This document discusses soaps and detergents. It defines soaps as salts of fatty acids made from fats and oils through saponification. The cleaning action of soaps relies on hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the soap molecules. Detergents are similar to soaps but are more soluble in hard water. The document discusses the types of detergents and their advantages over soaps. It also discusses the raw materials and processes used to make soaps and detergents, as well as detergent builders.
How to Manufacture Detergents (Detergent Manufacturing Business, Cleaning Pro...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions. Detergents, as a constituent of the overall FMCG industry, accounts for a near 12% of the total demand for all FMCG products estimated at over Rs. 530 bn. Detergents, chemically known as alfa olefin sulphonates (AOS) are used as fabric brightening agent, anti-deposition agent, stain remover and as a bleacher. A major input for the production of detergents is a petrochemical, Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB), while soaps rely more on an inorganic chemical, caustic soda, as a major input.
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Active Ingredients for Detergents, Analysis of Detergents, best small and cottage scale industries, book on detergent manufacturing, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Business Plan, Ideas, Small Scale Industry, Cleaning Products, components of detergents, detergent Business: Profitable Small Scale Manufacturing, detergent Flow sheet, Detergent Formulation Consulting In India, detergent Ingredients, detergent Making Formula, detergent Making Formula Pdf, Detergent making Ingredients, detergent making machine factory, detergent Making Plant, detergent Making Process Pdf, detergent Making Process Video, detergent Making Raw Material, detergent Making Small Business Manufacturing, Detergent Manufacturing Business, detergent Manufacturing Industry in India, detergent Manufacturing Plant, detergent Manufacturing: Small Business Idea, Detergent Production Line, Detergent Raw Material - Washing Powder Raw Material Suppliers, detergent soap manufacturing process, Formulations of Detergent, General Wash Powders, Get started in small-scale detergent manufacturing business, Household Detergent, Household Laundry Detergent Powders, How Laundry Detergent Is Made - Material, Manufacture, Making, How to Make Detergent, How to Manufacture Detergent and Cleaning Products, how to manufacture detergents in India, How to Set Up Start detergent Manufacturing Business in India, How to Start : Detergent & Washing Powder Business in India, How to Start a detergent manufacturing business?, How to Start a Powdered Detergent Plant, How to Start detergent Manufacturing Industry in India, Industrial Detergents, Ingredients - Laundry Detergent – Recipe, Introduction to Detergents, Laundry Detergent Production, Laundry Detergents Formulation - Chemistry in Surfactants, Liquid Detergents Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Detergent Cakes, Manufacturing of detergent, modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable detergent Manufacturing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in detergent Manufacturing industry, Powder Detergent Manufacturing Process, process of Detergent, Process technology books, Profile on the Production of Detergent,
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
How to Manufacture Detergents (Detergent Manufacturing Business, Cleaning Pro...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions. Detergents, as a constituent of the overall FMCG industry, accounts for a near 12% of the total demand for all FMCG products estimated at over Rs. 530 bn. Detergents, chemically known as alfa olefin sulphonates (AOS) are used as fabric brightening agent, anti-deposition agent, stain remover and as a bleacher. A major input for the production of detergents is a petrochemical, Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB), while soaps rely more on an inorganic chemical, caustic soda, as a major input.
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Active Ingredients for Detergents, Analysis of Detergents, best small and cottage scale industries, book on detergent manufacturing, Business consultancy, Business consultant, Business Plan, Ideas, Small Scale Industry, Cleaning Products, components of detergents, detergent Business: Profitable Small Scale Manufacturing, detergent Flow sheet, Detergent Formulation Consulting In India, detergent Ingredients, detergent Making Formula, detergent Making Formula Pdf, Detergent making Ingredients, detergent making machine factory, detergent Making Plant, detergent Making Process Pdf, detergent Making Process Video, detergent Making Raw Material, detergent Making Small Business Manufacturing, Detergent Manufacturing Business, detergent Manufacturing Industry in India, detergent Manufacturing Plant, detergent Manufacturing: Small Business Idea, Detergent Production Line, Detergent Raw Material - Washing Powder Raw Material Suppliers, detergent soap manufacturing process, Formulations of Detergent, General Wash Powders, Get started in small-scale detergent manufacturing business, Household Detergent, Household Laundry Detergent Powders, How Laundry Detergent Is Made - Material, Manufacture, Making, How to Make Detergent, How to Manufacture Detergent and Cleaning Products, how to manufacture detergents in India, How to Set Up Start detergent Manufacturing Business in India, How to Start : Detergent & Washing Powder Business in India, How to Start a detergent manufacturing business?, How to Start a Powdered Detergent Plant, How to Start detergent Manufacturing Industry in India, Industrial Detergents, Ingredients - Laundry Detergent – Recipe, Introduction to Detergents, Laundry Detergent Production, Laundry Detergents Formulation - Chemistry in Surfactants, Liquid Detergents Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Detergent Cakes, Manufacturing of detergent, modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable detergent Manufacturing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in detergent Manufacturing industry, Powder Detergent Manufacturing Process, process of Detergent, Process technology books, Profile on the Production of Detergent,
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
How to Manufacture Disinfectants, Soaps and Detergents Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Soaps and detergents are used frequently in our daily life. We use them to wash our hands and clean our clothes without ever really paying attention to how they work. Beneath the plain white surface of a bar of soap lies an intriguing history and a powerful chemistry. It has been said that amount of soap and detergent consumed in a country is a reliable measure of its civilizations. There was a time when these products were luxury; now it is a necessity.
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How to Manufacture Detergents Powder, Active Ingredients for Detergents, Surf...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
The Indian detergent industry is about three decades old. An interesting and unique feature of detergent industry in India is the existence of non power operated units which do not use any electrical power for the production of detergent powder. But the production technology of detergents have been changed involving high technique in process control, more skilled personnel and requiring large input.
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How to Manufacture Disinfectants, Soaps and Detergents Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Soaps and detergents are used frequently in our daily life. We use them to wash our hands and clean our clothes without ever really paying attention to how they work. Beneath the plain white surface of a bar of soap lies an intriguing history and a powerful chemistry. It has been said that amount of soap and detergent consumed in a country is a reliable measure of its civilizations. There was a time when these products were luxury; now it is a necessity.
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How to Manufacture Detergents Powder, Active Ingredients for Detergents, Surf...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
The Indian detergent industry is about three decades old. An interesting and unique feature of detergent industry in India is the existence of non power operated units which do not use any electrical power for the production of detergent powder. But the production technology of detergents have been changed involving high technique in process control, more skilled personnel and requiring large input.
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Cleansing Agents: Soaps - Saponification of lipids – Hard and soft soaps. Detergents (classification and
examples) – Cleansing action - Advantages and disadvantages of soaps and detergents.
Soap nut powder has been in use for almost 3,000 years. And still in many parts of India, soap nut powder is using as a natural soap to remove oil.Soap is a sodium salt or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids having cleansing action in water. They are using as cleansing agents to remove dirt, oil from the skin and clothes.Examples:Sodium stearate, sodium oliate and sodium palmitate formed using stearic acid oleic acid and palmitic acid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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13. Soaps
Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as
oleic acid (C17H33COOH), stearic acid (C17H35COOH), palmitic acid
(C15H31COOH), lauric acid (C11H23COOH) are called soap.
Soaps are made from fats and oils, or their fatty acids, by hydorlysis and then
treating them chemically with a strong alkali.
CH2-OOC-C17H35 CH2-OH
CH-OOC-C17H35 +3H2O 3C17H35COOH+ CH-OH
CH2-OOC-C17H35 CH2-OH
Tristearin
Stearic acid
3C17H35COOH + 3NaOH C17H35COONa +3H2O
Example-Toilet, laundry soap, shaving soap, liqiup soap etc.
14. Soap ions consist of two parts, that is the head that consists of the anion region, ionic and also
called the hydrophilic region which dissolves in water. Another part is the tail that consists of
hydrocarbon region and its molecule has covalent characteristics. Its also called the hydrophobic
region which dissolves in grease or oil(dirt).
The soap molecules will dissolves in water and reduces the surface tension of water. Water wets
the dirty surface. The hydrophilic region dissolves in water whereas the hydrophobic region
dissolves in dirt such as grease. Grease is lifted off the surface of the material and suspended in
water. The tail region emulsifies and breaks up the grease into small drops.
Cleaning action of soap
15. Raw materials used for soap preparation
Fats or tallow
Tallow is the principle fatty material used to prepare soap. The quantities used are about
three-fourths of the total oils and fats consumed by the soap industry. It contains the mixed
glycerides obtained from the solid fat of cattle. The solid fat is digested with steam; the
tallow forms a layer above the water so that it can easily be removed.
Fatty oils
-Coconut oil-----it contains large proportions of the very desirable glycerides of lauric and
myristic acids. It is used in order to get moderately soluble and hard soap. Its melting point
is 20-250C.
-Palm oil--- palm oil contains 6% free fatty acid. It is colored. So before use, it is bleached
in order to get colorless oil. It is used for making toilet soap.
-Olive oil--- It is used for the finer quality toilet soap
-Castor oil--- It is used for the production of transparent soap.
Greases
Greases are (20%) the second most important raw materials in soap manufacturing. They
are obtained from hogs and smaller domestic animals. They are refined by steam rendering
or solvent extraction.
16. Some inorganic chemicals such as Na2CO3, Na3PO4, NahCO3, borax etc. are used to improve
the quality of the soap which are called soap builders. Soap builders are used for the following
purposes
To promote the cleansing power.
To reduce the overall costs.
To enhance the effectiveness of the soap.
To prevent the redeposition of the soil from the wash water on the fabrics.
To soften the hardness of the water.
To control the alkalinity of the solution.
To prevent the formation of precipitation in hard water.
To prevent the wastage of soap.
To decrease the rapid solubility of soap
To increase the strength and odor of the soap.
Soap builders
17. Auxiliary Raw Materials
Caustic soda, NaOH---it is one of the principle raw materials used in the saponification process.
It is used in making of hard soap.
Caustic potash KOH-------it is used in making of soft soap
Rosin----Rosin is a plant exudation product which is mainly contains pimaric and abietic acid.
Rosin is used for the following purposes
--to make lather formation faster
-- To increase the cleansing action of the soap
-- To soften the hard soap
Fillers/Aditives—fillers are used to increase the bulk or weight of the soap without affecting the
detergency. Some fillers are added such as
a) Talc (5-10%); b) Starch (2%); Glauber salts (Na2SO4.10H2O); d) Pearl ash etc.
Coloring agents– Organic dyes and inorganic pigments are generally used. Common coloring
matters are---
a) Methyl violet for violet shade; b) Bismark brown for brown; c) Rhodamine for red; d) Zinc
oxide for white; e) Ultramarine or methyl blue for blue shade ; f) Cosin for pink shade.
Perfume and perfume fixatives
Perfume may be natural or synthetic. Natural perfumes are sandal wood oil, lemon grass oil, clove
oil, eucalyptus oil, lavender oil etc. Synthetic perfumes are jasmine (benzyl acetate), rose (phenyl
ethyl alcohol) and musk (benzoate).
Certain perfume fixatives such as Tolu-balsum, Gum-benzoin etc. are used.
18. Process of manufacture of soap
1.Full-boiled process
•Batch-kettle process or saponification process
•Modern /continuous/splitting process or hydrolysis process
1.Semi-boiled process
2.Cold-made process
3.Neutralization process.
19.
20. Olive oil
storage
Palm oil
storage
Tallow
storage
Coconut
oil storage
Blending
tank
ZnO
Deaeration
under vacuum
Spurge
ring
Water
Hydrolyzer
485 0F
600 psi
Vaporizer
Tar
separator
As steam
water
Glycerol solution (12%)
(hydrolysis)
50%NaOH
Neat Soap
Vacuumfractionator
Low MW fatty acid
Neutralizer
2'
65'
Modern /continuous/splitting process or hydrolysis process
21. Batch process Continuous process
1. Raw materials are fed at a time and after complete
saponification the soap is taken out.
1. Raw materials are fed continuously and the soap is also
taken out continuously.
2. Bleaching of the colored fats or oils is required. 2. Pretreatment of fats or oils is not required.
3. Glycerine solution obtained is only 4% 3. Glycerine solution obtained is only 12%
4. The process conditions are rigid and cannot be changed. 4. The process has flexibility in its control.
5. Large space and manpower are required. 5. Small space and manpower are required.
6. Process time is 7 days. 6. Process time is only 6 hrs.
Difference between batch process & continuous process
23. A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in
dilute solutions. These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of
compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the
polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxyl (of soap) to bind
to calcium and other ions found in hard water.
Detergents are synthetic organic chemicals which promote better surface tension
lowering than soaps.
Detergent
24. Why detergents?
Owing to the shortage of fats or oils, soap manufacturing becomes so much expensive.
In the detergent manufacturing, fats and oils are not used. So a large amount of edible fats
and oils become available for human consumption.
Detergent is superior in its action to soap even in hard water i.e. the soap forms insoluble
compounds with Ca2+ and Mg2+ present in hard water. This insoluble compounds reduce
the foaming and cleansing action. But detergent don’t form insoluble compounds.
2RCOONa + MgSO4 (RCOO-)2Mg2+ +Na2SO4
Soap insoluble compund
2R-Ar-SO3Na +MgSO4 [R-Ar-SO3-]2 Mg2+ + Na2SO4
Soluble compound
25. Types of detergent
Anionic detergents– those detergents which produce anion (R-) in water or solution. Anionic
detergents dissociate into a long chain anion which acts as the hydrophilic end and the long chain
carbon as the hydrophobic end. Example: Alkyl benzene sulphonate, Alkyl sulphate, Alkyl
benzene ether sulphonate,
Cationic detergent- those detergents which produce cation (R+) in water or solution. Cationic
detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of acetates, chlorides, or bromides These detergents
have no strong detergent characteristics but have strong germicidal properties.
Exam: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
26. Non-Ionic- Molecules of these detergents do not contain any ions. These detergents
are esters of alcohols having high molecular mass. They are obtained by reacting
polyethylene glycol and stearic acid.
Example: Alkyl arul ethylene derivatives, fatty acid amides etc.
Amphoteric detergents- those detergents contain both cationic and anionic groups are
called amphoteric detergents.
Example: Lauryl sarcozinate.
27. Detergent builders
Some compounds which are added to detergents during preparation for lowering surface tension
of water and extending foam for the prevention of redeposition of soil and dirt on the fabric, to
increase the effectiveness, brightness, and reduce the overall cost of detergent. These
compounds are called detergent builders.
Six types of detergent builders are used----
1. Phosphates
2. Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose
3. Fabric brightners or fluorescent dyes
4. Corrosion inhibitors
5. Antimicrobial agents
6. perfumes