This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe the justification of qualitative Sampling Techniques
Understand different types of Sampling Techniques
Thematic analysis in qualitative research Explained with ExampleSufi Nouman Riaz
https://youtu.be/QNP4KkNFzu4
Thematic analysis is a technique of data analysis while conducting a qualitative study. Thematic analysis is the most recognized, adapted, and used approach to analyze qualitative data.
This video is made as per the illustrations and procedures explained in the Braun and Clarke (2006) research article on Thematic Analysis.
Have you just conducted a qualitative study involving:
Interviews
Focus Groups
Observations
Document or artifact analysis
Journal notes or reflections?
How to use this type of data?
Just as there are numerous statistical tests to run for quantitative data, there are just as many options for qualitative data analysis.
THEMATIC APPROACH
Most common forms of analysis in qualitative research. It emphasizes Pinpointing, Examining, Recording
Patterns (or "themes") within data.
Themes are patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research question.
Themes become categories for analysis
6 Phases of Coding
(Thematic Analysis)
1-Familiarization with data
2-Generating initial codes
3-Searching for themes among codes
4-Reviewing themes
5-Defining and naming themes
6-Producing the final report
Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research
Ethnographic research is one of the many crucial research methodologies in educational research. This well-researched ppt gives a clear picture of the what, how, and why of the research design.
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe the justification of qualitative Sampling Techniques
Understand different types of Sampling Techniques
Thematic analysis in qualitative research Explained with ExampleSufi Nouman Riaz
https://youtu.be/QNP4KkNFzu4
Thematic analysis is a technique of data analysis while conducting a qualitative study. Thematic analysis is the most recognized, adapted, and used approach to analyze qualitative data.
This video is made as per the illustrations and procedures explained in the Braun and Clarke (2006) research article on Thematic Analysis.
Have you just conducted a qualitative study involving:
Interviews
Focus Groups
Observations
Document or artifact analysis
Journal notes or reflections?
How to use this type of data?
Just as there are numerous statistical tests to run for quantitative data, there are just as many options for qualitative data analysis.
THEMATIC APPROACH
Most common forms of analysis in qualitative research. It emphasizes Pinpointing, Examining, Recording
Patterns (or "themes") within data.
Themes are patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research question.
Themes become categories for analysis
6 Phases of Coding
(Thematic Analysis)
1-Familiarization with data
2-Generating initial codes
3-Searching for themes among codes
4-Reviewing themes
5-Defining and naming themes
6-Producing the final report
Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research
Ethnographic research is one of the many crucial research methodologies in educational research. This well-researched ppt gives a clear picture of the what, how, and why of the research design.
Perception and Expectation of Students Towards Service QualityAsma Muhamad
Current study of service quality from perspective of students at one of Malaysian research university.
The article is also available here
http://mojem.um.edu.my/current
Here is an in-depth presentation that overviews twenty two (22) qualitative data methods that can be used in marketing research. For more great FREE resources, join us on facebook today at www.facebook.comb2bwhiteboard.
Or visit our website: www.b2bwhiteboard.com
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Data analysis chapter 18 from the companion website for educational researchYamith José Fandiño Parra
This is a slide show of chapter 18 from Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications. Primarily intended for instructor use in the classroom, it is also available for students’ study use or to review as an advance organizer before class lectures or discussions.
Decision Tree Analysis for statistical tool. The deck provides understanding on the Decision Analysis.
It provides practical application and limited theory. Will be useful for MBA students.
Research analysis: getting more from your datacxpartners
Analysis is an under-appreciated part of the research process, but it's actually where the magic happens. Good analysis takes the data as a starting point, and goes beyond it to discover the insights that others will have missed. These slides go through a core method for analysing qualitative data, allowing you to slot in techniques and activities for specific research objectives as required
This PowerPoint is about qualitative research design and what are different approaches one can adopt This slides also talks about the importance of health care research and what different approaches one can adopt
The field of Research Methodology pertains to the scientific study of the methods employed in research. It involves a systematic approach to resolving research problems through the logical adoption of various steps. Methodology serves to facilitate comprehension not only of the outcomes of scientific inquiry, but also of the process itself. The primary objective of Research Methodology is to describe and analyze research methods, elucidate their limitations and resources, and clarify their presuppositions and consequences. Additionally, it aims to relate their potentialities to the ambiguous realm at the forefront of knowledge.
Do you have responses to open-ended questions or want to use qualitative data to evaluate CE/QI interventions? Qualitative Analysis Boot Camp at the ACEHP 2013 meeting in San Francisco on 1 February has tools to get you started.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
Qualitative data analysis
1. Qualitative Data Analysis
Tilahun Nigatu (MPH)
M&E and Research Manager
African Medical & Research Foundation
March 2009
tilahunn@gmail.com +251911486661
2. The Continuum
Quantitative Qualitative
There is no such thing as All research ultimately has a
qualitative data. qualitative grounding
Everything is either 0 or 1 (D.T Camp bell)
(Fred Kerlinger)
Different approaches to
arrive at the same
destiny
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/qualdeb.php
2
3. Outline of the Presentation
Qualitative research
Qualitative data
Qualitative analysis
Qualitative software
Qualitative reporting
3
5. What is qualitative research?
“Development of concepts which help us to
understand social phenomena in natural (rather
than experimental) settings, giving due
emphasis to the meanings, experiences and views
of the participants.”
Pope & Mays
BMJ 1995;311:42-45
5
6. Dimensions of qualitative methods
Understanding context
• How economic, political, social, cultural, environmental
and organizational factors influence health
Understanding people
• How people make sense of their experiences of health
and disease
Understanding interaction
• How the various actors involved in different public
health activities interact each other
6
7. Qual Vs Quan: Basic differences
Qualitative Quantitative
Purpose To describe a situation, To measure magnitude-How
gain insight to particular widespread is a practice...
practice...
Format No pre-determined Pre-determined response
response categories categories, standard measures
Data In-depth explanatory data Wide breadth of data from large
from a small sample statistically representative sample
Analysis Draws out patterns from Tests hypotheses, uses data to
concepts and insights support conclusion
Result Illustrative explanation & Numerical aggregation in
individual responses summaries, responses are
clustered
Sampling Theoretical Statistical
7
8. Qual Vs Quan: Analytic approaches
Quantitative Qualitative
Research question Fixed/Focused Broader, contextual, flexible
Expected outcome Identified in Usually not predefined,
advance emergent research question
Hierarchy of phases Linearity Circular
Confounding factors Controlled during Searched in the field
design & analysis
Time dimension Slower Rapid to slower
8
9. Qual Vs Quan: Data collection method
Quantitative Qualitative
Sampling Random sampling Open ended and less structured
protocols (Flexible)
Tools Structured data Depend on interactive
collection instruments interviews
Results Produce results that Produce results that give
generalize, compare and meaning, experience and views
summarize
9
10. Models for Combining Qual-Quan
methods
Qual-Quan Combining models
Sequential use model Concurrent use model
Qual-Quan Quan-Qual Quan Qual Quan Qual
model model model model
10
11. Important concepts in Designing
qualitative research
Concept Description
Natural setting Participants are free from any control & data are collected
in their natural environment
Holism The whole is more than the sum, take magnitude of
contextual factors in to account
Human as a Researcher is involved in every step being responsive,
research flexible, adaptive and good listener
instrument
Emergent design Study design emerges as further insights are gained
through data collection and analysis
Saturation or A stage where additional interview or observation is not
redundancy believed to add new information-enough is enough!
11
12. Common qualitative study designs
Study design Description
Ethnography Portrait of people- study of the story and culture of a
group usually to develop cultural awareness &
sensitivity
Phenomenology Study of individual’s lived experiences of events-e.g. the
experience of AIDS care
Grounded theory Going beyond adding to the existing body of
knowledge-developing a new theory about a
phenomenon-theory grounded on data
Participatory action Individuals & groups researching their own personal
research beings, socio-cultural settings and experiences
Case study In-depth investigation of a single or small number of
units at a point (over a period) in time. E.g. Evaluation of
s service
12
13. Sampling in Qualitative research
• To generate a sample which allows understanding the social process
Aim
of interest
• Purposive sampling- selection of the most productive sample to
answer the research question
Technique
• Ongoing interpretation of data will indicate who should be
approached, including identification of missing voices
• The one that adequately answers the research question-until new
Size categories, themes or explanations stop emerging from the data
• Depend on available time and resources
13
14. Sampling techniques in qualitative
research
Snow ball/chain Extreme/deviant Homogeneous
sampling case sampling sampling
Maximum Convenience Opportunistic
variation sampling sampling sampling
14
16. What is qualitative data?
• Data that are not easily reduced to numbers
• Data that are related to concepts, opinions, values and
behaviours of people in social context
• Transcripts of individual interviews and focus groups,
field notes from observation of certain activities, copies
of documents, audio/video recordings...
www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/qualdata.php
16
17. Types of Qualitative Data
Structured text, (writings, stories, survey comments,
news articles, books etc)
Unstructured text (transcription, interviews, focus
groups, conversation)
Audio recordings, music
Video recordings (graphics, art, pictures, visuals)
18. Qualitative data collection methods
Methods Brief explanation
Observation The researcher gets close enough to study subjects to
observe (with/without participation) usually to
understand whether people do what they say they do, and
to access tacit knowledge of subjects
Interview This involves asking questions, listening to and recording
answers from an individual or group on a structured,
semi-structured or unstructured format in an in-depth
manner
Focus Group Focused (guided by a set of questions) and interactive
Discussion session with a group small enough for everyone to have
chance to talk and large enough to provide diversity of
opinions
Other methods Rapid assessment procedure (RAP), Free listing, Pile sort,
ranking, life history (biography)
18
19. Questions for qualitative interviews
Types of Examples
questions
Hypothetical If you get the chance to be an HIV scientist, do you think
you can discover a vaccine for HIV?
Provocative I have heard people saying most evaluations are
subjective-what do you think?
Ideal In your opinion, what would be the best solution for
eliminating gender-based violence?
Interpretative What do you mean by good?
Leading Do you think prevention is better than cure?
Loading Do you watch that culturally degrading TV show on
condom use?
Multiple Tell me your three favourite authors, the book you like
best by each author, and why you like those books?
19
20. Focus of Qualitative questions
• Experience: When you told your manager that the
project has failed, what happened?
• Opinion: What do you think about the role of evaluation
for program improvement?
• Feelings: When you got to know that the project was a
success, how did you feel?
• Knowledge: Tell me about the different ways of
promoting PME?
• Input: When you have lectures on evaluability
assessment, what does the instructor tell you?
20
21. Preparing transcript
Transcribe word by word (verbatim)
Consider non-verbal expressions
Try to do the transcribing yourself
Be patient-Time consuming
21
22. Preparing Metadata(Log)
Project/research title
Date of data collection
Place of data collection
ID-code of informant(s)
Research team
Method of data collection
Documentation type: Tape recorder, notes
and observations
22
24. What is Qualitative Data Analysis?
Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) is the range of
processes and procedures whereby we move from the
qualitative data that have been collected into some form
of explanation, understanding or interpretation of the
people and situations we are investigating.
QDA is usually based on an interpretative philosophy.
The idea is to examine the meaningful and symbolic
content of qualitative data
http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/what_is_qda.php
24
25. Approaches in analysis
Deductive approach
– Using your research questions to group the data and then
look for similarities and differences
– Used when time and resources are limited
– Used when qualitative research is a smaller component of a
larger quantitative study
Inductive approach
– Used when qualitative research is a major design of the
inquiry
– Using emergent framework to group the data and then look
for relationships
25
26. Points of focus in analyzing text data
• The primary message content
• The evaluative attitude of the speaker toward the
message
• Whether the content of the message is meant to
represent individual or group-shared ideas
• The degree to which the speaker is representing
actual Vs hypothetical experience
http://qualitativeresearch.ratcliffs.net/15methods.pdf
26
27. Qualitative Vs Quantitative Data analysis
Qualitative Quantitative
• Begins with more general • Key explanatory and
open-ended questions, outcome variables
moving toward greater identified in advance
precision as more • Contextual/confounding
information emerges variables identified and
• Pre-defined variables are controlled
not identified in advance • Data collection and
• Preliminary analysis is an analysis distinctly
inherent part of data separate phases
collection • Analysis use formal
statistical procedures
27
28. Tools for helping the Analytical Process
Summaries: Should contain the key points that
emerge from undertaking the specific activity
Self Memos: Allow you to make a record of the
ideas which occur to you about any aspect of
your research, as you think of them
Researcher Diary
29. Terms used in Qualitative data analysis
Theory: A set of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions
that presents a systematic view of events or situations by specifying
relations among variables
Themes: idea categories that emerge from grouping of lower-level
data points
Characteristic: a single item or event in a text, similar to an
individual response to a variable or indicator in a quantitative
research. It is the smallest unit of analysis
Coding: the process of attaching labels to lines of text so that the
researcher can group and compare similar or related pieces of
information
Coding sorts: compilation of similarly coded blocks of text from
different sources in to a single file or report
Indexing: process that generates a word list comprising all the
substantive words and their location within the texts entered in to a
program
29
30. Principles of Qualitative data analysis
1. People differ in their experience and understanding of
reality (constructivist-many meanings)
2. A social phenomenon can’t be understood outside its
own context (Context-bound i.e. book is in the pen)
3. Qualitative research can be used to describe
phenomenon or generate theory grounded on data
4. Understanding human behaviour emerges slowly and
non-linearly
5. Exceptional cases may yield insights in to a problem or
new idea for further inquiry
30
31. Features of Qualitative data analysis
• Analysis is circular and non-linear
• Iterative and progressive
• Close interaction with the data
• Data collection and analysis is simultaneous
• Level of analysis varies
• Uses inflection i.e. “this was good”
• Can be sorted in many ways
• Qualitative data by itself has meaning, i.e. “apple”
31
33. The Process of Qualitative data analysis
Step 1: Organize the data
Step 2: Identify framework
Step 3: Sort data in to framework
Step 4: Use the framework for descriptive analysis
Step 5: Second order analysis
33
34. Step 1: Organize the data
• Transcribe the data (you can use
hyperTRANSCRBE software)
• Translate the data (You can use language
translation software like SYSTRAN)
• Data cleaning
• Label the data
– Structuring
– Familiarizing
www.researchware.com/ht
34
35. Step 2: Identify a Framework
• Read, Read, Read...
• Identify a Framework
– Explanatory – Guided by the research question
– Exploratory-Guided by the data
• Framework will structure, label and define data
• Framework=Coding plan
35
36. Step 3: Sort data in to Framework
• Code the data
• Modify the Framework
• Data entry if use computer packages
http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/how_what_to_code.php
36
37. Step 4: Use Framework in descriptive
analysis
• Descriptive analysis
– Range of responses in categories
– Identify recurrent themes
Stop here if exploratory research
37
38. Step 5: Second order analysis
• Identify recurrent themes
• Notice patterns in the data
• Identify respondent clusters
– Search for causality
– Identify related themes
• Build sequence of events
• Search data to answer research questions
• Develop hypothesis and test
38
40. Content analysis
• Content analysis is the procedure for the
categorization of verbal or behavioural data for
the purpose of classification, summarization and
tabulation
• The content can be analyzed on two levels
– Descriptive: What is the data?
– Interpretative: what was meant by the data?
http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/content/pop2a.cfm
40
41. Narrative analysis
• Narratives are transcribed experiences
• Every interview/observation has narrative aspect-the
researcher has to sort-out and reflect up on them,
enhance them, and present them in a revised shape to
the reader
• The core activity in narrative analysis is to reformulate
stories presented by people in different contexts and
based on their different experiences
http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA765/narrativ.htm
41
42. Discourse analysis
• A method of analyzing a naturally occurring talk
(spoken interaction) and all types of written texts
• Focus on ordinary people method of producing and
making sense of everyday social life: How language is
used in everyday situations?
– Sometimes people express themselves in a simple and
straightforward way
– Sometimes people express themselves vaguely and indirectly
– Analyst must refer to the context when interpreting the message
as the same phenomenon can be described in a number of
different ways depending on context
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/337/aug07_3/a879
42
43. Framework Analysis
• Familiarization: Transcribing & reading the data
• Identifying a thematic framework: Initial coding
framework which is developed both from a priori issues
and from emergent issues
• Coding: Using numerical or textual codes to identify
specific piece of data which correspond to different
themes
• Charting: Charts created using headings from thematic
framework (can be thematic or by case)
• Mapping and interpretation: Searching for patterns,
associations, concepts and explanations in the data
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/320/7227/114
43
44. Grounded Theory
• Analytic induction
– Starts with an examination of a single case from a ‘pre-defined’
population in order to formulate a general statement about a
population, a concept or a hypothesis
– Then the analyst examines another case to see whether it fits the
statement
– If it does, a further case is selected
– If it doesn’t fit there are two options
• Either the statement is changed to fit both cases or the definition of the
population is changed in such a way that the case is no longer a member of
the newly defined population
– Then another case is selected and the process continues
– In such a way one should be able to arrive at a statement that fits
all cases of a population-as-defined
– This method is only for limited set of analytic problems: those
that can be solved with some general overall statement
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/337/aug07_3/a567
44
45. Strategies for analyzing observations
• Chronology: describe what was observed chronologically
overtime, to tell the story from the beginning to the end
• Key events: describing critical incidents or major events, not
necessarily in order of occurrence but in order of importance
• Various settings: describe various places, sites, settings, or
locations in which events/behaviours of interest happen
• People: describing individuals or groups involved in the
events
• Process: describing important processes (e.g. Control,
recruitment, decision-making, socialization, communication)
• Issues: Illuminating key issues – how did participants change
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46. Quality in Qualitative studies
Criteria Issues Solution
Credibility Truth value Prolonged & persistent observation,
(=internal validity) Triangulation, peer-debriefing, member
checks, deviant case analysis
Transferability Applicability Thick description, referential adequacy,
(=external validity) prevention of premature closure of the
data, Reflexive journal
Dependability Consistency Dependability audit
(=reliability) Reflexive journal
Conformability Neutrality Conformability audit
(=objectivity) Reflexive journal
http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/qualitative_analysis.php 46
48. Choosing and Using Computer software
• It is possible to conduct qualitative analysis without a
computer
• Concerns: relying too much on computers shortcuts will
impede the process by distancing the researcher from
the text
• Advantages: ease the burden of cutting and pasting by
hand, and produce more powerful analysis by creation
and insertion of codes in to text files, indexing,
construction of hyperlinks, and selective retrieval of text
segments
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49. Traditional Method of Qualitative analysis
Traditional Qualitative data analysis is labor-intensive.
After gathering data researchers
– Transcribe the source material with a word processor,
– Make multiple photocopies of the text,
– Painstakingly read through and assign codes to the material,
– Cut the pages up in to coded passages, and then
– Manually sort the coded text in order to analyze the patterns
they find
http://gsociology.icaap.org/methods/qual.htm
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50. Qualitative analysis with softwares
• With qualitative softwares, your workflow will be
similar, but each step will be made easier by the
computer’s capability for data storage, automated
searching and display.
• You can use text, picture, audio and video source files
directly
• You can assign codes manually (autocode) to any section
of text, audio or video or part of a picture
• Analysis is easy with the report feature, where you can
select a subset of cases and codes to work with, choose
what data to use, and sort your reports automatically
http://caqdas.soc.surrey.ac.uk/
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51. Uses of computer software in Qualitative
Studies
1) Transcribing data
2) Writing/editing the data
3) Storage of data
4) Coding data (keywords or tags)
5) Search and retrieval of data
6) Data linking of related text
7) Writing/editing memos about the data
8) Display of selected reduced data
9) Graphic mapping
10) Preparing reports
http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_CAQDAS/What_the_sw_can_do.php
52. How to choose software - Key Questions
Type and amount of data
Theoretical approach to analysis
Time to learn Vs time to analyze
Level of analysis (Simple or detailed)
Desired “closeness” to the data
Any desired quantification of results
Individual or working as a team
Peer software support available
Any cost constraints
(Weitzman and Miles 1995; Lewins and Silver 2005)
53. Common qualitative softwares
Atlas ti 6.0 (www.atlasti.com )
HyperRESEARCH 2.8 (www.researchware.com )
Max QDA (www.maxqda.com )
The Ethnograph 5.08
QSR N6 (www.qsrinternational.com )
QSR Nvivo (www.qsrinternational.com )
Weft QDA (www.pressure.to/qda )
Open code 3.4 (www8.umu.se)
54. Basic steps in using Qualitative softwares
1. Install the program (note the requirements)
2. Learn the operation using the help menu
3. Prepare a source document (in text format)
4. Open a project/study unit/Hermeneutic unit
5. Import text, audio, video, picture source files
6. Read the imported text documents
7. Select the segment of the text
8. Insert codes, categories, memos, quotations etc
9. Search, sort, manage categories, manage quotations etc
10. Mapping of concepts, layering, linking etc
11. Producing reports, matrices, exporting data, print
(Demonstrate with Open code 3.4)
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56. Writing qualitative report
Qualitative research generates rich information-
thus deciding where to focus and the level of
sharing is very challenging.
http://www.psy.dmu.ac.uk/michael/qual_writing.htm
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57. Getting Ready to Write
• Must come close to the point of maturation
– Be aware of resource constraints and sponsors
interests
• Organize your materials
– List of codes
– Summary device: Tables, thematic structure
• Writing a chronicle (“writing it out of your head”)
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58. Choosing a Style and Focus
• Format
• Research report
• Scientific research article
• Report to donor
• Field report
• Evaluation report...
• Focus
– Academic: conceptual framework/theories,
methodology and interpretation
– Practitioners: Concrete suggestions for better practice,
policy recommendations
– Lay readers: Problem solving, reform on
practice/policy
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59. Variations in the Report Format
• Problem-solving approach (problem-based)
• Narrative approach (chronological)
• Policy approach (evidence-based)
• Analytic approach (Theory/conceptual
framework based)
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60. Reporting Qualitative Research
• Typically use quotes from data
– Descriptive
– Direct link with data
– Credibility
• Ways to use quotes
– Illustrative
– Range of issues
– Opposing views
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61. Reporting without Quotes
• List range of issues
• Rank or sequence issues
• Describe types of behaviour, strategies, experiences
• Report proportions (most, many, the majority)
• Flow diagrams: decision-making, event sequencing
etc
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62. Interpretation
• Interpretation is the act of identifying and explaining the
core meaning of the data
• Organizing and connecting emerging themes, sub-themes
and contradictions to get the bigger picture-what it all
means
– Think how best to integrate data from multiple sources
and methods
• Make generalization-providing answers to questions of
social and theoretical significance
• Ensuring credible or trustworthy interpretations
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63. Standard Report Format
1. Introduction
– Literature review
– Purpose of the study
– Brief description of the study
• Who did the study, where and when
• Description of relevant cultural and contextual information
2. Methods: study design, sampling method, data collection method,
data analysis methods
3. Results: Presentation, interpretation, relate to relevant conceptual
framework, discuss methodological difficulties affecting your
results
4. Conclusion: Key findings, logical next step, implication of findings
5. Recommendations: Relate to policy or practice
6. Acknowledgement
7. References
63