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Soap
- 1. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICALENGINEERING EGE UNIVERSITY ChE 116 TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION
- 2. OUTLINE *History *Types *Properties *Uses *Manufacturing Processes *Economic Analysis *EnvironmentalImpacts *Benefits *Detergents vs Soaps *Future *Alternate Sources *Most Expensive Soap
- 5. HISTORY OF SOAP •In the biblical period, soaps were made from plant derivatives. • The origin of word “soap” is unclear, but some legends are documented.
- 6. The earliest writtenaccount of soap making and use was described in Sumerian clay tables. For several centuries, soap manufacturing was limited to small-scale production using mainly plant ashes. HISTORY...
- 7. Nicholas Leblancinvented the process of making soda ash from ordinary table salt. HISTORY...
- 8. Fritz Guntherdeveloped the first synthetic detergent. HISTORY...
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- 14. Soaps for cleansingare obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution. Figure 1 Formation of Triglyceride PROPERTIES...
- 15. A longhydrophobic hydrocarbon “tail” A hydrophilic anionic “head” Figure 2 General Structure of Soap PROPERTIES...
- 17. USES Personal hygiene Laundry Textile Polymerization(Plastic andrubber industry) Cosmetics Leather
- 19. RAW MATERIALS Fats andoils Tallow Lard Lye (caustic soda) Natural fatty acids Non-fatty soap stocks Alkalines
- 20. Smaller-scale production involvesthe traditional batch processes. The three variations are: Cold Process Hot Process Fully-boiled Process BATCH PROCESS
- 21. Continuous processes arepreferred today because of their flexibility, speed and economics. CONTINUOUS PROCESS
- 22. Figure 3 Flowsheet of manufacture of soaps, fatty acids and glycerin
- 24. THE LEVEL ANDDEVELOPMENT OF TURKEY In the soap industry, Turkey has a very big production capacity, which is greater than demand.
- 25. RATE OF EXPORTSOF SOAP Soap exports in Turkey have declined significantly in 1991 compared to 1990.
- 26. In 1992 and1993 a significant increase took place. RATE OF EXPORTS OF SOAP...
- 27. Table 1 Turkey'sVarious Types of Soap Exports Products 1992 1993 1994 Quantify Value Quantify Value Quantify Value Medical and disinfectant soaps 1.340t* $1.228 249t $258 420t $314 Toilet soaps 37.879t $34.493 38.609t $37.689 58.592t $58.816 Other soaps 28.528t $17.387 24.890t $13.671 18.892t $10.683 Total(soaps) 69.807t $53.107 63.749t $51.617 78.264t $69.813 *t: tones
- 28. The main countriesthat exported the soap are Bulgaria, Rumania, Iraq, Egypt, Polish, Kazakhstan, Albania and Jordan . RATE OF EXPORTS OF SOAP...
- 29. Countries 1992 19931994 Russian Federation 7.049.096t* 6.676.132t 13.406.385t Bulgaria 62.826t 3.643.935t 6.607.495t Rumania 2.285.709t 3.022.940t 5.985.360t Iraq 16.739.286t 4.703.930t 4.549.156t Polish 3.303.579t 4.584.737t 4.185.550t Egypt 3.385.884t 4.151.455t 4.055.668t Kazakhstan 452.403t 323.377t 3.584.622t Albania 2.285.709t 3.022.940t 3.401.572t Jordan 5.894.580t 4.951.581t 1.488.274t Others 11.647.805t 16.536.248t 22.548.599t Total 53.106.877t 51.617.275t 69.812.681t Table 2 Turkey's Exports of Soap Comparison According to Countries *t: tones
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- 34. Hygiene Reduce the spreadof germs Fresh, clean and smelling hands Reduce the risk of diarrhea BENEFITS...
- 35. General Properties ofSoap General Properties of Detergents They are obtained from vegetable or animal oils. They are derived synthetically from petroleum. They are natural so they have no effect on human body. They affect the human body. They are easily broken down by natural means. They can’t easily decompose. They do not cause water pollution. They cause water pollution. They have no damage to the environment. They cause environmental pollution. They lose their cleaning power over time. They have special formulas for different purposes. They form a precipitate with metal ions present in hard water. They are less affected by the ions in hard water. They can damage clothes. They don’t damage clothes too much. They clean more effective in hot water. They clean well even in cold water. They are used for thousands of years. They are widely used in the last 50-60 years.
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- 38. Environment-friendly products More moneyfor testing FUTURE...
- 40. Cheapest and harmlessraw materials Alternatives to caustic soda ALTERNATE SOURCES...
- 41. Plantain peelash Cassava peel ash ALTERNATE SOURCES...
- 42. MOST EXPENSIVE SOAP •Silver, a known antibacterial agent, is what makes Cor the most expensive soap in the world. • Cor retails for $125 for a 120 gram bar.