by Rodzidah Mohd Rodzi, 2010

1. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
1 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
Introduction
A green job, also called a green-collar
job is, according to the United Nations
Environment Program, “work in agricultural,
manufacturing, research and development
(R&D), administrative, and service activities
that contribute substantially to preserving or
restoring environmental quality.”
The green job profiles for specialized
occupations need to be analyzed before been
implemented to the workers. However the
problem is, mostly Engineering Management
still not clear what method can be used to
analyze green responsibilities.
In this study, the Green Job Profiles
were analyzed by using Developing A
Curriculum (DACUM) technique.
DACUM was a workshop held to
examine the occupational field entered by
graduates of the Industrial Technology Electrical
Systems (IT-ES) degree program at Central
Connecticut State University. The DACUM
process was used to conduct a locally relevant
job analysis as the basis for establishing an up-
to-date curriculum for IT-ES program[1].
DACUM has multiple uses. The process
can be used for job analysis, occupational
analysis, process analysis, functional analysis
and conceptual analysis. It is a storyboarding
process that provides a picture of what the
worker does in terms of duties, tasks,
knowledge, skills, traits and in some cases the
tools the worker uses. This tools to aid in hiring,
updating workers responsibilities, developing
training and views the workers job descriptions.
DACUM Revolution
DACUM grew out of a curriculum
development effort directed at technical training
for the Women‟s Job Corp program in Clinton,
Iowa in the 1960‟s. This curriculum project was
conducted by Experimental Projects Branch,
Canada Department of Manpower and
Immigration and the General Learning Corp of
New York (Norton,1985)[2].
Analysis of Green Job
Profiles in Manufacturing
Engineering Using DACUM
Rodzidah Mohd Rodzi
Master of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Degree of Electrical-Electronics Engineering (Hons), Universiti Tekonologi Malaysia
Keywords: Developing a Curriculum (DACUM), Green Occupational Analysis, Green Job Profiles, Duties, Task,
Green Jobs Survey, Manufacturing Engineering, Survey Questionnaire, Job Analysis, Duty Analysis Worksheet,
Skill-Gap Analysis Worksheet, Occupational Analysis, Management Level, Engineering Level, Job Sampling,
Center for Instructor and Advanced Training (CIAST), National Occupational Skills Standard (NOSS), Department
of Skills Development (DSD), Ministry of Human Resources (MOHR), Mapping.

2. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
2 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
The DACUM movement continued to
grow in Canada, but it was not until 1975 that
Robert Norton, the person most associated with
DACUM in the United States learned about it.
Late in 1976, Robert Norton conducted his first
DACUM workshop at Colorado State University
in Fort Collins. During the late 1970‟s, many
technical and community colleges implemented
DACUM analyses for curriculum development
[2].
Eventually, Norton was recruited to
train DACUM facilitators. A DACUM on
DACUM was conducted in October 1982, which
provided the basis for the development of the
DACUM Handbook with guidelines for
implementing formalized training of DACUM
facilitators. (Norton ,1985)[1].
In 1983, Norton took DACUM
international, and since then DACUM has been
widely used nationally and internationally for
training and educational curriculum
development. The DACUM process continues to
be very successful in identify critical curricula,
especially for vocational and technical
programs.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to analyze
the green job profiles in manufacturing
engineering by using DACUM technique. The
study started with surveying the knowledge of
Green Jobs from various sectors and various job
positions.
Once the survey statistics have been
analyzed, the Green Jobs responsibilities within
the Manufacturing Engineering sector were
carried out. All the responsibilities will be
analyzed in order to identify Green Job tasks and
duties in Manufacturing Engineering.
The scope of this research is to carry out
the Green Job tasks in Manufacturing
Engineering sector. The research has been done
by using simple occupational analysis technique.
The simple technique mentioned,
Developing a Curriculum (DACUM) is a useful
tool in occupational analysis. It is a very low
cost but an efficient solution. The sector scope is
focus on the Manufacturing Engineering Job.
The present technique been implemented by
most company is hiring a contractor to develop
their workers green skills but still can‟t achieve
optimum requirements.
The Green Jobs in Manufacturing
Engineering Analysis process begins with
develop and distribute Survey Questionnaire.
The Questionnaire was designed by using
Microsoft Office Word. Once the survey result
show positive responses, the Occupational
Analysis can be performed.
The Occupational Analysis objective is
essential in this study as the objective aimed is
to carry out the green jobs duties and tasks. The
Occupational Analysis been done by
implementing the DACUM method.
In implementing DACUM method
process, Manufacturing Engineering Job
Sampling been done in order to get the standard
existing responsibilities in production
management. The job scopes covered in this
project are Management Level and Engineering
Level. Both level are the person who will set up,
organize, coordinate and monitor the green
management strategy.
Duty Analysis Worksheet and Skill-gap
Analysis Worksheet are developed in terms to
get the opinion and responses from the
respondents. The respondents are from variety
career and level such as contractor, consultant,
industrial, services business, education and
government line.
The responses, feedbacks and evaluation
from the respondents will be processed and
documented in statistics graphic. Those results
are ready to be used by the Manufacturing
Engineering Management.

3. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
3 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
Methodology
This study methodology is based on 3
stages (a) initial phase: problem identification,
literature review and methodology design. (b)
core phase: surveying, developing, implement,
documenting responses and analyzing. (c) final
phase: report preparation.
Problem identification stage is important
to clarify that green skills are very important in
every career. So, a survey has been done in order
to develop the statistics of green jobs knowledge
among the Malaysia citizen. The other problem
is to declare the Manufacturing Engineering job
responsibilities. Every manufacturing production
involves different environment and different
green manufacturing requirements.
Before developing the analysis
worksheets, samples of Manufacturing
Engineering job responsibilities has been
compare and contrasts. This will optimized the
list of job responsibilities. Manufacturing
Engineering Duty analysis and skill gap analysis
had been distributed to be fulfilled by the
respondents. In the analysis worksheets also
include an evaluation as to get agreement from
the respondents in terms of declaration of the
tasks at the Manufacturing Engineering
production. The information gathered in this
project must be translated into duties and tasks
components.
Once the problem is identified, survey
questionnaire was created by using Microsoft
Office Word software. This questionnaire help
to assess the respondents interests of green
skills. It is based on the knowledge of the
respondents about the important of green skills
in order to build the green working environment.
The responses portray the knowledge and
interests of the respondents.
Green Jobs and Manufacturing
Engineering Jobs Sampling method then
been implemented. In this research, in order
to optimize the Manufacturing Engineering
Job responsibilities in the production, some
samples of job responsibilities and
description are selected. The samples then
been compared and contrast. Then the
standard and ordinary job responsibilities
will be short listed.
Responsibilities or duties in green
jobs also will be related to the selected job
responsibilities. In this step, the sources are
from the literature review, observation and
experience. Some discussion with the
trainers from Centre for Instructor and
Advanced Skills Training (CIAST) also
contribute in this selection and relation.
Finally, the DACUM approach was
applied for occupational analysis. It is a
storyboarding process that provides a picture
of what the worker does in terms of duties,
tasks, knowledge, skills, traits and in some
cases the tools the worker uses. The
information is presented in graphic chart
form and can include information on critical
and frequently performed tasks and the
training needs of workers.
This project involved 5 steps by using
DACUM method.
Step 1 : Develop Duty Analysis Worksheet
In the Duty Analysis Worksheet, contains the
list of Manufacturing Engineering tasks in the
production. Those tasks are related to the green
jobs responsibilities. The purpose of Duty
Analysis is to get the opinion or sharing idea
which tasks are certainly being implemented in
production.
Step 2 :Develop Skills Gap Analysis Worksheet
The purpose of Skills Gap Analysis is to
measure the level of workers skills in certain
jobs responsibilities. In this project the Skills
Gap Analysis Worksheet represents the skills
level of Manufacturing Engineering workers in
order to execute the Green Jobs Skills. Through
this Analysis Worksheet, the opinion by the
experience and vary level of posts will be
documented.
Step 3 : Distribute to the respondents to get the
responses and feedbacks. The Duty Analysis

4. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
4 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
Worksheet and Skills gap Analysis Worksheet
will be distribute to the respondents in order to
get responses and feedbacks. The respondent
needs to fill up a little bit personal background
form. This is as a record of the post, company,
age, and also races of the respondents. Those
particular information are important as an
observation sources. A variety career
background of respondents will be selected to
answer the analysis worksheets.
Step 4 : Process and document respondents
evaluation
After all the information from the
analysis been gathered, the analysis worksheet
will be processed and will be documented. The
high selected tasks will be depicted as the
related task in executing green jobs. While the
high weight from the skill gap analysis will be
concern in engineering management in terms to
gain the workers skills development.
Step 5 : Analysis the jobs and do tasks
mapping
Duties and Tasks mapping will be done
in order to carry out the Green Jobs profile. The
mapping result will be shown in graphic.
The format was adapted from National
of Occupational Skill Standard (NOSS) which
is provided by Department of Skills
Development (DSD), Ministry of Human
Resources (MOHR), Malaysia. NOSS is a
document that stipulates the required
competency level expected of a skilled
employee who is employed in Malaysia in a
specific trade; it also defines the level of
employment and the path required to achieve
the stated competency level.
Findings of the Green Job Profiles
Analysis
Green Jobs Profile was chosen in this
study which is applied by company that become
more aware of the necessity for a clean
workplace. There are more types of green jobs
nowadays and everyone interested in having
such a job. The jobs are involving tasks related
to processes and actions.
This study has unites many engineering
management disciplines to produce a reliable
result. It was started with green skills demand
survey. Once the respondents respond positively,
job sampling had been done to determine the
current responsibility.
Duty Analysis Worksheet was
developed in order to get the opinion and
validation from the experience worker in various
sectors. Based on the respondent‟s feedback,
there are two duties to be reserved which are
Management Level and Engineering Level.
Next, Skill-gap Analysis Worksheet was
developed and distributed to analyze the skill
gap of the workers nowadays in terms to apply
the green jobs tasks. To develop the Green Jobs
Profile in Manufacturing Engineering, mapping
or DACUM technique has been used. It is a
simple, quick result and low cost method but
efficient.
Along the process of analyzing profile
was carried out, several conclusion can be
pointed down. The conclusions are;
i. In surveying the demand of the green
skills, the result of the 250 respondent‟s
feedbacks shows that 100% agree the green
skills are important to their workplace. Over
95% never attend the green development. One
hundred percent (100%) of the respondents
interested to participate in the green skills
development. One hundred percent (100%)
supported the government incentives in
developing green skills development. Only 54%
of respondents heard about Department of Skills
Development (DSD) which is responsible in
developing Malaysia citizen skills.
ii. While in Job Sampling stage, jobs
responsibilities in Manufacturing Engineering
were analyzed and two levels of jobs were
proposed. The Management level and
Engineering level current responsibilities were
determined. Those responsibilities were named
as duties. Under Management level, there are 5

5. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
5 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
duties. While under Engineering level, there are
6 duties. There were 33 green jobs tasks listed.
iii. In Duty Analysis stage, Duty Analysis
Worksheet was developed and distributed to 250
respondents. The purpose is to determine the
exact standard job responsibilities implemented
in actual manufacturing management. In order to
view the capabilities of the present workers,
Skill-gap Analysis was developed and
distributed to the respondents. The result can be
used in measuring the capabilities of the workers
to execute the green jobs tasks. From the
calculations, the average of skills gap in
Management Level are 25.3% while in
Engineering Level are 31.1%. The results of the
Skill-gap Analysis are as below
The total score full level of proficiencies are
1250.
Management level:
a. Administer organizational policies and
procedures – 96% (1200)
b. Evaluate staff performance – 88%
(1100)
c. Plan departmental budget – 49.6%
(620)
d. Execute business strategy / planning –
60% (750)
e. Develop marketing plan – 80% (995)
Engineering level:
a. Implement environmental regulations –
78.4% (980)
b. Setup green workplace standards – 83%
(1037)
c. Perform green production process –
59% (734)
d. Develop team work – 92% (1153)
e. Resolve technical and non technical
problems – 58% (729)
f. Manage facilities and equipment – 43%
(541)
iv. Finally, constructing the Green Jobs
profile in Manufacturing Engineering stage,
mapping or DACUM method was implemented.
The tasks and duties were mapped in sequence
according to the tasks step to execute the duties.
i. Green Job Profile for Management Level (4
duties)
Duty 01 – Administer organizational policies
and procedures : 3 tasks
Duty 02 – Plan departmental budget : 2 tasks
Duty 03 – Execute business strategy /
planning : 3 tasks
Duty 04 – Develop marketing plan : 4 tasks
ii. Green Job Profile for Engineering Level (5
duties)
Duty 01 – Implement environmental
regulations: 2 tasks
Duty 02 – Set up Green Workplace
standards: 4 tasks
Duty 03 – Perform green production process:
4 tasks
Duty 04 – Develop team work: 2 tasks
Duty 05 – Manage facilities and equipment :
2 tasks
Future Study
There are some recommendations that
can be considered in future study of
occupational analysis in Manufacturing
Engineering sector.
The recommendations are as below :
 Repeat the Green Jobs Survey
biannually in order to assess job growth
in industries and occupations, and as a
basis for measuring progress against
current and future state economic goals.
 Conduct detailed analyses of targeted
green industry areas and occupations to
determine key growth factors,
employment projections, and to define
the education and skill standards

6. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
6 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
required of current and emerging green
occupations.
 Expand analyzing Green Jobs Profile for
variety positions by study a company
manufacturing management and their
current activities.
Implications
This study anticipates contributing to
manufacturing engineering management by
developing Green Occupational Analysis, using
simple and low cost method. The final result can
readily used by the Manufacturing Engineering
Management.
The format can be used to analyze other
job description by adjusting the duties and
information suit to the expected responsibilities.
The formats are „one size fits all‟ which means it
can be implemented to the others job scope.
A successful strategy to green the
economy involves environmental and social full
cost pricing of energy and materials inputs, in
order to discourage unsustainable patterns of
production and consumption. The most critical
strategy, is to shift the whole job responsibilities
including upgrading the workers skills and
knowledge.
Most company claim to set up green
workplace need to convert everything to a new
approach. The most complicated issue is about
the manpower workforce. The whole job
responsibilities need adjustment by adding up
green job tasks. The workers also need to
provide training adequately in order to increase
their capability to execute green job tasks.
For that reason, the DACUM
application in analyzing green job profiles is a
clear example of a simple method.
With today's industrial optimization
programmes, companies are struggling to
develop accurate and concise job descriptions.
Quite often, after spending hours developing a
job description, followed by training, companies
discover that the tasks trained for was not
critical or worse, not required [3].
By using the Develop A Curriculum (DACUM)
approach to job analysis, a complete job profile
including prioritized tasks can be developed in
only 2 days. Validation can be completed in four
to six hours over a two-week period.
Thus, the outcome of this study is not
solely to carry out the green jobs profile for
Management and Engineering Levels, but also
can be used for others manufacturing
management purpose such as for instructional
program planning, curriculum development,
training materials development, organizational
restructuring, employee recruitment, training
needs assessment, meeting ISO 9000 standards,
career counseling, job descriptions, competency
test development, and other purposes.
References
[1]Norton, R.E. (1992). DACUM: A proven and
powerful approach to occupational analysis.
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.
ED 346 248)
[2]Dr. Deborah J. Zanella, Journal of Industrial
Technology, Volume 15, Number 4 – August
1999 to October 1999.
[3]http://www.dacum.net/index.php?option=co
m_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=43;
April 13th
, 2007.

7. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
7 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
APPENDIX A – SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

8. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
8 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
APPENDIX B – DUTY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

9. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
9 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
APPENDIX C – SKILL-GAP ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

10. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
10 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
APPENDIX D – NOSS VERB (STEP VERB & ABILITY VERB)

11. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
11 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
APPENDIX E – NOSS VERB (TASK VERB & STEP VERB)

12. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
12 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
APPENDIX F – NOSS VERB (DUTY VERB & TASK VERB)

13. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
13 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
APPENDIX G – DUTY VERB, TASK VERB AND STEP VERB (TABLE)

14. February, 2011 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
14 Analysis of Green Job Profiles in Manufacturing Engineering Using DACUM
APPENDIX H – ATTITUDE / SAFETY (TABLE)