Gutenberg

Gutenberg
Johann Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany, in the late 14th
century. In the 14th century the economic situation was not very good. His father was a patrician of
Mainz during a struggle between the city and the Patricians. They were exiled from Mainz, from
there Guttenberg moved to Strassburg, Germany (now Strasbourg, France). Where he learned to cut
gems and taught this craft to a few students. It was here in Strassburg where he began to invent
different things. In 1438 Guttenberg had a contract drawn up between him and three other men:
Hans Riffre, Andreas Dritzehn, and Andreas Heilmann. When Dritzehn died in 1438 at Christmas,
Dritzehn's children tried to sue Gutenberg to be made partners. They lost but it became ... Show
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Many early cultures used papyrus. They also used vellum for shorter texts. Vellum was used until
the paper printing in the 12th century. This method came to Europe through Spain thanks to the
Moors or Arabs. From there the first printing mill in Germany was in Nuremburg. They still had to
be made by hand. In the far east wood–engraving was the popular method. The main difference
between the printing they knew and what Gutenberg came up with was Gutenberg took the former a
step further. He broke the printing down to its main parts letters, numbers and punctuation. These
were put on "dies" that were uniform in size and style. They would then make a negative out of
these dies and coat them in ink. This way Gutenberg could make a book one double page at a time
and hang them up to dry. There are many more printings attributed to Gutenberg. These include a
warning about a Turkish invasion called "Türkenkalendar." There are also letters and some grammar
books. Other important works are a part of the "Weltgericht" poem, which might be the oldest work
of typographic printing in existence, also a fragment of a Latin textbook called "Donatus." He also
printed one of the Cypriot letters of Indulgence for the prince–bishop of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Romantic Music Period
Did music ever reach a point to where all restraints seemed cast off and composers had the
opportunity to express musical freedom? Similar to the emotional and intense paintings done
through this time, the music during the Romantic Period also expressed heightened passion and
paralleled the trends in art. It lasted from circa 1825– 1900. Looking at the musicians during this
time, the purpose of the music, and the things that characterized Romantic music, one will see how
things changed from the previous Classical period. Many of the great, famed musicians now known
today lived during the Romantic period. Some of the better known names included Rossini,
Mendelssohn, Tchaikovsky, Chopin, and Brahms. Gioachino Rossini, known for his piece, The
Barber of Seville, excelled in operas. His overtures grew to be extremely popular pieces as well and
are still played to this day. Felix Mendelssohn started his career early in life and grew famous off his
own overtures as well. Connecting with nature as many of the Romantic composers, he composed
the Fingal's Cave Overture which mirrors the waves and coasts of Scotland. Pyotr Ilyich
Tchaikovsky gained his fame as the most well–known Russian composer through his ballets, such as
Swan Lake and the Nutcracker Suite. Frédéric Chopin had many different famous pieces with
Nocturne No. 9 and Scherzo for piano No. 2 in B flat minor gaining a place above the rest. His
music left him as one of the most significant Romantic composers. Finally yet

The Importance Of Science And Science
In the modern world, science and math make up everything around us. The world we live in now
exists because of science and math, but there was a time when people didn't like math and science. A
time when people would rather believe religion and logic, then math, science, and evidence.
Narrator Michael Mosley tells a story of science. He says the story of one of the great upheavals in
human history was how we came to understand that our planet was not at the center of everything in
the cosmos but just one of billions of bodies in a vast and expanding universe. In Greece, at the
temple of Apollo, there was the city of Delphi, where many greeks would go because they belived
there was a stone that was in the middle of the Earth and the middle of the universe. Greek scientists
believed that the Earth remained still, while the rest of the stars and planets moved around us and
Earth was in the middle of the cosmos.
For thousands of years, people believed that the Earth was in the middles of the universe. They even
built equipment that further fueled their belief. In modern times, we know this isn't true, so how did
people stop believing? It started in the 17th century.
During the 17th centruy, Europe was in turmoil. Religion and new rules were sweeping across the
nation. It was during this time that Rudolph II, who ruled Prague, wanted new discoveries. Prague
was at the center of wealth and power, so Rudolph II wanted to show it. Enter Tycho Brahe, a
Danish nobleman and

Robert Edmond Jones
Robert Edmond Jones was born December 12, 1887, in Milton, New Hampshire. Jones was the
second child born to Fred and Emma Jane Cowell Jones. He began to take violin lessons at the age
of nine, eventually playing in the Harvard Pierian Sodality Orchestra, but even when he was a child
he was sure being an artist was his aspiration. In 1905, Jones graduated from Nute High School and
enrolled in Harvard University the succeeding autumn. During his time at Harvard, he pursued a
liberal arts course of study and graduated cum laude in 1910. In this same time period, he had
entered in the popular drama course taught by George Pierce Baker. Following graduation Jones
stayed at Harvard for two more years as a graduate aide and eventually as an instructor ... Show
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He was an unashamed beggar for beauty and an unsurpassed inventor of it. Here are some of his
famous quotations from "The Dramatic Imagination," "We have learned that beneath the surface of
an ordinary everyday normal casual conscious existence there lies a vast dynamic world of impulse
and dream, a hinterland of energy which has an independent existence of its own and laws of its
own: laws which motivate all our thoughts and actions." "Our playwrights are attempting to express
directly to the audience the unspoken thoughts of their characters, wo show us not only the patterns
of their conscious behavior but the pattern of their subconscious lives." "We accept motion pictures
unthinkingly as objective transcripts of life, whereas in reality they are subjective images of life."
"On stage we shall see the actual characters of the drama; on the screen we shall see their hidden
secret selves." The theatre is a school we shall never have done with studying and learning." "A
stage setting is not a background; it is an environment." "I think [the theatre] needs also actors who
have in them a kind of wildness, an exuberance, a take–it–or–leave–it quality, a dangerous quality."
"I am indebted to the great Madame Freisinger for teaching me the value of simplicity in the
theatre." "The sole aim of the arts of scene–designing,

First Printing Press Research Paper
The first printing press, created in Italy in 1465, set off a revolution of learning. As the printing
presses churned/printed out more and more books, people began to be more literate. The books
showed people a whole new world to explore. Though the Reformation changed the culture and
religion of those in Europe, the printing press also set off the Exploration, a much more worldwide
event, because it increased trade and land–claiming, created more accurate maps, and spread
curiosity and knowledge around the world.
First of all, the printing press helped spread Columbus's word of a new route to Asia and new lands,
sparking a race for trade and land–claiming. According to the Columbus's Letter Map, the letter
spread Columbus's word of a new route to Asia and new unexplored lands, sparking trade and land–
claiming. The letter interested and gave dreams to many people, including rulers, sailors, ship
builders, traders, and adventurers. This led to an evolution of trade and travel that changed the
world. Columbus's Letter itself also states he "found many islands... which [he] took possession for
[their] most fortunate king." Many people want the fame of claiming new land, which led to new
resources and more trade and spread of cultures. Thus, the printing press helped spread Columbus's
word of a new route to Asia and new lands, causing more trade and ... Show more content on
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According to the Martellus's World Map, 1489, the maps back then had many inaccuracies.
Southern and eastern Africa were not detailed, while the Americas were in the wrong place and
drawn with a strange shape. However, Waldseemuller's World Map included more accurate land
masses. People embarked on voyages to explore land, creating more accurate maps. Better maps
increased the chance of finding a new trade route to Asia. More accurate maps, as shown by the
Martellus and Waldseemuller's World Maps, would aid people in increasing trade and trade

How Did Johannes Gutenberg Influence The Printing Press
Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gutenberg was a German blacksmith recognized for inventing the mechanical movable
type printing press. Gutenberg's printing press has been universally acknowledged as the most
significant invention of the modern era due to its significant influence on the transmission of
knowledge (Feinstein 3). Invented in 1439, Gutenberg's movable type printing press inaugurated a
revolution in the print industry. His press enabled manuscripts to be mass–produced at relatively
affordable costs. The 42–line 'Gutenberg Bible', published around 1455, was Gutenberg's most
popular printed piece. It is regarded as the first modern printed book. Gutenberg's printing process
can be attributed not only for a revolution in the production of books, but also for encouraging
accelerated development in the arts, sciences, and religion through the transmission of texts.
Born into a humble merchant family in Mainz, Germany, circa 1395, Johannes Gutenberg's work as
an inventor and printer would have a significant impact on communication and learning worldwide.
He was the third son of Freile zum Gensfleisch and his second wife, Else Wirick zum Gutenberg,
whose maiden name ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1440, while still in Strasbourg, Gutenberg uncovered the secret of his printing press system (Rees
4). Already accustomed to bookmaking, Gutenberg perfected in the small metal type. Infinitely
more practical than carving entire wood blocks for printing, every type was a single character or
letter. Movable type had been applied in Asia hundreds of years before, but Gutenberg's innovation
was developing a casting system and metal alloys, which made production easier. In 1448 he
returned to Mainz, where he proceeded with his work, and within two years his new printing press
system was fully

Johannes Brahms : The Crown Of His Chamber Music
Johannes Brahms was born on May 7th, 1833 in Hamburg, Germany into a family that was already
a part of the romantic music scene. His father, Johann Jakob Brahms, was known as a skilled string
and wind performer, and gave his son his first musical lessons. Brahms's parents did not approve of
his early efforts as a composer, as they felt that he had more potential for a career as a performer.
However, the German pianist of the romantic era still dedicated much of his time to his own
compositional endeavors, and had several works published under the pseudonym 'G.W. Marks'.
Unfortunately, he had many of these early works destroyed. Brahms spent most of his professional
life in Vienna, Austria, where he composed for chamber ensembles, piano, symphony orchestra,
chorus, and voice, before he passed away on April 3rd, 1897. Today, he is regarded as one of the
19th century's leading composers.
Brahms dedicated his Quintet for Piano and Strings in F Minor, Op. 34 to Her Royal Highness
Princess Maria Anna Friederike of Prussia. Having completed it in the Autumn of 1864, and
publishing it the following year, it is often referred to as "The Crown of his Chamber Music." Like
most Piano and String Quintets, it is scored for two violins, viola, cello, and two–hand piano.
However, this was not always the case; before being reworked to a quintet for piano and strings,
Brahms's Op. 34 had been set for string quintet, which he found unconvincing, and then again for
two pianos. It was in this

Edvard Grieg Biography
Edvard Grieg
Edvard Grieg was born in Bergen, Norway on June 15th, 1843. When Edvard was just six his
mother taught him how to play the piano. He studied at many different schools including Tanks
school and Norwegian private school when he got older. While he was at Norwegian private school
he met a violinist, who said that with his amazing talents, he should go to Leipzig Conservatory
which is a piano school. He decided that it wasn't for him. In 1860 Edvard survived a lung disease
this caused him to have problems throughout his life. He then made his grand opening in 1861
playing the piano, his program included Between Pathetique sonata. In 1867 he married his first
cousin Nina Hagerup, and had one daughter in 1868 named Alexandra. She

Is Renaissance Music Influential?
Is Renaissance Music Influential?
Many different things are influential in many different ways. Whether it be how the sinking of the
Titanic caused many changes in the regulations of ships, or how Newton's law of universal
gravitation helped to inspire Einstein's theory of general relativity. As well as catastrophic events
and scientific laws, works in the field of music have also been influential. For example, Jacques
Offenbach's Infernal Galop was used as the music for the Can–can, a popular dance. A theme from
the Infernal Galop was also used in a movement of Camille Saint–Saëns' The Carnival of the
Animals. Other influential composers include Beethoven, Mozart, J.S. Bach, and Tchaikovsky.
Aside from being composers, these people have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first madrigals evolved from the frottola, another form of vocal music (Strainchamps). The
major difference between the two is that the four parts of the piece are prioritized differently
(Strainchamps). In a frottola, the top and bottom voices of the piece are more significant that the
two in the middle, but in the madrigal, all parts were given equal importance (Strainchamps). As
time progressed, so did the style of the madrigal. For example, five parts became increasingly more
prevalent in madrigals about halfway through its lifespan, and the amount of expression that was put
into the pieces also grew (Strainchamps). Some of the most well known composers of madrigals are
the contemporaries Carlo Gesualdo and Claudio Monteverdi (Strainchamps). In addition to his
madrigals, Monteverdi is notable for writing operas. His most acclaimed operas include L'Orfeo,
L'incoronazione di Poppea, and Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria. These are also some of the oldest operas
that are performed today ("Claudio Monteverdi"). L'Orfeo may have brought about the creation of
the Infernal Galop, from the opera Orpheus in the Underworld, as the opera that Orpheus in the
Underworld is based off of, Orfeo ed Euridice, was based on the same myth that L'Orfeo was
written around. Monteverdi is also accredited with bringing about the musical style of the Baroque
period ("Origins and Elements of the Baroque Style"). Another important

The Pursuit Of Happiness
The Pursuit of Happiness As I stared into the window, I no longer saw the joyful spirit within me,
but instead an emotionless corpse with no direction. Alone and scared, I waited and waited for
Roger to return, but sadly I still sat there waiting. Roger's was my older brother, about one week ago
he left to find a job that could support the both of us. After the death of my father, just over a month
ago, we struggled to get by and found ourselves fighting for survival. Ever since the disease started
infesting the town, people were been dropping dead day by day. Dead corpses, broken bottles, and
smoke filled the streets of London. I was afraid to leave the house because I could not bare to see
shrunken pupils and hollowed out souls of people I once knew.
Each day or so, I started to think, "is Roger dead?". My heartbeat would quicken rapidly, no longer
could my body follow the simple breathing process. Parts of my old joyful personality would begin
to fade. I quickly grasped my mother's Vermeer painting to my chest, like I had a million times
before, and imagined I was in a better place. Slowly, my body calmed as the roar of thunder inside
of me transformed into a light drizzle. I no longer felt alone, but instead surrounded with the people
I love.
Five before, right before her death, my mother gave me that same vermeer painting. She looked at
me with her bright blue sparkling eyes and whispered, "someday, that painting will bring you great
happiness". The painting depicted

The Evolution Of Technology And Technology In The 21st...
Jahmar Hudson
Professor Arant
ENG 101
8 October 2017
As the twenty–first century, or the "Knowledge Age" (Gilbert 28), continues to unfold, there is a
shift of ideology in the people of this era. Instead of allowing the schools to educate the future
generations with knowledge that they will need outside of school, it is rather the school teaching the
students "how to work out...solutions for themselves" (Gilbert 30), as the new generations have
access to a plethora of methods to obtain the information outside of the classroom. This concept can
be credited to the development of technology and computers for such easy access. Computers have
only been around for the past seventy years, life before then, people would find the information they
needed in a book or in written documents. The mass production of printed paper continues to
compete with computers. Mass production of printed paper gave the blueprint for computers but
most importantly gave much of society access to knowledge. An invention that came about in
around 1440 AD, still impacts life like it did from day one, hence why it should be considered the
greatest or most important event in history. The invention of the pressing press has changed the way
people maintain records, encourage scholarly research, interpret the Bible for themselves, and the
ability spread new ideas quicker just name to name to few benefits that occurred upon the creation
of the press that can still be seen today. Somewhere around the

Confessions Of A Key Board Dabbler
Confessions of a Key Board Dabbler
On September 9th I attended my first SWIC Music Faculty Preview Recital at the Schmidt Art
Center. The venue for the afternoon recital was held in the gallery room, a room set up for an
audience of about 50 music majors. In the front of the hall sat a white grand piano on parquet floors;
the walls of the room were adorned with art of varying mediums. Having mucked around on the
piano as a child, I sat enthusiastically as a musical amateur in great awe of anyone with talent of the
keyboard or gift of music of any kind.
The first two pieces in the program were by Austrian composer Franz Schubert 1797–1828. In 1808,
through a competitive examination, the eleven–year–old Schubert was accepted into the choir of the
Imperial Court Chapel as well as the Royal Seminary. He was a shy youth, and spent most of his
spare time practicing and composing alone. When Shubert was fifteen his voice changed and he left
the choir but continued to study at the seminary. As discussed in lecture, each period of music has a
chain reaction between artists who are affected by the events of their environment. Post war 1950's
America had the progression of Jazz with artists such as Charlie "Bird" Parker pushing the limits of
the saxophone to create the bebop sound, echoed in the rhythm of prose of writer Jack Kerouac and
Jackson Pollock's abstract of the brush. Franz Schubert's fellow artists were no different at the turn
of the eighteenth century as the

What Sense Is Seventeenth Century Dutch Painting An Art Of...
1. In what sense is seventeenth–century Dutch painting an art of describing? Focusing on two works
of your choice, consider the possible relationships between artworks and contemporary forms of
social behaviour and/or new knowledge. The distinctive pictorial mode of 17th Century Dutch
painting can broadly be categorised as descriptive. Realism is employed in rendering scenes of
everyday life through various iterations of subject matter found in the real world. Distinct from
Renaissance art of the south, subject matter is predominately secular and attention to ways of
rendering the world is favoured over an overt narrative. The further characterisation of the nature of
Dutch painting is problematic. E. de Jongh argued that works were not secular slices of daily life but
didactic in nature, imbued with symbolic iconography. Svetlana Alpers dismisses de Jonghs views
as simplistic, arguing that virtuosity and mastery of naturalism were not a means to document or to
make art for arts sake; but rather an intellectual exploration into ways of seeing. Vermeer's The
Milkmaid painted between 1657–1658 (fig. 1) and Jan Steens The Card Players painted ca. 1660
(fig. 2) are genre paintings that when contrasted appear to differ in subject and meaning. In
analysing both paintings I will identify their descriptive qualities and rationalise that the conflicting
points of view of De Jhong and Alpers are neither invalid nor mutually exclusive. The realism of
Dutch painting can be

A Short Note On The Edict Of Milan
After the fascinating discoveries from Marco Polo, another event that was significant throughout
Western Civilization is the Edict of Milan. The Edict of Milan was a declaration that permanently
established religious tolerance for Christianity within the Roman Empire. The outcome of the
political agreement concluded, of course, in Milan, between emperors of Constantine I and Licinius,
in February 313. The declaration, was made for the East by Licinius, granting all people the freedom
of any religion they wanted to worship. Also, it assured Christians of legal rights, including the right
to organize churches. Not only granting them freedom of religion and legal rights, but giving back
the property that was confiscated (brittanica.com). The Edict of Milan was a significant event
because it gave Christians rights and made Christianity a set religion. Not only did the Edict of
Milan make Christianity a set religion, it made everybody in Western Civilization tolerate it. If it
was not for Constantine I and Licinius in February of 313 coming up with the Edict of Milan,
Christianity would not be the set religion until later. Throughout Western Civilization, and without
the Edict of Milan, Christians would not only have any rights and no land. Also, there would not be
any Christian churches throughout Western Civilization if it was not for the Edict of Milan.
Following the Edict of Milan giving Christianity tolerance, Jonathan Gutenberg inventing the
printing press is

Johannes Kepler Essay
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler is now remembered for discovering the three laws of planetary motion, and writing
about them in books that were published in 1609 and 1619. He also did important work in optics,
discovered two new regular polyhedra, gave the first mathematical treatment of close packing of
equal spheres, gave the first proof of how logarithms worked, and devised a method of finding the
volumes of solids of revolution. This can be seen as contributing to the development of calculus.
Not only did he help the development of calculus, but he calculated the most exact astronomical
tables known today. This accuracy did much to establish the truth of heliocentric astronomy, which
states that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The curriculum included geocentric astronomy. This is the study of how all seven planets at the time
– Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn – moved around the Earth. Their positions
to the stars were being calculated by combining circular motions. This system was what worked
with the current physics of the time, although there were certain difficulties. However, these
astronomers, who also saw themselves as mathematicians, were content to carry on calculating
positions of planets. They figured they would leave it to natural philosophers to worry about
whether the mathematical figures added up to the physical ones. Kepler, however, did not take like
this attitude. His earliest published work in 1956 says that people should consider the actual paths of
the planets, and not just the circles used to construct them.
At Tubingen, Kepler studied Greek and Hebrew as well as mathematics. Ironically, at the end of his
first year Kepler got A's in every subject except mathematics. It is supposed that Maestlin was trying
to tell him he could do better, because Kepler was one of the select pupils that Maestlin chose to
teach more advanced astronomy to. He was teaching them the new, heliocentric cosmological
system that was formed by Copernicus. Kepler almost instantly accepted that the Copernican system
was physically true.
It seems that even in Kepler's student days there were signs that his religious beliefs were not

Renaissance : The Renaissance
(H) For the world to change, people need to change. This is exactly what happened from AD 1400–
AD 1600, which we now call the Renaissance. (O)The fall of the Roman Empire lead to the 'Dark
Ages' where people began to decline any new changes. Then, in the beginning of the fifteenth
century, people began to change their outlook and look toward the Ancient world of Greece and
Rome with admiration. This lead to a 'rebirth' of greatness, the Renaissance. (T)The Renaissance
brought a brand–new way of thinking, new inventions and art based off of ancient designs, and
major developments in the science, math and technology world.
(M)Gradually, people began to enjoy reading and studying the old Greek and Latin books. This
opened their eyes to a whole new world. They began to slowly add Greek and Roman designs to
everything, from their art to their architecture. Their interests were redirected in a happy and
efficient life on Earth. (E) The fall of the church was a great contributor in forming the spirit of
individualism. (A) Christianity restricted individual expression and wanted unmovable faith from
everyone. (E) Humanism then came into play, where people realized and understood the great
potential of each individual. (A) People began to act and think for themselves and bringing to life
their own personal creativity. (T) This new way of thinking and the bringing back of the classical
world lead to grand new inventions and art that eventually turned the tables.
(M) Art and

My Adventures Across The Wonderful World Of Literature
Dear diary, Through all my adventures across the wonderful world of literature I log my judgement
of the printing press changing our language right in front of me. 1946, the renaissance. March 12
Johann Gutenberg... for all he is worth, I despise him. The man named a hero! A Hero! Gutenberg a
name to be remembered. Accomplishing a worldwide evolution in literature. His motivation not that
of revolution, merely greed. His desire above all else is to become rich, yet I still envy all his name
stands for. June 2 Johann Gutenberg– his previous work experience in the mint allowed his intuitive
nature to derive a formula for success. His theory for success in wealth; making copious amounts of
cheap products. Grandma spoke of the use of old wooden blocks in the olden days. She'd say "back
in my day... no fancy gimmicks like you kids have. I would write in ink or dip a carved block in
ink." For Gutenberg the idea that made him famous, 'the type writer'. Its functionality paramount to
success in all areas of life. So the word spread of the obvious convenience for the people but what I
don't understand is how it benefits our language? September 22 In spite of recent findings I believe
the answer to the effect of Gutenberg on the English language is not defined by what he achieved
but merely the prospect of an advancing future. I imagine a world in which all the people of the land
are able to write a story, a poem, a novel not restrained by the fact that they are not of a wealthy

Napoleon Bonaparte Primary Sources
1. Gutenberg, Johannes (SK)
Johannes Gutenberg was a goldsmith, publisher, and printer who introduced movable type and the
printing press to Europeans. He invented his press around 1440 in the Holy Roman Empire. The
introduction of the printing press marked the start of the Printing Revolution and allowed for
increased diffusion of ideas throughout Europe. The printing press provided for the development of
various intellectual movements throughout Europe after its invention. It also allowed for cheaper
books and increased literacy among lower class Europeans.
2. Bonaparte, Napoleon (JT) Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military leader who became the
emperor of France after the French Revolution, in the year 1804. Napoleon made his Civil Code to
unify the laws of France. When he conquered Europe, he brought along ideas of the French
Revolution such as equality under the law. His conquests also brought about nationalism in defeated
countries, which would fuel the way for their own revolutions, such as in the Revolutions of 1848.
The growth of conservatism at the Congress of Vienna was a reaction to Napoleon's ideas, but it
could not stop the new ideas that came from Napoleon's reign. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hitler, Adolf (SK)
Adolf Hitler was a German politician in the 1900s. He was the leader of the Nazi Party and
Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. He was important because he was the dictator of Nazi
Germany and started World War II when he invaded Poland, seeking "living space" for Germans. He
also directly caused the Holocaust. Hitler affected Europe as a result of the war he started. It ended
with massive devastation;over 60 million people were killed and millions of Europeans were left
homeless. The European economy collapsed as a result of World War II, and the United Nations was
formed because of the

1300s Printing Press
The Power of the Press
Hundreds of years ago, monks would laboriously copying bibles for hours a day and scribes would
be copying documents over and over again. Before the printing press, all writing and drawings were
excruciatingly done by hand by the few people who knew how to write (The Invention of the
Printing Press). In the 1300s, there were two ways in which information could be spread: writing
and verbal communication. During this time period, it took a very long time for letters to be sent
back and forth, so trying to convey important news or information this way was long and difficult.
Although verbal communication was a faster method, it was also very tainted and extremely
unreliable. Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the modern printing press, fixed this problem so that
information could be passed more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Latin was the primary vernacular of education during this time but most people did not know how to
read Latin because it was an upper–class language. Since books could easily translated and printed
from the printing press, people did not have to know how to read Latin and could be educated in
their own language. The books that were copied also included the Bible. This book was now being
printed in numerous vernaculars, which allowed common folk to read and interpret the Holy Book
for themselves. Because the Bible was written in Latin, many people could read it but due to the
expanded variety of languages, a lot more people could read the Bible without the need of a priest.
This resulted in the new knowledge to common people that Jesus was not rich but just a common
man (Six Hundred Years). All of this new knowledge allowed lower classed people to be eligible for
better paying jobs and let them participate in

Essay on Motet Development
The motet was one of the most important forms of polyphonic music from 1250 to 1750. The Italian
mottetto was originally a profane polyphonic species of music, the air, or melody, being in the Tenor
clef, taking the then acknowledged place of the canto fermo or plainchant, theme. It originated in
the 13th century resulting from the practice of Pérotin and his contemporaries in Paris. The term
"motet" can be translated as "the word of movement". Sometimes two upper voices had different
words. In the beginning, Latin texts involving topics of the Virgin Mary were used. Later, French
secular pieces became common due to the fact that the motet terminated its connection with church
and liturgy. Between the years 1390 and 1435, Dunstable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Artists used a variety of newer principles and techniques, utilizing mostly Marian texts and
combining vocal and instrumental pairs of voices. For three–part song motets, Guillaume Dufay
utilized a treble–dominated texture derived from the chanson which is a lyrical composition of
French words. More specifically, it is a French polyphonic song of the late Middle Ages and
Renaissance. Johannes Brasart, a Walloon like Dufay, whose name appears among the pontifical
singers in 1431, composed motets, including a four–part "Fortis cum quevis actio" and a critically
acclaimed "Ave Maria". The next generation of composers included Johannes Ockeghem and
Antoine Busnois. Okeghem was a priest, and was principal chaplain to Charles VII of France and, to
Louis XI, canon and treasurer of St. Martins at Toursbeing. His motet, "Alma Redemptoris",
displays much contrapuntal ingenuity, and he also wrote a motet for thirty–six voices, probably
performed by six choirs of six voices each. Binchois, a native of Flanders left some three–part
motets. They include "Beata Dei Genitrix", but the treatment of his works today is strictly
referential, and some say that his works cannot at all be compared to the works of Dunstable Power
or Dufay. He died in 1460. Like Dufay, he was a priest and canon of Mons. The motet built on a
tenor cantus firmus became important to

The Scientific Revolution Was Not An Organized Effort
"Eppur si muove," (but it does move) said Galileo Galilei. (Koyre 1943) The scientific revolution
marks a decisive break between the middle ages and the modern world, but it was rooted in earlier
developments. It's the link between observation, experiment, and invention. The scientific
revolution was not an organized effort; theories sometimes led to a dead end and discoveries were
often accidental. The scientific revolution left a permanent imprint upon history and from its legacy
developed the colossal modern social orders of today. (Huff 1996)
Heliocentricity is a theory that places the Sun as the center of the universe, and the planets orbiting
around it. It's important because it is the belief that the earth is the center of the universe. (Cole, et
al. 2012) For many years, different philosophers argued about what they believed was the center of
the universe. Some had their ideas revolve around the church and others had self–opinionate ideas
without any integration of the church. Nicolaus Copernicus was an understudy of past onlookers and
a theoretician. He contemplated the watched movements of grand bodies in connection to the
acknowledged geocentric Aristotelian framework, which put the earth at the focal point of the
nearby planetary group, with the sun and planets in circle. Copernicus ' perceptions drove him to
infer that there was some kind of problem with the geocentric hypothesis. He tried the speculation
that the earth was truth be told in circle around the

3d Printing Technological Advancement?
3D Printing Technological Advancement? I will be talking about whether or not we as a society
should use the new "hot" product; the 3D Printer. Overall I am for using the 3D printer. However
there are ways the 3D printer is not a great item to use. The first printer dates back to the year 200 in
ancient China, back then it was called "woodblock printing." However the use of printing did not
become popular until the 1440's when the printing press came out. 3D printing or Stereolithography
is fairly recently working, but the original technology for 3D printing was created by Charles W.
Hull in 1984. The reason why 3D printing is an issue is because it has beneficial and
disadvantageous properties, and is becoming more prominent in our society. There are both benefits
and disadvantages of the 3D printer. As for benefits there are: bio–manufacturing, low cost of
manufacturing, quick production, and less waste. On the other though the disadvantages are: Guns,
drugs, safety, and criminal uses. When it comes to disadvantages some of these are atrocious. Not
that long after the 3D printer came out some people tried making guns with the 3D printer, which is
highly unsafe in the wrong hands. If we can create human organs, why can't the 3D printer make
drugs? Also are the plates we make with the 3D printer safe to eat off of? Another thing to think
about is the criminal uses, most recently some criminals in Texas printed an ATM scanner and put it
on the sides of ATM's to take money

Research Paper On Johannes Gutenberg
"The whole world admits unhesitatingly; and there can be no doubt about this, that Gutenberg's
invention is the incomparably greatest event in the history of the world"–Mark Twain Recently an
American team researching world history over the last centuries declared Johannes Gutenberg to be
the "man of the millennium". In their statement they insisted that with his invention of the movable
letter press, Gutenberg had established a vital precondition for huge changes in socio–economic,
political and cultural fields which followed in succeeding centuries. There is a deficit of reliable
information about the life of Gutenberg; many aspects of his own biography either remain blank, are
the subject of speculation or still under research. Nevertheless

Film Analysis :'samson ( Hwv 57 )
Samson (HWV 57) is a three–act oratorio by George Frideric Handel. It was the first oratorio he
wrote after the Messiah. The oratorio deals with the biblical figure Samson and it is also based on
"Samson Agonistes" by John Milton. The aria happens at the end of the Oratorio to serve as a happy
ending with its joyous flare. The instrumentation has a trumpet doubling the voice throughout the
piece as it is eluded in the text of Angel–trumpets. Le Nozze di Figaro is one of Mozart's most
popular operas, with the libretto written by Lorenzo Da Ponte. Act 2 begins in the bedroom of
Countess Rosina Almaviva, where she laments her husband's perceived infidelity with Susana, her
maid, in the aria "Porgi Amour".
Franz Schubert was one of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This example of lieder is a great example of Romantic poetry dealing with nature and the human
condition with emotion. The poetry is by poet Ludwig Heinrich Christoph Hölty.
Clara Schumann paved the way for women composers and was a finer musician than many of her
contemporaries. Clara Schumann was renowned in her time, for her outstanding piano skills and her
performances as a child prodigy. She composed "Lorelei" in 1843; it is towards the end of her lieder
output from the years 1831 to 1853. The text is by German Poet Heinrich Heine, a favorite author
among Robert Schumann and Franz Schubert. "Die Lorelei" is one of his most popular poems and
was set to music by other composers, but Clara's musical setting has been lovingly referred to as the
'Female equivalent to "Der Erlkönig."
Hugo Wolf was another nineteenth–century composer who specialized in lieder. He wrote hundreds
of lieder and composed other works, including two operas. His style is linked to the Second
Viennese School of Arnold Schoenberg, Alan Berg, and Anton Webern. Wolf's lieder continually
have grand moments of expressiveness. His lieder and compositions have complex harmonic
motions; Verschwiegene Liebe especially is harmonically thick all while maintaining its sweetness.
Richard Strauss was a leading German composer that spanned the late nineteenth century into the
twentieth century. He is best known for his numerous operas, like Salome and Der

The Renaissance : The Contribution And Legacy Of The...
The Black Death swept through Europe and killed 1/3 of the population. Life seemed bleak for
millions of survivors. Music and art took a back seat, but that all changed with the Renaissance. The
Renaissance was a period in European history, from the 14th to the 16th century, regarded as the
cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It was a time period of rebirth that
offered people a chance to live again. Music and art once more became center stage. Artist became
architects. Musicians became composers. Some of the best composers of this time period include
Guillaume Dufay, Heinrich Isaac, and Jacob Obrecht. However, the composer that often defines the
Renaissance is Josquin des Prez. Josquin de Prez, sometimes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
1450 is acknowledged by most historians as Josquin's birth year, because the first definite record of
his employment is dated April 19, 1477, and it shows that he was a singer at the chapel of René,
Duke of Anjou, in Aix–en–Provence (Kuerti, 2001). 1450 makes the most sense because it follows
chronologically the rest of his career.
His birth place is also an area with no consensus. Scholars first claimed Josquin's birthplace to be
Conde, because of the documented inheritance he received by his uncle and aunt in Conde, which
are his only named and known relatives (Sadie, Stanley, and John Tyrrell, 2001). Josquin considered
himself a foreigner and proclaimed it right before his death, which makes it improbable that he was
born in Conde (Sadie, Stanley, and John Tyrrell, 2001). Other scholars argue that he was born
somewhere in Hainaut, a province of present day Belgium in the Walloon region (Hughes and
Abraham, 1960). In his motet, Illibata Dei Virgo Nutrix, Josquin hints that he was born near a river
by the village of Beaurevoir near Northern France, close to the Belgium border (Sadie, Stanley, and
John Tyrrell, 2001). Although there are different opinions about the exact place and time of his birth,
it is clear that Josquin was born during the period of the Duchy of Burgundy or the reign of Philip
the Good near a border (Reese, 1954). While historians are torn on this issue,

Girl With A Pearl Earring By Gring Griet Analysis
An important part in every person's life is the search for personal identity and self–knowledge. This
struggle involves working out a concept of oneself as a unique individual and embracing an
ideology or system of values that provide a sense of direction, as stated in Weiten's Psychology:
Themes and Variations. Similarly, in Girl With a Pearl Earring by Tracy Chevalier, Griet grapples
with her identity as a maid, and entertains the idea that she can choose a path not set out for her. Her
journey of self–discovery leads to a deeper understanding of her role in Vermeer's paintings, and
what it means for her own life. The Vermeer's influence on Griet affects her transition from
adolescence into adulthood, thus affecting the choices she makes. These choices define Griet as a
person even when she feels she no longer has any trace of her old self left. Although Griet does not
completely sever her ties to her old life, Griet does fit the archetype of a hero on a hero's quest
because of the challenges crucial to her journey and through the redemption of her personal values.
As Griet begins work as a maid in the Vermeer household, she has extensive responsibilities thrust
upon her both from the Vermeers and her family. While there, Griet encounters many obstacles; the
first being her relationship with her new mistress Catharina. "Catharina remained on the threshold. I
did not dare enter before her. After an awkward moment she ordered, 'Open the shutters, then. Not
the window on the left. Just the middle and far windows. And only the lower part of the middle
window'" (Chevalier, 32). Catharina's instruction from Johannes creates a lot of tension between
Griet and herself; beginning Catharina's resentment of Griet. Catharina does not like the fact that
Johannes allows a maid in his studio, but not her. As Griet's time in the Vermeer household
continues, Vermeer eventually chooses to paint Griet, even though she does not wish to be painted
because of her class and position. For Griet, that means giving up the only thing she has left– her
identity– for the sake of Vermeer's painting. "He seemed to be waiting for something. My face
began to strain with the fear that I was not giving him what he wanted. 'Griet', he added

A Girl Asleep Analysis
Johannes Vermeer (1632–1675) was a Dutch painter from Delft who came into prominence during
the Dutch Golden Age. His painting of A Girl Asleep is a "genre" painting. He brings the genre art
to life in this painting by exploring the effects of atmosphere, color, compositional structure, light,
and perspective in relation to its intimate interior scene. The painting tells the story of a young
woman, occasionally with a male companion, asleep while seated on a table in a domestic interior.
The format of the painting is vertical and is an oil on canvas painting. The girl, a maid that has
dozed off after entertaining a visitor, is the foreground of the painting. She is dressed in a brown silk
dress and lace neckband while a small cap adorns her ears and pearl earrings are shining at both
cheeks. Her physical features are subtle, unmarked by feelings, even though her cheeks seem to be
flushed and is smiling. The painting above her portrays an unmasked Cupid, which is an implied
explanation of her dreamy smile. On the table, there are objects placed at its front including two
glasses: a wine glass that is half–filled and an opaque wine pitcher. These objects subtly imply the
probable cause for the girl's current state, which could be drunkenness. Vermeer's subtle approach to
the girl's possibly intoxicated state displays the artist's sense of respect because not only is her self–
esteem and physical appeal maintained, so is her upper–class social standing. The girl's elbow is

Vermeer: A View Of Delft
Vermeer's life is mostly a mystery for historians. Most of what is known about his life is what can
be pieced together using his paintings. Art historians use the paintings and the very little written
records available to try and piece together Vermeer's life. However, the task is difficult because of
the lack of information and the guesswork involved with using paintings. Vermeer: A View of Delft
is Anthony Baily's attempt at reconstructing Vermeer's life, using his art, the written records, and the
town of Delft, Vermeer's home. Anthony Baily does not make a convincing biography about
Vermeer because of the lack of information about Vermeer's life; instead, he creates a biography
about Delft. Information available about Vermeer's early ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He married Catharina Bolnes on April 20, 1653. They owned a house on the Oude Langendijck.
Baily uses an inventory in 1976 in order to attempt to reconstruct what the house would have looked
like. He also uses other similar houses in Delft to provide additional information. His description
only uses an inventory and example houses because the actual Vermeer house does not exist
anymore and historians do not know what it looked like. There is no available description of the
actual house, forcing him to fabricate what the house looked like using a source about Vermeer and
a source from Delft. Using other Delft houses gives a view of what Delft looked like. While having
the inventory of goods allows Baily to give a more personalized depiction of the house, he still has
to rely mainly on Delft in order to give a reconstruction on what the house was like. He suggests
that the Vermeer family most likely had a live–in female servant because it was typical of well–to do
Delft households. Professor Montias believes that the subject of one of Vermeer's paintings, The
Milkmaid, could be Tanneke Everpoel, the serving woman of Catharina's mother Maria Thins. The
woman depicted in the painting is brawny and capable of fending off an unwanted suitor, like
Tanneke did with Willem, Maria's son. Maria Thins definitely employed Tanneke, evidenced by
records. Tanneke was named creditor of Vermeer's estate and was

The Invention Of The Printing Press
The printing press was essentially invented by Johannes Gutenberg enabling mass productions of
books and the spread of rapid knowledge throughout Europe. This invention became a great industry
in Britain. The printing press became a popular industry in the mid–19th century as the second
industrial revolution commenced a communication revolution. There were several factors that made
printing press very popular and substantial such as during wars where there was more of an urgency
to strive for news. The following essay will discuss the developments and events that led to the
press becoming an industry in Britain.
During the 18th century there was a great growth of the London press and followed by 1760, there
were eighty–nine newspapers published in the capital city only. In the 1920's there was a circulation
of the papers which emerged with great expansions leading to the control over the provincial which
later helped to double the copies being made by 1945. Two time frames that helped the press
become an industry in Britain took place during the Korean War. The discovery of Gutenberg
printing press culminated in the rapid rise in the number of the print shops in Britain (Thorpe 1975,
p. 49). However, with the increasing call for the printed equipment rising rapidly, the desire for
printing press aimed at producing the higher quality print with faster augmented (Moran 1978, p.
67). The cast–iron printing press was designed by Stanhope Earl from England in the year 1800.

Illustrators In The 1800s
At the beginning of the 1800s illustrators like Felix Octavius Carr Darley were typically on staff at
printing companies, or in the newspaper offices. On average they would create their works with on–
the–block engravers or lithographic stone plates. If they weren't appointed to draw, coloring was
their alternative means of collecting a paycheck. However, such opportunities went to a very meager
amount of illustrators because at the time art training was scarce in America, so most illustrators had
to teach themselves. However, overseas in Europe the illustration profession fared much better.
(www.illustrationhistory,org) In England and France, illustrators were tasked with composing
satirical prints, books, journals and posters; as long as they had some formal education or prior
workshop experience. When illustrating these forms of media, especially books, it was their job to
devise artwork that would entice the reader to pick up the novel,or provide inspiration for the
writers themselves. Overall, the early 1800s saw illustration still in its general stages of
development. However, eventually that all changed (www.illustrationhistory.org) ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, the distribution of magazines, books, and newspaper became more efficient. Which in
turn made it much easier for the populace to get a hold of current events. In regards to illustrators,
they were tasked to render on the site sketches, political/allegorical cartoons and illustrations for
stories. Although if they wanted their work published, illustrators had to hand over their artwork to
wood engravers, who would then transfer the artwork onto presses.

Galileo : A Controversial Scientific Revolution
Galileo Galilei is arguably the most famous proponent of the heliocentric model proposed by
Copernicus, and his work provided the foundation for much of modern astronomy and physics. His
discoveries of the motion of planets within the solar system not only proved the Copernican theory
true, which was a controversial scientific revolution for the time. However, he was ordered to recant
his works and denounce the heliocentric system after being convicted of "vehement suspicion of
heresy." This was a detrimental move not only for natural philosophers everywhere, but a poor
decision for the church as well, which is evident when the situation is critically analyzed. Galileo's
work contradicted a ruling made by the church in the Index of 1616, and he sought not only to avoid
his work being discredited, but to restore the work of Copernicus to what he saw as its rightful
place. While the "qualifiers" amassed by Rome decided Nicolaus Copernicus's work On the
Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres was not dangerous so long as it was only regarded as a theory
instead of a definite explanation due to its heretical nature , Galileo sought to prove otherwise. He
argued that as the Pope himself sought out Copernicus, and revered his work so highly as to be the
man chosen to adjust the calendar to which all of the Christian world adhered and no one had
bothered to object to his theories until proof had been found, that they ought to reconsider. He
further bolsters his argument with

Bible : The Gutenberg Bible
One of the most important books in the history of design is The Gutenberg Bible, also known as the
Mazarin Bible and the 42–Line Bible. It is often considered one of the first notable books to have
been printed because unlike early books, this book was printed with movable type. Invented by
Johann Gutenberg, his invention changed the course of technology and the way people gained
knowledge forever.
The earliest form of printing known is the application of signet stones. This was used in ancient
times in Babylonia. Before The Gutenberg Bible, books were traditionally rendered by hand on
scrolls. This technique was a feature of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman civilizations ("Printing").
Around the Middle Ages, monks rendered books with quill pens ... Show more content on
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By comparing the watermarks from The Gutenberg Bible with the 36–line Bible, which was long
believed to be the oldest book made with moveable type, Karl Franz Otto Dziatzko was able to
conclude that in fact, the Gutenberg Bible was the older of the two bibles (McCarthy). Each copy of
The Gutenberg Bible required about 50,000 sheets of paper, with about 1286 of those sheets in each
completed book. It took about three to five years to complete the printing, and it completed in 1454
or 1455. Figure 3 holds an example of what a spread from The Gutenberg Bible looks like. This
particular photo is taken from the copy at the Harry Ransom Center in Austin, Texas ("The
Gutenberg Bible").
The invention of moveable type revolutionized the distribution of knowledge. It made it possible to
produce several accurate copies of single works. Since the process was very streamlined, many
people called the process, "the art of multiplying books". The process spread through Germany,
Italy, France, and Europe. Come to the end of the fifteenth century, many books were being made on
machines like Gutenberg's ("The Gutenberg Bible").
Gutenberg's press, made of wood, may have been inspired by winepresses of his time. The type was
made of a metal alloy with a low melting temperature. Despite that, the metal alloy was strong
enough to have pressure applied to it in the press. Research indicated that Gutenberg used a sand–
casting

The Enlightenment Essay
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the scientific revolution brought about a slow change
in societies' thinking regarding math, earth science, physics, and astronomy. Early on, new ideas
about our universe were not widely accepted, especially from the church. This soon changed due to
the hard work and perseverance of several scientists and philosophers who unbeknownst to them
brought about an era known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment, which eased into existence
in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries created a new way of thinking based on rationality.
Scholars and intellects were free to debate and have informed discussions about such things as
science, religion, and philosophy without fear of censorship ... Show more content on
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Around the same time as Kepler, Galileo was making his own observations.
Galileo was first to have the use of a telescope to observe celestial bodies, which helped him greatly
in making new discoveries. He was able to not only study the motion of other planets, but was able
to observe the satellites orbiting those planets. Galileo also discovered an enormous amount of stars
by observing the Milky Way giving way to theorizing that there is more to our universe then what
was previously thought. Galileo later found himself in trouble with the Catholic Church for publicly
announcing his findings, which went against the Church's held beliefs of the Earth's place in our
universe. Sadly, Galileo had to essentially denounce his findings and was forced to keep his
discoveries private for the rest of his days.
Sir Isaac Newton was the hero of the scientific revolution and his findings quickly propelled the
Enlightenment to fruition. Newton was a brilliant mathematician whose theories on gravity changed
the world. Necessity is the mother of invention and Newton proved that without question when he
implemented or rather invented the use of Calculus to aid him in his attempts to better understand
how gravity works. That alone can not be overstated enough to describe the importance of
knowledge Newton provided to the world. Nearly

How The Printing Press Changed Renaissance Society
The printing press is a fantastic example of the inquiring Renaissance spirit as it was the invention
that changed Renaissance society and that aroused problems and innovations that impacted future
generations.
The printing press was created by Johannes Gutenberg in 1455 in Germany and was the discovery
of how to print books using separate metal letters to make a page of words (forme). One or two
typesetters readied the form, proof readers checked these pages and two journeymen spread
Gutenberg's soot and linseed oil ink all over the forme, before putting damp paper over it and
pressing down on it using a screw attached to a wide thick wooden plate.
The printing press developed a way for book production to be quicker, cheaper and in large

The Invention Of The Printing Press
The invention of the printing press was a great influence on Renaissance culture and literature. Its
inventor, Johannes Gutenberg said himself "like a star it shall scatter the darkness of ignorance and
cause a light herefore unknown to shine amongst men" (Gutenberg, n.d.). By creating the market for
the printed word, he paved the way for literature in the Renaissance. Gutenberg's printing press
single–handedly revolutionized the way stories were shared. He took the power of the word away
from the wealthy and gave it to the greater population.
Before the Press:
Before the printing press was invented books were a scarce luxury. They were produced one at a
time, meticulously copied by hand, usually by monks. This process took a very long time, which
made them very expensive. These rare handmade books were held almost exclusively by the
churches and a few wealthy nobles who could afford them. Since books were the primary source of
knowledge and information, the lack of them caused the people to rely on the church for their
information. This gave the church the power to deceive and manipulate people to benefit the church
and themselves. No one questioned it, they merely accepted it as fact, since they had no other source
of information with which to challenge the churches way of doing things.
Gutenberg:
Johannes Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany, although the exact date is unknown. Though he
is recognized today, there is very little information about his life and what

Girl with a Pearl Earring Theme Essay
VCE English: Unit 1
Text Response: Girl With a Pearl Earring
"Take care to remain yourself" This text shows that remaining true to oneself must be balanced with
family obligations. Discuss
¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬
Tracy Chevalier's novel Girl With a Pearl Earring explores the notion of ‘self' thorough the main
character Griet and her journey from innocence to experience. Firstly, we see throughout the novel
Griet is aware she has much to learn about the world. Furthermore, under Vermeer's roof, Griet's self
exploration spans many realms; artistically, emotionally, morally and religiously, and she emerges a
more complex and mature character. Moreover, Vermeer assists Griet to expand her mind and
perspective on life. Finally, Griet emerge from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It does not take long before Griet begins to feel she has "two families now and they must not mix"
As Griet's ties with her family begin to weaken, so too, do her moral convictions. Griet is so blinded
by her infatuation with Vermeer that she becomes his servant not on just a domestic, but an
emotional level as well. She sacrifices her morals on many occasions and does not remain true to
herself– "I did whatever he asked of me". We see the truth in Van Leeuwenhoek's warning that the
"women in his paintings–he traps them in his world," as it is only with Vermeer that Griet loses
control.
When she was with Pieter she would "not let him do all he wanted", but for Vermeer she pierces her
ears, parts her lips, reveals her hair and is in all sense a "ruined" woman.
Not only does Vermeer become the focus for Griet's emergent sexuality, he also serves to expand her
mind and perspective on life. Teaching her that there is "little pure white in clouds", Griet realises
that the world is not always as it seems. Similarly, Griet's religious prejudices instilled in her by her
family and society are quelled by Vermeer who teaches her that "Its not the painting that is catholic
or Protestant but the people who look at it, and what they expect to see". Furthermore, Griet's
artistic ability is fostered by Vermeer as he teaches her to grind paints and build up "false colours" to

Scientists Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Universe Essay
Scientists Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Universe
Since the dawn of time, man has yearned to know the origin of existence, how life was started, and
the source of creation. Many scientists, from ancient Greece to modern civilization, began the
search for answers by first studying our solar system, mapping the stars, trying to unlock their
secrets. These eight scientists paved the way for any basic knowledge of the universe. Born in 270
BC, the Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos, was the first scientist known to suggest that the
earth revolves around the sun. Little is known of the childhood of Aristarchus, as well as his entire
life. His only recorded works come from Archimedes and Plutarch, which discuss his ideas of ...
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The father of modern astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus, was born in Poland in 1743. All that is
known of his childhood is that his father died when Nicolaus was ten years old, so he was raised by
his uncle. Copernicus was lucky that his uncle was a prominent Bishop and made sure that Nicolaus
received a good education. He enrolled in the University of Cracow to study mathematics,
astronomy, astrology, and philosophy. After completing his studies there, Copernicus traveled
abroad and also enrolled in the Universities of Bologna and Padua to study both medicine and law.
After his return to Poland, he was elected as canon, due greatly to his uncle's influence, so
Copernicus devoted his time to astronomy. In 1512, Copernicus began a critical study of all the
proposed models of the universe and decided that the model that Ptolomy was too complicated to be
possible. He then created the "Copernican system", in which the sun was the center of the universe
and all the planets were in constant orbit around it. But Copernicus deemed it necessary to include
two of Ptolomy's constructions, the epicycle and the eccentric, to explain The constant variable in
the movement of the planets because he believed that all planets were in a circular orbit around the
sun. Since Copernicus used two of Ptolomy's ideas, his model was about as inaccurate. Before
Nicolaus Copernicus died in 1543, he finished his

Romantic Antics during the Romantic Period of Music
What makes you think of the Romantic Period in music? The music period deemed the "Romantic
Period" was brought into place by the major social and political stresses following the French
Revolution, having the outcome of trends worldwide. The Romantic Period itself, outside of music,
was a dramatic movement that was caused by rebelling everything that the Classical Period held as
far as standards in music, art, and societal living. This rebellion against the cultural norm caused
differing standpoints between logic and emotion, science and faith, freedom and oppression,
capitalism and socialism, and also the difference between structured music and expressive music.
The composers during this period were interesting in that they were able to construct such a stylistic
way of writing, and preforming music, in such a short time. Some artists in this time that were
crucial to this development of music were Chopin, and Schumann, who will be later discussed.
Frederic Chopin was given an early start in music. He was born on March 1, 1879 in Zelazowa
Wola, Poland. The young boy had not but aged 7 years when he wrote his first composition.
Imagine that, a second grader who knew how to write his own compositions. Personally I think that
is amazing because sometimes it seems nearly impossible to write anything that is original. This
young boy was soon after sent to the Warsaw Conservatory of Music, where he studied under the
Polish Josef Elsner. His early beginnings in music did

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