Herbal antiviral agents

Dr. Rahul Kaushik
Assistant Professor
Ram-Eesh Institute of Vocational &
Technical Education, Greater Noida
Email: rahulkcsji@gmail.com
Dr. Rahul Kaushik (Email: rahulkcsji@gmail.com)

 Viruses are infinitesimally small particles that do nothing
more than reproduce.
 Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites & require active
participation of metabolic processes of invaded host cells.
 Viruses broadly can be divided into two classes:
a) Large viruses: possess both DNA & RNA & differ from
true virus both in morphology& in their mode of
multiplication.
b) True (small) viruses: contain a core of either DNA (small
pox, herpes simplex) or RNA (poliomyelitis, mumps,
measles) .

 These agents are used to treat viral infections by
inhibiting or eliminating the viruse.
 For confronting effective antiviral therapy there are 2 major
problems:
a) Since viral replication is intracellular, antiviral agents
must be highly selective & should not interfere with
normal functions of host’s cell.
b) Prodromal phase of viral growth is asymptomatic.
 Once a cell is infected it is difficult selectively to inhibit
the virus without harming the cell.
 Medicinal herbs contribute to the fight against viral
infections through enhancement of immunity.

 Anti-Herpes virus:
These agents are used selectively to treat Herpes viruses.
They are mainly pyrimidine antagonists.
 Anti-Retro virus:
Used to treat HIV virus.
They are reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors.
 Anti-Influenza virus:
Used to treat Influenza spp. Virus.
They act at an early & late step of replication.

 Aloe
 Azadirachta indica
 Castanospermum
 Calendula
 Digitalis
 Eriobotrya
 Ginkgo
 Garlic
 Hibiscus rosa sinensis
 Ipomoea fistulosa
Jatropha
Licorice
Mimosa pudica
 Picrorhiza
 Phyllanthus emblica
 Prunella vulgaris
 Tomato
 Holy basil (Tulsi)
 Heterophragma
adenophyllum

 Botanical name: Aloe barbadensis
 Family: Liliaceae
 Part used: Leaves
 Geo. Source: South Africa, West Indies &
India
 Uses:
 Used as purgative
 Anti inflammatory
 Anti viral
 Osmotic bactericide
 Chemical constituent:
 Aloin A & B
 Aloinoside A & B

 Botanical name: Azadirachta indica
 Family: Meliaceae
 Part used: all aerial parts
 Geo. Source: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
& Shri Lanka
 Uses:
 Antibacterial, Antifungal
 Nematicide, Insecticidal
• Chemical constituent:
 Azadirachtin
 Nimbin
 Nimbidin

 Botanical name: Cephaelis
ipecacuanha (Brot.) A. Rich
 Family: Rubiaceae
 Part used: roots
 Geo. Source: Brazil, Panama
 Psychotrine
 Emetine
 Cephaeline
 Uses:
 Antiemetic, in amoebic dysentry
 Antidiarrhoeial

 Botanical name: Ocimum sanctum
 Family: Labiateae
 Common name: Holy basil
 Part used: dried & fresh leaves
 Geo source: throughout India
 70% eugenol, methyl eugenol
 Carvacrol
 Uses:
 Antibacterial, insecticidal
 Stimulant, spasmolitic
Eugenol

 Botanical name: Calendula
arvensis
 Family: Asteraceae
 Part used: flowers
 Common name: marigold
 Calendulosides
 Saponins
 Uses:
 As antibacterial
 Antiviral
 As emollient

 Botanical name: Digitalis purpurea
 Family: Scrophulariaceae
 Part used: dried leaves below 60*C.
 Common name: foxglove leaves
 Geo.source: England, U.S. & India
 Purpurea glycoside A & B
 Digitoxin
 Uses:
 Frequently used in treatment of CHF.

 Botanical name : Allium sativum.
 Family name Alliaceae
 Part used: Bulb of Lehsun .
 Habitats: Cultivated all over the India.
 Uses : Antiviral, Anti-bacterial, and anti
microbial.
 Chemical constituents : Bulb contains allicin,
diallyl disulfide, allyl propyl disulfide and other
sulphur compounds.
Allicin

 Synonym: liquorice root, mulethi,
glycyrriza
 Biological source: Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn
 Family : Leguminoceae
 Geo.source : England, Spain, Russia
 Parts used : Roots, stolon
 Chem.constituents:
 Glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid
 Uses :
 As hepatoprotective,
 Antimalaria, antispasmodic,
 antiinflammatory activity.
 As expectorant in cough mixtures,
 rheumatoid arthritis
Glycyrrhizin

 Botanical name: Picrorrhiza kurroa
 Family: Scrophulariaceae
 Common name: Katki, kutki
 Part used: dried roots & rhizomes
 Geo.source: found in the Himalayas, from
Kashmir to Sikkim
 Picroside I-IV.
 Uses:
 Antiviral, antiasthmatic
 Antiinflammatory
 Hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory

 Many marine microorganisms have
been screened for antiviral
activity, such as:
 Laminaran spp. (brown algae)
 A sponge, Disidea avara: avarol,
avarone
Disidea
avarol, avarone
Laminaran

 Recently the hydro-alcoholic
extracts from Cleome droserifolia,
Justicia ghiesbreghtiana &
Thunbergia grandiflora are studied
for their anti-influenza activity and
are compared with Amantadine as a
reference.
 They mainly contain phenolic
compounds, iridiods, lignans &
flavonoids.
 The anti-infective activity at CDV is:
Amantadine >Justicia> Cleome>
Thunbergia.

 Coumarin derivative (+)-Calanolide
A first isolated from topical tree
Calophyllum lanigerum in Malaysia
is active against HIV-I.
 Costatolides was abundant in latex
of C. teysmannii, is currently being
evaluated as possible alternative to
Calanolide A for drug development.
 The seeds of C. inophyllum (family
Clusiaceae) containing potent
coumarins with less toxicity.
 They act by inhibiting reverse
transcriptase enzyme. HIV

 Now a days, worldwide viral
infection is Swine flu caused by
Influenza-A H1N1 virus.
 The plant Hypericum perforatum
L belongs to the genus Guttiferae
which contains about 400
species, and is found in Europe,
West Asia, North Africa and
North America.
 Studies have shown that
Hypericum perforatum L. extract
(HPE) has antiviral activity and
can also have considerable effect
against influenza A (H1N1) and
human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV). Dr. Rahul Kaushik (Email: rahulkcsji@gmail.com)

 WHO declared Swine flu as pandemic because of widespread human
infection. H1N1 is known as hemagglutinin (H) neuraminidase (N).

 Botanical name : Camellia
sinensis (Linn.).
 Family name : Theaceae.
 Part used: Green leaves.
 Habitats: Largely grown in
India, Srilanka and China.
 Uses : Anti-bacterial, it’s a
stimulating drink and it relieves
muscular and mental fatigue.
 Chemical constituents : Main
substances for activity are
theaflavine, epicatechin,
polyphenolic compounds and
Caffeine.
TheaflavineDr. Rahul Kaushik (Email: rahulkcsji@gmail.com)

 Botanical name: Echinacea
angustifolia, E. purpurea
 Family: Compositeae
 Common name: purple cone flower
 Part used: roots, leaves
 Cichoric acid, caffeic acid
 Echinacin
 Uses:
 As immunostimulant
 In cold & flu
 Chronic respiratory infections
caffeic acid
Cichoric acid

 Botanical name: Hypericum
perforatum
 Family: Hypericaceae
 Common name: St. john’s wort goat
weed
 Part used: dried aerial parts
 Geo source: Europe, India,
Australia
 Hypericin
 Flavonoids
 Uses:
 Anti-HIV
 Antidepressant
 Anti-hepatitis C virus
Hypericin

 Synonym: Marian thistle, milk thistle, our
lady’s thistle
 Biological source: Silybum marianum (L)
Gaerth
 Family: Asteraceae/Compositae
 Part used: ripe seeds
 Geo-source: Europe,Canada,S.America
 Chemical constituents: silymarin is present in
ripe seeds from 4-6%, Silybin, Silycrystin
and Silydianin. Betaine, Apigenin and
Silybonol.
 USES:
 Hepatoprotective,chronic inflammatory
hepatic disorders including
Hepatitis,Cirrhosis.
 Antidepressant and liver problems.
SILYMARIN

 St. John's Wort extract (0.3% hypericin) - 100 mg. a mood stabilizer, antiviral,
antitumor agent, immune system booster and aid to healing.
 Licorice Root extract- 100 mg. Antimicrobial, anticandida, antiviral, anti-
inflammatory, antiarthritic, antitumor agent, boosts immunity.
 Japanese Green Tea extract (60% polyphenols ) - 100 mg. Powerful antioxidant,
blood sugar regulator, anticoagulant, cholesterol lowering agent.
 Milk Thistle extract (85.6% silymarin) 50 mg. Well-known for reducing liver
toxicity, protecting it from viral damage, and accelerating liver regeneration.
 Siberian Ginseng extract - 50 mg. Stimulates brain activity, memory and
immunity; improves stamina, strength and sexual drive.
 European Bilberry extract (25% anthocyanidins ) - 25 mg. Bilberry protects
small blood vessels, acts as an anticoagulant, stimulates prostaglandin
production, lowers blood sugar and cholesterol.
 Ginkgo Biloba extract (24% anthocyanidin ) - 20 mg. Peripheral vasodilator,
improves circulation to the brain, heart and extremities. Helps protect against
cardiac arrhythmias.

 Temulawak is indigenous plant
from Indonesia and has been used
by our ancestors for decades to
cure various ailments. The active
ingredients is Curcumin.
 Anti Hepatotoxic, Anti Oxidant,
Anti Tumor, Anti Inflammation,
Anti Viral, Anti Bacteria, Anti
Diabetic, Anti Diarrhea, etc.

YOGI TEA
 The ingradients are:
 Cinnamon
 Black cardamom
 Clove
 Ginger
 Black pepper
 Anti-Viral Combination is a
modern formula that was
devised to treat a variety of
infections. It is comprised of
extracts of three herbs:
Lonicera (shuanghua, often
called jin yin hua), Scute
(huang qin), and Forsythia
(lian qiao).
RADIANT WONDER

 Trease and evans pharmacognosy by william charles evans
 Pharmacognosy by C.K.Kokate; A.P.Purohit; S.B..Gokhale
 Pharmacognosy by Mohammad Ali
 Herbal Drugs by Rakesh kumar sharma;Rajesh arora.
 Essentials of pharmacology by K.D.Tripathi
 Glossary of phytochemicals by Amritpal singh
 Text book of industrial pharmacognosy by A. N. Kalia
 sciencedirect.com
 Google.com
 Herbs2000.com

 Natural plant derived products continue to be excellent source of new
drug candidates with anti-viral effect. Although the history of herbal
medicines dates back thousands of years, herb-drug interactions
should not be overlooked.
 Thus, the search for effective & less toxic agents of single structure is
still developing.
 Despite recent success in the development of new antiviral agents, the
need for effective therapies for influenza virus infections continues to
exist. The M2 channel inhibitors are effective against influenza strains,
but their use is limited because of central nervous system and
gastrointestinal side effects. The search for viral inhibitors with plant
origins is a promising approach in the development of new therapeutic
agents.

Herbal antiviral agents

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