all info about first aid

3.  As many as 117 cyclones hit India in 50 years from
1970-2019 claiming over 40,000 lives, according to
a study on extreme weather events, which also
states the mortality rate due to tropical cyclones
has come down significantly over the past 10
years.
A total of 7,063 extreme weather events killed
1,41,308 people during the period in the country,
which included 40,358 (or 28 per cent) due to
cyclones and 65,130 (a little over 46 per cent) due
to floods, the study says

4. First Aid is an immediate care given to a person
who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It
includes self-help and home care if medical
assistance is not available or delayed.
 First aid is the first assistance or treatment
given to a casualty or a sick person for any
injury or sudden illness before the arrival of an
ambulance, the arrival of a qualified paramedical

5.  Preserve life
 Alleviate suffering
 Prevent further harm
 Promote recovery

6.  Bring that fills the gap between the victim
and the physician.
 It is not intended to complete with, nor take the
place of the services of the physician.
 It ends when the services of a physician begin.

7.  Ensure safety of him/herself and that of
bystanders.
 Gain access to the victim.
 Determine any threats to victim’s life.
 Summon advanced medical care as needed.

8.  Gentle should not causes pain.
 Resourceful should make the best use of things at
hand.
 Observant should notice all signs.
 Tactful should not alarm the victim.
 Respectable should maintain a professional &
caring attitude.

9.  Personal hygiene
 Protective equipment
 Equipment cleaning and disinfecting

10.  Make eye contact
 Use a calm confident voice
 Do not speak too quickly
 Keep instruction simple
 Use affirming nods
 Check that the casualty understand
 Use simple hand gestures
 Do not interrupt the casualty

11.  1773, physician William Hawes began
publicizing the power of artificial
respiration as means of resuscitation of those
who appeared drowned. This led to the
formation, in 1774, of the Society for the
Recovery of Persons Apparently Drowned, later
the Royal Humane Society, who did much to
promote resuscitation
 Napoleon's surgeon, Baron Dominique-
Jean Larrey, is credited with creating an
ambulance corps which included medical
assistants, tasked to administer first aid in
battle

12. Following are the contents of a First Aid Kit :
 Cotton wool
 Adhesive tape
 Crepe bandage
 Sterile Dressing
 Bandage
 Thermometer
 Scissors
 Glove
 Soap
 Pain reliever
 Antacid
 ORS Packets

13. SURESH GAMI-DM DIRECTOR 13

14. This Action Plan is a vital aid to the first aider in assessing
whether the victim has any life-threatening conditions and
if any immediate first aid is necessary. They are DRABC .
D - Check for DANGER
 To you
 To others
 To victim
R - Check RESPONSE
 Is victim conscious?
 Is victim unconscious?

15. A - Check AIRWAY
 Is airway clear of objects?
 Is airway open?
B - Check for BREATHING
 Is chest rising and falling?
 Can you hear victim's breathing?
 Can you feel the breath on your cheek?
C - Check for CIRCULATION
 Can you feel a pulse?
 Can you see any obvious signs of life?

17.  A Alert
 V Voice
 P Pain
 U Unresponsive

19.  Sources of bleeding
 EXTERNAL BLEEDING
 INTERNAL BLEEDING

20.  > The heart is responsible for pumping blood
around the body
 > Blood travels in arteries, veins and capillaries
 > Blood transports Oxygen and nutrients
around the body and helps remove waste
products
 > An average adult has around 10 pints of
blood

21.  1.helpe the injured person lie down
 2. Expose injury and elevate above level of
heart
 3. If there are no foreign objects, apply direct
pressure over the wound
 4. If there is an object, apply pressure around
the foreign object
 5. Call for emergency help
 6. tourniquets

23. In case of a severe head injury, a watery fluid (cerebrospinal fluid)
and blood may flow out of the nose, ear(s) or mouth.
In case of suspecting a severe head injury:
1. Ask the injured not to blow his nose.
2. Do not pack the ear or nose. You may eventually place a light
dressing on the ear or nose.
3. If the person is breathing, put him in recovery position. Be aware of
the risk of neck (spinal) injury.
4. Urgent transport to the nearest hospital is required.

24.  PEEP is a way of remembering what to do if
someone is bleeding.
 P: Position the casualty in a position of rest E:
Elevate above the level of the heart E: Expose &
examine the wound P: Pressure. Apply direct
pressure.

25.  Shock is a medical emergency which can be
caused by severe blood loss The casualty does
not receive enough oxygen due to the loss of
blood Signs & symptoms include:
 ●Pale clammy skin
 ●Drowsiness
 ●Thirst
 ●Confusion
 ●Nausea & vomiting

26.  If you suspect a casualty is suffering
from shock then you should:
 > Lie them down and raise their legs This
improves the blood flow to the vital
organs
 > Cover them with a blanket
 > Call for emergency help if you haven’t
already done so.

27. Reassure the casualty
 Treat the possible cause
 Lay the casualty comfortably on his back on a blanket.
 In cases of vomiting put the casualty in the recovery
position.
 You may raise and support the legs.
 Loosen the tight clothing.
 Keep the injured person warm by taking off wet clothing,
covering him with a blanket or other covering, taking
care not to overheat him.
 Don’t give anything from mouth
 If Unconscious and breathing, put in Recovery Position
 If Unconsciousness and Not Breathing, Give CPR

28.  > Try and keep the wound as clean as possible
 > Try to avoid contact with the casualty’s blood
●Wear disposable latex / nitrile gloves if available
●If not, use any available items to create a barrier
(e.g: a plastic bag)
 > Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and
water afterwards
 > Seek medical advice if you are concerned

30.  What is a Fracture or Broken Bone?
 A broken bone or bone fracture happens when a
force applied to a bone is stronger than it can bear.
As a result, it disturbs the structure and strength of
the bone. It leads to pain, swelling, and loss of
function.

33. ★ Pain at or near the site of injury increased by
movement.
★ Movement may be difficult or impossible
★ Swelling and later bruising of the injured part
★ Deformity at the site of the fracture
★ Shock may occur

35. Open fracture Close fracture Communited
fracture
Undisplaced& displaced
fracture
Simple fracture Spiral fracture Greenstick fracture Transverse fracture

37. Do’s :
★ Check the danger, response, airway, breathing and
the blood circulation of the victim (DRABC)
★ Always control severe bleeding before immobilizing
any fractures
★ Place sufficient padding to support fracture site
★ Immobilize fracture sites
★ Do not force bones back into the wound
★ Give proper padding before the patient is shifted to
the hospital
★ Apply ice pack on the affected area to reduce pain
and control swelling
★ Treat to prevent shock

38. Types of Fractures

39.  You should suspect a potential serious injury if the
person:
• fell from a height greater than his own standing height;
• was involved in a road accident and suffered a hard
blow;
• is feeling nausea or is vomiting (throwing-up);
• does not remember exactly what has happened;
• is behaving in an irritated or unusual way after the
accident;
• complains of blurring vision;
• feels pain or tenderness in the head, neck or back;
• has serious wounds or injuries to the head;
• has serious injuries on the legs and does not complain
about pain;
• feels like he has been cut in half;
• is sleepy, drowsy or loses (has lost) consciousness;
• has an unequal pupil size.

40.  Emergency signs and symptoms of a spinal cord
injury after an accident may include: Extreme back
pain or pressure in your neck, head or back.
Weakness, incoordination or paralysis in any part
of your body. Numbness, tingling or loss of
sensation in your hands, fingers, feet or toes. Loss
of bladder or bowel control.

41.  Complete. If all feeling (sensory) and all ability to
control movement (motor function) are lost below
the spinal cord injury, your injury is called complete.
 Incomplete. If you have some motor or sensory
function below the affected area, your injury is
called incomplete. There are varying degrees of
incomplete injury.

42.  Loss of movement
 Loss or altered sensation, including the ability to
feel heat, cold and touch
 Changes in sexual function, sexual sensitivity and
fertility
 Pain or an intense stinging sensation caused by
damage to the nerve fibers in your spinal cord
 Difficulty breathing, coughing or clearing
secretions from your lungs

43.  Extreme back pain or pressure in your neck,
head or back
 Weakness, incoordination or paralysis in any
part of your body
 Numbness, tingling or loss of sensation in your
hands, fingers, feet or toes
 Loss of bladder or bowel control
 Difficulty with balance and walking
 Impaired breathing after injury
 An oddly positioned or twisted neck or back

44.  Don't move the injured person — permanent
paralysis and other serious complications may
result
 Call emergency medical help
Keep the person still
 Place heavy towels on both sides of the neck or
hold the head and neck to prevent them from
moving until emergency care arrives
 Provide basic first aid, such as stopping any
bleeding and making the person comfortable,
without moving the head or neck

46.  Knee injuries commonly send people to the
doctor’s office. In 2010, more than 10
million visits to the doctor’s office occurred due
to knee pain and injury.
 Most of these visits were due to the same
common problems. Knee injuries can often be
treated at home, but some are serious enough
to need surgical intervention.

47.  If knee pain becomes chronic, is severe, or lasts for
more than a week, a person should consult a
doctor. It is important to see a doctor if there is a
reduced range of motion in the joint or if bending
the knee becomes difficult.
 In cases of blunt force or trauma, a doctor should
be seen immediately after an injury has occurred.

48.  A sprained ankle is the stretching or tearing
of ankle ligaments, which support the joint by
connecting bones to each other. A sprain occurs
when your ankle is forced to move out of its
normal position, which can cause one or more
of the ankle's ligaments to stretch, partially tear
or tear completely.

49.  Pain, especially when you bear weight on the
affected foot
 Tenderness when you touch the ankle
 Swelling
 Bruising
 Restricted range of motion
 Instability in the ankle
 Popping sensation or sound at the time of
injury

50.  Rest the ankle
 Ice the ankle for 20 to 30 minutes every 2 to 3
hours for the first 2 days
 Compress (wrap) the ankle lightly -- not tightly
-- with an elastic bandage or ankle brace
 For the first 48 hours, elevate (raise) the ankle
higher than your heart whenever you're lying
down

53.  Angina is chest pain or discomfort caused
when your heart muscle doesn't get enough
oxygen-rich blood. It may feel like pressure
or squeezing in your chest. The discomfort
also can occur in your shoulders, arms,
neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even
feel like indigestion. But, angina is not a
disease. It is a symptom of an underlying
heart problem,

55.  Help the casualty to stop movement
 If the casualty has angina medication
 If the pain is not relieved five minutes
 Encourage the casualty to rest
 If the Casualty is still in pain Five minutes after

56.  A heart attack occurs when an artery
supplying your heart with blood and
oxygen becomes blocked. Fatty deposits
build up over time, forming plaques in
your heart's arteries. If a plaque ruptures, a
blood clot can form and block your arteries,
causing a heart attack.

57.  Pressure, tightness, pain, or a squeezing or
aching sensation in your chest or arms that
may spread to your neck, jaw or back
 Nausea, indigestion, heartburn or abdominal
pain
 Shortness of breath
 Cold sweat
 Fatigue
 Lightheadedness or sudden dizziness

58.  Call for medical help
 Make the casualty as comfortable as possible
 Assist the casualty
 If the casualty has angina medication
 Monitor and record vital signs

59.  lie down in a comfortable position like A semi-
reclined position
 Ask him to rest and not move
 Loosen tight clothing for more comfort
 Reassure the person
 If the patient has prescribed nitro-glycerine with
him, it is safe for him to take up to three doses.
 If there is aspirin available, ask the person to
chew on an aspirin tablet and swallow it with
some water afterwards. Tell him that this will help
the blood flow to the heart.

60.  A stroke occurs when the blood supply
to part of your brain is interrupted or
reduced, preventing brain tissue from
getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells
begin to die in minutes. A stroke is a
medical emergency, and prompt
treatment is crucial

61.  Trouble speaking and understanding what
others are saying.
 Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg.
 Problems seeing in one or both eyes.
 Headache
 Trouble walking.

62.  Face. Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the
face droop?
 Arms. Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one
arm drift downward? Or is one arm unable to rise?
 Speech. Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is
his or her speech slurred or strange?
 Time. If you observe any of these signs, call 108
emergency medical help immediately.

63.  Hypoglycemia is a condition in which your
blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than
normal. Glucose is your body's main energy
source. Hypoglycemia is often related to
diabetes treatment. But other drugs and a
variety of conditions — many rare — can cause
low blood sugar in people who don't have
diabetes.

64.  If blood sugar levels become too low, signs and
symptoms can include:
 An irregular or fast heartbeat
 Fatigue
 Pale skin
 Shakiness
 Anxiety
 Sweating
 Hunger
 Irritability
 Tingling or numbness of the lips, tongue or cheek

65.  Call emergency services. If you’re having stroke symptoms, have
someone else call for you. Stay as calm as possible while waiting for
emergency help.
 If you’re caring for someone else having a stroke, make sure they’re in a
safe, comfortable position. Preferably, this should be lying on one side
with their head slightly raised and supported in case they vomit.
 Check to see if they’re breathing. If they’re not breathing, perform CPR.
If they’re having Difficulty in breathing loosen any constrictive clothing,
such as a tie or scarf.
 Talk in a calm, reassuring manner.
 Cover them with a blanket to keep them warm.
 Don’t give them anything to eat or drink.
 If the person is showing any Weakness in a limb, avoid moving them.
 Observe the person carefully for any change in condition. Be prepared
to tell the emergency operator about their symptoms and when they
started. Be sure to mention if the person fell or hit their head.

66.  Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as
diabetes, is a metabolic disease that causes
high blood sugar. The hormone insulin moves
sugar from the blood into your cells to be
stored or used for energy. With diabetes, your
body either doesn't make enough insulin or
can't effectively use the insulin it does make.

67.  increased hunger
 increased thirst
 weight loss
 Frequent urination
 Blurry vision
 Extreme fatigue
 sores that don’t heal

68. Fainting is a brief loss of consciousness and is the result of
an interference with the function of the brain. There are
many causes of unconsciousness, the most common of
which are: fainting, head injury, epilepsy, stroke,
poisoning, diabetes and conditions associated with lack of
oxygen. If you have seen a person fainting then:
Don’ts :
 Don’t give the patient anything to eat or drink
 Don’t allow the person who has just fainted to get up
until the victim is fully conscious
 If the area is warm, don’t crowd around the victim

69. Do’s :
 Catch the person before he/she falls
 Pinch the person and see if she moves or opens her eyes
 Examine the injuries and causes of unconsciousness
 Tilt head back and keep arms at right angle to body
 Raise the legs 8 – 12 inches. This promotes blood flow to
the brain.
 Loosen any tight clothing
 Keep the victim warm if it is cold outside
 Keep a record of the casualty’s condition

70.  The skin is the largest organ in the body Composed of
3 tissue layers
 Epidermis – outermost layer made up entirely of
epithelial cells no blood vessels
 Dermis – framework of connective tissues that
contain blood vessels, nerve endings, sebaceous
glands and sweat glands
 Subcutaneous - combination of elastic and fibrous
tissue as well as fatty deposits

71. A burn is damage to the skin caused by contact with dry heat.
It may be caused by fire, flames, steam, hot liquids, hot metal,
sunlight, electricity or chemicals. The degree of burn varies:
(i) First Degree (Superficial) - Involves only top layer of the skin
and is red and dry and the burn is generally painful. The area
may swell. Most burns are first degree burns.
(ii) Second degree (Partial - Thickness) - Involves both the
epidermis and dermis. The area is red and blisters may open
and weep fluid, making the skin appear wet. These types of
burns are usually painful and the area often swells.
(iii) Third Degree (Full Thickness) - Destroys both the layers of
the skin with muscles, bones, blood vessels and nerves. These
burns may look brown or charred with tissues underneath
sometimes appearing white.

72.  Involves only the outer layer of the skin
 The skin is dry painful, and sensitive to touch
Ex. Sunburn

73.  Involves several layers of skin
 The skin becomes swollen, puffy, weepy, or
blistered.

74.  Involves all layers of skin and may include any
underlying tissue or organs.
 The skin is dry, pale white or charred black,
swollen and sometimes breaks open.

75.  CHEMICAL BURNS- occur when something
caustic, such as a cleaning product bleach,
ammonia household and garden products-
fertilizers gasoline is spalashed into the skin or
onto the skin it is important to read all product
labels carefully.

78. Do’s :
 Protect the burned person for further harm
 Make certain that the person burned is breathing
 Elevate the burned area
 Watch for sign of shock
 Immediately immerse the burnt area in cool water or by
applying clothes soaked in cool water.
 Remove jewelry and constrictive clothing before swelling or
blisters occurs.
 Cover the area with a dry, sterile dressing and not cotton or
other fluffy material.
 Drop, Cover and Roll if caught fire or cover the person with a
blanket immediately
Don’ts :
 Don’t place a burn under extreme water pressure
 Don’t remove the cloth that is stuck to the burnt area.
 Don’t apply butter ointment, oil, ice in the area affected

79.  TREATMENT
 Protect yourself first
 Wash the casualty down immediately
 Do not waste time removing clothing, until
washing down is under way
 Flush until all chemicals are removed
 Airway management is a priority
 Keep casualty well oxygenated and warm
 Dry sterile dressings for all burns

80. Frost- bite occurs when body tissues freeze after exposure to below
zero temperatures.
The signs and symptoms include white, waxy looking skin that is firm
to the touch but the tissue underneath feels soft and pain followed by
numbness.
Do’s :
 Cover frostbitten toes, ears with warm hands.
 The area affected can be warmed by breathing on them or placing them in
a warm area of
 the body or by dipping the affected area in warm water (40 degree
centigrade).
 Cover the area affected.
Don’ts :
 Do not rub as tiny ice crystals in the tissues may cause more damage.
 Never rub snow on the area as this may cause further freezing and do not
apply direct heat as this may re-warm the area too quickly.
 Do not let the patient walk.
 Do not break blisters if any.

83.  Do you know
that every year
over 45000
people die in
rural India from
snake bites

84.  Less then 10% of total snake bites are potentially lethal venomous
snake bites. India has about 290 species of snakes
 Venomous snake bite can be SUCCESSFULLU treated in hospitals
ONLY with anti-snake venom / anti-venom (ASV)
 Proper first-aid can save the life of a snake bite victim in most cases
especially in the first hour also known as the golden hour
 Incorrect first-aid, quacks, tantric, traditional treatments prescribed by
faith healers WASTES Precious time and may result the death of the
patient
 Clinical symptoms have to be recognized by the doctor to successfully
treat snake bites. Identity of the snake will only assist the doctor.

92. Common cobra Common krait Russell's viper saw-scaled viper
 The most common and widely spread venomous snakes of India
 Together they cause more then 90% of the snake bite death in the country
and therefore are known as the big four.
 Found in human habitation and even in the middle of urban areas.
 There are other venomous snakes including banded krait, black krait,
monocellate cobra, pit vipers which equally dangerous to human lives.
Their distribution is, however, limited to certain geographic locations of
the country.

95. Most of the snakes are harmless. Snakebites generally occur
on the limbs and most often on the legs. Always assume the
bite to be from a venomous snake. Suspected snakebite
must be treated with a pressure immobilization bandage.
Do’s :
 Keep the bitten limb below the level of the heart
 If the bite is on the limb, apply a firm roller bandage two inches
away from the wound.
 Wash the affected area with soap and disinfect the area
 The bandage should be loose enough for a finger to slip through
 Constantly check airway, breathing and blood circulation
 Start resuscitation if needed but see to it that there are no
wounds in the mouth.
 Shift the patient immediately to the hospital and see to it that
the person is at rest during transport.
 Instruct the person to avoid all movement on the area affected.

97.  Electrocution is death caused by electric shock
electric current passing through the body
 the word is derived from “electro” and
“execution”, but it is also used for accidental
death
 The word is also sometimes used to describe
non-fatal injuries due to electricity

98.  Lightening is a natural source of electricity which
travels through a tall feature in the landscape in
order to reach the ground. If struck by lightening the
casualty may suffer shock, burns or even death
 Electrical burns are often a consequence of faulty or
misuse of electrical appliances downed power lines
can be, in some cases, a potential source of severe
electrical burns.

101.  Burns on the skin surface where the energy had entered and
exited the body
 Dazed and confused condition
 Problem with sight
 Paralysis (from disrupted nerve pathways)
 Irritable or restless, whether conscious or unconscious
 Weak, irregular, or absent pulse
 Damage to internal muscles and tissues
 Irregular heartbeat or cardiac arrest
 Blood pressure elevated or low with signs of shock
 Shallow, irregular or absent breathing (tongue may swell and
block the airway)
 Multiple fractured bones and dislocations from intense
muscular contractions or from falling

103. Poison is any substance: solid, liquid or gas, that
tends to impair health or cause death when
introduced into the body or into the skin
surface. A poisoning emergency can be life
threatening.

104.  Common in suicide attempts.
 Occasional accidental poisoning.

105.  Ways in which poisoning may occur
 By mouth – ingested poison
 By breathing - inhalation
 By skin - injection, animal bites

106.  Ingested poisons are introduced through the
mouth by eating or drinking poisonous
substances.
 Inhaled poisons are introduced through the
lungs by inhaling industrial gases, fumes from
fire, chemical vapors and petrol and engine
exhaust.
 Absorbed poisons are absorbed through the skin
via contact with poisonous sprays such as
pesticides and insecticides

107.  Instances when vomiting should not be
induced
 If unresponsive
 Cannot maintain an airway
 Has ingested an acid, a corrosive such as lye, or
a petroleum product such as gasoline or
furniture polish
 Has a medical condition that could be
complicated by vomiting such has heart attack,
seizures and pregnancy.

108.  Vomiting, drowsiness, difficulty breathing,
odours on breath, change of skin colour with
blueness around lips, swelling, sudden
collapse, pain where poison has made contact ,
diarrhea, changes in consciousness, seizures,
rash, burns around lips or tongue or on the
skin, pale or bluish skin, sweating and
salivating (drooling) profusely

109.  Try to identify the poison
 Place the victim on his or her left side
 Monitor ABCs
 Save any empty container, spoiled food for
analysis
 Save any vomitus and keep it with the victim if
he or she is taken to an emergency facility.

110. Do’s :
 Check the danger, response, airway, breathing and the
blood circulation of the victim
 Give milk or water to dilute down the poison
 Monitor vital signs and prevent shock
 Observe the amount and color of vomitus
 Check for foreign matter in his or her mouth and remove it
so that he/she can breath freely
 Place the patient in the recovery position and wait for
medical assistance.
 Send to hospital
Don’ts :
 Don’t induce vomiting.

111.  Survey the scene
 Remove the victim from the source of the
poison
 Do a primary survey
 Care for any life threatening condition
 If the victim is conscious, do a secondary
survey
 Do not give the victim anything by mouth
unless advised by medical professionals.

113.  CAUSES
 Exposure ton abnormal prolonged amounts of heat and
humidity without relief or adequate fluid intake can
cause various types of heat-related injuries
 The body normally cools itself by sweating under some
condition though, this system can start to fail. In such
cases, a person body temperature may rise quickly.
Vary high body temperatures can damage the brain
and other vital organs.

114.  HEAT CRAMPS
 These are painful muscle cramps, usually in the stomach,
arms, or legs, that may occur during heavy activity. Heat
cramps are the least serious type of heat-related injury.
 It can be dangerous to ignore them, however, since they are
an early warning sign that the body is having trouble with
heat

115.  HEAT EXHAUSITION
 This is the body response to losing too much water and salt
in sweat.
 It often occurs in people who exercise heavily or work in
hot, humid place, which makes them sweat a lot. Elderly
people and those with high blood pressure are also prone
to heat exhaustion
 As the body overheat, blood flow to the skin increases,
which decreases blood flow to other organs and causes
weakness, confusion and can cause collapse.
 If heat exhaustion is not treated, the person may suffer heat
stroke

116. It strikes suddenly with very little warning. When the
body's cooling system fails, the body temperature rises fast.
This creates an emergency condition.
The signs are: the temperature of the body is very high, hot
and dry. The skin is red with no sweating and fast pulse
rate, dilated pupils, confusion and sometimes there might
be loss of consciousness.
Do’s :
 Lower the body temperature by removing/loosing the clothing
or fanning the person.
 Put ice pack or cold compresses to the neck, under the armpits
and to the groin area.
 Drink lots of fluid and those who perspire more should drink as
much fluid as possible.
 Stay away from places that are hot.

117.  Rapid pulse
 Restlessness
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Irritable
 Red face
 Hot dry skin (25% - 50% of cases)
 High temperature (104 F or higher)
 Erratic behavior
 Shivering
 Collapse
 Fainting

118.  HEAT CRAMPS
 Stop being activity and sit quietly in a cool place and drink sips
of water clear juice, or sports drink.
 To relieve the muscle cramps firm pressure is placed on the
muscle or the massaged gently
 HEAT EXHAUSTION
 Medical help should be called immediately if the symptoms are
severe, or if the person has heart disease or high blood pressure
.
 It is important for the person to cool off by being taken to a
shaded area an fanned or if possible moved into an air condition
room
 It is best for him or her to lie down and remove heavy clothing
 Sips of water and applying cool, wet cloths on the skin are
helpful.
 A cool shower or bath may also help.

120.  Do you know the owner of the dog?
 If so, is the dog up to date on all Vaccination,
including rabies?
 Did the bite occur because the dog was
provoked, or was the dog unprovoked?
 What health conditions do you have? People
with Diabetes, Liver disease, illnesses that
suppress the immune system, and other health
conditions may be at greater risk for a more
severe infection.

121. The aim of First Aid in case of dog bite is to prevent rabies,
to reduce the risk of infection and to get medical aid as soon
as possible.
Do’s :
★ Wipe the saliva away from the wound using a clean cloth
or handkerchief.
★ Try to keep the injured area elevated.
★ Do not come in contact with the saliva that gets wiped
away.
★ Wash the wound thoroughly with plenty of soap and
water.
★ Cover the wound with a dry, sterile dressing.
★ Get medical aid or send the patient to the hospital as soon
as possible.

123.  Meeting the immediate needs
 Listen, listen, listen
 Accepting any feelings expressed by the
survivor
 Assist with next step
 Refer and follow-up

124.  Helping survivors meet immediate needs:
Food, water, shelter, clothing, provide physical First
Aid along with emotional support. link with family
and community members.
 Listen, listen and listen:
To the survivors talking about the event, what he/she
was going through, how it happened.
 Accept feelings expressed by the survivors:
Make the person feel that you are supporting him/her
and are not judging his/her feelings.

125.  Assist with the next step:
Help survivor collect belongings, or go to the hospital,
or find lost family members, seek relief materials or
any other need.
 Refer:
If the person is not able to return to his/her day to
day activities after four weeks of the event, or is
behaving differently from what he used to, take the
person to the hospital, PHC or Psychiatrist or CIS.

126.  Respiration.
 No breathing or difficult breathing.
 Drowning.
 Choking.
 Swelling within the throat.
 Suffocation by smoke or gases.
 Asthma.

127. ORS has been a lifesaver in
case of dehydration (loss of
salt and water in the body).
ORS is prepared by
dissolving a pinch of salt in a
glass of water (the amount of
salt added should just be
enough for the water to taste
like tear drops) and one
tablespoon of sugar to it.
ORS helps in restoring back
the electrolyte balance of our
body and re-hydrate it.

129. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

130. What is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)?
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a procedure
performed in an emergency when the heart stops,
with the goal of prolonging circulatory and lung
function.

131. Purpose of CPR – What does CPR do?
CPR alone is unlikely to restart the heart; Its
main purpose is to restore partial flow of oxygenated
blood to the brain and heart..

132. How to do CPR
1. Make sure the scene is safe before approaching the victim
2. To verify the unconscious.
3. Call for help.
4. To check whether person’s breathing – Look, Listen, Feel-Not more than 10 secs.
5. Quickly scan for severe bleeding.
6. Begin CPR with 30 chest compressions. Push down at least 2 inches
for an adult. The rate of compressions is at least 100 compressions a
minute. (Complete three cycle in one minute)
7. Open the airway with a head tilt-chin lift and give 2 breaths
8. Check the pulse
9. Continue giving 30 compression and 2 breaths until you find an
obvious sign of life, you are too exhausted to continue, the scene
becomes unsafe, an EMS (Emergency Medical Services) arrives.
Steps

133. How to do CPR
1. Check the victim for consciousness. Shake or tap his shoulder and
saying in a loud, clear voice, "Are you okay? Are you okay?" If he responds, he
is conscious. He may have just been sleeping, or he could have been
unconscious. If it still appears to be an emergency situation — for example, he
is having trouble breathing or he appears to be fading in between consciousness
and unconsciousness — call for help and begin basic first aid

134. How to do CPR
2. Look Listen Feel by performing a head tilt-chin lift. Look, listen and
feel for breathing for no more than 10 seconds. Occasional gasps are not
breathing.

135. How to do CPR
3. Check the victim’s pulse. If the victim is unresponsive, the first thing
to do is check her pulse. If the victim does not respond, you need to begin CPR
immediately. Do not check the pulse for more than 10 seconds. If the victim
does not have a pulse, her heart is not beating and you will be required to
perform chest compressions

136. How to do CPR
4. Remember CAB. CAB is the basic process of CPR. It stands for Chest
Compressions, Airway, Breathing. One cycle of 30 chest compressions only
requires 18 seconds, airway opening and rescue breathing are not significantly
delayed.[

137. How to do CPR
5. Position your hands for the compressions
6. Perform 30 compressions. Compress the chest, with elbows locked, by
pushing straight down about 2 inches (5.1 cm) deep

138. How to do CPR
7. Make sure the airway is open. Place your hand on the victim's
forehead and two fingers on his chin. Lift the chin gently with the two fingers
while carefully pushing down on the forehead with your other hand. Once you
have done this you should look, listen and feel for breathing. Put your ear close
to the victim's mouth and nose and listen carefully for any signs of life.
Watch for chest movement and feel for any breath on your cheek.

139. How to do CPR
8. Give two rescue breaths. Keeping the airway open, take the fingers
that were on the forehead and pinch the victim's nose closed. Make a seal with
your mouth over the victim's mouth and breathe out for about one second.

140. How to do CPR
9. Repeat the cycle of 30 chest compressions and two breaths. You
should do CPR for two minutes (five cycles of compressions to breaths) before
checking for signs of life, a pulse or breathing. Continue CPR until someone
takes over for you; emergency personnel arrive;

141. CPR on Child

142. THANK YOU