E. Coli Cystitis Prevalence, Virulence Factors, and Symptoms

Escherichia Coli Related Cystitis Prevalence and...
When one speaks of transmittable diseases one does not often think that cystitis is one of the most prevalent. Cystitis effects both genders, the young,
the old and can lead to complications that can do irreparable damage to the urinary tract. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the disease of cystitis
and relate the specific virulence factors of Escherichia coli to the prevalence and symptoms of cystitis. This will be accomplished by defining the
disease, its etiology and the causative agent. The mode of transmission and risk factors will be discussed as well, the pathogenesis, signs and symptoms
will be explained. Finally dietary and nutritional implication along with treatment and prognosis will conclude this paper.
Definition of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lehne (2013) continues by stating that in nosocomial caused cystitis E. coli makes up only 50 percent of UTI's. In hospital settings more common
gram negative causative agents of cystitis are Pseudomonas, Proteus or Klebsiella pneumoniae. There is also a gram positive agent named
Staphylococcus saprophyticus that makes up 10 to 15 percent of nosocomial UTI's.
Mode of Transmission
The most common mode of transmission of E. coli is through sexual activity followed by catheterization and poor post elimination hygiene. Guay
(2008) states that E. coli is most often transmitted when colonized vaginal or peri–urethral area is introduced into the urinary tract through the
mechanical motion of penetrative vaginal intercourse. Other modes of transmission as stated catheter insertion can impair the body's natural immune
defence systems by increasing exposure to pathogen by reducing the bladders ability to fully void and providing a route of into the bladder for the
pathogen to follow.
Risk Factors
McCance (2010) and Lehne (2013) state in their texts that the greatest risk factors for bacteraemia is to be a sexually active female. Other risk factors
include being a pregnant females, females with diabetes, genetically predisposed to or have an indwelling catheter for a period greater than 90 days.
Madigan and Neff (2003) state that infections due to indwelling catheters make up 40% of nosocomial infections
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Escherichia Coli And Its Effects On Our Health
1.Introduction The gram–negative bacilli were first discovered and described by Theodor Escherich, a German pediatrician in 1885. Originally named
as Bacterium coli commune, the name was changed to Escherichia coli (E.coli) (Stanford T. Shulman et al., 2007). E.coli is known as the most
free–living organism being studied. More than 700 E.coli serotypes have been discovered. Their "O" antigen (somatic), and "H" antigen (flagellar) and
"K" antigen (capsular) distinguish the different E.coli serotypes. E.coli is commensal bacterial species of the mammalian colon. The bacterium
typically colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of an infant within a few hours of life. It is known that E.coli and its human host–derived a mutual benefit
that they coexist in good health. Most of E.coli strains are harmless except in immunocompromised hosts, or when gastrointestinal barriers are violated
that even non–pathogenic strains can cause disease. Nevertheless, there are certain serotypes that may cause disease in humans and animals. Pathogenic
E.coli can be divided into six recognized diarrheagenic categories: enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC), Shiga toxin–producing E.coli (STEC),
enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC), enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC) and diffusely adherent E.coli (DAEC) (James B.
Kaper et al., 2004). E.coli caused a major health problem in developing countries such as China and Korea. It has been found to be associated with
most gastrointestinal diseases in

Antibacterial Effects Of The Chloramphenicol Antibiotic On...
The Antibacterial Effects of the Chloramphenicol Antibiotic on Escherichia coli
Kenneth Tungol
12/10/2015
BIOL 1B
Abstract
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic known to treat a broad range of bacteria. In this study, the effectiveness of Chloramphenicol was tested on the DH5О±
strain of Escherichia coli. Knowing that varying the concentrations of Chloramphenicol will result in different effects on the E. coli strain, we
conducted an experiment that agar–plated the E. coli with Chloramphenicol with concentrations together. The concentrations ranged from no antibiotic
to excess antibiotic in hopes to find the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The study yielded the MIC of Chloramphenicol to be 85Ојg/mL,
determining the borderline between the effectiveness and the ineffectiveness of Chloramphenicol against the DH5О± strain.
Introduction
What is Chloramphenicol?
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that originated from Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 and is the first antibiotic to be discovered as broad spectrum
("National Center," 2004). Broad–spectrum antibiotics are able to treat various types of bacteria. Chloramphenicol treats serious bacterial infections that
are not treatable by other antibiotics ("Chloramphenicol Injection," n.d.). Since Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic, it is effective against
both gram positive and gram–negative bacteria. It diffuses through the bacterial cell wall and reversibly binds to a receptor site on

The Effect Of Puc18 And Lux Plasmids On Ampicillin...
Michelle Trujillo
5702361
Michaela Salisbury
BSC 1010L U60
Effects of pUC18 and lux Plasmids on Ampicillin Resistance of Escherichia coli
Abstract
This experiment was designed to test and observe the transformation efficacy of the pUC18 and lux plasmids in making E. coli resistant to ampicillin.
Both plasmids code for ampicillin resistance, however, the lux plasmid codes for a bioluminescence gene that is expressed if properly introduced into
the bacteria's genome. The E. coli cultures were mixed with a calcium chloride solution and then heat shocked, allowing the plasmids to enter the
bacteria and assimilate into the bacterial DNA. The plasmids and the bacteria were then mixed in different test tubes and then evenly spread onto
petri dishes using a bacterial spreader, heating the spreader between each sample to make sure there is no cross contamination. Each of the dishes
was labeled and then incubated for a period of 24 hours. The results were rather odd because every single one of the samples grew. Several errors
could have occurred here, cross contamination or possibly an error in preparation as every single sample in the class grew, meaning all samples of the
bacteria transformed and became ampicillin resistant.
Introduction In this experiment we were meant to observe the transferring of DNA. There are many ways in which DNA can be transferred into an
organism, for example; transformation, transduction, and conjugation. In our experiment we used

Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Essay examples
Escherichia coli 0157:H7
Encounter and history:
Escherichia coli are gram negative, rod shaped bacteria that are often used in laboratory studies and are usually harmless, residing in the human
digestive tract as part of the normal flora. E. coli 0157:H7 is a pathogenic strain of E. coli that was first identified as a cause of disease in the United
States in 1982, during an investigation into an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness. The organism is also called enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
because it causes abdominal pain with diarrhea that may contain blood. It lives in the intestines of healthy cattle and can contaminate meat during
slaughter. It is believed that the widespread use of antibiotics by American farmers has... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
coli 0157:H7 are acid tolerant and can easily pass through the stomach. The can also grow from 10–50C with an optimal temperature of 37C. Up to
10% of patients will develop hemolytic uremic syndrome, the most important complication from E. coli 0157:H7. This disease, charictarized by
acute renal failure, almost exclusively affects children and the elderly and is fatal in as many as 5% of cases with intensive care. E.coli 0157:H7 is
responsible for about 90% of HUS cases and is the leading cause of kidney failure in children. It is caused by the spread of the bacteria and the toxins
throughout the bloodstream. Any organ may potentially be affected but certain renal cells are the most vulnerable.
Virulence Factors:
The genome of E. coli 0157:H7 was recently sequenced and contains 1,387 new genes absent in non pathogenic strains. Analysis of the genome
suggests that there are a variety of potential virulence genes that have yet to be explored, including fimbrial and other adhesions, secretion systems, and
toxins. Many of the virulence genes are similar to those associated with pathogenesis in Salmonella and Shigella. Most of them are found on
pathogenicity islands from viral DNA that is transmitted to the bacteria through the activity of a lysogenic phage. The two most important toxins, Stx1
and Stx2 (for shiga–toxin) are found on such islands and are composed of 5 B subunits surounding an active A component, which is transported into the
cell after the

Escherichia Coli (Or E. Coli) Is A Gram-Negative, Rod-Shaped,
Escherichia coli (or E. coli) is a Gram–negative, rod–shaped, facultative anaerobic bacterium found in the intestinal tract of most species of mammals
and birds. E. coli cells contain pili and a flagellum. As a Gram–negative bacterium, they also contain lipopolysaccharides in the outer cell membrane.
Refer to Appendix 1 for a labelled diagram of an E. coli cell.
The taxonomy of Escherichia coli is as follows:
Domain
Bacteria
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Phylum
Proteobacteria
Class
Gammaproteobacteria
Order
Enterobacteriales
Family
Enterobacteriaceae
Genus
Escherichia
Species
Escherichia coli (E. coli) Although most strains of E. coli are commensals, a small portion of strains are pathogenic in humans. The pathogenic strains
can be grouped into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part B: Transmission
As animals are continuously shedding E. coli bacteria through their feces, the immediate environments of these animals are contaminated by the
bacteria. E. coli can spread from these environments to fertilized fields and crops as well as ground and surface water by way of slurry and manure.

This transmission may also contaminate feed and drinking water which therefore transmits E. coli to other animals that were not present in the
immediate environment of infection.
Transmission usually occurs as the result of the introduction of E. coli containing feces into the oral cavity of the host. Known as fecal–oral
transmission, this type of transmission is primarily responsible for the spread of E. coli from animals to humans. The transmission of E. coli to humans
occurs by direct contact, ingestion of water or food contaminated by the spread of manure, or consuming undercooked meat after fecal contamination of
the carcasses at the slaughterhouse. For a diagram of the transmission life cycle of E. coli, see Appendix 5. For a comprehensive diagram outlining the
various transmission methods, refer to Appendix 6.
The method of establishment in a host is dependent on the specific strain of pathogenic E. coli. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) cells adhere onto the
surface of the mucosa cells lining the small intestines of the host. ETEC can produce labile toxin (LT) and/or stable toxin (ST). These two enterotoxins
cause secretion of fluid and result

How Escherichia Coli To Form A Recombinant Plasmid
Transformation of Escherichia coli to Form a Recombinant Plasmid Containing Genes for both Ampicillin and Kanamycin Resistance
By Valerie Weeks
Lab Partner: Rachel Fahs
Genetics
Section 71
Dr. Tarun
April 8th, 2016
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to transform E.coli into having genes resistant for ampicillin and kanamycin by using recombinant plasmids. The
three steps of the experiment include ligation, transformation, and growth on media. Restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII splice the DNA. The
recombinant plasmid is formed and combined with E.coli. Four experimental plates and four control plates were incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for
24 hours, then examined for growth. Lawns of E.coli grew on the LB plates. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One plate was labeled LB/pAMP+kan "+", one was labeled LB/pAMP+kan "–", one was labeled LB+, and one was labeled LB–. 100 microliters of the
cell suspension from the –pAMP/KAN tube was put on the LB/amp+kan plate using a sterile transfer pipette. Another 100 microliters was added to the
LB– plate. The cells were spread evenly over the surface of the plates using a sterile metal spreader. The spreader was sterilized by dipping it in
ethanol and flaming it shortly with a Bunsen burner. When the spreader cooled, the cells were evenly distributed on the plate. Using another sterile
transfer pipette, 100 microliters of cell suspension from the +pAMP/KAN tube was put on the +LB/amp+kan plate, and another 100 microliters on
the LB+ plate. The cells were spread evenly on the plate using the metal spreader previously described. The plates were left to sit for about 10
minutes before being sealed and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the plates were removed from the incubator, and then
examined for growth. The number of colonies on each plate were recorded.
Results
Transformed CellsPlate #Plate Type# of colonies
+pAMP/KAN1LB/amp+kan360
+pAMP/KAN2LBLawn
–pAMP/KAN3LB/amp+kan0

–pAMP/KAN4LB

Diversity Of Escherichia Coli Isolated From Pigs Reared...
Diversity of Escherichia coli Isolated from Pigs Reared Using Different Husbandry Practices
Christopher Gemmell
0844930
MCB*4500
December 12th, 2016
Introduction
When pigs are born, their gastrointestinal tract is sterile, but it is rapidly colonized with microorganisms (Katouli et al. 1995, LallГЁs et al. 2016). One
of the many microorganisms is Escherichia coli, an extremely versatile bacterium, which is estimated to make up 1% to 4% of the cultivable colon
bacteria (Schierack et al. 2006, Schierack et al. 2009, Herrero–Fresno et al. 2015). E. coli strains can be divided into non–pathogenic (commensal) and
pathogenic strains (Schierack et al. 2006, Schierack et al. 2009, Herrero–Fresno et al. 2015). Pathogenic E. coli strains cause gastrointestinal disorders
and intoxications due to their virulence genes colonizing the gut (Schierack et al. 2006, Schierack et al. 2009, Herrero–Fresno et al. 2015). Commensal
E. coli strains are members of the gastrointestinal flora of most mammals; they support digestion and provide defense against enteric pathogens
(Schierack et al. 2006, Schierack et al. 2009, Herrero–Fresno et al. 2015).
Importance of gut microbiota to swine health
The gut microbiota encompasses trillions of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract (Carding et al. 2015). The composition of the gut
microbiota is constantly evolving and can be susceptible to both endogenous and exogenous modifications (Carding et al. 2015). The microbiota

Bacterial Transformation : Escherichia Coli ( E. Coli )
Bacterial transformation is the insertion of a plasmid containing a gene or genes of importance into bacteria. It can be used to make large quantities of
a promising gene. Bacterial Transformation can be artificial or natural. A plasmid is a small, circular, double
–stranded DNA molecule that is separate
from a cell 's chromosome DNA. Plasmids exist in bacterial cells and they also appear in some eukaryotes. The genes carried in plasmids offer bacteria
with genetic benefits, like resistance to antibiotics. Definite conditions can help bacterial cells absorb external DNA. Cells treated in this condition
become more likely to be competent to take up, greatly increasing their transformation efficiency. Transformation efficiency is the number of
transformed cells gained per microgram of plasmid DNA. It is a sign of the success of a bacterial transformation experiment. Escherichia coli (E. coli)
is a common bacterium that makes single celled plasmids exchange easy. It yields clones so that the DNA will not be mixed up. In this experiment
students attempt to transform E. coli with a plasmid. The plasmid that will be used to transform the bacteria in this experiment is pGal and occurs
naturally in E. coli. Transformed bacteria cells will grow in the presence of the antibiotic while bacteria cells that did not take up the plasmid, will not
grow. Students will use mathematical calculations to determine the efficiency of the transformation process. The transformed E. coli with the

Escherichia Coli Experiment
Science EEI
Aim – To test the effectiveness of various anti–microbial substances on the growth of a bacteria called Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli.
Background – Microscopic, single celled organisms known as bacteria can be found everywhere. They can be beneficial but they can also be
dangerous, such as when they cause infection, which can lead to diseases. Escherichia coli is a germ, or a bacterium, that lives in the digestive paths ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three of the circles were labelled with the number 1, three were labelled 2 and three were labelled 3, leaving three blank. The swab was removed
from the packet and quickly placed into the bottle of e. coli bacteria then quickly being removed with no dripping chemicals. The e. coli bottle was
then closed while the swab applied the e. coli onto the base of the agar plate making an 's' shape pattern, and then turned 90 degrees and was
repeated. After this was completed the lid was placed on that agar plate while one of the small circles labelled number one was dipped into a small
amount of detergent. The lid was removed from the agar plate and the paper was placed onto the top left corner of the agar plate using tweezers.
Once it was flat on the base with the number one facing up, the lid was again put on the agar plate to prevent bacteria from the air landing on the
surface. Using a new, clean pair of tweezers a piece of paper labelled with the number two was dipped into hand sanitiser, the lid was removed and
the paper was placed flat on the top right corner of the base of the plate with the lid then being replaced on the plate. With another pair of

Escherichia Coli Research Paper
Escherichia Coli is a rod–shaped bacterium that measures approximately 0.5 Ојm in width by 2 Ојm in length. It is a Gram–negative bacterium. Its
cells stain gram negative because they have a thin cell wall with only one to two layers of peptidoglycan. They live in environments with higher
temperatures rather than cooler temperatures. E. coli is said to be the "model organism". Many microbiologists use these bacteria as a resource for
understanding other prokaryotic life and are the most carefully studied life form on the planet. It was discovered by German–Austrian pediatrician
Theodor Escherich in 1885. The natural habitat of Escherichia Coli is in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and humans. It is the most abundant of
the bacteria found there. The benefits of having Escherichia Coli living in the intestines are it helps digest your food and even produces vitamins K
and B12. It can also be found outside the body in fecal–contaminated water or mud. If this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These resources can be provided from the intestinal tract such as from the chyme. If these growth factors are provided to the bacteria, the colony
can divide, reproduce and double in size every twenty (20) minutes. The colon is for the most part is an anaerobic environment. This is not a
problem for Escherichia Coli. They are considered a facultative aerobe which allows them to grow in areas with or without oxygen. E. coli can exist
in open environments as well, such as water, manure and soil. The availability of carbon substrates is one of the main critical factors and will depend
on local conditions of the habitat. Temperature is often a factor in open environments. The unpredictability and fluctuating temperature can have a
tremendous impact on E. Coil's survival in open environments. pH levels of the soil and in particular soil acidity levels also will impact survival.
(Manning,

Does Manuka Honey Reduce The Turbidity Of Gram Negative...
1.1 Research Question:
Does Manuka Honey reduce the turbidity of gram negative Escherichia Coli when mixed into a solution and will it have a larger antimicrobial effect
than clear honey? 1.2 Genesis
According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) a minimum of 2 million people become infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria
and an estimated minimum of 23, 000 people die each year as a direct result of those infections . As an increasing number of infectious diseases are
becoming resistant to numerous allopathic medicines , for example meticillin–resistant staphylococcus aureusis or MRSA, more research is being
conducted into alternative treatments derived from naturally occurring substances. Having heard about the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A sugar solution and an empty hole in the agar were used as controls.
From the results, it is clear that all of the honeys had a large antimicrobial effect on the culture of E.coli, much more so than the other cultures of
bacteria. Their effects on Straphylococcus aureus should also be noted. It is obvious that the clear honey had a negligible antimicrobial effect on all
bacterium tested, excepting the E.coli colony. This was to be expected; however, as clear honey lacks the enzymes to create the non–peroxide
antimicrobial effects, caused by methylglyoxal, which is present in manuka honey. Therefore as the varying types of honey were most effective on the
E.coli culture, it was selected for the main experiment.
Furthermore, during this preliminary testing I experimented with the varying colour filters in the colourimeter, in order to establish which led to the
most reliable and measurable results. The results of this experiment was that the blue filter resulted in larger results, meaning that it allowed an
appropriate amount of light to reach the honey. Therefore the blue filter will be used in the main experiments, as opposed to the red, green and orange
filters.
1.4 Theoretical basis:
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli, often shortened to E.coli, is a bacterium in the Enterobacteriaceae family. Although most E.coli strains are

Escherichia Coli : A Public Health Issue
Escherichia coli (E.coli) has been a public health issue since the 1980s and is a major concern in food contamination in products like beef, dairy,
and fresh produce. E.coli 0157:H7 itself is not invasive but it produces a Shiga toxin which attacks the host small blood vessels in the kidney. This
makes the kidneys work harder which can destroy red blood cells and lead to hemolytic anemia (lowered number of red blood cells produced). The
incubation period for E. coli ranges from three to eight days. The infection often causes severe bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps, but can also
cause non–bloody diarrhea or no symptoms. E.coli may greatly affects children and the elderly. In June of 1997, the Michigan Department of
Community Health became aware of increased reports of E.coli. Fifty–two reports of infections were reported compared to eighteen in June 1996.
These results showed a significant increase in the number of cases for residents of Michigan. The cases were found to be from all different locations
in Michigan, all were different ages and both male and female. Little was known about the causes of the outbreak except it occurred at a slightly higher
rate in women than men. Out of the cases, thirty–eight people interviewed who had the illness, none of them consumed ground beef, milk, were in
contact with farm animals, and no restaurants were in common, but they all consumed sprouts seven days before the onset of symptoms. My role as an
epidemiologist for this outbreak

Escherichia Coli : An Ideal Model Organism
Title : Studies of Large RNAPВNusGВ70S TranscriptionВTranslation Linking Complex Author : Dominique Gutierrez, Cristina GutierrezВVargas, and
Dr. Joachim Frank Abstract Escherichia coli (E.coli) is an ideal model organism. Many mechanisms found in E.coli are resembled in other species.
S10, a protein on the 30S subunit of the ribosome, is highly conserved and found in pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. S10 has been shown to interact with NusG, a transcription elongation factor, linking the translational
machinery to that of transcription. The coupling ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction The relatively sudden rise in antibiotic resistance has resulted in the increasing pathogenicity of bacterial infection entailing the utilization
of novel and more universal mechanisms in the development of new treatments. Both NusG and NusE/S10 are
highlyconservedandplayrolesintranscriptionandtranslation(Werner,2012).Sinceits identification as an E.coli transcription elongation factor involved in
N protein phage lambda transcriptional antitermination in 1992 (Li J., et.al), NВutilization substance G, NusG a 20.5 kDa protein has been suggested
toactasadirectphysicallinkercoupling transcription and translation (Burmann et al., 2010). Through NMR and biochemical assay studies Mooney
(2009) found that NusG has two domains connected by a flexible linker that distinctly makeupthecharacteristic functionalities of NusG. The
NВTerminalDomain,NTDcomposedof3alphahelicesand 4 beta strands that form an antiparallel sheet has a hydrophobic pocket by which it interacts
and binds to the ОІвЂІ clamp helices of RNA Polymerase, RNAP. Through this

Escherichia Coli : An Important Food Borne Zoonotic Pathogen
Escherichia coli, is the most prevalent pathogen which is commonly known for its affiliation with human and animal infections and diseases such as
diarrhoea, in addition to several clinical symptoms including haemorrhagic colitis, haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and thrombocytopenic purpura
(Liu et al., 2012; Vanaja et al., 2010; Tomat et al., 2013). HUS in humans, is caused by a predominant type of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) in
the United States. It is also the chief cause of acute renal failure in children. There has also been documentation of strings of outbreaks since its
identification as a pathogen in 1982, happening basically in Canada, Japan, United Kingdom and United States, implicating domestic animals such as
sheep,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has been a more pragmatic approach to the control of these pathogens because of the development of antibiotic resistance. This therapy has been
used profitably since the early 1920s and encouraging results have been generated by the use of phage–mediated biocontrol of pathogenic E. coli in
animals such as pigs and cows. A study was done on calves and piglets who had diarrhoea due to experimentally administered pathogenic E. coli.
Results showed they were cured within 8 hours after phage administration. More studies also revealed that phage could act very successfully as a
prophylactic. Recent results of phage therapy against other bacterial pathogens have also shown great potential. For example, it has been shown that
intraperitoneal injections of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) finally cause death in mice while the application of intraperitoneal injection of phage
after that of the bacteria very much reduces the fatality of the bacteria (O'Flynn et al., 2004; Biswas et al., 2002; Clark and March, 2006).
Regardless of the pathogenic E. coli, some species are non–pathogenic strains which are normal and ecological essential inhabitants of the human and
animal gastrointestinal tracts. Non–pathogenic and pathogenic E. coli differ with respect to the presence of genetic information that may

Escherichia Coli : A Type Of Intestinal Sickness
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes a type of intestinal sickness termed voyager 's looseness of the bowels (diarrhea), which influences
almost every populace around the world. As a rule, this illness is self–restricting in healthy adult, despite the fact that antibiotics are regularly
recommended. Notwithstanding traveller's diarrhea, ETEC can bring about illness side effects clinically indistinct from cholera created by Vibrio
cholerae. ETEC is endemic in numerous creating nations, including Mexico and Bangladesh, and is regularly experienced by travelers, individuals
from the military, or different visitors travelling around. Due to poor surveillance, mortality because of ETEC is hard to gauge, yet there are accepted
to be no less than 400,000 ETEC–related deaths in children less than 5 years old every year, with incalculable others likely grouped just as death
because of diarrhea. Human ETEC strains are firmly identified with various confines taken from pigs experiencing diarrhea, with both sorts of ETEC
sharing various pathogenic elements and destructiveness elements, including heat labile enterotoxin (LT). On the other hand, human and porcine
ETECs show strong host tendencies that are comprehended to be because of the statement of fimbriae with particular tropisms.
An expansive of number of illness bringing on ETEC strains have been confined from patients, with more than 70 distinguished O–antigen serogroups,
alongside more than 25 perceived variations of

Antibiotics Effects On Growth Rate Of Bacteria Escherichia...
Antibiotics Effect on Growth Rate
Antibiotics are important for the treatment of bacterial infections, and it is therefore important to know how different antibiotic works in different
contexts. Different kinds of bacteria are affected to different degrees by different antibiotics, and it may therefore be useful to know which antibiotic
that attacks the bacteria. The purpose of this report is to analyze how antibiotics including Chloramphenicol and Ampicillin affect the growth rate of
bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Which antibiotic is the most effective or least effective in inhibiting the growth rate of these two bacteria
respectively?
In the article Growth Chart (www.vetbact.org, 2015–11–19) it was written that bacteria are unicellular organisms that are in good nutrient availability
can multiply indefinitely by dividing. It takes different amounts of time for different bacteria that doubled – this time called the generation time. When
adding bacteria to a culture medium, it takes only a moment before they have adapted to their new environment.
MicrobeWiki writes in his report Bacillus subtitles (microbewiki.kenyon.edu, 2016–05–10) that B. subtitles are gram–positive bacteria, facultative
anaerobic bacteria which are classified as non–pathogenic. It occurs all over the place, for example in air, compost and soil, but can also be on the skin
and in the human intestine, although it is not as common. Escherichia coli are gram negative, facultative

Comparative Examination Of Escherichia Coli
Escherichia Coli also known as E. coli is a form of bacteria that can cause foodborne illness. While these bacteria are naturally found in the human
intestines E. coli can cause a variety medical conditions including certain organ failure, death, and Urinary Tract Infection (Nordstrom &et.al, 2013,1).
To avoid E. coli infections, which are often caused by foodborne illnesses, they are generally two schools of thought. The first of these deal with
Agriculture practices that lessen the likely hood that consumers may contract an illness according to name year. The article titled Comparative
examination of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 survival on romaine lettuce and in soil at two independent experimental sites look at the ag practices of till ...
The sites have variations in climate, soil type, or treatment (till or no–till), and water application (drip irrigation versus natural rainfall) documented
here did not influence the survival of the E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 700728 on romaine lettuce or in soil (Bezanson and Et.al, 2012, 484). A way to
explain the till and no–till option is (2012) "For the ''tilled'' treatment, the soil in three of these plots was immediately turned to a depth of
approximately 20 cm by using a self–propelled rototiller" (Bezanson and Et.al, 481). A rototiller rotates the ground allowing the new soil to rise. The
20cm which is what the article states is approximately 8 inches. The no–till option is when (2012) "The soil was not worked in the remaining three
manured plots (''no–till'' treatment) (Bezanson and Et.al, 481). This article is effective because it studies two locations using agriculture practices. In
each of the locations in Canada the study looks at things like Temperature, location, till no–till or the control and solar hours just to name a few
(Bezanson and Et.al, 2012, 481&483). E. coli can affect you by affecting your colon and stomach with the possibility of affecting other organs and
death if severe enough. E. coli in this article looks at the two locations and uses different methods to care for the plants and the causes the methods
cause to produce on the lettuce involving E. coli. With innovation in agriculture practices this people can

Escherichia Coli And Its Effects On The Physiology,...
Abstract: In this experiment, each student was randomly assigned with a different species of gram– negative bacteria. The organism that I was
assigned was Unknown #16. The identity of the gram–negative bacteria was determined to be Escherichia coli. The purpose of this report is to describe
the various tests that helped develop a better understanding of the unknown microorganism in terms of the physiology, morphology, motility, and
antimicrobic sensitivity it is characterized with. Indole production, hydrogen sulfide, and the colony morphology on the Eosin–methylene blue (EMB)
plate, were the critical results that led to the conclusion that the organism was E. coli. In the indole production test, E. coli was one of two organisms,...
Theodor Eschrich, a German pediatrician and bacteriologist, is the individual responsible for discovering this specific organism. During the late 1800's,
while he was studying neonatal and infant fecal flora, Escherich used promising techniques of bacterial isolation in pure culture, fermentation reactions,
and Gram staining to identify 19 bacterial species (Donnenberg, 2013) (2). Prior to the establishment of the genus Escherichia, E. coli was known as
Bacterium coli commune (Percival, 2014) (3). The colonization of E. coli begins at an early stage of our life and remains with us throughout the
course of our life. It is thought that the colonization begins within hours of birth since the initial strains are generally serologically identical to those
present in the mother (Donnenberg, 2013). E. coli strains in humans are usually harmless and as a result can coexist with their hosts, therefore are
characterized sometimes as a commensal. E. coli plays a role in maintaining healthy conditions for the human gut as well as protection against
pathogenic organisms (Donnenberg, 2013). Yet, pathogenicity has been associated with certain strains of E. coli. Diarrheal diseases are the leading
cause of child mortality in some regions of the world, and pathogenic E. coli strains are main contributors (Croxen, 2013) (4). Enteropathogenic E. coli
(EPEC), enteohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC),

Bacterial Transformation ( Escherichia Coli )
Bacterial Transformation (Escherichia coli)
Kadian Jones
Dr. F. Redway
BIO 104– Lab 3
November 11, 2014
Introduction According to Medicine.net (2012), genetic transformation is a process by which the genetic material carried by an individual cell is
altered by the incorporation of foreign/exogenous DNA into its genome. Competent cells are able to accept DNA presented by experimental influence
or manipulation, and the application of genetic engineering with bacteria can aid in the fight against diseases, allowing individuals to maintain their
lifestyles without the threat of certain illnesses like heart disease, cancer or hereditary disorders (McPhersson 2008). Plasmid DNA are small circular
double–stranded helixes, and present in the plasmid are ampr (selectable marker gene) and GFP (Green Florescent Protein), (BIO–RAD 2010).
Figure 1: Illustrates the bacterial plasmid of E. Coli showing the select marker gene and the color marker gene present.
The bacteria that was used in the experiment was Escherichia coli, it is one of the most commonly used organisms for gene transfer, and most E. coli
are non pathogenic. A non pathogenic strain was used to conduct the experiment. The conditions was kept at 37 в—¦C, which is the temperature of the
human intestines (BIO–RAD 2010). Arabinose is a sugar that the bacteria needs for energy, used as a food source and enables GFP, which in turn is
regulated by araC (Redway 2013). Hypothesis: +pGLO LB/amp will subsist

A New Optimization Technique And The Foraging Strategy Of...
In 2002, a new optimization technique was proposed by Passino which is inspired by the foraging strategy of Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) bacteria
present in human intestines called Bacteria Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) [1]. It is a population–based stochastic search algorithm that has
been introduced to solve the problem related to optimization and control system. Since its inception, BFOA successfully has drawn the attention of
many researchers from diverse fields to exploit its performance as a high–performance optimizer and has been successfully applied in real world
applications such as optimal power control [2], image processing [3], jobs scheduling[4], [5] and etc. The advantages that motivate researchers to
explore its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By sending the signal, it enables an individual bacterium to communicate with others. Healthy bacteria will be reproduced and poor foraging bacteria
will be eliminated. The bacteria will keep repeating these processes in their lifetime.
In BFOA, each of the individual bacteria in the search space is representing an individual solution to the optimization problem [6]. Each bacterium will
undergo chemotactic steps to the direction of minimum fitness function (rich in nutrients). During the taxis, each bacterium will communicate with
other to swarm in the group toward the global optimum. Bacteria will be evaluated again according to their health and sorted in ascending order. Half
of them with better health will be reproduced by splitting into two and the other half of poor health bacteria will be eliminated from the search space.
In order to explore more space, some of the bacteria will be eliminated and reinitialized randomly to explore unvisited space in order to find the global
minimum or maximum point. For better understanding, this algorithm mechanism will be explained in solving an optimization problem.
In optimization problem that we need to find the minimum of J(Оё), Оё в€€ в„
њp, where we do not have measurements or an analytical description of
the gradient в€‡J(Оё). This problem is considered as a non
–gradient optimization problem. BFOA does not rely on the gradient function to operate but
use concentration of location of search space as the fitness function. Let Оё be

Escherichia Coli
Escherichia coli is a rod–shaped bacterium that comes in many various shapes.
Many people think of Escherichia coli as only a severe intestinal illness caused by eating uncooked, contaminated water, or unwashed fruits, but it is
much more than only a negative (Amenu et al., 2014). The quick regeneration time of Escherichia coli makes it extremely useful in laboratory studies.
In terms of research, a useful aspect of Escherichia coli is the extensive amount of information we have on them (Archer et al., 2011). Scientists have
used Escherichia coli to host proteins, and it has been excellent resource for evolution studies as the bacteria has adapted frequently over the years
(Archer et al., 2011). The non– pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are frequently used in medical investigations involving diseases that are difficult
to work with. Examples of these diseases include cancer or anthrax poisoning (Das et al., 2013). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
George's University Bay, and to quantify the bacterial colonies using various experimental methods. Drinking or eating seafood from bacterially
contaminated water sources has lead to pathogenic infection due to Escherichia coli (Das et al., 2013). Escherichia coli has been used in multiple
studies to research aspects of water quality and bacterial affects on specific target hosts. Escherichia coli is mostly known for causing diarrhea
symptoms and gastrointestinal difficulties (Kenny et al., 1997). Enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are known to cause serious cases of
diarrhea, such as, cholera and shigella (Kenny et al., 1997). Many sea organisms can become in contact with pathogenic microbes due to the amount of
contaminated matter present in the water (Potasman et al., 2002). This can lead to the ingestion of E.coli bacteria and the hospitalization of victims
who consumed the seafood (Potasman et al.,

Escherichia Coli : Affects Recreational Waters Essay
Escherichia coli (E. coli) Affects Recreational Waters
Nichole Cavalier
Biol 2420–31420, 91400
Introduction
Escherichia Coli (E. coli) 0157:h7 is mainly a food borne pathogen but an area of concern to me regarding E. coli 0157:h7 are the reports of this
bacterium being present in recreational areas and drinking sources that can cause illnesses for individuals. What causes this to occur? What happens
to waste and feces after floods or heavy rains. What are solutions to help keep recreational areas safer? E. coli was discovered in 1885 by a German
Austrian pediatrician named Theodore Escherich using samples from healthy individuals' feces. Escherichia coli is a bacterium that lives in the
intestines of humans and animals. The presence of this bacteria is a part of a healthy intestinal tract. E. coli usually poses no threats in the healthy
individual but can become a great problem for the sick, young, elderly and those with a weakened immune system. E. coli is a gram negative,
facultatively anaerobic rod shaped bacterium. The cell wall is composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane. It can be grown and
cultured easily and inexpensively in a lab setting, thus making it one of the most studied bacteria. E. coli is known as a prokaryotic model organism. E.
coli causing disease is caused by Shiga toxin that cause serious illness in people. Transmission of this pathogen is normally a common problem with
contaminated cattle consumption and under

Is Escherichia Coli Bacteria?
Scientifically speaking, Escherichia coli is a pathogen that is a bacteria that is Prokaryotic in nature. This bacteria presents itself as a gram–negative,
non–spore–forming rod. This pathogenic bacteria releases toxins that invade the intestinal tissues and in cases of cystitis invade the tissues of the
kidneys. The bacterium becomes attached by fimbriae to the epithelium tissue in the body then it causes inflammation of those affected cells.
All people are at risk of contracting the E. coli disease but some are at a higher risk than others. A person is at risk when they swallow thebacteria
through food or water that is infected with the E. coli bacterium. Eating meat that is undercooked or consuming unpasteurized milk and raw milk
products can also put a person at risk for the disease (Lim et al., 2010). People with low immune systems, the very young and elderly are very
susceptible to contracting E. coli infection (Lim et al., 2010). Then people who are exposed to poor water systems and contaminated environments
where E. coli bacterium can survive are also at high susceptibility to contract the disease (Lim et al., 2010). When a person is infected with E.coli
disease there is a period of time before symptoms starts to appear. Each case is different and symptoms vary. Once a person is exposed to this
bacterium, then incubation begins. The time period for incubation is approximately a period of two to ten days. However the whole disease, barring
serious complications and

Escherichia Coli
The Effect of Penicillin, Ampicillin and Streptomycin on Escherichia Coli
Introduction
Escherichia Coli is a bacterium that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of both humans and animals. E. coli isn't always a harmful bacterium. Some are
actually crucial to a healthy intestinal tract because this bacterium assists with the production of Vitamin K2 and stops pathogenicbacteria from
interacting and establishing inside the intestines (Gould, 2010). A person maybe exposed to E. coli through water or food that maybe contaminated
or from raw meat such as ground beef or raw vegetables. Lack of good hygiene is another way that E. coli infections can spread especially in places
such as hospitals or day care centers. While a healthy adult with an E.coli infection will most likely recover within five to seven days, those who are
at risk include young children, elderly and those with a weak immune system.
Hospitals are filled with a plentiful amount of bacteria's making it one of the least favorable places to visit. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to a study conducted in a Tunisian Hospital, E.coli resistance rate to ampicillin was 72.1% (Ferjani et al., 2014). Furthermore, penicillin
was found to be least effective against E.coli with a 100% resistance rate during a research done in trying to comprehend the patterns of antibiotic
susceptibility of bacteria (Saba et al., 2014). E.coli found in the intestinal contents of pigs was found to be 57.7% resistant to streptomycin (Lee et al.,
2014). Situated on these past research and studies, if a tryptic soy agar plate in applied with E.coli and separated into four different quadrants with three
quadrants having an antibiotic disk and one having the control disk, then the results will show E.coli to be most resistant to penicillin, somewhat
resistant to ampicillin and least resistant to

Escherichia Coli Case Study
The specimen was processed similarly to case–1. Escherichia coli was grown in aerobic culture, and Bifidobacterium sp. was cultured in anaerobic
culture. The identification of Bifidobacterium sp. was done by both MALDI–TOF Vitek MS and Vitek
–2. Escherichia coli was found to be Extended
spectrum beta–lactamase (ESBL) positive and sensitive to Piperacillin+Tazobactam, Cefoperazone+Sulbactam, Imipenem, Meropenem, Amikacin,
Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Chloramphenicol, and Cotrimoxazole. Bifidobacterium sp. was found to be sensitive toPenicillin, Ceftriaxone, Imipenem,
Meropenem, Amoxycillin+clavulanic acid, Piperacillin+Tazobactam and Clindamycin and resistant to Metronidazole. The patient showed a good
response to Meropenem and recovered completely. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
is associated with good oral health. On the other hand, it has also been found to be a predominant microbe in dental caries, and Bifidobacterium
dentium is strongly linked to dental caries.Bifidobacterium sp have also been reported in cases of meningitis [10]. Nevertheless, the reports of
Bifidobacterium sp. association as a significant human pathogenic agent are less. Bifidobacterium sp. can cause significant infections, and the
presentation of the case can mimic tubercular infection also like one of our patients was on antitubercular therapy based on the clinical features and
radiological findings. The scarcity of the clinical cases can be because of their fastidious nature, a special requirement of anaerobic atmosphere and thus
difficult isolation. The isolation of Bifidobacterium sp. can be improved by the direct microscopic examination i.e. Gram stain of the clinical specimen,
appropriate anaerobic techniques and rapid and accurate identification system. In the present reports, Bifidobacterium species were isolated in
combination with Escherichia coli. If Gram stain examination would not have been done, it could be overlooked. So, Gram stain examination gave us
the initial clue of such type of bacteria. The anaerobic atmosphere was generated by more stringent Anoxomat technique and the identification was
made by MALDI–TOF Vitek MS system. Moreover, the identification by the Vitek–2 system also corroborated with MALDI–TOF system.

The Effects of Environmental Factors on the Absorbance of...
Introduction
In this experiment, the gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli is being subjected to various environmental factors that affect the rate of growth.
These factors scrutinized were the different types of nutrients, the intensity of aeration, or the temperature at which it was stored. The purpose of this
lab is to determine which factor affects the Escherichia coli the greatest. It is known that these abiotic factors affect the rate of growth the greatest if
they remain at the correct conditions for living.
Escherichia coli and other bacteria will go through four phases; a lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and a death phase. In the lag phase, the
bacteria reproduce fairly slowly, as they are preparing for the rapid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We took readings every 15 minutes, until the class was over which was at the 90 minute mark.
For the temperature and aeration trials, the test tubes of Escherichia coli with tryptic soy broth (TSB) were measured using identical procedures as the
nutrient trials were tested. Before every sample, we had to re–zero the spectrophotometer with a blank test tube, and then we took the reading from the
cultured tubes. As we did for the nutrient experiments, we also took the readings from the temperature and aeration samples every 15 minutes. The
temperature test tube was prepared by exposing it to room temperature (25В°C), another test tube in an oven (33В°C), and the test tube in a lab oven
which was slightly warmer, at 37В°C.
In the aeration samples, one flask was stationary and it was exposed to the atmosphere. The second sample was put in a regular flask, and placed in a
shaking water bath. The third sample was placed in an irregular shaped flask, which was also placed in the quivering water bath. After treatment, all the
samples were measured on the spectrophotometer, using the same procedure as the nutrient samples and temperature samples.
Results
The results showed that the experimental data did not necessarily display the lowest MGT. For the nutrient data, the MSG had a mean generation time
of an hour, the MSGT had a doubling time of less than 13 minutes, and the MSGTYE had a mean generation time

Effectiveness Of Bacitracin, Gentamicin And...
Effectiveness of bacitracin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol on the growth of Escherichia coli
Introduction:
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium commonly found in the digestive system of humans and animals. Although it is mainly harmless and helps
promote a healthy digestive system, some strains can be pathogenic and cause illness such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, respiratory infections
and even pneumonia. What makes E. coli pathogenic is the release of a toxin called Shiga. These are often referred to a Shiga toxin–producing E. coli
(STEC). This particular strain lives harmlessly in the guts of animals, particularly cattle. However, when in contact with a human, it results in illness.
Pathogenic E. coli is usually caught when humans ingest invisible amounts of feces that can be found in food or water. (CDC, 2014) Antibiotics may
be prescribed depending on the illness. Their ability to effectively work depends on it's composition and the bacteria it is expected to work on.
In a study by Jun Lin et al., it was stated that bacitracin is an antibiotic that has a growth–promoting ability. This means that it would have no affect on
inhibiting, or stopping the growth of bacteria, in particular, E. coli. On the other hand, a study done by Sukayna M. Fadlallah et al. proved that
gentamicin proved a promising ground for treatment of E. Coli. Different molecular strains of E. coli were subject to different regimens of antibiotics,
including gentamicin. The results

Transformation Of Escherichia Coli With pGLO Plasmid
Transformation Of Escherichia Coli With pGLO Plasmid
April 24, 2013
ABSTRACT: This experiment focuses on genetic engineering and transformation of bacteria. The characteristics of bacteria are altered from an
external source to allow them to express a new trait, in this case antibiotic resistance. In is experiment foreign DNA is inserted into Escherichia coli in
order to alter its phenotype. The goal of the experiment is to transform E. coli with pGLO plasmid, which carries a gene for ampicillin resistance, and
determine the transformation efficiency. Thebacteria are transformed by a combination of calcium chloride and heat shock. When the bacteria are
incubated on ice, the fluid cell membrane is slowed and then the heat shock ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Control Plates After Incubation shows whether there was growth of E. coli without the presence of the pGLO plasmid after exposure to ampicillin.
The transformed bacteria showed growth despite the presence of ampicillin (Table 1), whereas the control plate with ampicillin did not show any
growth, and the control plate with only LB agar showed the formation of a lawn of bacteria (Table 2). The transformed bacteria on the plate with LB,
ampicillin and arabinose differed from the transformed plate without arabinose in that they glowed green under UV light. The bacteria without
arabinose maintained an unaltered appearance under UV light. The transformation efficiency for the transformed bacteria was 5.2 Г— 104
transformants per microgram of DNA.
DISCUSSION: In this experiment the objective was to transform E. coli with the pGLO plasmid and calculate the transformation efficiency. The
hypotheses were that the plate with only LB agar and untransformed E. coli would grow a lawn; the control plate of untransformed bacteria with LB
and ampicillin would experience no growth; the transformed plate with just LB and ampicillin would grow colonies of bacteria but it would not glow
green under UV light; and the transformed plate with LB, ampicillin and arabinose would grow colonies that would glow green under UV light. The
results found supported each of these hypotheses as the bacteria grew as predicted. The

Heritable Genetic Information In Escherichia Coli In...
Heritable Genetic Information in Escherichia Coli in Transformation and Deoxyribonucleic Acid
A report for Biology 2000 written by Alana Pay : 001196733
Introduction
Griffin was a scientist that showed that there was a non–living component to heritability between organisms, although he had not yet discovered what
exactly was the heritable component. However, during this time period, it was a common belief that the heritable material was contained within the
protein of the organism, not the DNA that is now held in the truth. In the Avery and company experiment, they expanded Griffin research to pinpoint
the exact location of the heritable information by breaking down cell components until the final product allowing transformation was ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The experiment completed by Stanley et al, also used the transformational effectiveness of E.Coli to complete their R–Factor DNA study, so the
effectiveness of using E.Coli in this type of experiment is well documented. (Stanley et al, 1972) The antibiotic that was used in our replication
experiment was kanamycin, which is a amino–glycoside and it proceeds to block the areas that initiation complexes may occur. (National Center, 2017)
A model system allows us to witness the effects of an experiment in many generations and in an organism that grows in a very quick fashion. The
genetic growth is generally very similar to that of humans so that we may compare and contrast what may happen in humans, or what will before we
start clinical trials of certain chemicals or antibiotics, in this case, that may have a positive or negative impact on the human populace.
The objective of this experiment is to conclude that the results of Griffin and Avery et al, can be duplicated in a way that will allow us to corroborate
their results. The null hypothesis that this repeated experiment revolved around was that the DNA involved from the E. Coli would not undergo
transformation and therefore grow a strain, which means that there would be growth on any of the plated specimens. This leads to the alternative
hypothesis that only the plates that involved the DNase would not have growth as it has the heritable genetic information that would allow the
transformation to occur and

Genetic Engineering : Escherichia Coli
Genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Bacteria
possess plasmids which can be used as vectors for bacterial transformation. The plasmids can be altered to include donor DNA thus altering the
physiological or physical characteristics of the bacterium. Escherichia coli have been found to be the most effective bacterium in genetic transformation
and heterologous expression of human genes or proteins. It was hypothesised that Escherichia coli HB101 K12 could be transformed with a pGLO
plasmid to express the genes encoded for green fluorescent protein (GFP), the bla gene for ampicillin resistance and the araC gene a regulatory protein
in facilitating transcription and therefore the transformation efficiency for this bacteria could be calculated. Bacillus megaterium, E.coli B strain,
Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus lactis will also be subjected to transformation with the
pGLO plasmid to collect transformation efficiency data for comparison against Escherichia coli HB101 K12. Escherichia coli HB101 K12 were
found to have been successfully transformed with a transformation efficiency falling within the transformation protocol of 8.0 x 102 and 7.0 x 103.
The incidence of Escherichia coli HB101 K12 on the LB/amp and LB/amp/ara pGLO+ plates indicated that the bacterial colonies present showed
resistance to the ampicillin

Escherichia Coli Experiment
While leading this analysis, gene expression was critical to the results of the non–transformed and changed cells. In its procedure of choice, the
bacterial cells should have picked if they ought to allow the ampicillin safe quality, therefore indicating commendable components of quality expression.
The Escherichia coli's cells were not changed, there seems to have been an error during the experiment. There should have been a slight change in a
way that there should have been a colonial growth design in the bacterial cells that had ampicillin safe plasmid. (Hidalgo, Nuria FernГЎndez) On the
other hand the cells that were on the ampicillin (lux, control, and NP) demonstrated a colonial design because of the non–transformed cells dying due to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is imperative in light of the fact that this is the thing that the films comprise of that makes it workable for the plasmid to enter it. Seeing how
imperative a plasmid is in a life form's life is the fundamental idea of this trial do we benefit from this, as well as gives better restorative disclosures to
lead a superior life. The use of vectors ensures the transportation to particular qualities that can advance improvement of anti–infection agents. Another
significance of plasmids is that with further research and trials could prompt discovering the most worthwhile anti–toxins that can battle off specific
sicknesses in light of the fact that they can adjust so well to situations, for example, influenza indications. Wellsprings of blunders are imperative in
each trial, and in this specific one there are different. There could have been pollution from the air or water that could have gotten into the test tubes.
This could have coming about because of fixing the tubes off

Lab : Culturing Escherichia Coli Involving Cav1.2,...
Lab 4: Culturing Escherichia coli involving Cav1.2, Connexin 43, and N–Cadherin
By: Zachary Siou
EGRB 491
Due: 2/28/17
Introduction
Voltage gated channels are necessary components of life processes, in many organisms. One in particular, is the calcium voltage gated ion channel.
Often lodged within the phospholipid bilayer, the imbalance of the calcium, or, the inside vs outside concentration, creates a gradient. The channel
proteins often undergo conformations, states that which allow or block calcium ions from passing through. As ions move inside the cell, this creates a
depolarization, or surge in the voltage. Clinically, this is associated with the heart and how it allows the heart to contract, which can be read in the...
For example, Connexin 43 has an effect on cell proliferation, particularly in the testes, which aid in the development of sperm cells [2]. They form a
network that provides an environment to foster proper growth and development. Again, this is widely expressed in cases of tumor growth in the area.
Figure 1 [2]: The role of tubules in cell proliferation and differentiation of sperm cells.
N–cadherin is a protein encoded by the CDH2 gene. It interacts with the cellular cytoskeleton, and is often involved in cardiac muscle, as well as
certain cancers. Being calcium dependent, it helps to maintain cellular structure and integrity. For example, it plays a role in trans–endothelial
migration, which involves cell–cell adhesion [3]. The endothelial layer contains many different fibers, as well as pathways that allow attachment for the
cadherin protein. Some cancer cells can eventually pass through the endothelium, causing the cancer to become malignant and spread. Cadherins in this
case can be used to identify and track the spread of the cells, and further identify common routes of travel through the human vasculature. Figure 2 [3]:
The role of cadherin and catenin in the binding of cancer cells to the endothelium.
Procedure
The experiment was divided over the span of six days. For this procedure, Cav1.2 will be mainly referred to. On a Thursday, start with clean test tubes,
the Luria broth, and either the Cav1.2, Connexin 43, or N–Cadherin (if a

Escherichia Coli Lab Report
Introduction
Escherichia Coli, located in one of the main organs known as the large intestine, is a type of bacteria that helps digestion. (Trzepacz, Timmons, and
Duobinis–Gray, 2016) For Escherichia Coli to remain stable and alive, it needs specific necessities. These needs are known as the following: Energy,
vitamins, and similar compounds. Escherichia Coli is found everywhere!
Escherichia Coli, or E. Coli, can also form a number of these substances itself with the use of energy. (Shiloach and Rinas, 2009b) Understanding that
it can make these substances with energy, E. Coli can reproduce asexually to make identical cells through binary fission. (Souza, Castillo, and
Eguiarte, 2002. ) Since E.coli is found in mammals, studying this subject is important because the factors of E. Coli have risks such as food poisoning.
Escherichia Coli is found everywhere! Knowing this, they studied the rapid growth measurements of E.Coli in the lab study. After studying the E. Coli,
it was hypothesized that it had a logistic growth overtime. Meaning the growth rapidly grew continuously in size ending with a resting point.
Methods
When experimenting this lab on your own, there are certain methods and steps you need to follow. The first step is to make sure that you have all the
proper equipment needed for sufficiency and accuracy. The following equipment is needed: E.coli, Sterile L–broth, three incubators, spectrophotometer,
three scientific flasks along with three cuvettes

Escherichia Coli : Coli ( Coli )
Escherichia (E–Coli)
Escherichia coli, (E. coli) 0157 is a gram negative bacillus rod shaped bacterium it belongs to the Enterobacteriacea family. (Gould, 2011) E. coli 0157
is a member of a large group of bacterial germs that inhibit the intestinal tract of humans and other warm – blooded animals. (Marler, 2011). This
bacterium can live in an environment with or without the presence of oxygen. E. coli has been around since the 1800's. There is one good benefit to E.
coli. Studies have found that E.– coli, colonizes the human bowel within a few weeks of birth and is beneficial to the human body because it reduces
the risk of over growth by other bacteria that is more than likely to cause gastrointestinal infection. It was first detected in the stools of babies in
1885. (Gould, 2011) It is named after Esherich, the scientist who 1st isolated it. E. coli is the organism most known for causing urinary tract
infections and is especially known for being a main contributor of diarrhea for individuals traveling overseas. According to Martorelli, (2015) a
researcher "It has been proven that cattle are one of the main reservoir of E. coli. Meat becomes contaminated during the slaughter and the use of raw
faecal as fertilizers, and the contamination of drinking water are the major ways in which this microorganism can enter the human food chain" (p.1) E.
coli is contracted via uncooked meats or other food contaminated by fecal material or swimming in contaminated water.

The Population Growth Of Escherichia Coli Essay
Introduction The purpose of this lab experiment was to measure the population growth of Escherichia coli, or E. coli, a type of bacteria that can be
found in the human body, specifically in the large intestine. It works to aid in digestion as well as the absorption of essential nutrients. While E.
coli is extremely beneficial to the human body and most populations are safe for humans, some cause disease if they end up in food that is eaten
(Trzepacz et al.) Sickness can occur when waste reaches a water supply, eating meat that is not properly cooked, or drinking milk that is not
pasteurized properly. When working with this form of bacteria, it is extremely important to keep it contained for safe measure (Belk et al.)
Additionally, this bacterium has also been cited as a cause of infections involving the bloodstream that have life threatening consequences. It is
increasingly troubling because antibiotics are now becoming resistant (Collington, 2009.) E. coli is like all other bacteria in the way it carries out
reproduction, in that it produces asexually through the process of binary fission. With this being said, the reason why E. coli was chosen specifically
is because it grows at a quick pace and is readily available for observation in lab. During this experiment, the population growth of E. coli is measured
overtime to observe which conditions allow for the most efficient growth of each culture. It was hypothesized that based upon prior knowledge of this
form

Escherichia Coli (EPEC)
Escherichia Coli, or E. coli, resides in the large intestine where it assists digestion and make up essential molecules like Vitamin K. For the most part,
E. Coli poses no threat although there are few disease causing strains that can cause mild to severe food poisoning by finding its way into food supply
(Timmons, Trzepacz, Duboinis–Gray). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, or EPEC, is a strain of diseasing causing E. Coli that is the leading cause of
death in children with diarrhea in many parts of the world. EPEC colonizes in the intestine allowing the host to be invaded which can spread from
person to person (Pearson, Wong fok Lung, Hartland, Giogha). Another strain of disease causing E. Coli also causes diarrhea in children is the DEC...
L–broth, or a sterile growth media, is dispensed at 35mL into a sterile 125mL flask. Small volumes of E. coli are added to each flask. Each flask is
then placed into three separate shaking incubators set for specific temperatures of twenty–five degrees Celsius, thirty degrees Celsius, thirty–seven
degrees Celsius, and forty–two degrees Celsius. The incubators are all set to the same shaking speed of 125 rotations per minute. A Spectrophotometer
is also used to estimate the density of the culture. A spectrophotometer is a device that transmits a beam of light through space toward a light sensor
(Trzepacz et. al). The spectrophotometer measures the density of the culture by measuring the amount of light that travels through to the sensor. The
spectrophotometer is set to transmit light at a 600nm wavelength. In order to do so, 1.0 mL of the culture is transferred with a plastic pipet into a
cuvette. To remove bubbles from the culture, the bottom of the cuvette is gently tapped. The cuvette is then placed into the spectrophotometer. While
the 1.0 mL is being measured, the rest of the E. Coli culture is in the shaking incubators. Every 20 minutes, a new 1.0 mL sample is taken from the E.
Coli culture in the incubators and is measured in the spectrophotometer. Four to five absorbance readings were collected during each lab period
throughout the

Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, And Enterococcus...
Heidi Torres
Ampicillin VS Inhibition Zone Growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis
Introduction
The variety of bacteria that lives in our world today is endless. With variety of bacteria comes a numerous amount of adaptations and enhancements that
the bacteria develops, including antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli, better known as E.coli, is a gram–negative bacteria with several different types of
clones with a variety of effects. E.coli often enters the intestinal tract as soon as an infant is born and some forms of it are not pathogenic but rather
beneficial to the body(Kaper et al, 2004). When infected with pathogenic E.coli, the body often responds, depending of the type of pathogenic E.coli,
with diarrhea, vomiting, upset stomach. etc. The rate at which E.coli is adapting, is creating a much more difficult job to find antibiotics that can
eliminate the growth of this bacteria (Tadasse et al., 2002). Enterococcus faecalis is an infectious bacteria that often thrives in extreme environments
(McBride et al, 2007). Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic gram positive bacteria that is usually found in the vaginal tract, intestinal tract or the
oral cavity. This bacteria has a high resistance to many "bile salt detergents, heavy metals, ethanol, azide, and desiccation," worries hospitals due to
their variable tolerance (Zhang W et al, 2013). Staphylococcus Aureus is also an infectious gram–positive bacteria that may cause a

Escherichia Coli
Bacteria are minute prokaryotic organisms that are individually too small to be seen by the naked eye. The majority of bacteria make crucial
contributions to the benefit of the planet by maintaining a good balance of living organisms and chemicals existent in the environment. However, a
minority of bacteria can be harmful to the human body, often being associated with death and disease and the causative agents of food spoilage. A
bacterium that has a variety of both good and bad is Escherichia Coli, most commonly referred to as E. Coli. E. Coli is a rod–shaped bacterium that is
found in the intestinal tracts of warm–blooded organisms, more commonly that of cattle. Having been first discovered in 1885 by a German
bacteriologist named Theodor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Current biological research investigations show that both lemon and lime juices have an affect on slowing down and potentially stopping the growth
of Escherichia Bacteria by creating an inhibition zone. This can be seen in an experimental report done by Dr. Zahra Muhsin Ali "Antagonism activity
of citrus fruit juices on some pathogenic bacteria." The experiment was conducted in the Biological Department of Science at Kufa University to
determine the antagonism activity of both Lemon and Lime juices against various bacterium, one of them being E. Coli. The results of the experiment
revealed that each juice concentration had inhibiting effects against bacteria due to the presence of citric acid and some volatile oils. The results also
showed a reduction in the value of pH. The investigation was further proved successful due to both juices from lemon and lime were found to have
inhibited the E. Coli bacterium parameter with an inhibition zone ranging from 8–29mm which can be seen in figure 4. The antagonism effects of the
lemon and lime juice was compared with the antagonism effects of some antibiotics, the results being that the isolated E. Coli was resistant to the
majority of antibiotics. Proving that overall the experiment conducted was successful

E. Coli Cystitis Prevalence, Virulence Factors, and Symptoms

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