for BPEd

1. First Aid for Common
Unintentional Injury
and Medical
Emergency

2. What are unintentional injuries?
• Unintentional injuries are sometimes called
accidental injuries. An accident is a sequence of
unexpected events that could result to injury,
property damage, and even death. Examples of
these accidents are vehicular accidents, poisoning,
drowning, and household fires.
• Unintentional injuries are sometimes called
accidental injuries. An accident is a sequence of
unexpected events that could result to injury,
property damage, and even death. Examples of
these accidents are vehicular accidents, poisoning,
drowning, and household fires.

3. Types of unintentional injury:
A. Musculoskeletal Injury - This refer to any
damage of the muscular or skeletal system
usually due to strenuous activities. It can be a
sprain, fracture, strain, or dislocation.
B. Heat-related Injuries or hyperthermia –
caused by high temperature and humidity from
exposure to hot weather and sun. There are three
forms of hyperthermia: heat cramps, heat
exhaustion, and heatstroke.
C. Bleeding or Hemorrhage – occurs when a blood
vessel is damaged and constricted. This can be life
threatening if the body loses excessive amount of

4. Types of unintentional injury:
D. Poisoning – occurs when a poison or a toxic substance
is taken into or absorbed by the body, sufficient enough
to cause temporary or permanent damage. A poison can
enter the body through swallowing, skin absorption,
inhalation, splashing into the eyes, or injection.
E. Choking –occurs when airway is blocked causing
breathing to be difficult to be difficult. The airway
may be blocked by a piece of food or small object. A
victim can use the universal sign for choking by
clutching the throat with one or both hands.

5. Types of unintentional injury:
F. Drowning – occurs when your nose and mouth are
submerged in water or other liquids and air can’t enter
the lungs, resulting to suffocation. This can result to
hyperthermia when submerged for a long period of
time. It can also cause sudden cardiac arrest due to the
cold water.
G. Heart Attack – occurs when a part of the heart
muscle doesn’t receive enough oxygen. Pain can be
felt in the center if the chest and can spread to the
shoulder, arms, neck, jaw or back. There may be
dizziness, sweating, irregular pulse, and breathing
difficulty.

6. Types of unintentional injury:
H. Burn – happens when the skin or other tissues are
damaged. This may be caused by heat. But did you
know that it’s not only heat that can burn? Even
electricity, chemical, sunlight, and even cold can
cause burn. When the skin is damaged, it can no
longer function effectively against infection. This can
cause related injuries, significant fluid loss, and other
infection that may develop later.

7. Musculoskeletal Injuries:
Sprain – This is an injury to the ligaments around the joint
which may be stretched or torn. Ankle and knee sprain are
the most common sprain injury.
First aid for sprain: Remember R.I.C.E.
1. Rest – rest the injured part
2. Ice – apply ice packs or cold pads on the injured area
3. Compression – wrap the injured part with elastic
compression bandage
4. Elevation – elevate the injured part, as much as possible
above the level of the heart to prevent or limit
swellingMusculoskeletal

8. Sprain

9. Musculoskeletal Injuries:
Strain – This is an injury which is caused by the twisting
or pulling of a muscle or tendon beyond normal
capacity.
First aid for strain
1.Place the victim in a comfortable position taking off
pressure from strained muscles.
2.Apply ice packs or cold pads for 10 to 15 minutes
every hour for the first day, and every 3 to 4 hours after
the first day. Do this for 3 days.
3.Rest the injured area for at least a day. Do not use
the muscles while it is still painful.

10. Strain

11. Musculoskeletal Injuries:
Dislocation – This is an injury which is a result of the
separation of two bones at joint, leaving the bone out of
normal position.
First aid for dislocation
1.Immobilize dislocations in the position found. Splint or
sling above and below the dislocated joints to keep
immobile. Do not try to straighten or reduce any
dislocation.
2.Use RICE method.
3.Keep the victim warm and quiet and in the position
most comfortable, treat for shock.Musculoskeletal

12. Dislocation

13. Musculoskeletal Injuries:
Fracture – This is a breakage that usually happens in the
bones. When a broken bone punctures the skin, it causes
an open or compound fracture.
First aid for fracture
1.Cover the wound with non-fluffy sterile dressing. Apply
pressure around the injury to control bleeding but be
careful not to press on a protruding bone. Carefully place
a sterile wound dressing or more clean padding over and
around the dressing.
2.Put a bandage securing the dressing and padding.
Avoid impairing the circulation beyond the bandage.

14. Fracture

15. Open fracture

16. Heat-related Injuries or hyperthermia
Heat cramps – muscle spasms caused by loss of too
much salt and other electrolytes during too much
sweating
First aid for heat cramps
1.Have the victim rest in a cool place and administer
sips of half glass water or sports drink every 15
minutes.
2.Apply moist towels on forehead and to the
cramping muscles. Gently stretch cramped muscles.
3.Avoid victim from forcing action for at least 12
hours.

17. Heat cramps

18. Heat-related Injuries or hyperthermia
Heat exhaustion – is a condition less severe than heatstroke.
This occurs when you are exposed to high temperature and
you experience heavy sweating and rapid pulse.
First aid for exhaustion
1. Move the victim to a cool place and remove as much
clothing as possible. Fan the victim lightly. Make sure the
victim does not shiver or get chilled.
2. Let the victim lie down with feet raised 8-12 inches.
3. If the victim is fully conscious, give water or sports drinks in
half glass every 10 minutes for 1 hour. Monitor the victim’s
temperature every 10-15 minutes.
4. Call emergency help if the victim vomits, temperature is
above 38.5°C, or the victim does not improve.

19. Heat Exhaustion

20. Heat-related Injuries or hyperthermia
Heatstroke – a life-threatening emergency caused by a failure to
regulate body temperature. It is characterized by extreme fever, hot
and dry or moist skin, delirium, coma, or even death.
First aid for heatstroke
1. Establish airway and if possible, move to a cool place. Remove as
much clothing as possible.
2. Pour or spray cool water and fan vigorously. If the victim begins
to shiver, slow the cooling method as shivering procedures heat.
Never use isopropyl alcohol as the skin absorbs alcohol which can
be toxic.
3. When the body cools down, seizure and vomiting may occur,
hence, position the victim for easy drainage.
4. Monitor the victim’s temperature until emergency personnel
arrives.

21. Heatstroke

22. Bleeding or Hemorrhage
First aid to control bleeding
• Apply direct pressure to the wound
• Raise and support the injured part
• Lay the victim down
• Bandage dressing in place
• Call for emergency help

23. Bleeding/Hemorrhage

24. Poisoning
First aid for swallowed poisons
1.Monitor the victim and call for medical help. If the
victim is conscious, ask what was swallowed, how
much, and when.
2.Commence CPR, if necessary.
3.Monitor victim’s vital signs and keep samples of
any vomit.Poisoning

25. Swallowed Poison

26. Poison
First aid for injected poisons
1.Seek medical help
2.Maintain victim’s airway and be alert for vomiting.
Keep victim sitting to prevent inhalation of vomit.
3.For animal or insect bite or sting, protect yourself
and the victim from repeated injection. Identify what
animal or insect if possible, and send to a receiving
facility.
4.Commence CAB if necessary.

27. Injected Poison

28. Poison
First aid for absorbed poisons
1.Remove contaminated clothing
2.Wash with cold water for 20 minutes
3.Seek medical help

29. Poison

30. Choking
First aid for adult or older child choking
1.Stand behind the victim and wrap your one hand
around his or her waist.
2.Place thumb side of fist into the victim’s abdomen
above the navel and below rib cage, then grab fist with
other hand.
3.Do five abdominal thrusts. Apply pressure inward and
push up toward the victim’s diaphragm in one smooth
movement.
4.Repeat cycle of five abdominal thrusts until the
object comes out.
5.Help the victim if he/she is having breathing
difficulties after the object is dislodged.

31. Adult or older child choking

32. Choking
First aid for self-choke
1.Get attention by using the universal sign for
choking.
2.Give self-abdominal thrusts. Repeat until the object
is out.

33. Self-choke

34. First aid for infant or child choke
1.Position victim for five quick blows – Victim faces
down on your upper leg. Place your hand around the
lower jaw and chest for head support. Using the heel of
your hand, give five quick blows between the victim’s
shoulder blades.
2.Position victim for five quick chest trusts – Victim
faces up on your upper leg and the head lower than
the trunk. Press two to three fingers in the center of
the breastbone between the nipples. Give five quick
chest thrusts.
3.Repeat five blows and chest thrusts until object is
out.
4.Help the victim if he or she is having breathing
difficulties after the object is dislodged.

35. Infant or child choke

36. Drowning
First aid for drowning
1.Help the victim lie down on a rug or coat with the
head lower than the rest of the body, enabling his or
her mouth to drain water.
2.Treat for hyperthermia. Remove wet clothes and
change with dry clothes, if possible. Cover the victim
with dry coats or blankets. Cover the victim with dry
coats or blankets. When the victim becomes
conscious, give the victim a warm drink or chocolate.
3.Call emergency help even if the victim appears to
be fully recovered. There might be risk of secondary
drowning.

37. Drowning

38. Heart Attack
First aid for heart attack
1.Call for medical help immediately
2.Place the victim in a comfortable position
3.Monitor the condition
4.Have a trained person give CAB if breathing stops
and the victim has no pulse.

39. Heart attack

40. Burn
First aid for burn
1.Help the victim to sit or lie down. Prevent burnt
body part from ground contact.
2.Cool the injury by flooding it with plenty of cold
water. But do not prolong the transfer to a hospital.
Call for emergency help and if possible, let someone
do it while you cool the burn.
3.Continuously cool the affected area for at least 10
minutes or until pain is relieved. Monitor signs of
breathing difficulty. Do not overcool the victim for it
might lower the body temperature to a dangerous
level.

41. Burn
4.Do not touch the injury. Safely remove
any accessories like belts, shoes,
watches, and burnt clothing. Do not
remove clothes stuck to the burn.
5.Cover the injured area and protect it
from infection. Use clean materials.

42. Burn

43. Thank you 😊