The document compares soaps and detergents. It discusses that soaps are salts of fatty acids made through saponification of fats and oils, while detergents are synthetic surfactants made from petrochemicals. Both form micelles to emulsify oils, but detergents work better in hard water since they remain soluble as calcium/magnesium salts. Detergents are more effective cleaners but also less biodegradable than soaps.
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
This was a presentation based on the Science of Soaps and Detergents....
I made it in 3 days as it was on a short-notice...!!
Hope you guyss like it :) :) :) :) :)
A "cosmetic product" is any substance or mixture intended to be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and external genital organs) or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance and/or correcting body odours and/or protecting them or keeping them in good condition.
The Purpose of cosmetics is intended to :
clean
perfume
change appearance
correct body odour
protect
keep in good condition
The process (similar to what we will be doing in lab) involved combining some form of fat with an alkali (basic) material. Most commonly the alkali was in the form of potash and pearlash, which contain KOH.
This was a presentation based on the Science of Soaps and Detergents....
I made it in 3 days as it was on a short-notice...!!
Hope you guyss like it :) :) :) :) :)
A "cosmetic product" is any substance or mixture intended to be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and external genital organs) or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance and/or correcting body odours and/or protecting them or keeping them in good condition.
The Purpose of cosmetics is intended to :
clean
perfume
change appearance
correct body odour
protect
keep in good condition
The process (similar to what we will be doing in lab) involved combining some form of fat with an alkali (basic) material. Most commonly the alkali was in the form of potash and pearlash, which contain KOH.
Cleansing Agents: Soaps - Saponification of lipids – Hard and soft soaps. Detergents (classification and
examples) – Cleansing action - Advantages and disadvantages of soaps and detergents.
Soap nut powder has been in use for almost 3,000 years. And still in many parts of India, soap nut powder is using as a natural soap to remove oil.Soap is a sodium salt or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids having cleansing action in water. They are using as cleansing agents to remove dirt, oil from the skin and clothes.Examples:Sodium stearate, sodium oliate and sodium palmitate formed using stearic acid oleic acid and palmitic acid.
Soap and syndet bars evolution and skin benefitsSteffi Thomas
SOAP VS SYNDET BARS, SAPONIFICATION, EVALUATION OF SOAPS AND SYNDET BARS, TYPES OF SOAP, HISTORY OF SOAP AND SOAP MAKING, FORMULA OF SOAP AND SYNDET BAR FORMULATION, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOAP, RAW MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING OF SOAP AND SYNDET BAR, CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAPS, MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SOAP, B.PHARM, 8th sem, COSMETIC SCIENCE, BP809ET,
Soap nut powder has been in use for almost 3,000 years. And still in many parts of India, soap nut powder is using as a natural soap to remove oil.Soap is a sodium salt or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids having cleansing action in water. They are using as cleansing agents to remove dirt, oil from the skin and clothes.Examples:Sodium stearate, sodium oliate and sodium palmitate formed using stearic acid oleic acid and palmitic acid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. CONTENTS
SOAP DETERGENT
• Introduction • Introduction
• Saponification • Cleansing action of
• Soap molecule (Micelles) detergents
• Cleansing action of soaps
• Advantages and DIFFERENCES
disadvantages BETWEEN SOAPS AND
DETERGENTS
3. SOAPS
Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts
of the long chain carboxylic acid.A soap
molecule consists of a long hydrocarbon
chain (composed of carbons and
hydrogens) with a carboxylic acid on one
end which is ionic bonded to metal ion
usually a sodium or potassium.
A soap has a large non-ionic hydrocarbon
group and an ionic group COO-Na+.
5. SAPONIFICATION
The process of making soap by the
hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalies is
called saponification.
Soap is made by heating animal fats or
vegetable oil with concentrated sodium
hydroxide (NAOH).
Fat or Oil + NaOH → Soap + Glycerol
6. MICELLES – SOAP MOLECULES
A soap molecule has two ends
with different properties-
1. A long hydrocarbon part
which is hydrophobic (i.e. it
dissolves in hydrocarbon).
2. A short ionic part containing
COO-Na+ which is
hydrophilic (i.e. it dissolves in
micelle water).
7.
8. MECHANISM OF SOAPS
When a dirty cloth is put is put in
water containing soap than the
hydrocarbon ends of the soap
molecule in the micelle attach to the
oil or grease particles present on the
surface of dirty cloth. In this way the
soap micelles entraps the oily
particles by using the hydrocarbon
ends. The ionic ends of the soap
molecules remain attached to the
water when the dirty cloth is agitated
in soap solution. The oily particles
presents on its surface gets dispersed
in the water due to which the cloth
gets clean.
9. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
Soaps are eco- DISADVANTAGE
S
friendly and bio
Soaps are not
degradable
suitable in the
hard water.
They have weak
cleansing
properties than
10. DETERGENTS
Detergents are the sodium salts of long
chain benzene sulphuric acids.
Detergents are primarily surfactants,
which could be produced easily from
petrochemicals. Surfactants lower the
surface tension of water, essentially
making it 'wetter' so that it is less likely
to stick to itself and more likely to
interact with oil and grease.
The ionic group is in a detergent is
11. EXAMPLES OF DETERGENTS
Two basic examples of well-known detergents of the
sulphonate group or the sulphate group are:
12. CLEANSING ACTION OF DETERGENTS
Synthetic detergents have the same type of molecular
structure as soaps i.e. a tadpole like molecule having
two parts at each end i.e., one large non-polar
hydrocarbon group that is water repelling
(hydrophobic) and one short ionic group usually
containing the or group that is water attracting
(hydrophilic). Thus the cleansing action is exactly
similar to that of soaps whereby the formation of
micelles followed by emulsification occurs. However,
synthetic detergents can lather well even in hard water.
This is because they are soluble sodium or potassium
salts of sulphonic acid or alkyl hydrogen sulphate and
similarly form soluble calcium or magnesium salts on
reacting with the calcium ions or magnesium ions
present in water. This is a major advantage of the
cleansing property of detergents over soap.
13. ADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Since detergents are the salts of strong acids
they do not decompose in acidic medium. Thus
detergents can effectively clean fabric even if the
water is acidic.
Synthetic detergents are more soluble in water
than soaps.
They have a stronger cleansing action than
soaps.
As detergents are derived from petroleum they
save on natural vegetable oils, which are
important as essential cooking medium
14. DISADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Many detergents are resistant to the action of
biological agents and thus are not biodegradable.
Their elimination from municipal wastewaters by
the usual treatments is a problem.
They have a tendency to produce stable foams in
rivers that extend over several hundred meters of
the river water. This is due to the effects of
surfactants used in their preparation. Thus they
pose a danger to aquatic life.
They tend to inhibit oxidation of organic
substances present in wastewaters because they
form a sort of envelope around them.
15. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
SOAPS DETERGENTS
They are metal salts of These are sodium salts of
long chain higher fatty long chain hydrocarbons
acids. like alkyl sulphates or alkyl
benzene sulphonates.
These are prepared
They are prepared from
from vegetable oils hydrocarbons of petroleum
and animal fats. or coal.
They cannot be used These do not produce
effectively in hard insoluble precipitates in
water as they produce hard water. They are
scum i.e., insoluble effective in soft, hard or salt
water.
precipitates of Ca2+,
Mg2+, Fe2+ etc.