1. PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE:
Towards Federal Union of Burma
[ Series No. 5 ]
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FEDERALISM,
STATE CONSTITUTIONS
AND
SELF-DETERMINATION IN BURMA
[Report on State Constitutions Drafting Process]
Series Editors:
Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe
&
Lian H. Sakhong

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UNLD Press
Chiang Mai, Thailand
2003

3. CONTENTS
PART ONE: BURMESE SECTION
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ywfoufaomtpD&ifcHpm (qvdkif; vsefr_ef; qmacgif;) ............................. 1
PART TWO: ENGLISH SECTION
1. INTRODUCTION
(i) Foreword (Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe) ....................................... 55
(ii)Report on State Constitutions Drafting Process
(Lian H. Sakhong) ....................................................................... 59
2. FEDERALISM, STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND
SELF-DETERMINATION
(i) Federalism, State Constitutions and Ethnic
Self-Determination ( Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe).......................... 91
(ii) Burma: State Constitutions and the Challenges
Facing the Ethnic Nationalities
(Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe)............................................................ 99
3. THE ROLE OF STATE CONSTITUTIONS IN THE
PROTECTION OF NATIONALITY AND
MINORITY RIGHTS: LESSONS FROM
OTHER COUNTRIES
(i) Australian Federalism, State Constitutions and the
Protection of minority Rights ( Cheryl Saunders).................... 111
(ii) Federalism, Diversity and Minority Rights: What
Can We Learn from India ( Yogendra Yadav) ........................ 143
(iii) Nigeria’s Experience in Managing the Challenges of
Ethnic and Religious Diversity through Constitutional
Provisions (Otive Igbuzor)...................................................... 157
4. AMERICAN MODEL OF STATE CONSTITUTIONS
(i) Model State Constitution ......................................................... 179
5. GERMAN MODEL OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
(i) Federalism and Local Self-Government in Germany
(Harald Hofmann) ..................................................................... 217

5. PART ONE: BURMESE SECTION
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9. SCSC Report
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4

11. SCSC Report
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f S
jynfaxmifppepfonf—txufwif az: jyxm;aom jynfaxmifppepf.
k
G
k
tajccHt*F gyfrsm;ESihf jynfpaprnf jzpfygonf? jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if trsKd ;
h kH
k
5

12. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
om;jynfe,frsm;udk udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh (Self-determination) tjynfht0
ay;a;/ jynfe,fwckEiwckt=um; Ediia;tm%mrsm; wef;wlnr#apa;
S hf
kfH
D
(Political equality)/ jynfaxmifptwGi; wdi;if;om;vlrsKd ;tm;vH; vlrsKd ;
k
f kf
k
tvducpm;xduonfh tcGita;rsm; (Collective rights) ESihf vlom;wOD;
k fH
k f
hf
csi;f pDtvduf cHpm;xduaom yk*vuud,yicpm;cGihf (Individual rights)
k
k f
~ d k f kd f H
tjynfht0cHpm;SdEdkifa; ponfwdk@onf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpk pepf.
tajccHt*F gyfrsm; jzpfaeHkru/ ‚if;tcGifhta;rsm;udk tjynfht0
umuG,jf yXmef;Edief ppfreaomjynfaxmifppepfomv#if tmrcHcsuf ay;
kf
Sf
k
Edkifrnf jzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh xdkt*F gyfrsm;ESifh jynfhpHkaom jynfaxmifpk
pepfukd xlaxmifEief u|Eyw@kd wuy0ifvsuf Saeygonf?
kd f
kf f
kd f GJ
d
(2) jynfe,frsm;.zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;a;qJGjyXmef;efvdktyfyHk
txufwiqconftwdi;f jynfaxmifppepfwif ta;t}u;D qH;k aom
G f kd hJ h k
k
G
tajccHtcsufrSm—jynfe,frsm; yifjzpfygonf? jynfe,frSdyJ jynfaxmifpk
rSdEdkifay? xdk@jyif ‚if;jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if trsdK;om;jynfe,frsm;twGuf
jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm; oD;jcm;a;qJjG yXmef;jcif;rSy/J xdjk ynfe,f
k
d
rsm;udk “ud,yijf yXmef;cGihf Ediia;tm%mtjynft0Saom jynfe,frsm;”
k f kd
kfH
h
d
[k ac:qdEirnf r[kway? xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifppepfjzifh wdi;f jynfwckukd
k kd f
f
k
k
xlaxmifom;rnfqygu ‚if;jynfaxmifpk tzJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;twGuf jynf
G
kd
e,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm;udk oD;jcm;vGwvyfpm a;qJjG yXmef;ef vdtyf
k
f
G
k
ygonf?
u|Efkyfwkd@wdkif;jynfwGif 1947 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't‚if;/
1974 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya't‚if;/ trnfcHjynfaxmifpkudk
ESp}f udrEpcg zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifcb;l aomfvnf; jynfaxmifptwGi;f Sd wdi;f if;
fSf
hJ
k
k
om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHw@kd ar#mre;f awmifwaom jynfaxmifppepfrsKd ;udrl ,ae@
k
f S
h
k
k
wdixaxmif zJ@G pnf;Edijf cif; rSao;ay? wenf;tm;jzifh “yifvnvmcH” wGif
kf l
k
d
kH D
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf u|Eyw@kd wdi;f if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHw@kd . acgi;f aqmif
k f
kf f
k
k
rsm;ar#mfrSef;aom wdkif;jynfudk u|Efkyfwdk@xlaxmifEdkifjcif; rSdao;ay?
,if;odk@jzpfcJhjcif;rSm—1947 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya't
zJG@pnf;xlaxmifcJhaom “jynfaxmifp” onf jynfaxmifpkpepfrS aoGzDI
k
“jynfaxmifppepfEihf wpfjynfaxmifpepf” udk ampyfxm;cJjh cif;a=umif‚if;/
k
S
h
6

13. SCSC Report
1974 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya't zJG@pnf;cJhaom jynfaxmifpkonf
trnfemrtm;jzifhom “jynfaxmifp” udkcH,lcJhI tESpfomrSm wygwD
k
tm%mSipepfukd usm;uefay;aom “wpfjynfaxmif” pepfjzpfjcif;a=umifh
f
‚if;/ u|Efkyfwdk@. jynfaxmifpkordkif;wGif ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfudk
wcgb;l rS rxlaxmifEicjhJ cif; jzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifqygu—jynfe,f
kd f
h kd
rsm;. zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rsm;udk oD;jcm;a;qJGjyXmef;jcif; rSdyJ
xlaxmifaom jynfaxmifppepfonf “jynfaxmifppepfppfppf” rjzpfEiay?
k
k
kd f
jynfaxmifppepfonf jynfe,frsm; (0g) jynfaxmifrsm; pkpnf;I zJ@G pnf;
k
xm;aompepf jzpfaoma=umifh jynfe,frsm;udk tajccHI jynfaxmifpkudk
zJG@pnf;ayrnf? jynfe,frsm;udk tajccHjcif;rSdyJ u|Efkyfwdk@wdkif;jynfwGif
“jynfaxmifp” udEp}f udrEpcg zJ@G pnf;cJb;l ygonf? trSepifppf jynfe,frsm;
k kS
fSf
h
f
udk tajccHjcif;rSyJ zJ@G pnf;cJaom wdi;f jynfonf jynfaxmifpr[kw? efuerS
d
h
k
k
f
kf
—A[dr—csKyfuics,v,xm;aom “jynfaxmifcsKyf” pepfr#om jzpfyg
k S
kd f f S f
onf? “jynfaxmifcsKyf” pepfudk zJG@pnf;cJhjcif;. vm'frsm;onf—tESpf
ig;q,fjynfwGif;ppf yifjzpfygonf? wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa;tcGifh
ta;tm;vH;k qH;k _;H cJonf? Armr[kwaom wdi;f if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHw@kd .
h
f
k
k
,Ofaus;r_Eihf bmompum;rsm; wd;k wufcirSatmif ydwyifcs,v,jf cif;
S
G hf d
f
f S
cHcygonf? jynfovxtm;vH;k tajccHv@l tcGita;rsm; qH;k _;H cJygonf?
hJ
l l k
hf
h
wdi;f jynfp;D yGm;a;ysuq;D ,d,i;f I AdvcsKyatmifqef; a[mude;f xkwcovdk
k
f
k G
k f f
f hJ
wdi;f jynfonf “zgonfEii” jzpfom;av+y? tm%mSippftpd;k . tkyp;kd r_
k
kd f H
G
D
f
f
udk usO;f =uyfpm cHaeI wwdi;f jynfv;kH Sd vlxwyfv;kH onf a':atmifqef;
G
k
k
pk=unf ajym=um;cJovdk rdrw@kd aetdr/f rdrw@kd wi;f jynfxwif tusO;f csjcif;cH
h
d
d
kd
J G
ae=uyg+yD? +cHKIajymygu—wwdkif;jynfvHk; csKyfaESmiftusOf;csjcif;udk
“jynfaxmifcsKyf” pepfa=umifh cHom;cJav+yD?
G h
xdk@a=umifh u|Efkyfwdk@onf “jynfaxmifcsKyf” pepfudk ajymif;jyefvSefI
jynfaxmifrsm; (0g) jynfe,frsm;wef;wlnfwl pkpnf;I zJG@pnf;xm;aom
“jynfaxmifp” pepfudk topfwzef jyefvnfxlaxmifayrnf? xdkuJhodk@
k
aom jynfaxmifppepfrsKd ;udk xlaxmifEief tcmtusq;kH aom vkyief;pOf
k
kd f
f
}u;D onf “jynfe,frsm;. zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya' a;qJa;vkyief;” omv#if
k
G
f
jzpfaeygawmhonf? jynfe,frsm; wef;wlnfwy;l aygi;f aom jynfaxmifppepf
l
k
udk xlaxmifEiromv#if jynfwi;f +ir;f csr;f a;udk wnfaqmufEiayvdrrnf?
kd f S
G d
kd f
hf
jynfwi;f +ir;f csr;f a;udk wnfaqmufEirom 'DruapDEihf vl@tcGita;rsm;
G d
kd f S
kd
S
hf
7

14. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
SifoefxGef;um;Edkifvdrfhrnf? 'DrdkuapDESifh vl@tcGifhta;SifoefrSom
tm%mSipepfvnf; csKyf+ir;f oGm;ayvdrrnf? xd@k a=umifh ppftm%mSipepf
f
d
hf
f
csKyf+ir;f oGm;a;/ 'DruapDEihf vl@tcGita;Sioef}u;D xGm;a;/ wdi;f if;om;
d
kd
S
hf
f
k
vlrsKd ;rsm;tm;vH;k ud,yijf yXmef;cGi/hf Ediia;tm%mtjynft0 SEia;
k f kd
kfH
h
d kd f
ponfw@kd twGuf u|Eyw@kd wuy0ifv#uf Saeygonf? jynfe,frsm;. zJ@G pnf;yHk
kf f kd f GJ
d
tajccHOya' a;qJGa;vkyfief;pOf}uD;onf—‚if;wdkufyJGwGif ta;ygaom
EdkifiHa;ppfajrjyifwck jzpfygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf jynfe,frsm;.
zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm;udk a;qJjG yXmef;Edijf cif; rSoaGΠu|Eyw@kd ar#mre;f
k
k
d
kf f
fS
xm;aom jynfaxmifpkpepfrsdK;udk b,faomtcgrS xlaxmifEdkifvdrfhrnf
r[kway?
f
(3) jynfe,frsm;.zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;a;qJGjyXmef;Edkifa;
twGuf UNLD .}udK;yrf;csufrsm;
jynfaxmifpkwdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'DrdkuapDtzJG@csKyf UNLD onf
'DrdkuapDa;/ wef;wla;ESifh ppfrSefaomzuf',fEdkifiHawmf xlaxmifa;
twGuf jynfe,f (7) ckrS wdi;f if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHjk zifh Spav;vH;k ta;awmf
k
f
yHk}uD;ESifhtwl 1988 wGifpkpnf;zJG@pnf;xm;aom EdkifiHa;tzJG@csKyf}uD; jzpfyg
onf? xd@k a=umifh UNLD . yxrt}urnvmcHwif tem*wf jynfaxmifpk
df D
G
}uD;udk ppfrSefaomzuf',fjynfaxmifpkpepfjzifh zJG@pnf;jyXmef;Edkifef
EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a;qJGa; aumfrwDwyfudk zJG@pnf;
wm0efay;tyfcygonf? ‚if;aumfrwDu a;om;jyKpkaom Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHk
hJ
kfH
tajccHOya' (yxrrl=urf;) ESiaumfrwD. vkyief;tpDifcpm wd@k ukd 1990
hf
f
H
ZGev (29) ufrS Zlvif (2) ufae@txd usi;f ycJonfh 'kw,t}urnvmcH
f
kd
h
d
df D
odk@ wifoGif;tpDifcHcJhygonf? xdkaumfrwD. tpDifcH pmtay: tajccHI
“Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'a;qJmwGif tajccHrnfh vrf;!GetajccH
kfH
k
G
f
rl (7) csu” udk nDvmcHu twnfjyKay;cJygonf? ,if; tajccHrl (7) csuf
f
h
rSm—
(1) ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfay:wGif tajccHonfh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya' jzpfrnf?
(2) 'DruapDa;ESihf vl@tcGita;udk tjynft0 jyXmef;umuG,rnf?
kd
hf
h
f
8

15. SCSC Report
(3) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiitwGi;f Sd wdi;f if;om;vlrsKd ;tm;vH;k udk Ediia;
kfH
k
kfH
t wef;wlnfwtcGita; Saprnf?
l
hf
d
(4) jynfaxmifptzG@J 0if jynfe,frsm;udk zG@J pnf;aomtcgyx0Dtaetxm;
k
tay:tajccHI zG@J pnf;jcif; rjzpfapbJ/ vlrsKd ;udtajccHaom trsKd om;
k
jynfe,frsm; omjzpfrnf? vufSdEdkifiHa; tajctaet Sdif;pGJ
jynfe,f (7) ckEihf Armjynfrudk jynfe,fwcktjzpf zG@J pnf;I trsKd ;om;
S
jynfe,f (8) jynfe,fukd tajccHaom jynfaxmifpukd zG@J pnf;rnf?
k
(5) jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0if trdsK;om;jynfe,frsm;udk ud,yijf yXmef;cGihf Ediia;
k
k f dk
kfH
tm%mtjynft0 tyfEi;f xm;rnf? qdvonfrm jynfe,frsm;tm;
h
S
k kd
S
Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycsKyfa;tm%mESihf wm;pDifa;tm%m wd@k ukd
f
tjynft0 tyfEi;f xm;rnf? xd@k tjyif wEdiiv;kH twdi;f twmjzifh
h
S
kfH
k
aqmif±Gufef jynfaxmifpktpdk;udk v$Jtyfxm;aom vkyfydkifcGifh
tm%mrsm;rSty ºuGi;f useaomvkyyicihf tm%mrsm; (Residual
f
f kd f G
Power) udk tyfEi;xm;rnf?
Sf
(6) trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm;wef;wlnfwl yl;aygi;f I jynfaxmifptpd;k udk
k
zGJ@pnf;rnf? jynfaxmifpktpdk;tm; wEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh
aqmif±urnfh EdiiawmfumuG,a;/ aiGpuULESihf aiG'*F g;xkwvya;/
G f
kfH
f
f kf
EkiijH cm;qufo,a;ESihf tjcm;,m,Dvtyfxm;aom vkyyicitm
df
G f
J$
f kd f G hf
%mrsm;udk tyfEi;f xm;rnf? xd@k tjyif EdiiawmftcsKyftjcmtm%m
S
kfH
onf jynfaxmifptpd;k Yom wnfaprnf?
k
(7) jynfaxmifpvwawmfwif vlrsKd ;pkvwawmf (txufvwawmf) ESihf
k $ f
G
$ f
$ f
jynfo@l vwawmf (atmufvwawmf) [lI v$wawmfEpyfxm; S
$ f
$ f
f
Sf
d
rnf? vlrsKd ;pkvwawmfwif jynfe,frsm;rSvwawmf uk,pm;vS,O;D a
$ f
G
$ f
d f
f
tnDtr# apv$w=f urnf? od@k rom jynfe,frsm; wef;wlnfwl yl;aygi;f
S
aom jynfaxmifpqonfh tESpomay:vGirnf? jynfo@l vwawmf
k kd
f
f
$ f
wGif vlO;D atcsKd ;tpm;tvduf v$wawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;udk apv$wf
k
f
dk f
f
=urnf? (*)
____________________
(*) (+idrf;csrf;pGmtwlvufwJGaexdkifa;rl0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpk pepfqDodk@ yxrwJG
— pm 97 - 98)
9

16. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
(4)
UNLD(LA)
.qufvuf}udK;yrf;r+rsm;
UNLD udk e0wtpdk;u 1992 wGif wzufowf zsufodrf;cJhygonf?
xdk@a=umifh jynfyESifhvGwfajrmufe,fajrrsm;odk@ amufSdvm=uaom acgif;
k kd
kd
aqmifrsm;u UNLD udk jynfaxmifpwi;f if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;'DruapDtzJ@G csKyf
(vGwajrmufe,fajr) UNLD(LA) tjzpf 1998 wGif jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;cJh ygonf?
f
ouUmZf 2001 ckEpf Zefe0gvwGif usi;f ycJaom UNLD(LA) yxrt}urf
S
D
h
d
S f hJ
f
f
H
nDvmcHwif UNLD rScsrwcaom vrf;!Gerl (7) csuukd xyfrtwnfjyKcJh
G
ygonf?
UNLD(LA) yxrt}udrnvmcHwif Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'
f D
G kfH
k
a;qJmwGif tajccHrnfh vrf;!Gerl (7) csuukd xyfrtwnfjyKjyXmef;
G
f
f
H
Hru jynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya' a;qJa;vkyief;udvnf; pepfwus
k
k
G
f
k
taumiftxnfaz:aqmifuomef qH;k jzwfcygonf? xdq;kH jzwfcsuEihf
G f G
hJ
k
f S
tnD UNLD(LA) .em,u}uD; Dr. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe u
nDvmcHwGif wifoGif;aom State Constitution, Federalism and Ethnic
Self-determination pmwrf;udkyg jynfe,frsm;. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'
a;qJa;vrf;pOf}uD;. vrf;!Gepmwrf;tjzpf twnfjyKEdicygonf? (*)
G
f
k f hJ
ppfreaomzuf',fEiiawmf xlaxmifa;ESihf jynfe,frsm;.zJ@G pnf;yHk
Sf
kd f H
tajccHOya'rsm; a;qJa;vkyief;onf wOD;wa,muf/ toif;wzJ@G twGi;f
G
f
Sd vkyaqmifrnfh wm0efr[kwy/J jynfaxmifptwGi;f Sd wdi;f if;om;vlrsKd ;
f
f
k
k
aygi;f pH/k Ediia;ygwaygi;f pHEihf vlxvwef;pm;toD;oD; yg0ifaqmifurnfh
kfH
D
kS
k l
G f
wdi;f jynf. toufaoG;a=umor# ta;}u;D aom vkyief;pOf}u;D jzpfygonf?
k
f
xdk@a=umifh UNLD taejzifh/ ‚if;vkyfief;udk rdrdbmomoD;jcm;vkyfaqmif
jcif;rjyKyJ/ wdi;f if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. vufeufuiEiia;wyfaygi;f pk}uD; jzpf
k
kd f kd f H
onfh “trsKd ;om;'DruapDwyfaygi;pk” (National Democracy Front)
kd
f
udzwac:I rdrw@kd Eihf vufwvyaqmifef urf;vSr;f cJygonf? NDF acgi;f
kd f
d S
GJ k f
h
aqmifrsm;u tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;pGmjzifh UNLD(LA) .urf;vSr;f csuukd
f
G
kd
S
vufcconfEitnD UNLD(LA)-NDF yl;wJaumfrwDwyfuyg 2001 ckEpf
H hJ
S hf
rwfcsv (20)ufae@wif zJ@G pnf;Edicygonf? ‚if;aumfrwDwif NDF zufrS
f
G
k f hJ
G
OuUX}uD; apmboif (KNU OuUXESihf vufdS NDF OuUX}uD;jzpfaeol) cdip;kd
kf
____________________
(*) pmrsuEm 91 wGi_
fS
f
10

17. SCSC Report
Ediatmif (xdpOfu NDF .taxGaxGtwGi;f a;rSL;)ESihf Dr. Sui Khar (CNF
kf
k
EdiijH cm;a;wm0efc) wd@k yg0if+yD;/ UNLD(LA) zufrS em,u}uD; Dr. Chao
kf
H
Tzang Yawnghwe/ obmywdtzJG@0if cGef;ref;udkbef;ESifh twGif;a;rSL;
a'guwmqvdi;f vsere;f wd@k yg0ifcygonf?
f
k
f _
hJ
(5)
UNLD(LA)ESihf NDF wd@k yl;wJusi;yaom yxrt}urjf ynfe,frsm;
G f
d
.zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a;qJGa;ESD;aESmzvS,fyJG?
UNLD(LA) ESihf NDF wd@k . yl;wJaumfrwDrS OD;aqmifI jynfe,frsm;.
G
zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'a;qJa; ES;D aESmzvS,yGJ (State Constitutions Semik
G
f
nar) udk ouUmZf 2001 =o*kwv 20-25 ufwif usi;yEdiconf? ,if;
f
G
f k f hJ
ES;D aESmzvS,yonf jynfaxmifpordi;f wav#mufv;kH wGif yxrOD;qH;k usi;f y
f GJ
k k
cJaom jynfe,frsm;. zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'a;qJa;qdim ES;D aESmzvS,yGJ
h
k
G
kf
f
}u;D yifjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh NDF OuUX}u;D AdvcsKyfa$qi;f u ES;D aESmzvS,f
k f
kd
yJtzGire@f ce;f wGif atmufygtwdi;f ajym=um;cJygonf?
G
hf d G
k
h
AdvcsKyfa$qi;u
k f
kd f
“UNLD(LA) ESihf NDF acgi;aqmifrsm;Jh }uKd ;yrf;r_a=umifh 'D Semif
k f kf
nar udusi;yEdicjhJ cif; jzpfa=umif;/ 'g[m usaemfw@kd hJ jynfaxmifpk
ordkif;rSm wcgrSr}uHKbl;ao;wJh xl;jcm;av;eufwJh Seminar jzpf
a=umif;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifwJh wdkif;jynfwckrSm EdkifiHawmf
zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'[m rSdrjzpfvdktyfa=umif;/ xdkenf;wl
jynfaxmifppepfrmvnf; jynfe,frsm;Jh zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'[m
k
S
k
rSdrjzpfvdktyfa=umif;/ odk@aomf jynfaxmifpkudk pwifzJG@pnf;+yD;
vGwfvyfa;wJhtcsdefup+yD; ,ckvdk jynfe,frsm;JhzJG@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya' a;qJa;vkyief;udk wcgb;l r# wdiwiyifyif aqG;aEG;
G
f
k f kd f
r_ rSb;l ao;a=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh 'D Seminar [mta;}u;D a=umif;”
d
ajym=um;cJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyfa$qdkif;rS qufvufajym=um;mY
“1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk zqyvuOD;aqmif+yD;
kfH
a;qJGJjyXmef;cJha=umif;/ trSefrSmawmh 1947 zJG@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'[m yifvHkpmcsKyfudk tajccH+yD;/ wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;Jh
vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;ay;rSm jzpfa=umif;/ odk@aomf zqyv
acgi;f aqmifrsm;u vGwvyfa;taqmwvsif Sa;udom tmHk
f
d
k
11

18. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
pdkufI wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;Jh vdkvm;csufudk EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'rSm umuG,jf yXmef;Edijf cif; rSca=umif;/ vGwvyfa;
k
d hJ
f
S+d y;D aemufyi;f wGivnf; zqyvacgi;f aqmifrsm;[m pdwajymif;
kd
f
f
+yD; wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;Jh vdkvm;csufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;ef
pdw0ifpm;r_rjycJa=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh Sr;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;Jh OD;aqmif
f
h
r_e@J zuf',fvym;r_rsm; ay:ayguca=umif;/ 'Dtcsurm OD;EkEihf
_ f S
f hJ
f S
S
ae0if;wd@k tay;t,lvy+f y;D tm%modr;f cJa=umif;/ tm%modr;f +y;D
k
h
1974 rS rqva;qJwhJ zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk vlxqENc,ye@J
G
k
k H l GJ
twif;trRqENay;ckdif;+yD; 99µ axmufcHr_ w,fvdk@ urBmudk
vdrfnmvmcJha=umif;/ 'Dvdkenf;eJ@ wygwDtm%mSifpepfudk EdkifiH
awmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ@ xlaxmifcJha=umif;?
xd@k a=umifh usaemfw@kd topfwzefxaxmifrnfh jynfaxmifpk
l
[m “jynf e,faygi;f pk/ jynfaxmifpjk zpfz@kd vtyfa=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh
kd
jynfe,frsm;Jh zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a;qJGa;vkyfief;pOf[m
tvGeta;}uD;wJvyief;pOfjzpfwtwGuf acgi;f aqmifrsm; tif
f
h k f
hJ
wdutm;wduf yg0ifvyaqmif=uef vdtyfa=umif;” tus,w0ifh
k f
k
kf
k
f
Si;f vif;ajym=um;cJygonf?
h
‚if; Seminar wGitajccHxm;I avhvmcJaompmwrf;rSm American
f
h
Model of State Constitution [laompmwrf;jzpfygonf? ‚if;pmwrf;
onf tarduefjynfaxmifpkSd jynfe,fig;q,frS jynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'rsm;udktajccHI/ ‚if;wdk@xJrS aumif;Edk;mmrsm;udk pHerlemtjzpf
xkw,um— tarduefjynfaxmifpwif usio;kH aom jynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;yHk
f l
k G
hf
tajccHOya' tm;vHk;.tESpfomudk ay:vGifxifSm;atmif a;om;xm;
aom jynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' (erlem) yifjzpfygonf?
American Model of State Constitution pmwrf;tjyif =opa=w;vs
EdkifiHwGif zuf',fpepfusifhoHk;yHkESifh jynfe,frsm;.zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk
rnfo@kd rnfya;qJjG yXmef;cJa=umif;ESihf rnfuo@kd vufawG@ usio;kH cJa=umif;udk
kH
h
hJ
hf h
=oa=w;vsrS zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'qdim ynmSiwOD;vnf;jzpf/ =opa=w;vs
k
kf
f
EdiiH Queensland jynfe,f. jynfe,f trwfwOD;jzpfcb;l ol Mrs. Janelle
kf
hJ
Saffin udk ynmSiftjzpfzdwfac:+yD; oifwef;rsm;udk ydk@csapcJhygonf?
UNLD(LA) ESihf NDF wd@k O;aqmifI usi;ycJaom yxrt}urjf ynfe,frsm;
D
f h
d
.zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'a;qJa; vkyief;pOf ES;D aESmzvS,ywif jynfe,f (7)
k
G
f
f GJ G
12

19. SCSC Report
ckrS jynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' a;qJGa; aumfrwD0ifrsm;/ NCUB
atmufwif zJ@G pnf;xm;aom jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' a;qJa;
G
k
G
aumfrwDrS wm0efSdyk*d~Kvfrsm;/ EdkifiHa;ygwDtoD;oD;ESifh wyfaygif;pk
acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ trsKd ;orD;tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;rS ud,pm;vS,rsm;/ vli,ftzJ@G
k f
f
tpnf;rSu,pm;vS,rsm; pkpaygi;f (67) OD;wufamufcygonf? ‚if; Semikd f
f
k
hJ
kH
hH
f kf
nar udk NRP .HyaiGaxmufyrj_ zifh usi;yEdicjhJ cif;jzpfygonf?
ESifh NDF wdk@rSyl;wJGI State Constitutions Seminar
udkusif;yef jyifqifaeonfhtcsdefwGif‚if;/ Seminar usif;yaepOfwGif‚if;/
Seminar usi;y+y;onftxd—tcsKd @aom ArmEdiia;orm;rsm;u ,ckuo@kd
f D
kfH
hJ
jynfe,frsm;. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm; a;qJGa;vkyfief;udk aqmifGuf
aejcif;onf cJxua;vrf;pOfukd oGm;aejcif;avm´/ od@k wnf;r[kwf ConG G f
k
federation udk OD;wnfae=u+yDavm´ [lI od@k avmod@k avmjzifh r,HouFmr_
rsm;/ pdwfylyefr_rsm; jyocJh=uygonf? xl;qef;onfrSm—xdkodk@jynfe,f
zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a;qJGa;vkyfief;pOf}uD;udk oHo,pdwfjzifh a0zef
ykwcwfonfh yk*K~d vfrsm;xJwif NCUB Federal Constitution a;qJGa;
f
G
aumfrwDrS yk*d~KvftcsdK@yif yg0ifcJhygonf? xdk@a=umifh ‚if;oHo,pdwfrsm;/
r,HouFmr_rsm; yaysmufuif;pif oGm;apef Seminar pwkwae@ naeydi;f
k
ˆ
k
tpDtpOfwGif UNLD(LA) em,u}uD; Dr. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe
rSatmufygtwdi;f Si;f vif;wifjycJygonf?
k
h
UNLD(LA)
Dr. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe .rdef@cGef;
tck Workshop udvmvkywtcgrm Federalism ta=umif;udk vm
k
f hJ
S
aqG;aEG;aewmr[kwayrJ/h jynfaxmifpta=umif; c%c%ay:vmygw,f?
f
k
Federalism qdif wcsKd @ArmawGu “cJxujf cif;” vd@k owfrwygw,f? wcsKd @
k
G G
S f
wdi;f if;om;awGusjyefawmh Federalism [m “Armvufatmufrmaejcif;”
k
S
vdk@owfrSwfjyefw,f? 'g[m}uD;rm;wJhjyemyJ? 'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@wdkif;
jynf 'kuamufaewm? usaemfw@kd cav;/ rde;f r/ jynfovxwyfv;kH b,f
Q
hJ
l l k
avmuf'uamufae+y;D vJ´ b,fEpEpf b,fEpr;kd S+d yv´ 'guav;av;euf
k Q
SfS
Sf D J
kd
eufpOf;pm;=uyg?
1962 tm%modrf;+yD;aemufydkif; EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'—
Constitution—qdwm 'Dwi;jynfrmrSawmhb;? jynfaxmifpqwmvnf;
k
kd f
S d
l
k kd
13

20. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
rSawmhb;l ? bmjzpfv@kd vqawmh—1947 Constitution udow@kd zsuor;f
d
J kd
k l
f d
vduw,fqawmh yifvpmcsKyuvnf; olw@kd zsuq;D ypfwoabm jzpfw,f?
k f
kd
kH
f kd
f
hJ
'ga=umifh bmpmcsKyfrSrSdawmhbl;? 'g[m EdkifiHa;trSefw,f? Oya't
vnf;rSefw,f? 'gayrJh ææ 'Dvdkomqufaeif usaemfwdk@tcsif;csif; quf
wdu=f ur,f? ESpaygi;f rsm;pGm quf+yD;wdu=f ur,f? vlawGao=ur,f? 'gukd
k
f
k
av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;=uyg?
Federalism qdwm tm;vH;tusKd ;Satmif yl;aygi;+yD; vkyom;wJpepf
k
k
d
f
f G h
jzpfw,f? txufatmufzEycsKyfcs,whJ pepfr[kwb;l ? 'ga=umifh Federd dS f
f
f
alism u “ArmvufatmufcjH zpfom;a;” qdwmr[kwb;? 'Dvr[kwy—
G
k
f l
kd
fJ
Federalism uArmvufatmufcjH zpfom;a; jzpfw,fq+kd yD; wzufuajym/
G
wzufrmvnf; Federalism u “cJxua;” jzpfw,fqdk+yD; ajymaeif—
S
G G f
tm;vH;k aoa=uysuq;D wJh txdwu=f uvdrr,f? vlqwm wduygw,f?
f
kd
hf
kd
k fJ
usaemfwdk@vnf; wdkufcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh qufwdkufaeif—b,foltusdK;
SrvJ´
d
wcsKd @uajymw,f? igw@kd uvGwvyfwvrsKd ;/ ppfwyfu usL;ausmaevd@k
f
hJ l
f
om 'DrmaeaewmwJ? usaemfw@kd ajymwmudvufrcH=ubl;wJæ 'Dvajym
S
h
k
h
kd
aeif wkwuyJ Oyrm=unfyg? usaemfw@kd jynfe,fxu wjynfe,fcxuf
f kd
h
J
GJ G
oGm;if olwdk@vufcHrvm;´ vGwfvyfa;qdkwmvkyfwwfif ygw,f?
usnqwawmifrS rxGuvvyv@kd ygw,f? 'Djynfaxmifpukd ArmawGu
f H
h
f J k f
k
vkyv@kd usaemfw@kd acgi;f ay:rSm vmpGyaewmvm;´ 'g[m yifvpmcsKyfa=umifh
f
f
kH
jzpfvmwm? We are the founding nations of the Union of Burma 'g
usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;vkyfvdk@ jzpfvmwmyJ? u|efjzpfaewm r[kwfbl;? jynf
axmifpkjzpfjcif;[m “Armvufatmufamufom;w,f” qdkwm rrSefbl;
G
xifygw,f?
'DrmamufvmwJh acgi;f aqmifrsm;[m vlrsKd ;toD;oD;Jh acgi;f aqmif
S
dS
rsm; jzpfygw,f? vlrsKd ;toD;oD;rSm Right of Self-determination Sygw,f?
d
'gudk roHk;zdk@ ajymaewmr[kwfygbl;? 'gayrJh—usaemfwdk@wdkif;jynfu b,f
avmufzsuq;D ae+yv´ v,fw,f—v,frvkyEi=f ubl;? tdrw,f—tdrf
f
D J
dS
f kd
f dS
rSmraeEdi=f ubl;? 'Djyemudk b,fvajzSi;f =urvJ´? Federal qdwm u|ef
k
kd
k
jzpfwmvnf; r[kwfbl;? cJGxGufwmvnf; r[kwfbl;? 'DudpPudk av;av;
eufeufo;kH oyf=uyg? pOf;pm;=uyg?
14

21. SCSC Report
tckusaemfw@kd hJ State Constitutions Drafting Process rSm—tckcsuf
jcif; jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;a;/ rzJ@G pnf;a;qdwm c%ab;cswxm;tH;k ? usaemf
k
k
d f
wdk@b0udk b,fvdkwnfaqmuf=urvJ´/ usaemfwdk@Jh Self-determination
t b,fvdktkyfcsKyfoGm;r,fqdkwmudk avhusifhcef;wyfvmvkyfwmyJ
jzpfw,f? aSŒquf+yD; 'Dvyief;pOfukd b,fvqufvyr,fqwmudk jyifqif
kf
kd
kf
kd
G
kd
aewmjzpfygw,f? State Constitutions a;if Armu|ejf zpfom;r,fqwm
G G f G
kd
vHk;0r[kwfygbl;? State Constitutions awGa;vd@k cJxuom;r,fqwm
vnf; vH;k 0rSm;w,f?
'ga=umifh—'D State Constitutions Drafting Process rSmjyifjyifqif
qif vkyf=uyg? wcsdK@acgif;aqmifrsm;ajymovdk “ppftm%mSifpepfusqHk;
oGm;if awmfyg+yD” qdkwmawmh [kwf+yD? 'gayrJh—ppftpdk;jyKwfusoGm;if
usaemfwdk@tcsif;csif;quf+yD; owfjzwf=urvm;´? ppftpdk;u 'DvdkyJ
0g'jzef@ygw,f? igw@kd ppfwyfomrSif wdi;f if;om;awGtcsi;f csi;f owfjzwf
d
k
ukef=ur,f? Bosnia vdkjzpfoGm;r,f? Rawanda vdkjzpfoGm;r,fvdk@ 0g'jzef@
aew,f? 'Dvdk 0g'jzef@r_udk cyfrsm;rsm;u ,Hkaew,f? tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;u
vnf; 'Dv0g'jzef@wmudk ,H=k unfae=uw,f? 'ga=umifh 'DaemrSm usaemfw@kd
kd
rvdrmbl;/ ryg;eyf bl;qdif—usaemfw@kd vmudyJ qJr,fqif—qJEiw,f?
R
k
kd k G
kd
G kd f
'gayrJ h tusd K ;S d v m;/ rS d b l ; vm; qd k w mud k pOf ; pm;=uyg? wcsd K @u
Sovereignity eJ@ywfouf+yD; tus,tus,jf iif;ckef ae=w,f? Federal
f
udkvufcHif Sovereignity [m Federal, State, Local tqifhqifhrSm
tjynft0Sw,fqwm em;vnfoifw,f? pOf;pm;oifw,f? 'gusaemfw@kd
h
d
kd
h
h
ifqdkifaewJh jyemyJ?
Federal udk usaemfw@kd vufrcHif—usaemfw@kd uvnf; vufrcHif/ Arm
vlrsKd ;awGuvnf; vufrcHif—usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k aoa=uysuq;D oGm;=uzd@k
f
yJw,f? 'gupOf;pm;=uyg? aus;Zl;wifygw,f?
dS
kd
(6) *smr%DEdkifiH.zuf',fpepfavhvma;cD;ESpfacguf
jynfe,frsm;.zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a;qJGa; vkyfief;pOf}uD;udk vuf
awG@taumiftxnfaz:mY }uHKawG@aom tcuftcJwckrm—“tawG@
S
t}uHK” rSdjcif;yifjzpfygonf? u|Efkyfwdk@wdkif;jynfwGif jynfaxmifpkudk pwif
15

22. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
zJG@pnf;onfhtcsdefrS ,ae@wdkif jynfe,frsm;. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;udk
a;qJjG yXmef;Edijf cif; wcgb;l r# rSacs? xd@k a=umifh u|Eyw@kd rm vufawG@vyf
k
d
kf f S
k
udkifaqmifGufbl;aom tawG@t}uHKrSdacs? xdk@a=umifh olrsm;wdkif;jynfrS
tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk oifcef;pm,lef txl;vdtyfvmygonf?
k
xdvtyfcsuEitnD Brussels wGi;kH pduxm;onfh Euro-Burma Ofk kd
f S hf
f k f
fice ESifh *smr%DEdkifiHrS Friendrich-Ebert-Stiftung wd@k . tultnDjzifh
*smr%DEiio@kd zuf',fjynfaxmifpEihf jynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'
kd f H
k S
k
a;qJa;qdim avhvma;cD;ESp}f udrwiwif oGm;amufcygonf? yxr
G
kf
f kd f kd
hJ
t}udrcD;pOfukd ouUmZf 2001 'DZifbmv (6) ufrS (15) uftxd‚if;/
f
'kw,t}udrcD;pOfukd ouUmZf 2002 Ed0ifbmv (25) ufrS 'DZifbmv
d
f
k
(5) ufae@txd‚if; oGm;amufavhvmcJygonf? avhvma;cD;pOfEpacguf
h
Sf
pvH;k wGif b,fv*s,efEiiuyg oGm;amufavhvmcGiScygonf?
f D
kd f H kd
hf d hJ
cD;pOfEpacgupvH;k wGif jynfe,f (7)ckrS jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'
Sf
f
k
a;qJa; aumfrwD0ifrsm;/ (jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'a;qJa;aumfrwD
G
k
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rSao;aom cdijf ynfe,frS ud,pm;vS,rsm;vnf; ESp}f udrpvH;k yg0ifc=hJ u
d
k
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ygonf)? Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'a;qJa; avhvma;aumfrwDrS
k
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ud,pm;vS,/f NCUB rS}uD;rSL;zJ@G pnf;ay;xm;aom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiH
k f
kf
awmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'a;qJa; aumfrwDrS ud,pm;vS,rsm;ESihf jrefrm
k
G
k f
f
EdiitrsKd ;orD;tzJ@G csKyf (Women's League of Burma) rSu,pm;vS,rsm;/
kfH
kd f
f
yxrt}udrwif (17) OD;ESihf 'kw,t}udrwif (20) OD; vkuygc=hJ uygonf?
f G
d
f G
d f
cD;pOfESpf}udrfpvHk;udk Federalism: A German-Burmese Dialogue
[laomacgi;f pOfjzifh bmvif+rdK@wif Seminar usi;f yjcif;jzifh tpjyKcJygonf?
G
h
k
xdk Seminar od@k jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' avhvma;tzJ@G om;rsm;om
ru NCGUB 0ef}u;D csKyf a'guwmpde0if;ESihf Euro-Burma Office rS Direcf
f
h
S
f k
tor Harn Yawnghwe wd@k wufamuftm;ay;cJygonf? cD;pOfEp}f udrpvH;
udk UNLD(LA) ESihf NDF wd@k rS yl;wJz@GJ pnf;xm;aom Supporting CommitG
tee for State Constitutions (SCSC) OuUX Dr. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe
ESihf Coordinator a'guwmqvdi;f vsere;f wd@k uOD;aqmifom;cJ=h uygonf?
f
k
f _
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xdk@tjyif *smr%DEdkifiHSd Burma Bureau Cologne tzJG@ESifh Burma
Sf
f k
D hH kd
Project Berlin wd@k uvnf; cD;pOfEpacgupvH;wGif ulnyy;r_rsm; ay;oGm;cJh
=uygonf?
16

23. SCSC Report
yxrt}udrf *smr%Davhvma;cD;pOfwiyg0iforsm;
Gf
l
(6 - 15 'DZifbmv 2001)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Dr. p0fZef@a,mifa0S SCSC OuUX- cD;pOftzJG@acgif;aqmif
Dr. vsere;qmacgi; SCSC- Coordinator
f _ f
f
Dr. pde0if;
f
0ef}u;D csKyf (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiH trsKd ;om;
kf
!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k )
Harn Yawnghwe
Director, Euro Burma Office
Dr. aomif;xGÉf
urBmuvor*~u,pm;vS,f (jynfaxmifpk
h k
kd f
jrefrmEdiitrsKd ;om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k )
kfH
wm;a;0ef}uD; (jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
trsKd ;om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k )
zuf',f (rl=urf;) a;qJa;aumfrwD
G
ucsijf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
kd f
uifjynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
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uifejD ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
kd f
csi;f jynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
kd f
rGejf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
kd f
o#r;f jynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
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cdijf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
k
kd f
Armjynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
kd f
jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;orD;rsm;tzJG@csKyf
jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;orD;rsm;tzJG@csKyf
(6) OD;ode;f OD;
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
OD;atmifx;l
a*gif'D
apmvS[ifeD
a$rsKd ;oef@
rdkifcsif;csif;
Ediqeaxmif
kf Gf
S,vqif
f D kd
cdkifrsdK;cdkif
OD;oef;xGÉf
eef;aX;aX;0if;
aemfpDzdk;m
OD;EG,fatmif
OD;Jjrifh
Burma Bureau, Cologne
Burma Project, Berlin
17

24. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
'kw,t}udrf *smr%Davhvma;cD;pOfwiyg0iforsm;
d
Gf
l
(25 Ed0ifbmv - 5 'DZifbmv 2002)
k
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Dr. p0fZef@a,mifa0S SCSC OuUX- cD;pOftzJG@acgif;aqmif
Dr. vsere;qmacgi; SCSC- Coordinator
f _ f
f
Dr. pde0if;
f
0ef}u;D csKyf (jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiH trsKd ;om;
kf
!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k )
Harn Yawnghwe
Director, Euro Burma Office
Dr. aomif;xGÉf
urBmuvor*~u,pm;vS,f (jynfaxmifpk
h k
kd f
jrefrmEdiitrsKd ;om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k )
kfH
wm;a;0ef}uD; (jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
trsKd ;om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k )
zuf',f (rl=urf;) a;qJa;aumfrwD
G
ucsijf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
kd f
uifjynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
kd f
uifejD ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
kd f
csi;f jynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
kd f
rGejf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
kd f
o#r;f jynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
kd f
cdijf ynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
k
kd f
Armjynfe,fu,pm;vS,f
kd f
jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;orD;rsm;tzJG@csKyf
jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;orD;rsm;tzJG@csKyf
jrefrmEkdifiHtrsdK;orD;rsm;tzJG@csKyf
jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;orD;rsm;tzJG@csKyf
(6) OD;ode;f OD;
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
18
OD;JxÉf
G
rac:cGefqm
apmvS[ifeD
a$rsKd ;oef@
Dr. AGrqef
f G
Ediqeaxmif
kf Gf
S,vqif
f D kd
cdkifrsdK;cdkif
OD;oef;xGÉf
eef;aX;aX;0if;
aemfpDzdk;m
aemfx;l azm
eef;,di;f v0f
OD;EG,fatmif
OD;Jjrifh
Burma Bureau, Cologne
Burma Project, Berlin

25. SCSC Report
Federalism: A German - Burmese Dialogue
Federalism ta=umif;udavhvmaomtcg wurBmvH;u yHaovufcH
k
k k
d
d kd
xm;aom Federal pepfoyfoyf [lIrSa=umif;udk awG@ygonf? rdrw@kd wi;f
jynfEihf vlrsKd ;rsm;.tajctae/ ordi;f aemufc/H yx0Dtaetxm;ESihf vufdS
S
k
Ediia;jzpfay:ajymif;vJrrsm;tay: tajccHI rdrw@kd tajctaeESihf oifwifh
kfH
_
d
h
av#mufywfatmif usi}hf uom;=uonfukd awG@ygonf? xd@k a=umifh *smr%D
H G
yxrcD;pOfwif *smr%DEiiY zuf',fpepfpwifusio;kH cJykH ordi;f a=umif;/
G
kd f H
hf h
k
*smr%DEii. zuf',fpepfx;l jcm;csursm;/ jynfaxmifptpd;k ESihf jynfe,f
kd f H
f
k
rsm;tpdk;rsm;t=um; EdkifiHa;tm%mcJGa0oHk;pJGyHk/ *smr%DEdkifiHSd jynfe,f
tpd;k rsm;. *k%t*F gyfrsm;ESihf xl;jcm;csursm;udk tduxm;I avhvmcJh
f
f
ygonf? xdka=umifh bmvif+rdK@wGif Federalism: A German-Burmese
Dialogue Seminar udkusif;y+yD;/ Hanova University Sd Institute for
Federal Studies (Deutsches Institut fur Federalismusforschung)
udom;amuf+yD; *smr%DEii. zuf',fpepfta=umif;ud‚if;/ Rheinland
k G
kd f H
k
Ptalz jynfe,f.+rKd @awmf Mainz +rKd @uom;+y; ‚if;jynfe,f. zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfykH
kd G D
f
ud‚if;/ ud,wiu,us oGm;amufavhvmcJ=h uygonf? (‚if;tjyif tjcm;+rKd @
k
k f kd f kd f
rsm;jzpfonfh Oyrm Bonn, Cologne ponfh+rdK@rsm;udkvnf; oGm;amuf
avhvmcJh=uygonf? odk@mwGif TtpDifcHpmonf cD;oGm;rSwfwrf;
r[kwaoma=umifh cD;pOfukd tao;pdyaz: jyjcif;rjyKyJ oif=um;avhvmr_
f
f
rsm;udom OD;pm;ay;wifjyoGm;ygrnf)?
k
*smr%DEdkifiH.zuf',fpepfta=umif; (tusOf;csKyf)
*smr%DEii.zuf',fpepfta=umif;udk Hanova wuUovdS Instikd f H
kd f
tutes for Federal Studies XmerS ygarmuQ Hans-Peter Schneider ESifh
Dr. Jutta Kramer wd@k .yd@k cscsursm;udk tusO;csK;I atmufygtwdi; az: jy
f
f H
kf
vduygonf?
k f
aemufcHordkif;
[Federal Element in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]
ygarmuQ}uD; Hans-Peter Schneider .ydk@cscsuft—*smr%Dtyg
t0if tv,fyi;f OamySd zuf',fjynfaxmifppepfonf tv,facwfwif
kd
k
G
19

26. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
pwif usifhoHk;cJhaom pepfyifjzpfa=umif;odygonf? cpfouUmZf 1356
ckESpfwGif Golden Bull [kac:wGifaom Holy Roman Empire . zJG@pnf;
tkycsKyfypepfukd jyXmef;ausnmaomtcg/ *smr%Dwif ya'omZfe,fajr
f kH
G
tvdkuf aG;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cHaom bkifrsm; [An elected monarchy based on a feudal system legitimized by the nobility of the
h k f
h
hf kH h
k
Estates] jziftycsKyfonfpepfukd pwifusio;cJygonf? xdpOfu *smr%DdS
ya'omZf e,fy,f (7)ckrS +rKd @pm; (7)yg; (aemifwie,f 9-ckjzpfom;cJ) wd@k u
Gf
G h
‚if;wdk@txJ rS wOD;udk tifyg,mtjzpf aG;cs,fcJhygonf? ‚if;+rdK@pm; 9rif;om; (Princes) rsm;udk Electors (Kurfursten) [kac:cJygonf?
h
tifyg,maG;cs,yicihf (0g) taG;cs,yiciaom ‚if;+rdK@pm;}uD;rsm;
f kd f G
f kd f G hf dS
udk pkaygi;f I League of Electors [lIac:a0:cJygonf? trSepifppf xduhJ
h
f
k
od@k tycsKyfa;e,fwif League of Electors [kac:a0:cJjh cif;rSm—bmom
k f
G
a;e,fy,f. tkyfcsKyfa;pepfrS yHkpHul;csoGm;jcif;wyfvnf; jzpfygonf?
tv,facwfwif tkycsKyfa;ESihf bmoma;tvGee;D pyf cJygonf? ouUmZf
G
f
f
h
k
1220 ckEpwif Cologne, Mainz ESihf Trier wd@k rS bmoma;*d%;f csKyf}u;D rsm;
Sf G
udk Federick II u tcGefawmfrsm;aumuf,lydkifcGifh/ aiGa=u;oGef;vkyfcGifhESifh
wm;pDifcGifhtm%mrsm; ay;tyfcJhbl;ygonf? Tenf;jzifh aG;cs,fwif
ajr‡mufjcif;cHaom +rdK@pm;}uD;rsm; (Electors) rsm;onf awmawmifaajr
wdk@. tSifocifrsm;[k wifpm;jcif;cHum ya'omZfrif;rsm; domini
terrae (Lords of the Land) tjzpf Henry VII utodtrSwfjyKay;cJh
ygonf?
OamywGif bmoma;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_a=umifh rmwifvlom; (Martin Luther) OD;aqmifaom Protestant Church ESifh ykyf[ef;rif;OD;aqmif
aom Roman Catholic Church t=um;/ cpf,mefbmoma;*dk%f; 2-ck
t=um; tESpo;kH q,f ppfyjGJ zpfygG ;cJygonf? xdppfyukd ouUmZf 1648 ckEpwif
f
h
k GJ
Sf G
Westphalia wGif csKyfqcaom +ir;csr;a;pmcsKyft tqH;owfEicygonf?
kd hJ
df f
k
kd f hJ
‚if; +ir;f csr;f a;pmcsKyft—*smr%De,fajr 9-ckonfvnf; vGwvyfaom
d
dS
f
e,fajrrsm; jzpfvmcJ=h uygonf?
Westphalia +idr;csr;a;pmcsKyfukd csKyfq+kd yD;aemufyi;wGif vGwvyfa;
f f
kd f
f
ESitwl Ediia;tawG;tac: jyemwyf OamywGiay:aygucygonf?
hf
kfH
f
f hJ
,if;jyemonf tjcm;r[kwf “tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkifqdkifr_” [laom
jyemyifjzpfygonf? jyem. tif;tjrpfrSm—tcsKyftcsmtm%m
20

27. SCSC Report
(Sovereignty) onf Westphalia pmcsKyt vGwvyfa;S=d uaom e,fajr
f
f
(0g) wdi;f jynfrsm;wGif Saeovm;´ od@k wnf;r[kwf dreftifyg,m (Holy
k
d
k
Roman Empire)wGiqufvuf wnfaeovm;´ [laomjyemyifjzpf
f
dS
ygonf?
tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkifqdkifr_ (Sovereignty) ESifhywfoufI Oamy
wcGiv;kH wGif t}uD;tus,aqG;aEG;jiif;ckerrsm; Westphalia pmcsKyfrcsKyfcif
f
f
f_
uwnf;u ynmSirsm;ESihf Ediia;orm;rsm;u pwifcjhJ cif;jzpfygonf? Oyrm
f
kfH
—jyifopfynmSif Jean Bodin u Six Livres de la Repbulique [laom
pmtkyukd 1576 ckEpwif xkwa0cJ+h yD;/ “Ediiawmf.tcsKyftcsmtm%m”
f
S f G
f
kfH
qdaomudpyfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wifjycJygonf? olu “Ediiawmf.tm%mudk
k
P
h
kfH
A[dkucsKyfudkifxm;rnfhtjyif EdkifiHawmf.tcsKyftcsmtm%monf
bkifxwiom Saprnf” [kajym=um;cJhygonf? [The authority of the
H Gf
d
State should be centralized, absolute and indivisible; and, secondly,
the supreme sovereign power should reside in a monarch answerable
only to God and natural law] [ka;om;cJhygonf? Bodin .tqdonf
k
A[dkOD;pD;pepf (amrtifyg,m.tm%m) ESifh vGwfvyfpwdkif;jynf. bkif
tm%mudk ESpcpvH;k todtrSwjf yKaom oabmScygonf?
fk
d hJ
qdvonfrm Sovereignty onfvwvyfaom e,fajr.Sibifrsm;
k kd
S
G f
f k
ESifhaomf‚if;/ amrtifyg,mvufxJwGifaomf‚if; 2-ckpvHk;rSmSdonf [lI
qdkcJhygonf? Professor Schneider Jhpum;t— Bodin used the term
sovereignty to experss a unified state power, then neither the Empire on the one hand nor the territorial states on the other hand could
simultaneously be considered sovereign.
Bodin . EdkifiHa;tawG;tac:onf acwfopfzuf',fpepfay:xGef;
vma;twGuf vrf;pjyKjyifryif jzpfygonf? Westphalia +idr;f csr;f a;pmcsKyf
_
csKyfqdk+yD;aemufydkif;—tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkifEdkifiHawmf [laom pum;udk
wzufrm wGiwius,us,usio;kH vmcJovd/k Martin Luther OD;aqmifchJ
S
f Gf
f
f hf
h
aom bmoma;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_ (Protestant Reformation) aemufyi;f wGif
kd
vnf; zuf',fpepfuyg ydIwGiwius,us,f usio;kH vmcJygonf? Oyrm
kd k
f Gf
f
hf
h
tm;jzifh—qGpfZmvefEdkifiHrS cpf,mefrRtawG;tac:Sif Heinrich
Bullinger a;om;cJhaom The One and Eternal Testament on Covenant of God [laompmtkyfonf OamywGifomru tarduefjynf
axmifpkwGif zuf',fEdkifiHxlaxmifEdkifa;twGuf tajccHtusqHk;aom
21

28. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
tawG;tac:rsm;udk rsKd ;aphcsay;onfh pmtky[k acwfopfEiia;odyynm
f
kd f H
H`
Sifrsm;u ac:qdk ae=uygonf?
Tod@k jzifh 1648 wGif Westphalia +idr;f csr;f a;pmcsKyfukd csKyfq+kd yD;aemuf
ydi;f / urBmordi;f wGif “tcsKyftcsmtm%mydiaom vGwvyfonfEiiawmf
k
h k
kf
f
h kd f H
rsm;” [laom Ediia;pepfopfrsm; ay:ayguvmcJygonf? ,if;ESitwl amr
kfH
f h
hf
tifyg,m (Holy Roman Empire) ESihf vGwvyfaomEdiirsm;t=um; EdiiH
f
kfH
kf
awmf.tm%mrsm;udk cJGa0usifhoHk;jcif; qdkaom tkyfcsKyfa;pepfopfvnf
ay:xGef;cJhygonf? ,if;pepfudk aemifaomtcg tpdk;ESpfyft=um;wGif
tm%mcJa0usio;kH aompepf (0g) zuf',fpepf [lI ac:qdvmcJygonf?
G
hf
k h
eydkvD,HppfyJGt+yD;*smref
Confederation
eydv,ppfya=umifh Holy Roman Empire }uD; +ydKuJom;cJygonf? od@k
k D H GJ
G G h
mwGif eydv,ppfyt+y;D wGif pmcsKycsKyqxm;onfh “yg+D ir;f csr;f a;pmcsKy”
k D H GJ
f f kd
d
f
[Paris Peace Treatry of 1814] t *smr%DrS vGwvyfaom e,fajrrsm;udk
f
jyefvnfxaxmifI/ ‚if;wd@k ukd pkaygi;f um Conferderation wckxaxmifef
l
l
‚if;pmcsKyt oabmwlncygonf? ,if;*smref Conferderation udk *smr%D
f
D hJ
twGi;f Sd vGwvyfaome,fajrrsm;ESihf +rdK@pm;rsm;. EdiiwumtzJ@G tpnf;
f
kfH
(The German Conferderation was regarded as an international organization of German Princes and cities) [lI ac:qdcygonf? ‚if; German
k hJ
Conferderation onf 1815 rS 1866 txdoufwrf;Sncygonf? (*)
f hJ
odk@mwGif 1848 ckESpfwGif St. Paul's Parliament rSae+yD;/ *smr%D.
EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'topfudk zuf',frljzifh a;om;jyXmef;ef
qHk;jzwfcJhygonf? odk@mwGif—xdkpOfu *smr%DwGif tiftm;t}uD;qHk;
hJ
e,fy,fjzpfonfh yyfm; (Prussia) uvufrcHcacs? ta=umif;rSm— Prussia
S
bkifu ol@utyfEi;f xm;aom tifyg,mtaqmifa,mif (Imperial Titles)
kd S
rsm;udk vufcvrrSonftjyif/ ol. tm%m+yKd ifzufjzpfaom =op}w;D ,m;
H kd _ d h
(Austria) yg0ifr_udkvnf; rausrvnfjzpfum jyemwufcJhygonf? xdk
____________________
(*) tcsKd @u German Confederation +yKd uJI Federal pepfujkd yefvnf pwifonfEpukd
G
hSf
=op}wD;,m;jyefygvmonfh 1866 ckESpfjzifh pwifawGuf =unfhygu xdk German
Confederation onf 1815-1866 [k‚if;/ German Federation udk 1866-1919
[lI‚if; a;om;rSwfwrf;wif=uygonf?
22

29. SCSC Report
a=umifh aemufqHk;wGif =op}wD;,m; (Austria) ESihf *smr%Dajrmufyi;f a'o
kd
ryg0ifaom *smr%Dzuf',fjynfaxmifpukd xlaxmifEicygonf? (*smref
k
kd f hJ
ajrmufydkif;a'oudk 1864 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGg;onfh *smr%DESifh 'def;rwfppfyJG
t+yD;wGif‚if;/ 1866 ckESpfwGif *smr%DESifh =op}wD;,m;wdk@jzpfyGg;onfh ppfyJG
t+yD;wGi‚if; *smr%Dzuf',fjynfaxmifpo@kd xnfoi;f jcif;cHcygonf)?
f
k
h G
hJ
1848 ckEpwif St. Paul Parliament rSxaxmifcaom *smrefzuf',f
Sf G
l
hJ
pepfonf tajccHtm;jzifh e,fy,frsm;/ rif;nDrif;om;rsm;ESifh +rdK@pm;rsm;
t=um; yÉdnmOfpmcsKyf (Contract) csKyqI zJ@G pnf;xm;aom pepfjzpfygonf?
f kd
xda=umifh e,fajr (0g) jynfaxmifrsm;u tifrweftiftm;}uD;rm;+yD; wcsKd @
k
rSm tvGeftm;enf;cJhonfudk awG@ygonf? Oyrm yyfSm; (Prussia)
jynfaxmifu jynfaxmifpwckv;kH . oH;k yHEpyavmufukd vlO;D atm;jzifam/
k
k S f kH
h
e,fajrtus,ft0ef;tm;jzifhyg v$rf;rdk;cJhygonf? yyfSm;tygt0if
jynfaxmifpktzJG@0if jynfaxmif (0g) e,fajrpkpkaygif; 30 rS 35 txdyg0if
=u+y;D / wcsKd @jynfaxmifrsm;onf vlO;D aoH;k aomif;avmufr#om Scygonf?
d hJ
xd@k a=umifh xdpOfu xlaxmifcaom *smr%DjynfaxmifptwGi;f Sd jynfaxmif
k
hJ
k
rsm; wckESifhwckt=um; rJay;ydkifcGifhtygt0if =oZmtm%mv$rf;rdk;r_jcif;
rwlnc=hJ uay? Oyrm—yyfm;u rJay;ydicihf (17) rJonftcsewif tcsKd @
D
S
kfG
dS h d f G
jynfaxmif (0g) e,fajrrsm;onf rJjym;wrJwnf;udom ay;cGiSc=hJ uygonf?
k
hf d
yxrurBmppf}uD;a=umifh *smrefzuf',fjynfaxmifpk +ydKuJom;cJ+yD;/
G G h
ppf t +yD ; 1919 ck E S p f w G i f *smr%D E d k i f i H a wmf o pf 0J r morwEd k i f i H u d k
xlaxmifcJhygonf? *smr%DEdkifiHordkif;wGif Federal yxrxlaxmifcJh+yD;/
aemufydkif; eydkvD,efppfyJGt+yD;rSm Confederation udxaxmifc=hJ uonf?
k l
xdk@aemuf St. Paul's Parliament rSxlaxmifay;cJhaom Lose Federation
udxyfrxaxmifconf? od@k aomf yxrurBmppft+yD;wGif xlaxmifcaom
k
H l
hJ
hJ
0JrmorwEdkifiHonf zuf',fpepfrS vrf;cJGum wjynfaxmifpepfudk
OD;wnfzJG@pnf;cJhygonf? xdkodk@ wjynfaxmifpepfudk xlaxmifcJhjcif;rSm—
EdkifiHa;tcsuf (3)csuf a=umifh jzpfygonf?
(1) km;wGif abmfApfawmfvea;t+y;D *smr%DEiiEihf OamywcGiv;kH
S
DS
Sf
kd f H S
f
wGif qd,vpfygwrsm;. v$r;f rd;k r_}uD;xGm;cJjh cif;/
k S f
D
(2) ppfab;ppf'%fukd tvl;tvJccaom wdi;f jynfukd jyefvnfxaxmif
H hJ
k
l
Edief tiftm;aumif;aom A[dtpd;k wyfz@GJ pnf;ef vdtyfonf[k
kf
k
k
,lqcJ=h ujcif;ESihf
23

30. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
(3) ppf+y;D umvwGif aiGa;a=u;a;ESihf tjcm;axmufya=u; tygt0if—
hH
ppfavsma=u;aiGrsm; ay;qyfa;udk A[dtpd;k u pDpOf+y;D jynfe,frsm;
f
k
udk cJGa0jzef@jzL;ef vdktyfjcif; paomtcsufrsm; yg0ifcJhygonf?
odk@mwGif wjynfaxmifpepfjzifh zJG@pnf;cJhaom 0JrmorwEdkifiHonf
aSnfrcHvdkufyg? [pfwvm. emZDygwDtm%mSdvmaomtcg 0Jrm
orwEdiiH (Weimar Republic) vnf; ysup;D oGm;cJygonf? 'kw,urBmppf
kf
f
h
d
t+yD;rSm *smr%DEdkifiHawmf. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfwyf udk 1948 rSm
xyfrjH yXmef;Edicygonf? xdtcsewi—*smr%DEiiwif jynfe,f (14) e,f
k f hJ
k df Gf
kd f H G
SdcJhygonf? ,if;jynfe,f (14) jynfe,fudk pkpnf;+yD; rnfuJhodk@aom
jynfaxmifppepfukd xlaxmif=urnfenf;—[kt}uwte,f aqG;aEG;wdiyif
k
d f
kf
cJh=uygonf? wcsdK@vuf0J0g'udk ,Hk=unfaom qdkS,fvpftiftm;pkrsm;u
A[dcsKyfurtm;aumif;aom jynfaxmifprsKd ;udk vdvm;cJ=h uonf? usewcsKd @
k
kd _
k
k
f
url A[dkOD;pD;pepfudk rvdkvm;=uay? ESpfzufpvHk; t}udwfte,faqG;aEG;
ndEi;f t+y;D —ESpzufpvH;k u twd;k tav#mvy,um—tpd;k ESpqift=um;
‡ _d
f
h kf l
f h
Ediia;tm%mrsm;udk cJa0oH;k pJaom zuf',fpepfrsKd ;udk zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifef
kfH
G
G
aemufqHk;wGif oabmwlnDr_ cJh=uygonf? xdk@a=umifh ,ae@ *smr%D
jynfaxmifpkwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;ESifh jynfe,ftpdk;rsm;t=um;wGif
EdkifiHa;tm%m (3) yfpvHk;udk cJGa0oHk;pJGae=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
*smr%Djynfaxmifpk (Federal Republic of Germany) .zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfykH
f
'kwd,urBmppft+yD;wGif topfzJG@pnf;jyXmef;vdkufaom *smr%Djynf
axmifp. zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'ud=k unfygu tajccHtm;jzifh tpd;k (3) qifh
k
k
h
wGif EdkifiHawmftm%mudk cJGa0oHk;pJGaea=umif;udk awG@rnfjzpfygonf?
‚if;wd@k rm
S
1)
2)
3)
jynfaxmifptpd;k (Federal Government)
k
jynfe,ftpd;k rsm; (State Governments)
a'oE tpd;k rsm; (Local Governments) [lIjzpfygonf?
W
xdkodk@ EdkifiHawmftm%m (3) yfpvHk; (Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyfcsKyfa;
tm%mESifh wm;pDifa;tm%m) rsm;. jynfaxmifpktpdk;/ jynfe,f
tpdk;ESifh a'oE tpdk;rsm;t=um; cJGa0oHk;pJGrnf[k EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk
W
tajccHOya'jzifh twdtusjyXmef;cJygonf? wenf;tm;jzifqygu jynfe,f
h
h kd
24

31. SCSC Report
rsm;ESihf a'oE tpd;k rsm; vGwvyfpmyfwnfciEihf vkyyicitm%mrsm;
W
f
G
G hf S
f kd f G hf
udk EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'u tumtuG,fay;cJhygonf?
od@k mwGi—jynfe,frsm;ESihf a'oE tpd;k rsm;udk tm%m(3)yfpvH;k
f
W
cJa0oH;k pJciay;onf qdaomfvnf;/ Oya'jyKtm%mudrl a'oE tpd;k rsm;
G
G G hf
k
k
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xHwif tyfEi;f jcif;rSy/J jynfe,fvwawmfuomv#if oufqionfh jynfe,f
G
S
d
$ f
kd f
twGi;f Sd a'oE tpd;k rsm;twGuf Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;ay;v#uygonf?
W
f dS
xdk@a=umifh a'oE tkyfcsKyfa;qdkifm Oya'yfrsm; (Local government
W
laws, that included municipal statutes and county statutes) rsm;udk
jynfe,fvwawmfu a;qJjG yXmef; ay;ygonf? od@k mwGif a'oE tpd;k
$ f
W
rsm;taejzifh rdrw@dk a'oSd yfmat;csr;f om,ma;ESihf wm;Oya'pd;k rd;k a;
d
G
twGuf vdktyfaom xHk;wrf;Oya'rsm;ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk csrSwf
taumiftxnfaz: Ediygonf? ,if;od@k jynfe,ftpd;k rsm;u a'oE
kf
W
tkycsKyfa;qdim Oya'rsm;udk vGwvyfpm a;qJjG yXmef;cGiukd *smr%DEiiH
f
kf
f
G
hf
kd f
. zuf',fpepftajccH tkwwwdi;f rsm; (Stronghold of Federalism) [k
f k
ac:qdavhygonf? (*)
k
dS
jynfe,ftpdk;rsm;u a'oE WtkyfcsKyfa;qdkifm Oya'rsm; (local
k f G hf
kd f H
government law) udk a;qJjG yXmef;Edicitjyif *smr%DEiidS jynfe,frsm;udk
,Ofaus;r_qdkifm Oya'rsm; a;qJGjyXmef;cGifhudkvnf; ay;xm;ygonf?
,Ofaus;r_qim Oya'rsm;wGif a'D,Eihf kyjf rifo=H um;xkwvia;qdim
kd f
kd S
f $ hf
kf
Oya'rsm;/ txufwef;ESihf wuUovtqifh (okawoevkyief;tygt0if)
kd f
f
ynma;qdkifm Oya'rsm;/ jynfe,fjynfol@Jrsm; aG;cs,fcef@xm;jcif;
tygt0if tjcm; yfmat;csr;f a;ESihf wm;Oya'pd;k rd;k a;qdim Oya'rsm;/
G
kf
jynfe,ftwGi;f Sd 0efxrf;rsm;aG;cs,cef@xm;jcif;/ wpdwwydi;f tm;jzifh ‚if;
f
f k
jynfe,ftwGi;f Sd jynfaxmifpa;m0efxrf;rsm; aG;cs,cef@tyfa;qdim
k
f
kf
Oya'rsm;/ ywf0ef;usixe;f odr;f a;qdim Oya'rsm;udk a;qJjG yXmef; usio;kH
f d
kf
hf
ygonf?
tusO;f csKH ;I jyefaz: jyygu— *smr%DEiidS jynfe,frsm; (State or local
kd f H
government are the sole entities with legislative responsibility for:
1) Local (municipal and regional) governments.
2) Cultural matter (education, higher education, broadcasting,
television)
____________________
(*) The local government law is regarded as the stronghold of federalism in
Germany.
25

32. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
3)
4)
The law governing the police force and public order, and
Partly the law for civil servants and environmental issues
*smr%DEdkifiHwGif ,Ofaus;r_qdkifmudpPyfrsm;tm; jynfe,ftpdk;udk
vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; tm%may;xm;jcif;ESiywfoufI jyemwcgwufcb;l
hf
hJ
ygonf? 1960s q,fptpydi;f wGif xdpOfu tvGewefc;kd =oZm}uD;rm;aom
k
k
k
f
Chancellor wOD;u jynfaxmifpktpdk;taejzifh kyfjrifoH=um; Hktopf
wckukd zGivpef }uKd ;yrf;cJb;l ygonf? od@k aomf ol.}uKd ;yrf;r_onf Ediiawmf
hf S f
h
kfH
zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh rudkufnDaoma=umifh ratmifjrifcJhay? kyfjrif
oH=um;xkwvijhf cif;onf ,Ofaus;r_a;mESihf oufqiaom jynfe,ftpd;k
f $
kd f
Yom wm0efygonf? jynfaxmifptpd;k u 0ifamufcs,v,f ydicihf rSay?
dS
k
f S kfG d
rnfr#=oZm}uD;rm;aom Chansellor jzpfygap/ EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'udk vGeqefI jynfe,frsm;. vkyyicitm%mudk 0ifamufpuzufI
f
f kd f G hf
G f
rcJhacs?
dkif;vJef;jynfe,f+rdK@awmf/ rdef;+rdK@udkoGm;amufavhvm=unfh_jcif;
*smr%DcD;pOfwav#mufv;kH wGif wduutusKd ;Sq;kH aom avhvmawG@
k f kd f
d
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d fS k
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d
kd
hf
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wGirl zuf',fpepfukd tawmfrsm;rsm;u Si;f Si;f vif;vif; em;vnfoabm
f
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d
P
G d
kd
jynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya'a;qJa; vkyief;pOfpwifaomtcg ydI
G
f
k
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vkyief;udk “cJGxGufa;” [kxif=uygonf? wcsKd @u jynfe,frsm;.zJ@G pnf;yHk
f
tajccHOya' vdtyfre;f vnf;rod=u? xduo@kd oHo,pdwjf zifh pd;k dryyefaom
k S
k hJ
fl
yk*K~d vftawmfrsm;rsm; *smr%DcD;pOfwif ygvmcJ=h uygonf?
G
usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k di;f vJe;f jynfe,f+rKd @awmfdS jynfe,fygvreftaqmuf
k
D
tODaSŒarSmufudk amufvmonfESifh w+ydKifeuf tawmfrsm;rsm;aom
oHo,pdwrsm; aysmufuif;oGm;cJonf[k xifrygonf? jynfaxmifppepf
f
h
d
k
wGif jynfe,fv$wfawmf/ jynfe,ftpdk;/ jynfe,fwm;Hk;csKyfrsm; rSdrjzpf
vdtyfa=umif;/ di;f vJe;f jynfe,f. jynfe,fvwawmf taqmuftOD;}u;D u
k
k
$ f
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h
f
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26

33. SCSC Report
aom “jynfe,ftvHawmf” udk usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k =unfnKd _jrifcihf S=d uyg
G
onf? “di;f vJe;f jynfe,f. trsKd ;om;oDcsi;f ” udk em;axmifcihf Scygonf?
k
G d hJ
di;f vJe;f jynfe,f. v$wawmf}uD;rS v$wawmf;kH wm0efcH trwf}uD;ESihf
k
f
f
wuG ‚if;jynfe,fwuUovrS ygarmuQ}u;D Dr. Klaus Eckert Gebauer wd@k u
kd f
}udKqdk=u+yD;/ olwdk@jynfe,fta=umif;udk Sif;vifjycJhonf? ygarmuQ}uD;
Gebauer u Si;jymY Tjynfe,f. zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk jynfaxmifprS
f
k
k
0ifamufcs,v,jf cif;rSyJ oD;jcm;vGwvyfpmjzifh a;om;jyKpkjyXmef;jcif;
f S
d
f
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jzpfa=umif;/ trSefpifppf vufSd*smr%Djynfaxmifpkudk 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;rS
zJ@G pnf;cJaomfvnf; ,if;rwdicif ESpaygi;f rsm;pGmuwnf;u di;f vJe;f jynfe,f
h
kf
f
k
Jh zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'/ jynfe,fvwawmf/ jynfe,ftvHawmfEihf jynfe,f
k
$ f
S
(EdkifiHawmf) oDcsif;rsm; Sdxm;cJh+yD; jzpfa=umif; Sif;jyygonf?
olu qufvuf+y;D Si;f jymY *smr%Djynfaxmifpwif ,Ofaus;r_a;m
k G
onf jynfe,ftpdk;rS tcsKyftcsmtm%mSdonfESifhtnD ,Ofaus;r_ESifh
pyfqdkifaom udpPrsm;wGif dkif;vJef;jynfe,ftaejzifh EdkifiHjcm;ESifh wdkufdkuf
qufo,Ia=umif;/ Oyrm ,ckvufwif di;f vJe;f jynfe,fEihf jyifopfEiiH
G f
dS G k
S
kd f
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kd f
D
f
tpOfrsm;Sda=umif;udk ajymjycJhygonf?
jynfe,ftpd;k ESihf jynfaxmifptpd;k t=um; qufqa;ESiywfoufI
k
H
hf
qufvufi;f jymY *smr%DjynfaxmifpdS jynfaxmifpvwawmf. txuf
S
k
k $ f
v$wawmfudk jynfe,ftoD;oD;rS jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfrsm;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;
f
a=umif;/ ‚if;v$wawmfdS jynfe,frsm;. ta;tmrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wdiyif
f
kf
qHk;jzwf=ua=umif; Sif;vif;ay;cJhygonf? (TaemwGif *smr%DEdkifiHonf
tarduefjynfaxmifpEihf rwlnaom tcsursm;udk Edi;f ,SOjf yvdygonf?
k S
D
f
_
k
tarduefjynfaxmifpwif jynfaxmifpvwawmfY jynfe,fukd ud,pm;
k G
k $ f
k f
jyKaom txufvwawmftrwfrsm;rSm Senators rsm;jzpf=uygonf? wjynf
$ f
e,fv#if txufvwawmftrwf (Senators) 2-OD;pD aG;cs,fwifajr‡muf
$ f
ygonf? xdtxufvwawmftrwfrsm;onf jynfaxmifptwdi;f twmjzifh
k
$ f
k k
aqmifurnfh udprsm;wGif rdrw@kd jynfe,fukd ud,pm;jyKjcif;jzpfI jynfe,f
G f
P
d
k f
k f kd f
kd
d
tkycsKyfa;wGirl Senators rsm; wduuyg0ifoufqijf cif; rSay? jynfe,f
f
f
tkycsKyfa;twGuf jynfe,fvwawmfu,pm;vS,rsm;ESihf jynfe,f0ef}uD;
f
$ f
kd f
f
csKyf (Governor) udk oD;jcm;pD aG;cs,ygonf? *smr%Dwir—jynfe,f0ef
f
Gf l
27

34. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
}uD;csKyfu jynfe,ftycsKyfa;wm0efrsm;omru jynfaxmifpvwawmf.
kf
k $ f
txufvwawmftrwf wm0efuyg yl;wJxrf;aqmifygonf)?
$ f
kd
G
ygarmuQ}u;D Dr. Klaus Eckent Gebaner u qufvufI jynfe,ftpd;k
rsm; tkycsKyfa;,E m;vnfywfEief rnfuo@kd tcGeawmfrsm;udk aumuf
f
W
kd f
hJ
f
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h
_
f
f
rnfo@kd rnfykH jynfe,ftpd;k u aqmifua=umif; tus,w0ifh Si;f vif;cJh
G f
f
ygonf?
*smr%DEdkifiH. a'oE WtkyfcsKyfa;pepf
txufwif qdconftwdi;f yxrt}udrf *smr%DcD;pOfwif *smr%D
G k hJ h k
G
EdiiY rnfo@kd rnfykH zuf',fpepfukd pwifusio;kH cJy/kH *smr%Djynfaxmifpk
kfH
hf h
zJG@pnf;yHk/ jynfaxmifpktpdk;ESifh jynfe,ft=um; tm%mcJGa0 oHk;pJGr_rsm;/
jynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;yHo¿efEihf t*F gyfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;I avhvmcJygonf?
k
S
h
'kw,t}udrf *smr%DcD;pOf (ouUmZf 2002 Ed0ifbmv (25) ufrS
d
k
'DZifbmv (5) uftxd) wGirl *smr%DEiiEiwuG b,fv*s,efEiirsm;Sd
f
kd f H S hf
f D kd f H
a'oE tkycsKyfa;pepfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;I avhavmcJygonf? xdcD;pOfwif
W
f
h
k
G
usaemfw@kd oabmaygucaomtcsurm—jynfaxmifppepf. xl;jcm;av;
f hJ
fS
k
eufaom t*F gyfwckrm—jynfe,frsm;tjyif a'oE tkyfcsKyfa;pepfjzifh
S
W
vl@tzJ@G tpnf;. tajccHtusq;kH aom vlrtzJ@G tpnf; (grass-root) rS
_
'DruapDukd vGwvyfpmusio;kH taumiftxnfaz: jcif;yif jzpfygonf?
kd
f
G
hf
xd@k a=umifh a'oE tkycsKyfa;pepf (local government) udk zuf',fpepf.
W f
cHwyf}uD; ( local governments are the stronghold of federalism) [lI
ac:wGiEijf cif;jzpfygonf?
f kd
*smr%DEiidS a'oE tpd;k rsm;ta=umif;udk avhvmmY—bmvif
kd f H
W
+rKd @wuf 'kw,t}urf Federalism: A German-Burmese Dialogue jzifh
G
d
d
pwifcygonf? xdk Seminar wGif Cologone +rKd @dS University of NorthrhinehJ
Westphalia State, Public Administration and Public Law XmerS ygarmuQ
Professor Dr. Harald Hofmann u Federalism and Local Self-govk
Gf
h
ernment in Germany qdaompmwrf;udk wifoi;a[majymcJygonf? (*)
____________________
(*) pmwrf;tjynftpHukd pmrsuEm 217 rS 233 wGiyg?
h k
fS
f_
28

35. SCSC Report
xdk@jyif Bonn University, Center for Development Research XmerS Dr.
Christian Wagner: Federalism and Local Autonomy: Experiences in
Neighbouring Countries with Local Self-Government: The case of
Gf h
South Asia [laom pmwrf;udk wifoi;cJygonf?
ygarmuQ}u;D Dr. Harald Hofmann u *smr%DEiiwif ud,yivwvyf
kd f H G k f kd f G f
pGm tkycsKyfaom a'oE tpd;k rsm; ay:aygucyukd ordi;f ESicsI Si;f vif;
f
W
f hJ kH
k hf D
wifjymY—1369 ckEpwif a;om;jyXmef;cJaom Colongn City ConstiS f G
h
k kH
k f
tution jzifh tpjyKrnf jzpfa=umif;ESihf ,if;udv;+rdK@tycsKyfykH tajccHOya'
udk acwfopfygvref 'DruapDpepf ay:aygucyukd avhvmmYvnf; rnfo@kd
D
kd
f hJ kH
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*smr%DEii. a'oE tkycsKyfa;udk *smr%Djynfaxmifp. zJ@G pnf;yHtajccH
kd f H
W f
k
k
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W
tkyfcsKyfa;pepf. Oya'jyKtm%monf oufqdkifmjynfe,frsm;.
v$wawmfYom wnfa=umif; Si;f jyygonf?
f
dS
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W
rsm;udk t=urf;tm;jzifh atmufygtwdi;f owfrwEiygonf?
k
S f kd f
- taxGaxGtycsKyfr_ (General Administration)
kf
f d
- a'otwGi;StzJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf 0efxrf;rsm;ud}k uD;=uyfjcif; (Organization and Personel)
- wm;Oya'a;m (Legal Matters)
-
yfm+idr;f csr;f a; (Public Order)
G
b¾ma;udprsm; (Finance)
P
vlra;ESihf vlrzva; (Social Matters)
_
_ l kH
ausmif;ESifh ynma; (School / Education)
,Ofaus;r_a;m (Culture)
pD;yGm;a; (Economic Matter)
aqmufvya;ESiprue;f a;m (Construction/ Planning)
k f
hf D H d
o,f,y@kd aqmifa;ESi,mOfpnf;urf;xde;f odr;f a; (Traffic/ Transl
hf
port)
-
use;f rma; (Health) ponfw@kd yg0ifygonf?
,if;vkyyicitm%mrsm;udk vufawG@taumiftxnfaz:aqmifuf
f kd f G hf
G
aomtcg wm;Oya'ESitnD aqmifurnf? atmufygvyief;vnfywfr_
hf
G f
kf
(tkycsKyfa;,E m;vnfywfr) Legal Functions rsm;yg0ifygonf?
f
W
_
29

36. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
(1)
(2)
a'oE tpdk;. tkyfcsKyfa;,E Wm;vnfywfr_ (Self-governW
ment Function) ‚if;txJwGif wm;Oya't rvkyfrae
aqmifGufrnfh (Mandatory) ESihf rdru,yipwyg0ifpm;r_t
d kd f kd f d f
vkyftm;ay;I aqmifGufrnfh (Voluntary) tydkif;[lI xyfrH
cJjG cm;Ediygonf?
kf
!Ge=f um;csutwdi;f aqmifurnfh wm;Oya't rvkyrae
f k
G f
f
vkyfaqmifrnfh udpPyfrsm; (Mandatory function to be fulfilled on instruction),
(3)
aumfrSitaqmifurnfvyief;rsm; (Action on Commisf
G f
h kf
sion) rsm; jzpfygonf?
xdo@kd a'oE tpd;k . tkycsKyfa;,E m;rsm;udk vnfywftaumif
k
W
f
W
txnfaz:mwGif jynfe,ftpd;k taejzifh }uD;=uyfy}kH uD;=uyfenf; ESprsKd ;Syg
f d
onf? yxrwrsKd ;rSm—wm;Oya'ESitnD aqmifurrSd [laom “Oya'
hf
G f _ dS
t }uD;=uyfjcif;” (Legal Supervision) ESifh aumfrSift vkyfaqmif
taumiftxnfaz:aom vkyfief;rsm;wGif vkyfief;pOfvnfywfr_udkyg
tao;pdy}f uD;=uyfjcif; (Operational Supervision) [lI ESprsKd ;SEiygonf?
f d kd f
a'oE tpdk;rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@pdwfyg0ifpm;r_t vkyftm;ay;I
W
aqmifuEiaom (Voluntarily) aemrsm;rSm—
G f kd f
(1)
(2)
30
jynfo lvlxkESifhwdkufdkufywfo ufaom udpPyfrsm;/ Oyrm—
+rdK@awmfcef;r wnfaqmufjcif; (Assembly Hall)/ td;k tdrf (HousG f
ing)/ vli,ftyef;ajzpcef; (Xme) (Youth Certre)/ yfuutoif;
tzJ@G (Local Club)/ tvkyvufrrsm; qHqnf;pnf;a0;Edirnfh aem
f
hJ
k
kf
kd
tcef;rsm; (Meeting Place for unemployed)/ vltkH (Residential Centre for Elderly)/ +rdK@e,f yfuGufaiGpkaiGacs;b%f (Local
kf
k
l
Sarving Bank)/ a'oqdimvlxqEN cH,yGJ (Local Referendum)
ponfrsm; yg0ifygonf?
,Ofaus;r_qim (Cultural Affairs) ,if;wGif pm=unfwu/f jywdu/f
kd f
h kd
k
Zwfrsm;/ a'otwGi;f Sd taysmwrf;tEkynmonfrsm;udk axmufyhH
kH
f
jr‡iwif jcif;/ kyi/kH tEkynmtqdtwD;oifwef;ausmif; (Music
hf
f Sf
k
k
f GJ $ f GJ
k f kd f
School)/ ynmoifqrsm; axmufyjhH cif;/ aysmyiyrsm; jyKvyEionfh
av[mjyifrsm; xm;Sjd cif; ponfrsm; yg0ifygonf?

37. SCSC Report
(3) Existing Services, yfmtwGi;wnfaeaom bwfpum;vdi;rsm;/
G
f
dS
f
kf
(4)
(5)
(6)
+rdK@ywfxm;rsm;/ avqdyfrsm;udk =unfh_apmifhaSmufjcif;/ trsm;
wumaomufo;kH Edirnfh aomufarsm;udk pepfwusxm;Sjd cif;/ yfm
kf
G
twGi;f v#yppfgwrsm; zlzvvSatmif pDray;jcif;/ yfmtwGi;f Sd
f
f
l kH Hk d
H
G
td;k tdrrsm; taEG;gway;a;ESihf rD;zdacsmifwif toH;k jyKonfh v#yppf
f
f
k
G
f
gwEihf obm0gwaiG@rsm; pDray;jcif;/ yfmtwGi;f Sd ausmif;rsm;/
f S
f
H
G
aq;Hrsm;udk =unfapmifaSmufjcif;?
k
h _
h
Bussiness Development: yfGmtwGif; pD;yGm;a;wdk;wufatmif
aqmifujf cif;?
G
tm;upm; (Sport Matter)
vlxtyef;ajzpcef;rsm;/ ‚if;twGuvtyfaom oH;k ukeypPn;f rsm;udk
k
f kd
f
pDrjH znfqnf;ay;jcif;/ (Recreation Funtion) ponfrsm; yg0ifygonf?
h
a'oE tpd;k rsm;taejzifh rvkyrae [k wm;Oya'u jyXmef;csrwf
W
f
S
xm;aom vkyief;pOfrsm;rSm—
f
trduodursm;odr;f ,ljcif;/
_ f k f
(2) npfnrf;aomarsm;okwoifjcif;/
f
(3) td;tdrtaqmuftOD;rsm;udxe;odr;jcif;/
k f
k d f f
(4) oif;csKd if;uke;rsm;xm;SprjH cif;/ (Cemeteries)
f
dD
(5) rD;owfwyfz@GJ rsm;xm;Sjd cif;/
(6) a'oE tpd;. aG;aumufyrsm;udusi;yjcif;/
W
k
GJ
k f
(7) a'oE jywdursm; (Management of local archives)
W
k f
(8) yfmtwGi;aomufo;azlvatmifxm;Sjd cif;/
G
f
kH
Hk
(9) ae@uav;xde;ausmif;rsm;aqmufvyxm;Sjd cif;/
f
kf
(10) vlr_zlvHka;ESifhvli,frsm;twGuf taxmuftuljyKvkyfief;rsm;
aqmifujf cif;/
G
(11) +rdK@jyrsm;. tyef;ajzpcef;rsm;wnfaxmifjcif;/
(12) yfGmwckESifhwckt=um; qufpyfo nfhvrf;rsm;azgufvkyfjcif;/
,mOfpnf;urf;xde;f odr;f jcif;/ bwfpum;vdi;f rsm;xm;ay;jcif;/
f
k
(13) obm0ab;tE ,frsm;ESihf }uKH awG@aomtcg u,fq,fa;vkyief;
W
f
rsm;udaqmifujf cif;?
k
G
(1)
31

38. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
aumfrSitaqmifurnfvyief;rsm; (Activities on Commission)
f
G f
h k f
aumfrSitvkyaqmifrnfvyief;rsm;udk ESprsKd ;cJEiygonf?
f
f
h k f
f G kd f
(1) jynfe,fv$wfawmfrS jyXmef;xm;aom Oya't aqmifGufrnfh
vkyief;ESihf
f
(2) jynfaxmifpvwawmfrS csrwxm;aom Oya'ESitnD aqmifu
k $ f
S f
hf
G f
rnfh vkyief;[lI jzpfygonf?
f
jynfe,ft aqmifurnfh vkyief;xJwif jynfe,fvwawmfEihf jynf
G f
f
G
$ f
S
e,ftpd;k aG;aumufyrsm;udk atmifjrifpmusi;f yEdia;twGuf aqmifuf
GJ
G
kf
G
jcif;jzpfonf? jynfaxmifptpd;k . Oya't aqmifurnfvyief;rsm;
k
G f
h k f
wGi—
f
• arG;zGm;jcif;/ r*Fvmaqmifjcif;ESihf aoqH;oGm;olrsm;. pmif;tif;rsm;
k
jyKpkjcif;/
• jynfaxmifpkwyfrawmfwGif ppfr_rxrf;rae Oya't wm0efxrf;
aqmifonfh pmif;rsm;jyKpkjcif;/ (National Records for Military service)
•
•
•
pufrvufrtoufarG;0rf;ausmif; oifwef;rsm;udk wd;k jriay;jcif;/ (Pro_
_
‡ hf
motion of Vocational Training)
vlxumuG,a; (Civil Defence)
k
f
jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmfESifh jynfaxmifpktpdk;rsm;udk aG;aumufwif
ajr‡mufaom aG;aumufyJGrsm;atmifjrifatmif usif;yaqmifGufay;
jcif;/ [ Implementation of General (National) Elections] ponfrsm;
yg0ifygonf?
*smr%Davhvma;cD;pOf.vm'frsm;
pmawG@ESifhvufawG@aygif;pyfaompepfonf taumif;qHk;aom oif
=um;enf;wyfjzpfonf[k tqdygonf? *smr%DcD;pOfo@kd ESp}f udrwiwif
k dS
f kd f kd
jynfaxmifpkpepf (Federalism) ta=umif;ESifh jynfaxmifpkpepf. tdu
t*F gyfrsm;jzpfaom jynfe,frsm;zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESifh a'oE tpdk;
W
rsm;zJG@pnf;a;qdkifm avhvmcsufrsm;onf wefzdk;jzwfIraom tusdK;
aus;Zl;rsm;udk u|Eyw@kd cpm;cJygonf?
kf f H h
32

39. SCSC Report
jynfe,frsm;. zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'a;qJa;vkyief;udk pmawG@tm;jzifh
k
G
f
aemwumrSmoif=um; ,lEdkifaomfvnf;/ u|Efkyfwdk@wdkif;jynfwGif ppfrSef
aom jynfaxmifpk zJG@pnf;EdkifcJhjcif; rSdbl;aoma=umifh‚if;/ jynfe,frsm;
zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' rSdcJhbl;jcif;a=umifh‚if;—vufawG@oifcef;pmudk
u|Eyw@kd wi;f jynfwif rSEicay? xda=umifh zuf',fa;mESihf ywfoufI
kf f kd
G
d kd f hJ
k
urBmwGif tpOftvm}u;D rm;aom *smr%Djynfaxmifpwif avhvmoif=um;
k G
ef qH;k jzwfcjhJ cif;jzpfygonf?
cD;pOfEp}f urpvH;k wGif pmawG@tm;jzifh urBmausmxyo;D ynmSirsm;.
S df
f df
f
yd@k csjcif;udk cH,Eionftjyif/ vufawG@tm;jzifh jynfe,frsm;/ a'oE tpd;k
l kd f h
W
rsm;udk avhvmcGiScygonf? xd@k tjyif wu,ftawG@t}uHKSI u|r;f usif
hf d hJ
h
d
wwfajrmufaom Ediia;orm;rsm;/ jynfaxmifptqifEihf jynfe,ftqifh
kfH
k
hS
rS v$wfawmftrwfrsm;/ a'oE tkyfcsKyfa;tmSd}uD;rsm;ESifh vufawG@
W
'l;wdkuf aqG;aEG;cGifhrsm; SdcJhygonf? xdkodk@ pmawG@ESifh vufawG@aygif;pyfI
avhvmjcif;onf—ydItusKd ;Sonf[k xifjrifo;kH oyfcrygonf?
k
d
hJ d
txufwif az: jycJonftwdi;f zuf',fpepfonf wurBmvH;k u
G
h h k
vufc,lrnf[k wm;aoowfrwxm;aom yHaoum;csypepfr[kway?
H
S f
k
f
f
rdrw@kd wi;f jynf. Ediia;ordi;f aemufc/H vlrsKd ;a;tajctaeESihf yx0Dtae
d kd
kfH
k
txm;wdk@udk tajccHI oifhawmfovdk usifhoHk;aom pepfwckjzpfygonf?
xd@k a=umifh u|Eyw@kd vvm;csursm;onf wu,fvufawG@wif jzpfEiacs SrS/d
kf f kd
f
G
kd f d
cseqwGucsuygonf? xdo@kd cseqwGucsumwGif taxmuftultjyK
df
f f
k df
f f
qH;k aom enf;vrf;wckrm wjcm;wdi;f jynf/ wjcm;vlrsKd ;wd@k . tawG@t}uKH udk
S
k
oifcef;pm ,ljcif;yif jzpfygonf?
zuf',fjynfaxmifpukd twlwuGxaxmifef AdvcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf
k
l
k f
csi;f / ucsi/f o#r;f paomwdi;f if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u yifvnvmcHwif
k
kH D
G
oabmwlpmcsKyfcsKyfI ar#mfrSef;cJh=uygonf? xdkar#mfrSef;csufudk wacwf+yD;
wacwf vufqifurf;,lI ,ae@txd u|Eyw@kd tm;vH;k wduy0ifaejcif;
h
kf f
k f GJ
jzpfygonf?
xd@k a=umifh vufta;awmfywif yg0ifqifEae=uaom u|Eyw@dk tae
dS
kH G
J$
kf f
jzifh zuf',fEiiawmfxaxmifa;ud—ordi;f wGif tarGqufcaom ar#mf
kd f H
l
k
k
H
rSe;f csuwck[—rsuprwvufcjH cif;xuf/ rdrw@kd u,wif avhvmoH;k oyf
f
k
f d Sd f
d
kd f kd
csdefqawG;awm+yD;rS vufcHjcif;uydkI aumif;ygonf? xdk@a=umifh u|Efkyfwdk@
wawG ,ckvcseqawG;ac:Edief b,fv*s,efEiitygt0if *smr%DcD;pOf
kd d f
kf
f D kd f H
33

40. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
u txl;taxmuftul jyKonf[k xifrygonf? TcD;pOfu u|Eyw@kd .
d
kf f
yfwnfcsuukd ydrIcdirmapygonf? rdrw@kd taetxm;ESihf ordi;f aemufcukd
f k kd k f
d
k
H
rRXmefusus jyefvnfo;kH oyfcihf Sru/ wjcm;EdiirS zuf',fEiiawmf
d
G d kH
kfH
kd f H
udk xlaxmifcaom wdi;f jynfrsm;ESivnf; Edi;f ,SOcihf ay;cJygonf?
hJ
k
hf
_
fG
h
Oyrm—yxrcD;pOf oGm;pOfu bmvif+rdK@wif usi;f ycJaom Seminar
G
h
wckEihf *smrmefEiia;odyynmSif Dr. Christian Wagner u *smr%DEiiH
S
kd f H
H`
kd f
. zuf',ftawG@t}uHKomru/ wjcm;wdkif;jynfrS tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk
Si;f vif;+y;D / u|Eyw@kd ,if;uJo@kd aom zuf',fEiixaxmifoifroifh ar;cGe;f
kf f
h
kd f H l
h
wckar;cJb;l ygonf? oluqdmY—*smr%D/ tarduefEihf tjcm;zuf',f
h
k
S
EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyfygu zuf',fjynfaxmifpkudk rxl
axmifcif—‚if;jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjzpfvmrnfh jynfe,f (0g) jynfaxmif (0g)
k
trsKd ;om;Ediirsm;onf oD;jcm;vGwvyfc=hJ u+y;D / oD;jcm;zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya'
kfH
f
Sc=hJ uonfh jynfaxmifrsm;/ vlrsKd ;rsm; jzpfc=hJ uygonf? oluqufajymmY
d
Oyrm—tarduefjynfaxmifpukd =unfyg? vGwvyfa;rcifu
k
h
f
oD;jcm;yfwnfc=hJ uonfh udveD (13) e,f yl;aygi;f +y;D xlaxmifcjhJ cif;
k kd
jzpfygw,f? *smr%Dqifvnf; 'Dtwdi;f yJ/ oD;jcm; vGwvyfcaom
f
kd
k
f hJ
e,fajrawG/ oD;jcm;zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' SdcJhwJh jynfaxmifawG
jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfaxmifppepfukd xlaxmifwwi;f jynfwi;f
k
hJ kd
kd
[m oD;jcm;vGwvyfwhJ jynfaxmifawGtwlwuG pkpnf;+yD;xl
f
axmif=uw,fqwhJ (coming together) qdwhJ tajccH[m txl;
kd
k
vdtyfaewJh tcsujf zpfygw,f? 'DvrsKd ; ordi;f aemufcH rif;wd@k qDrm
k
kd
k
S
(jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiirm) Sovm;” vd@k ar;cJygonf?
kfH S d
h
xdo@kd wduuar;cGe;f rar;rDu u|Eyw@kd tm;vH;k —twdwordi;f udk
k
k f kd f
kf f
f k
av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;cJronfh yk*K~d vftawmfenf;yg;rnf[k xifrygonf?
hd
d
xdkar;cGef;a=umifh u|Efkyfwdk@tajzudkSmygonf? tajzu —
“[kwucw,f? Coming together qdwhJ Concept [m usaemf
f hJ dS hJ
k
wd@k twGuf yd+k yD;udunwhJ Ediia; Concept wckjzpfw,f? usaemf
k f D kfH
wdk@Jh ordkif;a=umif;udk jyefavhvm=unfhif—+Adwdo#udkvdkeD
vufatmuframufcifu oD;jcm;vGwvyfwhJ vlrsKd ;rsm;omv#if
f
jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh +Adwo#uvet+yD;rSm qdifvnf;—oD;jcm;
d
kd kd D
k
pDjzifh vGwvyfa;,l+y;D oD;jcm;Ediiawmfukd xlaxmifEiwhJ vlrsKd ;
f
kfH
kd f
rsm;/ jynfaxmifrsm;yJ jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh udkvdkeDacwftukef/
34

41. SCSC Report
+Adwo#xrS vGwvyfa;,lz@kd jyifqifcpOfwe;f u +Adwo#uveD
d
H
f
hJ
k
d
kd kd
acwf rwdicifwe;f u oD;jcm;vGwvyfwvrsKd ;rsm;/ +Adwo#uveD
kf k
f
hJ l
d
kd kd
acwfwav#mufvHk; oD;jcm;zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'jzifh oD;jcm;pD
tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh vlrsdK; (0g) jynfaxmifrsm; twlwuGyl;aygif;+yD;
jynfaxmifrsm;pkxm;wJhjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfwckxlaxmifzdk@
yifvHkpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa;xdk;cJhjcif; jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh yifvHk
pmcsKyfukd jyefvnfo;kH oyf=unfif oD;jcm;zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfykH tajccH
h
f
Oya'rsm;jzifh oD;jcm;pDtkyfcsKyfcJhwJh jynfaxmif (4) jynfaxmif
yl;aygi;f wJh pmcsKyfjzpfaewmudk awG@rSmjzpfygw,f”?
“‚if;wdk@[m 1937 Burma Act qdkwJh zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' t
Burma Proper, 1896 Chin Hills Regulation qdwhJ zJ@G pnf;yHtajccH
k
k
Oya't tkyfcsKyfxm;cJhwJh csif;jynfaxmif/ Kachin Hill Regulation ttkyfcsKyfcJhwJh ucsifjynfaxmifESifh Federates Shan
State wdk@jzpfa=umif;” Sif;jy cJhygonf?
“‚if; (4) jynfaxmifjzifh jynfaxmifpukd pwifxaxmifef oabm
k
l
wlpmcsKycsKy+f y;D aemufyi;f — tarduefjynfaxmifpukd udveD (13)
f
kd
k
k kd
e,frSpwif+yD; wjznf;jznf;wdk;csJŒcJhovdk—tjcm;trsdK;om;jynf
axmifrsm; jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifrsm;tjzpf yg0ifvmcJha=umif;/
'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd tajctae[m Coming together [laom
hJ
Federal Ediiawmfwckukd xlaxmifef tajccHvtyfcsuEihf uduf
kfH
kd
fS k
nDa=umif;” Si;f jycJygonf?
h
xd@k a=umifh *smr%DcD;pOfEpacguu u|Eyw@kd qifEaeaom ta;awmf
Sf
f
kf f
J$
yHk}uD;. tEdWryef;wdkif}uD;onf zuf',fEdkifiHawmf xlaxmifa;jzpfonf
qdkaom cH,lcsufrsm;udkydkI cdkifrmapcJhygonf? xdk@jyif zuf',fEdkifiHawmf
xlaxmifa;onf—rdrw@kd wi;f jynf. Ediia;aemufcordi;f / vlrsKd ;a;aemuf
d kd
kfH
H k
cHordi;f rsm;ESihf udunonfomru vufwi;f jynfEiia; yuwdvvm;csuf
k
k f D
dS kd
kd f H
kd
ESivnf; txl;udunaom pepfjzpfa=umif; ydIxifm;vmcJygonf?
hf
k f D
k
S
h
xd@k a=umifh TcD;pOfukd jzpfajrmufatmif aqmifuay;cJaom EuroG f h
Burma Office rS Harn Yawnghwe ESifh Baudee Zaw Min wdk@udk‚if;/
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung rS Norbert Von Hafmann, Roland Feicht ESifh
Sabine Gurtner wd@k u‚if;/ Burma Bureau rS OD;EG,fatmifESifh olJhvkyfaz:
kd
udizufrsm;ud‚if;/ Burma Project Berlin rS OD;Jjrif/h OD;cifarmififEihf olw@kd
kf
k
S
35

42. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
.vkyfaz:udkifzufrsm;udk‚if;/ cD;pOfESpf}udrfpvHk;wGif zGifhyJG Seminar ESifh
vmamuftm;ay;I tzGifhrdef@cGef;udk ajym=um;ay;cJhaom 0ef}uD;csKyf
a'guwmpde0if;ud‚if; txl;aus;Zl;wifyga=umif; rSwwrf;wiftyfygonf?
f
f
k
dS
f
(7) tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rSzuf',fpepfrsm;udkavhvmjcif;
=opaw;vs/ tdE,ESihf Edu*s;D;,m;
Nd
k f D
txufwiqconftwdi;f wurBmvH;k u yHaoum;csyowfrwI
G f kd hJ h k
k
f
S f
vufcusio;kH Ediaom zuf',fpepf[IrSay? wdi;f jynftoD;oD;u rdrw@kd .
H hf k f
l d
k
d
wdi;f jynfEivrsKd ;rsm;. tajctae/ ordi;f aemufcEihf yx0Dtaetxm;rsm;
k
S hf l
k
HS
tay: tajccHIoifawmfovdk jyKjyifusio;kH Ediaom Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHpepf
h
hf k f
kfH
k
wrsKd ;omv#if jzpfygonf? xda=umifh zuf',fpepfuavhvmaomtcg wdi;f
k
kd
k
jynfwck/ vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;xHrS wm;aoyHwu;l csI rEdiay? tajctaecsi;f rwl
k l
kf
aom wdi;f jynfrsm;pGm/ tawG@t}uHKrsm;pGmudk Edi;f ,SOI zuf',fpepftrsKd ;
k
_
f
rsKd ;udk csicseI avhvmeftxl;vdtyfvygonf? od@k rom—rdrw@kd .wdi;f jynf
hf d f
k
S
S
d
k
tajctaeESifh udkufnDIwdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkwdk@. vdktifqENudk jznfh
qnf;ay;Ediaom zuf',fjynfaxmifpuxaxmifEiayvdrrnf?
kf
k kd l
kd f
hf
xdvtyfcsuEitnD ouUmZf 2002 atmufwbmvESiE0ifbmv
k kd
f S hf
kd
hf kd
rsm;wGif zuf',fpepfuusio;kH aom EdiiwumrStawG@t}uHKrsm;udk ,l
kd hf
kfH
Edkifef The Role of State Constitutions in the Protection of Nationality and Minority Rights Under Federalism [laom acgi;pOfatmufwif
f
G
fk
Nd k f
S k kf
ES;D aESmzvS,yGJ 'Seminar' ESpcukd tdE,EdiiH e,l;a'vD+rKd @Eihf xdi;f EdiiH Zif;r,f
f
+rdK@rsm;wGif usi;f yjyKvkycygonf? ‚if;ES;D aESmzvS,yo@kd jynfe,ftoD;oD;rS
f hJ
f GJ
jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' rl=urf;a;qJa;aumfrwD0ifrsm; Ediia;ygwD
k
G
kfH
rsm;rSacgi;f aqmifrsm;/ vlxtzJ@G tpnf;toD;oD; (Civil Society) rS ud,pm;
k
k f
vS,frsm;/ NCUB zuf',fjynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a;qJGa;
aumfrwDrS ud,pm;vS,rsm; wufamufc=hJ uygonf? xdE;DS aESmzvS,yukd
k f
f
k
f GJ
qDG'ifEdkifiH pawmh[krf;+rdK@wGiftajcpdkufxm;aom International Institute
for Democracy Electoral Assistance (International IDEA)
.ulnDaxmufyhHr_ESifh usif;yEdkifcJhjcif;jzpf+yD;/ zuf',fpepfudk usifhoHk;aom
=opa=w;vsEdkifiH/ tdEdN,EdkifiHESifh Edkif*sD;D;,m;EdkifiHwdk@rS tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk
avhvmcJygonf? (xd@k jyif Ediirsm;.tawG@t}uKH ESihf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiirS
h
kfH
kfH
36

43. SCSC Report
tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk Ed_if;,SOfavhvmEdkifef Dr. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe
uvnf;/ ‚if;ES;D aESmzvS,yrsm;wGif Burma: State Constitutions and
f GJ
the Challenges Facing the Ethnic Nationalities [laom acgif;pOfjzifh
pmwrf;wifoGif;cJhygonf)? xdkESD;aESmzvS,fyJG wGif wifoGif;cJh=uaom
pmwrf;rsm;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh yl;wJGaz: jyxm; ojzifh/ TaemwGif
tao;pdyfjyefvnfwifjyjcif;rjyKyJ/ jrefrmbmomjzifh tusOf;csKyfudkom
wifjyoGm;rnfjzpfygonf? xdk ESD;aESmzvS,fyJG jzpfajrmufa; twGuf
ulnay;cJaom International IDEA ESihf ‚if;XmerS Sakhuntala KadirgamarD h
Rajasingham ESihf Leena Rikkila wd@k utxl;aus;Zl;wifa=umif; rSwwrf;
kd
dS
f
wiftyfygonf?
Internatioanl IDEA ESiy;wJusi;yaom ES;aESmzvS,ywif zuf',f
hf l G f
D
f GJ G
pepfuusio;kH aom Ediio;kH EdiirS tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk avhvmefq;kH jzwfchJ
kd hf
kfH kfH
ygonf? ‚if; oHk;EdkifiHonf tajctaecsif; rwl=uyg? Oyrm—=opa=w;vs
onf tvGew;kd wufz@GJ +zdK;aom wdi;f jynfwckjzpf+yD;/ tdE,rSm tvGeqif;J
f
k
Nd
f
aomEdiijH zpfygonf? Edi*s;D D;,m;rSm bmoma;ESihf vlrsKd ;a;yÉdyuQtvGef
kf
kf
rsm;jym;+yD; obm0tm;jzifh o,HZmwtvGeaygrsm;ºuG,0aom wdi;f jynf
f
f
k
jzpfygv#ufeJ@ EdkifiHa;jyemrsdK;pHka=umifh pD;yGm;a;tvGefedrfhusaom
tmzduwGif t}u;D qH;k wdi;f jynfwckjzpfygonf? xda=umifh u|Eyw@kd taejzifh
k
k
kf f
—EdiiwumrStawG@t}uKH rsm;udk avhvmqef;ppfaomtcg atmifjrifrrsm;
kfH
_
udom tmHpuI avhvmjcif;rsKd ;r[kwy/J ratmifjrifao;aom ke;f uefvyf
k
k kd f
f
_
Sm;qJ wdi;f jynfrsm;.tawG@t}uHKrsm;udvnf; avhvmygonf? od@k rom
k
k
S
taumif;ESitqd;k udk 'GewjGJ rifEiEi+f yD; tqd;k xJu taumif;/ trSm;xJu
hf
f
kd f kd
trSeukd oifcef;pm,lEirnf jzpfygonf?
f
kd f
(7;1) -opa-w;vsEdkifiH.zuf',ftawG@t}uHK
=opa=w;vsEdkifiHwGifusifhoHk;aom zuf',fpepfESifh ‚if;EdkifiHtawG@
t}uHKrsm;udk rJvbe;f wuUovrS ygarmuQ}uD; Cheryl Saunders u Ausf k
kd f
tralian Federalism, State Constitutions and the Protection of Minority Rights [laomacgif;pOfjzifh pmwrf;wifoGif;I ydk@cscJhygonf? (*)
____________________
h k
f S
(*) pmwrf;tjynftpHukd pmrsuEm 111 rS 141 t=um;wGif _yg?
37

44. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
ygarmuQ}uD; Cheryl Saunders u =opa=w;vsEdkifiHY zuf',fpepf
pwifusifhoHk;yHkudk ordkif;aemufcHESifhwuG wifjycJhygonf? olu wifjymY
=opa=w;vsEii. zuf',fjynfaxmifppepfonf ,cif+Adwo#uvee,f
kd f H
k
d
kd kd D
(6) e,frS tpjyKcjhJ cif;jzpfa=umif;/ ‚if;udvee,frsm;onf q,fpmpkuwnf;
k kd D
hSf
u pwifxaxmifcaom udvee,frsm;jzpf=u+y;D / oD;jcm;vGwvyfpmjzifh tkyf
l
hJ
k kd D
f G
csKyfcJhaom e,fy,frsm;jzpfa=umif;/ xdka=umifh ‚if;udkvdkeDe,frsm;pkaygif;I
“jynf axmifpk” udkrxlaxmifcifuwnf;u ‚if;udkvdkeDe,frsm;onf—
oD;jcm;zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'/ oD;jcm;v$wfawmf/ oD;jcm;tpdk;rsm;SdcJh=u+yD;
jzpfa=umif; Si;f jy cJygonf? xda=umifh ‚if;oD;jcm;vGwvyfaome,fy,frsm;
h
k
f
pkaygif;I EdkifiHawmfwckudk xlaxmifEdkifaom/ tm;vHk;uvufcHEdkifaom
enf;vrf;rSm “zuf',f” pepfomv#if jzpfcygonf?
hJ
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGmtkyfcsKyfcJh=uaom e,fy,f (6) e,fy,fyl;aygif;I
“jynfaxmifp” Ediiawmfwckxaxmifef v_aqmfay;cJaom tajccHtcsuf
k kfH
l
H
h
rsm;rSm—pD;yGm;a;ESifhul;oef;amif;0,fa; tusdK;jzpfxGef;a;twGuf
wlnDaomoGif;ukefydk@ukefay:vpD csrSwfefvdktyfvmjcif;/ us,fjyef@aom
pD;yGm;a;aps;uGufvdktyfjcif;/ wlnDaom vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa;ay:vpD wyf
csrSwfefvdktyfjcif;ESifh umuG,fa;wGif tcsif;csif;ulnDyHhydk;ef vdktyfvm
jcif; paomtcsufrsm; yg0ifcJhygonf?
xdkvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhtnD jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwckxlaxmifEdkifa;
twGu—Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya' a;qJa;qdimnDvmcHukd 1901
f kfH
k
G
kf
ckEpwif ac:,lusi;f ycJygonf? xdk zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'a;qJa; nDvmcHo@dk
Sf G
h
k
G
oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfaom udkvdkeDe,ftoD;oD;rS OD;awlnDaom udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;udk apv$wc=hJ uygonf? e,ftoD;oD;rS OD;awlnaom ud,pm;vS,rsm;
f
D
k f
f
udk apv$wfcJh=uaomfvnf; e,fy,fwckESifhwck udk,fpm;vS,fa$;cs,f
yHkjcif;rSmrl rwlnD=uay? taemuf=opa=w;vse,f (Western Australia)
rSvI useaome,fy,frsm;onf rdrw@kd jynfe,f§e,fy,fu,pm;vS,rsm;
$J
f
d
kd f
f
udk vlxuwduuf aG;cs,apv$wcygonf? od@k mwGif awmifyi;f =opa=w;
k k f kd
f
f hJ
kd
vs (Southern Australia) rSv$JI usefjynfe,frsm;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;udk
rJqENay;ydkifcGifh ray;cJh=uay? awmifydkif;=opa=w;vswGif trsdK;orD;rsm;udk
qENray;cGiay;aomfvnf; jynfe,fu,pm;vS,tjzpf aG;cs,yiciurl
J
hf
kd f
f
f kd f G hf kd
ray;cJhay? xdka=umifh EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkifm nDvmcHwGif
trsKd ;orD;wa,mufr# yg0ifcjhJ cif;rScacs? xd@k jyif taemufzuf=opa=w;vs
d hJ
38

45. SCSC Report
(Western Australia) e,f. ud,pm;vS,rsm;udk vlxuwduuaG;cs,f
k f
f
k k f kd f
wifajr‡mufjcif;rjyKyJ ‚if;jynfe,f. “v$wfawmf” u wdkufdkufaG;cs,fI
apv$wcygonf?
f hJ
Tenf;jzifh jynfe,f (0g) vGwvyfaomudvee,frsm;rS OD;awlnpm
f
k kd D
D G
apv$waom ud,pm;vS,rsm;u—Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk a;qJG
f
k f
f
kfH
k
+y;D / jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif vlxqENc,yrsm; usi;f yum—‚if; zJ@G pnf;yHtajccH
k H l GJ
k
Oya'udk twnfjyKapcJygonf? xdo@dk jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif vlxqENc,yGJ
h
k
k H l
rsm;usi;f ymY—jynfe,ftoD;oD;wGif ADwyg0g (Veto Power) rsm;ay;tyf
kd
cJygonf? qdvonfrm— topfz@GJ pnf;rnfh jynfaxmifpwiyg0ifa;/ ryg0if
h
k kd
S
k Gf
a;onf jynfe,fwckpwif vGwvyfpmqH;k jzwfyici+dS yD;/ xdo@kd qH;k jzwfm
D G
f
G
kd f G hf
k
Yvnf; xdjk ynfe,fdS jynfovx.qENtwdi;f om jzpfrnf--- [laom
l l k
k
ay:vpDukd usio;kH cJygonf?
hf h
xda=umifh jynfe,fwcktwGi;f Sd vlxwyfv;kH . tjynft0axmufcH
k
k
h
tm;ay;r_ rSygu—‚if;jynfe,ftaejzifh jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,fjzpf
d
k
jcif;rS “yfqi;f ” Edionf? od@k r[kwf jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,f tjzpfrae
kd
kf
k
yJ oD;jcm;vGwvyfpm qufIaeEdiygonf? ,if; ADwtm%m (Veto Power)
f G
kf
kd
udk jynfe,fu,pm;vS,rsm;xHwif r[kwy/J xdjk ynfe,fdS jynfovxxwif
kd f
f
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wduutyfEi;f cJ+h yD; vlxqENc,yjGJ zifh taumiftxnfaz:ygonf?
k f kd f
S
k H l
Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'a;qJa; nDvmcHwif jynfe,ftoD;oD;
kfH
k
G
G
rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; t}udwfte,faqG;aEG;I tjyeftvSeftwdk;tav#m@
rsm; jyKvky+f yD;aemuf atmufygoabmwlncsursm;udk SEicygonf?
D f
d kd f hJ
- =opa=w;vsuvee,frsm; yl;aygi;f I Ediiawmfwckukd yl;aygi;f xl
kd kd D
kfH
axmifaomtcg/ zuf',fjynfaxmifppepfukd usio;kH ef/ Fedk
hf
eration as an appropriate form of government for the United
Australia Colonies);
- jynfe,fwckEiwckt=um; vGwvyfpmukeo,u;l oef;amif;0,f
S hf
f G f G f
a;ESihf bHaps;uGursm;udtumtuG,ay;ef/
k
f
k
f
- jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmf (The Commonwealth Parliament)
wGif txufvwawmf (Senate) udk zefw;D oGm;ef/
$ f
- jynfaxmifpwckv;kH udk v$r;f +cHKaom jynfaxmifpwm;H;k csKyfwck
k
k
udk zefw;D oGm;ef---[laomtcsursm; yg0ifygonf? (*)
f
____________________
(*) See Page 111 to 141
39

46. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
=opa=w;vsEiiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'a;qJa; nDvmcH}uD;wGif
kd f H
k
H
G
oabmwlnDr_ vG,fvifhwulrSdcJhay? vdyfcJwif;vif;jzpfcJhaomtcsuf
ESpcsurm—Ediiawmfbwf*suca0oH;k pJa;ESihf qD;edwac: txufvwawmf
f fS kfH
f GJ
G
f
$ f
od@k jynfe,fu,pm;jyK v$wawmfrsm;apv$wa; wd@k yifjzpfcygonf? txuf
kd f
f
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hJ
v$wawmfukd zJ@G pnf;mY oabmuJvc=hJ uaomtcsurm—vlO;D aydIrsm;
f
G GJ
fS
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jym;aom jynfe,frsm;u tm%mjrifrm;vGe;f aom txufvwawmfukd
h
$ f
rvdkvm;cJh=uay? odk@mwGif vlOD;aenf;yg;aom jynfe,frsm;url EdkifiHa;
tm%mtjynft0Saom txufvwawmfukd vdvm;=uygonf? aemufq;kH
h d
$ f
k
tqifwif atmufygtwdi;f oabmwlnrukd SEicygonf?
h G
k
D _
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- txufvwawmf (qD;edw) wGif jynfe,frsm;rS OD;awlnaom
$ f
f
D
ud,pm;vS,rsm; apv$w=f uef/
k f
f
- txufvwawmf. vkyyicitm%monf atmufvwawmf.
$ f
f kd f G hf
$ f
vkyyicitm%mESihf wlne;D yg; wlnaprnf/
f kd f G hf
D
D
- od@k mwGif txufvwawmftaejzifh tcGetaumuftygt0if
$ f
f
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kf
G
[laom tcsufrsm;yg0ifcJhygonf?
=opa=w;vsjynfaxmifpk.jynfe,fzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;
txufwif qdconftwdi;f —=opa=w;vsjynfaxmifponf oD;jcm;
G k hJ h k
k
vGwvyfcaom udvee,fy,f (6)e,frS tpjyKcygonf? xda=umifh =opa=w;
f hJ
k kd D
hJ
k
vsjynfaxmifpkudk zJG@pnf;aomtcgwGifvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh ‚if;jynfe,f
(6) jynfe,fukd tajccHI zJ@G pnf;cJygonf? aemufyi;f wGif ud,yitycsKyfa;
h
kd
k f kd f k f
e,fy,fopfrsm; (Self-governing territories) rsm;ay:cJaomfvnf;/ ‚if;wd@k
h
udk zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya't “ud,yijf yXmef;cGiaomjynfe,frsm;” [lI
k
k f kd
hf dS
owfrwef cJ,Of;ygonf? xda=umifh rlv (6) jynfe,fuom zJ@G pnf;yHtajc
S f
k
kd
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cHOya't ud,yijf yXmef;cGiaom jynfe,frsm;[k ac:qdrnfjzpfygonf?
k f kd
hf dS
k
=opa=w;vsjynfaxmifp. rlvtzJ@G 0ifjynfe,f (6) jynfe,fonf =o
k
pa=w;vsjynfaxmifpk rzJ@G pnf;cifuwnf;u rdrw@kd jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccH
d
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Oya'rsm; udveacwfuwnf;u Sxm;cJ+h y;D jzpfygonf? ‚if;jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHk
k kd D
d
tajccHOya'rsm;onf rdrw@kd jynfe,frsm;u a;qJc=hJ u+yD;/ +Adwo#ygvrefu
d
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h
kf f
_
f
40

47. SCSC Report
aom tcsurm +Adwo#uvevufatmufrusamufcifu oD;jcm;e,fajr
fS
d
kd kd D
(0g) jynfaxmif (0g) vlrsKd ;rsm;udtajccHI =opa=w;vsdS udvee,frsm;uJo@kd
k
k kd D
h
udvee,frsm;udk zJ@G pnf;cJygonf? ‚if;udvee,frsm;twGuvnf;—=opa=w;
k kd D
h
k kd D
f
vsSd udkvdkeDe,frsm;uJhodk@odk@ zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm; a;qJGay;cJhygonf?
Oyrm—csif;vlrsdK; (0g) csif;jynfaxmiftwGuf Chin Hills Regulation udk
k
1896 wGi‚if;/ Kachin Hills Regulation ud‚if;/ Federated Shan State
f
Regulation udk‚if;/ oD;jcm;pDa;qJGI oD;jcm;pDjzifh +Adwdo#ygvDrefu
twnfjyKjyXmef;cJygonf? xduo@kd aom udvee,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm;
h
k hJ
k kd D
k
udk a;qJGmY ‚if;udkvdkeDe,frsm;. dk;mavhxHk;wrf;Oya' (Customary
kd kd D
Law) rsm;udk tajccHIa;qJjG cif;jzpfaoma=umif/h =opa=w;vsuvee,frS
‚if;udvee,frsm;u rdrw@kd jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'a;qJI +Awo#ygvD
k kd D
d
k
G d d
refu todtrSwfjyKjyXmef;ay;cJhaom tpOftvmESifh oabmcsif;twlwl
yifjzpfa=umif;udk awG@jrifEirnfjzpfygonf?
kd f
xd@k a=umifyif =opa=w;vsEiiuo@kd +Adwo#uverwdicifu oD;jcm;
h
kd f H hJ
d
kd kd D k f
vGwvyfI/ udveacwfwif oD;jcm;zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm;jzifh tkycsKyfchJ
f
k kd D
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k
f
aom vlrsKd ;rsm;/ jynfaxmifrsm;yl;aygi;f I “jynfaxmifpEiiawmf” wck twl
k kd f H
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l
kH
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jynfe,frsm;. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;udk a;qJGjyXmef;jcif;.
nf,csurm—‚if;jynfe,ftwGi;f wGif Ediia;,E m;rsm; vGwvyfacsm
G f fS
kfH
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G
kd f
d
pnf;pepfuspm xde;f odr;f a;ESihf wm;Oya'ESitnD zJ@G pnf;xm;aomtpd;k
G
hf
(Peace order and good government) udzefw;Edia;wd@k vnf; yg0ifygonf?
k D kf
qdvonfrm—zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya't—Ediia;ESihf tkycsKyfa;,E m;
k kd
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$ f
rsm;udk wm;Oya'ESifhtnD xlaxmifI wm;Oya'ESifhtnD pDrHtkyfcsKyf
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usi;f yjcif;/ vlxqENc,yrsm; usi;f yjcif;/ acwfpepfEiavsmnpm jynfe,f
k H l GJ
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f DG
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k
k H l
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d
kd
ta;rsm;ESihf Ediia;tm%mrsm;udk vGwvyfpmtaumiftxnfaz:Edief
kfH
f
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kf
jzpfygonf?
41

48. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
od@k mwGif jynfaxmifppepfonf jynfe,frsm;wef;wlnfwl yl;aygi;f I
k
“jynfaxmifpEiiawmf” wyfukd zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifaom pepfwyfjzpfonf
k kd f H
ESitnD jynfaxmifptzJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;u rdrw@kd .Ediia;tm%mrsm;udk
hf
k
d
kfH
jynfaxmifptpd;k xHo@dk cJa0I wcsKd @tm%mrsm;udk vJtyfay;ef vdtyfvm
k
G
$
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ygonf? =opa=w;vsjynfaxmifpkwGif jynfe,frsm;ESifh jynfaxmifpktpdk;
t=um; tm%mcJa0oH;k pJyukd a,bl,stm;jzifh atmufygtwdi;f jrifEiyg
G
G kH
k
kd f
onf?
=opa=w;vszuf',fpepfwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;xHodk@ v$Jtyfxm;
aom EdkifiHa;tm%mrsm;rSm
(1) EdiijH cm;qufqa; (External Affairs)
kf
H
(2) EdiiawmfumuG,a; (Defence)
kfH
f
(3) aiGa=u;qdimESihf ul;oef;amif;0,fa;
kf
Oyrm—jynfe,fwckEiwck ul;oef;amif;0,fa;/ jynfyul;oef;amif;
S hf
0,fa;/ touftmrcHESifh avsmfa=u;pepf/ tav;csdefESifhwdkif;wmr_pepf/
aiG'*F g;ESiaiGpuULxkwvyrtygt0if aiGa=u;pepfwckv;kH / [Commercial
hf
f k f _
matters: interstate and overseas trade; banking; insurance; weigth
measures; currency and coinage, foreign trade and financial corporations]
(4) vlra;qdimtm%mwcsKd @ ponfw@kd yg0ifygonf?
_
kf
jynfe,ftpd;k rsm;xHwif tyfEi;f xm;aom Ediia;tm%mrsm;rSm—
G
S
kfH
(1) ynma;/ usef;rma;/ tdk;tdrfaqmufvkyfa;ESifh vrf;yef;quf
oG,a;/
f
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k f
(3) a'oE tpd;k rsm;. zJ@G pnf;tkycsKyfyqimOya'jyXmef;cGihf tyg
W
f kH kd f
t0if/ a'oE tpd;k rsm;ESihf ywfoufor#aom Ediia;vkyyicihf
W
kfH
f kd f G
tm%mrsm;/
(4) jynfo@l vwvyfcihf (Civil Liberties) ESifh vl@tcGifhta; (HuG f
G
man Rights)/
(5) obm0ywf0ef;usixe;f odr;f jyKpkEia;qdim vkyyicitm%m
f d
kd f
kf
f kd f G hf
rsm;/ ponfw@kd jzpfygonf?
42

49. SCSC Report
vlenf;pkrsm;.tcGifhta;umuG,fa;
ygarmuQ}u;D Cheryl Saunders uwifjymY =opa=w;vsjynfaxmifpk
. zuf',fzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' (Commonwealth Constitution) am/
jynfe,frsm;. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;uyg tajccHvl@tcGifhta;rsm;udk
umuG,fay;rnf[laomtcsufrsm; rSdcJha=umif; Sif;jyoGm;ygonf?
ygarmuQ}uD;u qufvuft}uHay;mY—=opa=w;vs.tawG@t}uHKudk
tqd;k zufuoifcef;pm,l+yD;/ aSmifm;oifaomtcsurm—vlenf;pkrsm;.
S
h
fS
tcGita;udk OayuQmjyKaom jynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'ESihf jynfe,f
hf
k
k
rsm;. zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm; rjyXmef;rda;yifjzpfa=umif; wifjycJygonf?
k
h
vlwOD;csi;f .tcGita; (Individual Rights)/ vlrsKd ; (0g) vl@tzJ@G tpnf;t
hf
vduf cHpm;oifcpm;xduaom tcGita;rsm; (Collective Rights)/ jynf
k
hH
k f
hf
axmifptzJ@G 0if trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm;u cHpm;oifcpm;xduaom jynfe,f
k
hH
k f
tcGifhta; (State Rights) rsm;udk tjynfht0umuG,fjyXmef;ef vdktyf
aomtcsursm;yifjzpfygonf?
f
=opa=w;vswdkufwGif vljzLrsm;pwiftajccscJhaom cmZf ouUmZf
1788 rSpI/ Xmaewdi;f if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk vljzLrsm;upwifErEi;f cJygonf?
k
dS f S h
Xmaewdi;f if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. rd;kd zvmxH;k wrf;avhEihf Oya'rsm;/ usipOf
k
S
hf
rsm;/ ,Ofaus;r_Eiu;kd uG,onfbmomrsm;udk tvsO;f r#tav;ay;jcif; rSyJ
S hf
f h
d
ESdrfESif;cHcJhygonf? xdk@jyif Xmaewdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk pdkufysdK;a;ESifh
ul;oef;amif;0,fa; tcsutjcmusonfh yifv,furf;ajcESihf ajrjyef@vif
f
G
jyifa'orsm;rS armif;xkwfum =opa=w;vswdkuf}uD;. ajrmufydkif;ESifh
taemufydkif;a'orsm;udk twif;trRa$Œajymif;r_rsm; jyKvkyfapcJhygonf?
Tod@k jzifh =opa=w;vsjynfaxmifpz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'udk twnfjyK
k
k
jyXmef;onf ouUmZf 1901 ckEptxd/ Xmaewdi;f if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. tusKd ;
Sf
k
pD;yGm;ESifh tcGifhta;udkumuG,fjyXmef;ay;onfh Oya'ydk'fr wydk'fwavr#
yg0ifjyXmef;jcif;rSdcJhacs?
1960 umvaemufydkif;wGifomv#if Xmaewdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;.
tcGita;qdimv_ym;r_rsm;ay:vmcJygonf? 1967 ckEpwif =opa=w;vs
hf
kf
fS
h
Sf G
EdkifiH. jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifjyXmef;+yD;aemuf Xmae
wdkif;if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. tcGifhta;udkumuG,fjyXmef;onfh Oya'rsm;udk
jyXmef;ay;Homru/ ‚if;Oya'rsm;udk jynfaxmifptpd;k ESihf jynfe,ftpd;k
k
k
43

50. qvdi;f vsere;f qmacgi;f
k
f+
rsm;yl;wJusio;kH Ediaom (Concurrent Power) rsm;tjzpf jyXmef;Edicygonf?
G hf k f
k f hJ
xd@k jyif Xmaewdi;f if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;udvnf; qENray;ydicirsm; tyfEi;f vmcJh
k
k
J k f G hf
S
ygonf? ouUmZf 2002 oef;acgipmif;t =opa=w;vsdS Xmaewdi;f if;
f
k
om;vlrsdK;rsm;. vlOD;arSm =opa=w;vs wEdkifiHvHk;Sd vlOD;apkpkaygif; 2µ
r#omSda=umif;—ygarmuQ}uD; Cheryl Suanders uSi;f vif;yd@k cscygonf?
hJ
(7;2) tdEdN,EdkifiH.zuf',ftawG@t}uHK
International IDEA ESiy;aygi;Iusi;ycJaom State Constitutions
hf l f
f h
Seminar ESpcwif tdE,Edii. zuf',ftawG@t}uHKrsm;udk oifcef;pm,l
fk G
Nd k f H
avhvmefq;kH jzwfcygonf? xdo@kd tE,Edii. tawG@t}uHKudk oifcef;pm
hJ
k
d Nd k f H
,lefqHk;jzwfcJhjcif;ta=umif;rSm—u|Efkyfwdk@wdkif;jynfwGif }uHKawG@cJhaom
jyemrsm;ESihf tdE,Ediiwif ifqiaeaomjyemrsm;wlnwifru/
Nd k f H G
kd f
D kH
vuftE,Ediiwif usio;kH aeqJjzpfaom tdE,Edii.Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHk
dS d Nd k f H G
hf
Nd k f H k f H
tajccHOya'ESihf 1947 a;qJjG yXmef;cJaom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiawmf.
h
kfH
zJ@G pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm; ordi;f a=umif;taomf‚if;/ tESpomtaomf
k
k
f
‚if; wlnrrsm;Scaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?
D _ d hJ
tdE,Edii. Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'ESihf 1947 wGia;qJjG yXmef;
Nd k f H k f H
k
f
cJhaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wdk@onf
1937 ckEpf Armjynf (Burma Proper) udk tdE,rScxw+f yD;aemuf/ 'GewjGJ y
S
Nd
GJ k
f
kd
Xmef;cJaom 1937 India Act ESihf 1937 Burma Act wd@k uausmd;k xm;I zJ@G pnf;
h
cJaom Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHtajccHOya'rsm; jzpfygonf? xda=umifh vGwvyfa;
h
kfH
k
k
f
ESifhtwl jzpfay:ajymif;vJoGm;cJhaom EdkifiHa;tajctae (Oyrm- yifvHk
pmcsKyuvufrwa;xd;k cJjh cif;) rsm;udxif[yfay:vGiapaom jyXmef;csursm;
f kd
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udk xnfoi;f I/ zuf',fjynfaxmifppepfukd OD;wnfom;cJ=h uaomfvnf;/
h G
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udvetarGtESpjf zpfaom A[dO;D pD;pepfEihf wjynfaxmifpepfukd ypfy,fausm
k kd D
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cdi;f Edijf cif;rjyKcJ=h uay? ,if;tcsursm;udk xif[yfay:vGiapaomtcsursm;
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rSm—jynfe,frsm;.zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;udk ESpfEdkifiHpvHk;wGif oD;jcm;
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k
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44