Utra Violet Radiation Essay

Utra Violet Radiation Essay
Protection against solar UV radiations in organisms includes production of secondary metabolites
such as pigments that can absorb UV and visible light. In this study, vioA gene coding for
tryptophan 2–monooxygenase involved in the biosynthetic pathway of violacein–like purple violet
pigment (PVP) was cloned and sequenced from an Antarctic bacterium Janthinobacterium sp. Ant5–
2. A non–pigmented vioA mutant strain was obtained following mini–Tn10 transposon mutagenesis
that produced a lesser amount of extrapolymeric substances (EPS) and exhibited a compromised
survival to freeze–thaw cycles at 4˚C. Survival of vioA mutant strain during exponential and
stationary growth phase was significantly reduced when exposed to UVB (320 nm) and UVC (254
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Based on a "photobiological" definition of UV (the Global Solar UV Index), it is divided into three
categories: UVC (200–280 nm), UVB (280–315 nm), and UVA (315–400 nm) (WHO, 2002). On
Earth, the most of the solar UV radiation is attenuated by the atmospheric gases, pressure,
suspended dust, water ices, etc. As a result, a relatively small amount of UV reaches the earth's
surface (Tomasko et al., 1999). Studies in Antarctica showed that harmful UVC radiations at 254 nm
wavelength is attenuated by 40% and 90% at depths of 1 cm and 5 cm ice, respectively (Cockell &
Horneck, 2001; Nienow et al., 1988). Ozone layer formed in the Earth's stratosphere act as a shield
by absorbing UV wavelengths shorter than ~300 nm (Warneck, 1988). The depletion of ozone layer
has affected the spectral composition of solar UV radiation reaching Antarctica and Southern Ocean.
In spring, increased levels of short wavelength UVB (280–320 nm) radiation was recorded in
Antarctica (Staehelin et al., 2001).
It has been reported that increased UVB exposure resulted in the decreased viability of the
bacterioplanktons from natural Antarctic microbial communities (Davidson & van Der Heijden,
2000). The deoxynucleic acids (DNA) in living cells is highly sensitive to UV exposure and could
result into the formation of harmful cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6–4
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Drug Profile Of Doperidone
4. DRUG AND EXCIPIENT PROFILES
4.1 Drug profile: domperidone meleate. (73, 74, 75)
Synonym
Apo Domperidone, Domidon
Description
Domperidone Meleate is a white or almost white powder. It shows polymorphism. It is specific
blockers of dopamine receptors. It is administered orally, rectally or intravenously. It is given to
relieve from nausea and vomiting, as prokinetic agent through increase in gastrointestinal peristalsis
and to increase lactation
Structure
Molecular Formula C22H24Cl N502.C4H4O4
Molecular weight– 541.98
IUPAC Name 5–chloro–1–(1–[3–(2–oxo–2,3–dihydro–1H–benzo[d]imidazol–1–yl)propyl]
piperidin–4–yl)–1H–benzo[d]imidazol–2(3H)–one maleate.
Brand Name: Avistal , Casdom , Diprodom, Domact
Half life: 7 hours
Use
It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Magnesium sterate (76)
Synonyms
Metallic stearic; magnesium salt
Non–proprietary name NF– Magnesium stearate BP/EP– Magnesium stearate
Empirical formula– C36H70MgO4
Chemical names Octadecanoic acid; magnesium salt; magnesium stearate
Density (He): 1.03–1.08 g/cm3
Bulk volume: 3.0–8.4 ml/g
Tapped volume: 2.5–6.2 ml/g
Functional category Tablet and capsule lubricant
Description
It is a fine, white, precipitated or milled, impalpable powder of low bulk density, having a faint
characteristic odour and taste. The powder is greasy to touch and readily adheres to the skin.
Solubility
Practically insoluble in ethanol, ethanol (95%), ether and water, slightly soluble in benzene and

warm ethanol (95%)
Stability and storage conditions:
Stable,non–self polymerizable. Store in a cool, dry place in a well closed container.
Incompatibilities
Incompatible with strong acids, alkalis, iron salts and with strong oxidising materials.
Safety
Described as inert or nuisance dust. OSHA has adopted limits of 15mg/m3 for the total dust and
5mg/m3 for the respirable fraction. Dust clouds of magnesium stearate may be explosive. However,
oral consumption of large quantities may result in some laxative effect or mucosal

Domperidone Maleate Case Study
4. DRUG AND EXCIPIENT PROFILES
4.1 Drug profile: Domperidone maleate. (73, 74, 75)
Synonym
Apo Domperidone, Domidon
Description
Domperidone Maleate is a white or almost white powder. It shows polymorphism. It is specific
blockers of dopamine receptors. It is administered orally, rectally or intravenously. It is given to
relieve from nausea and vomiting, as prokinetic agent through increase in gastrointestinal peristalsis
and to increase lactation
Structure
Figure 4.1: Structure of Domperidone Maleate
Molecular Formula C22H24Cl N502.C4H4O4
IUPAC Name 5–chloro–1–(1–[3–(2–oxo–2, 3–dihydro–1H–benzo[d]imidazol–1–yl) propyl]
piperidin–4–yl)–1H–benzo[d]imidazol–2(3H)–one maleate
Brand Name: Avistal , Casdom , Diprodom, Domact
Half life: 7 hours
Use
It is in treatment of gastroesophagial reflux disease, Nausea and vomiting, Parkinson's disease, ...
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4.2.7. Magnesium stearate (76)
Synonyms
Metallic stearic; magnesium salt
Non–proprietary name NF– Magnesium stearate BP/EP– Magnesium stearate
Empirical formula– C36H70MgO4
Chemical names Octadecanoic acid; magnesium salt; magnesium stearate
Density (He): 1.03–1.08 g/cm3
Bulk volume: 3.0–8.4 ml/g
Tapped volume: 2.5–6.2 ml/g
Functional category Tablet and capsule lubricant
Description
It is a fine, white, precipitated or milled, impalpable powder of low bulk density, having a faint
characteristic odour and taste. The powder is greasy to touch and readily adheres to the skin.

Solubility
Practically insoluble in ethanol, ethanol (95%), ether and water, slightly soluble in benzene and
warm ethanol (95%)
Stability and storage conditions:
Stable,non–self polymerizable. Store in a cool, dry place in a well closed container.
Incompatibilities
Incompatible with strong acids, alkalis, iron salts and with strong oxidising materials.

Citrus Canker Essay
ARKANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY
PLANT DISEASE AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR PLANT DISEASE OF A SELECTED
CROP
CITRUS CANKER
Malvika
8/14/2015
ABSTRACT
This topic presents disease of plant. The name of the disease is citrus canker which is bacterial
disease. Firstly, Citrus Canker, cancrosis A, brought about by Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri, is a
damaging problem of such products as grapefruit, sweet orange and tangelo. In any case, satsuma
mandarin, Ponkan and Hassaku orange are impervious to the problem. Resistance of citrus species
to ulcer, considering inalienable as well as obtained attributes. Secondly, This essay gives a basic
understanding of the disease which includes symptoms and its annual disease cycle. Annual disease
cycle comprises of the survival, dispersal, infection and the spread of the disease throughout the
crop cycle. The topic covers the effects of common environmental and management factors. Thirdly,
The control strategies that might be used to prevent the infection by using cultural , biological as
well as chemical methods. Fourthly, the feasibility of managing disease pesticides and its
sustainability.
INTRODUCTION Xanthomonas axonopodis is the bacterium which causes the sickness named
Citrus canker that influences Citrus species. Because of contamination sores on the leaves, products
of the soil can been seen on citrus trees including grapefruits,

18 Lactic Acid Bacteria Lab Report
As described, eighteen lactic acid bacteria strains were screened by quantitative and qualitative
evaluation methods for biosurfactant production. The results of the qualitative assays (Table 2)
revealed that six strains (SHU6811, SHU1593, SHU1563, SHU3455, SHU1904 and SHU68) had
the ability to cause complete hemolysis (β–hemolysis) in blood agar culture medium. In addition,
five strains (SHU6343, SHU1593, SHU3455, SHU1904 and SHU68) were detected positive by the
oil spreading and drop–collapse assays. Also, two strains (SHU6811 and SHU1965) showed positive
results only in the drop–collapse experiments. The results of the quantitative assays (Table 3)
revealed that %E24 values of extracted biosurfactant produced by strains SHU1593 and ... Show
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Therefore, the hemolytic activity must be considered by oneself as an unreliable criterion to detect
of biosurfactant activity of a microbial culture [53]. The hemolytic activity of biosurfactants was
first discovered when Bernheimer and Avigad [7] reported that the biosurfactant produced by
Bacillus subtilis, surfactin, lysed red blood cells. Oil spreading method is based on that droplet of
biosurfactant–containing solution can displace the oil and spread in the water. In drop–collapse
method, the droplets contain biosurfactant spread or even collapse due to reduction of the force or
interfacial tension between the liquid droplet and the hydrophobic surface. The stability of droplets
is dependent on biosurfactant concentration and correlates with surface and interfacial tension
[3,60]. In general, it was shown that hemolytic activity test has a relatively clear relationship with
the qualitative oil spreading and drop–collapse tests. Hamzah et al. [20] reported that quantitative
analysis including emulsification index and surface tension measurement are more reliable for
detection of the presence of biosurfactant in the medium by bacterial isolates. In emulsification
assays, in order to create emulsion, the biosurfactant must reduce the oil–water interfacial tension to
low values, also the biosurfactant must rapidly diffuse to

Developments to Hydrogels Made From 2-Hydroxyethyl...
There have been a significant development in the field of hydrogels made from 2–hydroxyethyl
methacrylate (HEMA). HEMA is the monomer of the polymer poly2–
hydroxyethylmethacrylate.This polymer has the remarkable property to get swelled due to the
molecule's hydrophilic pendant group when subjected to water. It is capable of absorbing water from
10 to 600% relative to the dry weight. Because of its unique property, it was one of the first material
to be used in contact lenses. Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide secreted by the bacterium
Xanthomonas campestris. There have been a lot of work done on Xanthan gum (GX), it has very
good thickening properties of aqueous salts solutions. These are used as emulsifiers which contain
hydrophilic and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In particular, a lot of of methods exists to incorporate micrometer to centimeter scale of chemical
gradients and complex biomaterials incorporating such gradients[5].
In our study we have used Xanthan Gum, a natural polymer to form hydrogel with HEMA. A
hydrogel is a three dimensional cross linked polymeric network formed between a hydrophilic
polymer like Xanthan gum and a hydrophobic polymer like HEMA. Here the solution of Xanthan
gum and HEMA was cross linked with N,N,N,N–Tetra methylethylenediamine (TEMED) and
Ammonium Persulphate (APS). The hydrogels formed from naturally occurring polymers have
remarkable use in many biomedical applications like wound healing. These hydrogels show a better
response in swelling compared to hydrogels formed from synthetic polymer. They possesses anti
microbial properties whereas synthetic matrial based hydrogels need to incorporate antimicrobial
agent to comprise antimicrobial property within the hydrogel. Hydrogels made from the naturally
occurring polymer of xanthan gum are a type of biomaterial. These polymeric biomaterials have
promising applications in drug delivery, tissueengineering, biomedical sensing, skin grafting,
medical adhesives and textiles. From a practical perspective, medical applications of polymers fall
into three broad categories: (i)extracorporealuses(catheters, tubing, and fluid lines; dialysis
membranes/artificial kidney; ocular devices; wound dressings and artificial

The Purpose Of The Article ‘Quorum-Sensing Regulation In
The purpose of the article 'Quorum–sensing regulation in staphylococci–an overview' is to provide a
better understanding of quorum–sensing regulation among staphylococci. Quorum sensing is one of
the regulatory mechanism by which staphylococci regulates the gene expression in accordance with
its population density and surrounding environment through the use of signal molecules during cell–
to– cell communication. Such mechanism is important for the staphylococci pathogenesis, as it
provides coordination and communication among the staphylococci for its group behavior. The
regulation of Quorum sensing in staphylococci is primarily due to the Accessory gene regulator(agr)
locus, a regulator that decreases the expression of several cell ... Show more content on
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Aside from that, transcription of RNA III also encodes the translation of delta toxin (hld) by
antisense base pairing with 5' untranslated regions (5'UTRs), forming the RNA duplexes.
RNA III is not only mechanism by which Agr controls target genes, recent studies show that AgrA
also binds to the promoters controlling the expression of the phenol–soluble modulin alpha(PSMα)
and beta (PSMβ) peptides, which also part of the staphylococcal peptide toxins family. It works by
binding to the PSMα and PSMβ promoter sequences which upregulates the transcription of the
operons. PSM has multiple roles in staphylococcal pathogenesis and contributes to a further extent
to the pathogenic success virulent staphylococci, such as S.aureus. PSM, especially PSMα3 is a
strongly pro–inflammatory, causes lysis of cells include leukocytes, erythrocytes, creates
inflammatory responses and contributes to biofilm development. Due to the responsible for the
biofilm formation and structuring, it also appears to play a role in commensal lifestyle of
staphylococci where they promote growth and spreading of the bacteria on the epithelial cells.
Lastly, the article points out that a potential correlation between quorum–sensing control of PSM
genes

Literature Review On Pigeon Pia
Literature review
Pigeon pea is one of the most commonly grown pulses crop in different agro ecological region. It
contributes 16% of total pulse production in India, standing second place after chick pea. In India,
pigeon pea cover an area of 4.42 m ha, occupying 14.5% of area under pulses production and
productivity around 707 kg/ha (Mula et al., 2014). Pulses are known to have high protein contain
and pigeon pea has 20–22% protein contain (Saxena et al., 2010). But due to lack of proper rainfall
the per capita productivity of pigeon pea hsa declined in India from 64 g per day ( 1951–1956 ) to
36 g per day ( 2002–2003 ) which lies below the average the world productivity ( Asthana et al.,
1999 ).
Pigeon pea is a multi–purpose crop which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Continous use of chemical fertilizers can affect the soil property which later cause decrease in
productivity, low nutrient recovery for plants uptake which cause higher cost of production and
environmental pollution ( Sarkar et al ., 1997 ).
On the other hand, vermicompost is easily degradable and it has the almost same property with the
inorganic material. Vermicompost also has nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium,
iron, zinc, sulphur etc ( Marta et al ., 2009 ). It increase the microbial activity as well as increases
the soil properties which is the benefit property of vermicompost from inorganic fertilizers . And it
leaves no residue to the field. But there are times where we cannot satisfy field needs with
vermicompost alone. So, this purpose work is to find out the effect of combined application of
vermicompost with inorganic fertilizer on pigeon

Eradication, Containment, Control And Mitigation
Eradication, containment, control and mitigation are the four main strategies for dealing with
established invasive species (Wittenberg & Cock, 2001). The options for each management strategy
are varied based on the complexity of ecosystems, species richness, and climatic regions involved
(Huston, 2004). During the implement of management programme, it is important to simultaneously
monitor the impact of the actions, as some native species can also be affected by newly
disturbances, the monitoring can identify negative unexpected results and allow us to change and
adapt the programme to new approaches and situations (Huston, 2004; Wittenberg & Cock, 2001).
Eradication
The aim of eradication is completely eliminating one or more invasive species from an area and
provide the opportunity for complete rehabilitation of the habitat, and therefore eradication is
considered as the most effective strategy once the prevention methods have failed, despite the
actions are always costly and require full commitment and widespread support from the relevant
agencies and public until completion (Department of the Environment, 2016; Mack et al., 2000;
Wittenberg & Cock, 2001). Eradication can be achieved by habitat management, and using of
mechanical, chemical and biological control (Wittenberg & Cock, 2001). Eradication programme
has been used to eradicate the giant African snail (Achatina fulica) population in south Florida and
Queensland, various combinations of 12 mammal species from

The Human Gastrointestinal Track Is A Complex Time
INTRODUCTION
The human gastrointestinal track is a complex time, position, patient–dependent absorptive,
metabolizing, and excretive organ. Key of physiological factors that control absorption of drugs
from the GIT include gastric, fluid and food intake, bulk fluid and luminal pH, gastric and intestinal
secretions, absorptive mechanisms, enterocyte–based metabolism and secretion. Properties of a
drug, such as its solubility, stability, ionization, and lipophilicity, strongly influence the rate and
extent of drug absorption from GI lumen. Critical assessment of fundamental physicochemical
properties and consideration of interplay with physiological constraints of the GIT are paramount to
successful design of oral drug delivery systems. Ideal oral extended–release systems rely upon
dosage form to control the rate of drug release with no effect from the intrinsic properties of the
drug or the conditions prevailing within GIT [1].
In present years, the interest in multiple–layered tablets as an oral controlled release System has
increased. Multiple–layered tablets have some advantages Compared to conventional tablets.
Commonly used to no chemical Incompatibilities of formulation components by physical separation.
Release profiles of drug may depend on combining layers with different release patterns, and by
combination of slow–release with immediate–release layers. Conte and Maggi have described an
oral controlled–release tablet called Geomatrix, which is based on the

Case Study On Maize
Maize (Zea Mays L.), commonly called as corn, is the most important cereal crop cultivated
throughout the world. The United States produces almost half of the world's total maize production
whereas other countries including China, Brazil, France, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Mexico,
Egypt, Malaysia, Colombia, South Africa and India are the major maize producing nations. Two
nations namely USA and China are the leading nations for the consumption of maize. In the recent
year, there has been increasing demand for maize throughout the world. Major exporters of corn are
USA followed by Argentina, Brazil, China and South Africa.
Despite its importance, maize has many production constraints, which prevent farmers from getting
maximum yield. Drought, fire, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(b) Black masses of spores that develop inside individual male florets and
(c) Masses of black spores in place of the normal ear, leaving the vascular bundles exposed and
shredded.
2.1.19. False head smut:
Ustilaginoidea virens is the causal organism for this disease. False head smut occurs very rarely in
hot, dry or humid areas. The fungus commonly infects rice flowers more than maize. Symptoms
differ from those of other smuts of maize. False head smut produces neither tassel malformation nor
ear infection, as does true head smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana); only a few isolated male florets in the
tassel show dark– green masses of spores. False head smut also differs from common smut (Ustilago
maydis) in that no galls are produced.
2.1.20. Penicillium ear rots: Penicillium spp is the causal organism for Penicillium ear rots Damage
is most frequently caused by Penicillium oxalicum, but other species may occasionally be involved.
In many instances infection follows ear damage by insects. A conspicuous, light blue–green powder
grows between kernels and on the cob surface. Kernels with fungal growth normally become
bleached and

The Importance Of Micrornas
The microRNAs (miRNAs) are single–stranded small, endogenous, non–coding regulatory RNA
with size varying ~21 to 24 nucleotides. microRNA mediated gene regulation play an important role
in the negative regulation of gene at post–transcriptional level by targeting the mRNAs of protein
coding genes by cleavage or repressing protein translation in eukaryotes and viruses (Bartel, 2004).
microRNAs are expressed from their own genes located in the intergenic or intragenic region on the
chromosomes (Lagos–Quintana et al., 2001). In plants, most miRNA genes are intergenic and
transcribed individually from their own region, but a few genes are organized into polycistronic
transcription units and co–transcribed from single promoter at the end of a ... Show more content on
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The functional genomics studies have shown the involvement of plant miRNAs in many
developmental processes of plant (Jones et al., 2006), response to biotic and biotic stresses, hormone
signalling (Frazier et al., 2011, Jagadeeswaran et al., 2009), signal transduction, protein degradation
(Zhou et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2008), transgene suppression (Allen et al., 2005), disease
development (Johnson et al., 2005), defense against viruses (Bennasser et al., 2004), molecular
mechanisms regulating developmental transitions, such as seed germination, vegetative and
reproductive phase changes, flowering initiation, seed production and root development (Yang et al.,
2011) and nutrient deprivation and heavy metals (Chen et al., 2012).
Many miRNAs have been identified and investigated extensively in plant species with sequenced
genomes and comparative genome analysis from expressed sequence tag (EST), genome survey
sequences (GSS) and nucleotide sequences. miRNAs are evolutionarily conserved in the plant
kingdom from mosses and ferns to angiosperms (Zhang et al., 2006b). Using this attribute,
identification and prediction of miRNA by sequence analysis has advantage over other methods. It
has been suggested that miRNAs predicted by EST analysis can be recovered by high throughput
deep sequencing (Kwak et ai., 2009).
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a monocot, C4 annual grass belonging to the family
Poaceae. It is cultivated as staple food grain

Utra Violet Radiation Essay

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