=obG,f aumif;avmufatmif wlnDaom apwemwckrSm - 1947 EdkifiHawmf
zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk A[djk yKI xlaxmifcaom jynfaxmifponf yifvwif ar#mf
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rSef;cJhovdk ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpk jzpfrvmcJhaomfvnf;/ xdkrSm;,Gif;csufa=umifh
jynfaxmifpk}uD;udk ausmcdkif;ypfy,fI oD;jcm;cJGxGufoGm;&rnf[k wdkufwGef;jcif;
tvsO;f rjyKyJ/ ‚if;tm;enf;csursm;udom oifavsmovdk jyifqif+yD;/ yifvar#mre;f
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jzpfygonf? rnfor# jynfaxmifpxrS cJxua&;udk rwGe;f =u? od@k aomf ppfreaom
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wifjyoGm;=uygonf?
14

xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;

xd@k jyif pmwrf;&SitoD;oD;u rdrw@kd acwf/ rdrw@kd tcseumvwGif ausmf
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csursm;udk tajccHI jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk jyefvnfvrf;a=umif;wnfrwfay;&ef toD;
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rnfonfh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh Tpmwrf;rsm; a&;om;cJh=ua=umif; em;vnfoabm
ayguf&ef txl;vdktyfvSygonf? odk@rSom pmwrf;&Sifrsm;. xl;jcm;tHh=obG,f
aumif;avmufatmif wlnDaom apwemrsm;udk em;vnf oabmaygufEdkifrnf
jzpfygonf?
T pmwrf;rsm;teuf yxrpmwrf;rSm - &Srf;wdkif;&if;om; OD;xGef;jrifh
(awmif}uD;) a&;om;jyKpkonfh pmwrf;yifjzpfygonf? OD;xGef;jrifhonf ol@pmwrf;udk
1957 ckESpfwGif a&;om;xkwfa0cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? 1957 ckESpfonf ordkif;&_a'gifh
rS=unfhv#if &Srf;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;aom ESpfyifjzpfygonf? 1947
zJG@pnf;yHk tajccH Oya't& &Srf;jynfe,fESifhwuG jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if jynfe,f
tm;vHk;udk ‚if;zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' twnfjyKjyXmef;+yD; 10 ESpf=umaomtcg
jynfaxmifpkxJrS “cJGxGufydkifcGifh” udk twdtvif; jyXmef;cGifhjyKcJh+yD; jzpfygonf?
xdk@a=umifh 1957 ckESpfonf “cJGxGufcGifh” tm%mudk &Srf;jynfe,fu w&m;0if
usio;kH cGihf &&S&ef wESpr#om vdtyfaom ta&;}uD;onfEpf jzpfygonf? OD;xGe;f jrifh
hf
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jzpfom;cJ&ayrnf? “yifvwif u|Eyw@kd ar#mre;f cJaom jynfaxmifppepfukd xlaxmif
G h
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jynfaxmifpkxJrS &Srf;jynfe,f}uD; cJGxGufoGm;&ef &Srf;jynfolvlxk tm;vHk; jyifqif
=uavmh ³³³” [k tm;ay;wduwe;f cJ&ayrnf? od@k &mwGif awmif}uD; OD;xGe;f jrifonf
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17


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18

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27


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28


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29


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31


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32


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33


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34


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35


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36


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40

ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၃)

ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၃)

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ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၃)