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Ampullary carcinoma
This document discusses ampullary carcinomas, including their epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis. It provides details on: the average age of diagnosis being 60-70 years old; the most common histologic subtype being intestinal (47%); obstructive jaundice being the most common presenting symptom (80%); diagnostic tests including ERCP, CT, and tumor markers; the TNM staging system; pancreaticoduodenectomy being the standard treatment for localized disease; and adjuvant therapy options including chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy for stage IB or higher cancers.
Obstructive jaundice.
This document discusses obstructive jaundice, providing definitions, pathophysiology, effects on various body systems, etiology, history and examination findings, laboratory investigations, imaging modalities, and causes of biliary obstruction. It defines obstructive jaundice as a failure of bile to reach the intestine due to mechanical obstruction. Pathophysiological changes include bile duct dilation, hepatic fibrosis, and portal hypertension. Causes include gallstones, strictures, tumors, and congenital anomalies. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab tests can localize the level and cause of obstruction, while imaging modalities like ultrasound and MRCP can identify and characterize obstructive lesions.
Plasma Cell Neoplasms (2021)
Plasma cell neoplasms are clonal proliferations of plasma cells that produce monoclonal proteins. The key types are plasma cell myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and plasmacytoma. Plasma cell myeloma is characterized by clonal plasma cell proliferation in the bone marrow causing osteolytic lesions and organ dysfunction. Diagnosis involves identifying monoclonal proteins by serum and urine protein electrophoresis and bone marrow biopsy showing clonal plasma cell infiltration. Genetic testing can further classify myeloma into hyperdiploid and non-hyperdiploid subtypes associated with different prognoses.
SHOCK- Basic Principles in Surgery.pptx
In this presentation, I discussed various types of shock, their causes, their pathophysiology, and how to diagnose and treat them.
Soft tissue sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcomas are rare malignant tumors that can arise in any soft tissue of the body. They are characterized by their genetic alterations and histological grade. Diagnosis is made through biopsy and imaging is used to stage the tumor. Treatment typically involves complete surgical resection with negative margins, along with possible adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy depending on tumor grade and size. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, grade, depth, and completeness of resection. Recurrence rates remain high, especially for retroperitoneal and visceral soft tissue sarcomas.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
SCC of the skin is a malignant tumor of keratinocytes, arising in the epidermis.
SCC usually arises in epidermal precancerous lesions and, depending on etiology and level of differentiation, varies in its aggressiveness.
The lesion is a plaque or a nodule with varying degrees of keratinization in the nodule and/or on the surface.
Thumb rule:
Undifferentiated SCC: is soft and has no hyperkeratosis;
Differentiated SCC: is hard on palpation and has hyperkeratosis.
Exposure:
Sunlight. Phototherapy, PUVA (oral psoralen + UVA). Excessive photochemotherapy can lead to promotion of SCC, particularly in patients with skin phototypes I and II or in patients with history of previous exposure to ionizing radiation or methotrexate treatment for psoriasis.
Lesions :
Indurated papule, plaque, or nodule ; adherent thick keratotic scale or hyperkeratosis ; when eroded or ulcerated, the lesion may have a crust in the center and a firm, hyperkeratotic, elevated margin
Clark levels
level I, intra-epidermal;
level II, invades papillary dermis;
level III fills papillary dermis;
level IV, invades reticular dermis;
level V, invades subcutaneous fat.
Fluid and electrolyte management in surgical patients.
Fluid and electrolyte management has to be aggressive. It is pivitol in speedy recovery in GI surgery. Changes should be anticipated and treated promptly. A detailed knowledge of this is essential for optimum management especially in the ICU.
periampullary carcinoma
1. A 60-year-old male presented with yellowish discoloration of the eye, itching all over the body, pale stools, loss of appetite, and weight loss.
2. Obstructive jaundice and periampullary carcinoma were suspected given his age, painless progressive jaundice, pruritis, pale stools, and weight loss.
3. Key clinical features of obstructive jaundice include jaundice, intense pruritis, pale stools, loss of appetite and weight in patients typically aged 50-70 years.
Recommended
Ampullary carcinoma
This document discusses ampullary carcinomas, including their epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis. It provides details on: the average age of diagnosis being 60-70 years old; the most common histologic subtype being intestinal (47%); obstructive jaundice being the most common presenting symptom (80%); diagnostic tests including ERCP, CT, and tumor markers; the TNM staging system; pancreaticoduodenectomy being the standard treatment for localized disease; and adjuvant therapy options including chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy for stage IB or higher cancers.
Obstructive jaundice.
This document discusses obstructive jaundice, providing definitions, pathophysiology, effects on various body systems, etiology, history and examination findings, laboratory investigations, imaging modalities, and causes of biliary obstruction. It defines obstructive jaundice as a failure of bile to reach the intestine due to mechanical obstruction. Pathophysiological changes include bile duct dilation, hepatic fibrosis, and portal hypertension. Causes include gallstones, strictures, tumors, and congenital anomalies. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab tests can localize the level and cause of obstruction, while imaging modalities like ultrasound and MRCP can identify and characterize obstructive lesions.
Plasma Cell Neoplasms (2021)
Plasma cell neoplasms are clonal proliferations of plasma cells that produce monoclonal proteins. The key types are plasma cell myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and plasmacytoma. Plasma cell myeloma is characterized by clonal plasma cell proliferation in the bone marrow causing osteolytic lesions and organ dysfunction. Diagnosis involves identifying monoclonal proteins by serum and urine protein electrophoresis and bone marrow biopsy showing clonal plasma cell infiltration. Genetic testing can further classify myeloma into hyperdiploid and non-hyperdiploid subtypes associated with different prognoses.
SHOCK- Basic Principles in Surgery.pptx
In this presentation, I discussed various types of shock, their causes, their pathophysiology, and how to diagnose and treat them.
Soft tissue sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcomas are rare malignant tumors that can arise in any soft tissue of the body. They are characterized by their genetic alterations and histological grade. Diagnosis is made through biopsy and imaging is used to stage the tumor. Treatment typically involves complete surgical resection with negative margins, along with possible adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy depending on tumor grade and size. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, grade, depth, and completeness of resection. Recurrence rates remain high, especially for retroperitoneal and visceral soft tissue sarcomas.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
SCC of the skin is a malignant tumor of keratinocytes, arising in the epidermis.
SCC usually arises in epidermal precancerous lesions and, depending on etiology and level of differentiation, varies in its aggressiveness.
The lesion is a plaque or a nodule with varying degrees of keratinization in the nodule and/or on the surface.
Thumb rule:
Undifferentiated SCC: is soft and has no hyperkeratosis;
Differentiated SCC: is hard on palpation and has hyperkeratosis.
Exposure:
Sunlight. Phototherapy, PUVA (oral psoralen + UVA). Excessive photochemotherapy can lead to promotion of SCC, particularly in patients with skin phototypes I and II or in patients with history of previous exposure to ionizing radiation or methotrexate treatment for psoriasis.
Lesions :
Indurated papule, plaque, or nodule ; adherent thick keratotic scale or hyperkeratosis ; when eroded or ulcerated, the lesion may have a crust in the center and a firm, hyperkeratotic, elevated margin
Clark levels
level I, intra-epidermal;
level II, invades papillary dermis;
level III fills papillary dermis;
level IV, invades reticular dermis;
level V, invades subcutaneous fat.
Fluid and electrolyte management in surgical patients.
Fluid and electrolyte management has to be aggressive. It is pivitol in speedy recovery in GI surgery. Changes should be anticipated and treated promptly. A detailed knowledge of this is essential for optimum management especially in the ICU.
periampullary carcinoma
1. A 60-year-old male presented with yellowish discoloration of the eye, itching all over the body, pale stools, loss of appetite, and weight loss.
2. Obstructive jaundice and periampullary carcinoma were suspected given his age, painless progressive jaundice, pruritis, pale stools, and weight loss.
3. Key clinical features of obstructive jaundice include jaundice, intense pruritis, pale stools, loss of appetite and weight in patients typically aged 50-70 years.
Ewings sarcoma - Dr. Vandana
Identified in 1921 by James Ewing
2nd most common bone tumor in children
Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of tumors:
Ewing’s sarcoma (Bone –87%)
Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (8%)
Peripheral PNET(5%)
Askin’s tumor
shock surgery -bailey and love
Shock is the state of not enough blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems with the circulatory system.Initial symptoms may include weakness, fast heart rate, fast breathing, sweating, anxiety, and increased thirst. This may be followed by confusion, unconsciousness, or cardiac arrest as complications worsen.
Shock is divided into four main types based on the underlying cause: low volume, cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive shock. Low volume shock may be from bleeding, diarrhea, vomiting, or pancreatitis. Cardiogenic shock may be due to a heart attack or cardiac contusion. Obstructive shock may be due to cardiac tamponade or a tension pneumothorax. Distributed shock may be due to sepsis, spinal cord injury, or certain overdoses.
The diagnosis is generally based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory tests. A decreased pulse pressure (systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressure) or a fast heart rate raises concerns. The heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure, known as the shock index (SI), of greater than 0.8 supports the diagnosis more than low blood pressure or a fast heart rate in isolation.
Treatment of shock is based on the likely underlying cause.[2] An open airway and sufficient breathing should be established.[2] Any ongoing bleeding should be stopped, which may require surgery or embolization.[2] Intravenous fluid, such as Ringer's lactate or packed red blood cells, is often given.[2] Efforts to maintain a normal body temperature are also important.[2] Vasopressors may be useful in certain cases.[2] Shock is both common and has a high risk of death.[3] In the United States about 1.2 million people present to the emergency room each year with shock and their risk of death is between 20 and 50%
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
An aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign bone tumor characterized by blood-filled cavities separated by bone or fibrous tissue. It most commonly affects long bones in people under 30 years old. This case report describes a rare aneurysmal bone cyst located in the cervical spine of a 13-year-old girl who presented with neck pain. Imaging showed an osteolytic lesion of the C2 spinous process. The cyst was surgically excised and pathology confirmed the diagnosis. Following halo cast immobilization, the girl recovered with no recurrence at her 2-year follow-up.
Barcelona clinic liver cancer (bclc) staging
This document discusses the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma. The BCLC staging system stratifies patients into 5 stages (0, A, B, C, D) based on tumor characteristics, liver function, physical status, and performance status. The stages determine first-line treatment options including surgical resection, liver transplantation, local ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, sorafenib, or palliative care. The BCLC staging system aims to predict outcomes and guide treatment selection. It is recommended by major liver organizations and has been validated in multiple studies.
Early gastric cancer
Early Gastric Carcinoama:
Definition,
Etiology, risk factors,
Pathogenesis,
Japanese endoscopic classification,
Endoscopic diagnosis,
Management- EMR, ESD
Recent advances and future prospects
Leg ulcer
The document discusses the approach and classification of leg ulcers. It begins by defining a leg ulcer and classifying them as non-specific, specific, or malignant. The main causes of leg ulcers are then discussed, including venous insufficiency (80-85% of cases), arterial disease, neuropathy, infection, trauma, and malignancy. Diagnostic evaluation of a leg ulcer involves obtaining a thorough history and physically examining the ulcer, surrounding skin, and vascular and neurological systems. Key distinguishing features of venous versus arterial ulcers are also provided.
Colonic neoplastic polyps
This document summarizes colonic neoplastic polyps. It defines polyps and classifies them based on their appearance, size, and whether they have stalks. Adenomas are the most common type of polyp and can be tubular, tubulovillous, or villous based on histology. Dysplasia is also classified from mild to severe. Risk of malignancy increases with polyp size over 1cm, villous histology, higher dysplasia grade, or presence of advanced pathology. Dietary and lifestyle factors can influence polyp risk. Initial treatment is full colonoscopy and polyp removal. Follow-up depends on features of the polyp.
Non hodgkins lymphoma nandhu
This document provides an overview of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), including:
1. NHL is a heterogeneous group of malignant diseases of the lymphoid system that is defined and has varying epidemiology, classification, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and treatment.
2. NHL is classified in several systems, most recently the WHO system from 2008, which categorizes NHL into B-cell and T/NK-cell lymphomas that can be indolent or aggressive.
3. Specific subtypes like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma have unique characteristics and clinical presentations.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
1. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arise from neuroendocrine cells throughout the body and share features like secretory granules and hormone production. Pancreatic NETs (PNETs) comprise 1-2% of pancreatic tumors.
2. PNETs can be functional, producing symptoms from hormone hypersecretion, or nonfunctional. Major functional types are insulinomas, gastrinomas, VIPomas, and glucagonomas. Nonfunctional PNETs are usually larger and have worse prognosis than functional tumors.
3. Treatment involves surgical resection for localized disease. For advanced or metastatic disease, options include somatostatin analogs, hepatic artery embolization, targeted drugs, and
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
The document discusses chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- CLL is characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of small, mature lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues. It most commonly affects elderly adults.
- Diagnosis is based on blood cell counts and immunophenotyping of lymphocytes. Prognosis depends on factors like clinical stage, genomic abnormalities, and biomarker expression levels.
- Treatment involves chemotherapy, chemoimmunotherapy, targeted therapies, and supportive care. The appropriate treatment approach depends on a patient's risk
Lipoma by manzoor
Lipomas are benign fatty tumors that are most common in adults aged 40-60 years. They are soft, mobile, and usually painless masses located under the skin or in deeper tissues. The most common type is a conventional lipoma composed of mature adipocytes. Liposarcoma is a malignant fatty tumor composed of primitive lipoblast cells. It typically occurs in deep tissues of thighs and retroperitoneum in older adults. Prognosis depends on histologic subtype, with well-differentiated and myxoid types having better outcomes than pleomorphic liposarcoma.
Simple bone cyst
Simple bone cysts, also known as unicameral bone cysts, are benign bone lesions of unknown cause that typically occur in the metaphysis of long bones like the proximal humerus and femur in children and adolescents. They appear on x-ray as areas of translucency in the bone and often cause pain, swelling or pathological fractures. Treatment involves curettage and bone grafting if the risk of fracture is high or steroid injections if the cyst is small with a low fracture risk.
Myeloproliferative neoplasms 2
1. Polycythemia vera (PV) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells without an identifiable stimulus. It commonly presents with erythrocytosis, splenomegaly, thrombosis, and pruritus.
2. The main cause of PV is a mutation in the JAK2 gene, but some patients have mutations in exon 12. Diagnosis requires tests to distinguish absolute from relative erythrocytosis. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy and medications to control symptoms and prevent complications.
3. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm involving clonal proliferation and
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Paraneoplastic syndromes are diseases or symptoms caused by cancer but not by direct local effects of tumors. They are mediated through cross-reacting antibodies, physiologically active factors, or metabolic pathway interference. Syndromes are classified as endocrine, neurological, mucocutaneous, hematological, or other. Common endocrine syndromes include Cushing's syndrome, SIADH, hypoglycemia, and hypercalcemia. Neurological syndromes are often antibody-mediated and include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Dermatological manifestations incorporate lesions like acanthosis nigricans. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and removing the underlying tumor.
Basal cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It arises from basal cells in the lower epidermis and is caused by DNA mutations in the patched gene triggered by UV radiation exposure. While it rarely metastasizes, BCC can be locally invasive if left untreated. Treatment options depend on the size, location, and type of BCC, but may include surgical excision, Mohs surgery, radiation, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, topical medications, or target therapies for advanced cases. Regular sun protection and skin self-examinations are important for prevention and early detection.
Approach to Solitary Thyroid nodule
This document provides an overview of the approach to evaluating and managing solitary thyroid nodules. It discusses the epidemiology, risk stratification, clinical and laboratory evaluation, imaging with ultrasound and scintigraphy, cytology using the Bethesda system, and management approaches for benign, indeterminate, and malignant nodules. A case example is presented of a patient with a benign nodule based on ultrasound characteristics, TIRADS score, and cytology results. Key points are that risk stratification guides evaluation and management, and a multidisciplinary team approach is important for standardized patient care.
Parathyroid tumors
This document discusses parathyroid tumors and calcium regulation by the parathyroid hormone (PTH). It covers primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, their causes, symptoms, and treatments. Key points include:
- PTH levels are regulated by calcium levels through a feedback loop involving the calcium sensing receptor.
- Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by a parathyroid adenoma and is often asymptomatic. Surgery is the only cure.
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency and leads to hyperplasia of all four parathyroid glands. It can be managed medically but may require surgery.
- Tert
Gist
This document provides information on gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) including their definition, epidemiology, etiology, molecular pathogenesis, genetic classification, anatomy, pathology, screening, diagnosis, staging, prognostic factors, risk stratification, management of localized, advanced, inoperable, and metastatic disease, treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, response evaluation, and follow up. GISTs are rare mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract that are driven by mutations in KIT or PDGFRA genes. Surgery is the main treatment for localized disease while advanced disease is treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Lymphoma
Lymphoma refers to tumors of the lymphatic system, specifically lymphocytes and their precursor cells. The two main types are Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. It commonly affects lymph nodes in a stepwise fashion and has a bimodal age distribution. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can involve both B and T cells and often spreads more diffusely beyond lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves an excisional lymph node biopsy. Treatment depends on disease stage and may involve chemotherapy, with or without radiation therapy. Prognosis can be determined using factors in the International Prognostic Index.
Solitary thyroid nodule
This document discusses solitary thyroid nodules (STNs), which are discrete swellings in an otherwise impalpable thyroid gland. STNs have a 10-15% risk of malignancy. They can be caused by conditions like thyroid adenomas, cysts, or carcinomas. Evaluation involves a history, exam, labs, ultrasound, scan, and FNAC. FNAC is the most useful test, but cannot always distinguish benign from malignant follicular lesions. Treatment depends on findings but may include observation, surgery, or radioiodine.
Breast Pathology Lecture - 2013
The document discusses knowledge and wisdom, stating that knowledge alone is not sufficient and can be a burden if it does not bring joy, freedom, and integrate into life. True wisdom comes from knowledge that is grounded in experience and sets one free from ignorance and innocence. The source advocates viewing knowledge as a means to greater understanding rather than an end in itself.
Basic surgical skills
The document discusses basic surgical skills including hand washing, surgical scrubbing, gowning and gloving, instrument handling, skin preparation, draping, wound management techniques like debridement and irrigation, suturing techniques, and principles of anastomosis. It emphasizes proper technique for preventing infection, including cleaning wounds, debriding necrotic tissue, and appropriate use of antibiotics. Key factors that affect anastomotic healing are adequate blood supply, proper suture technique, and minimizing tension and ischemia at the suture line.
More Related Content
What's hot
Ewings sarcoma - Dr. Vandana
Identified in 1921 by James Ewing
2nd most common bone tumor in children
Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of tumors:
Ewing’s sarcoma (Bone –87%)
Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (8%)
Peripheral PNET(5%)
Askin’s tumor
shock surgery -bailey and love
Shock is the state of not enough blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems with the circulatory system.Initial symptoms may include weakness, fast heart rate, fast breathing, sweating, anxiety, and increased thirst. This may be followed by confusion, unconsciousness, or cardiac arrest as complications worsen.
Shock is divided into four main types based on the underlying cause: low volume, cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive shock. Low volume shock may be from bleeding, diarrhea, vomiting, or pancreatitis. Cardiogenic shock may be due to a heart attack or cardiac contusion. Obstructive shock may be due to cardiac tamponade or a tension pneumothorax. Distributed shock may be due to sepsis, spinal cord injury, or certain overdoses.
The diagnosis is generally based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory tests. A decreased pulse pressure (systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressure) or a fast heart rate raises concerns. The heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure, known as the shock index (SI), of greater than 0.8 supports the diagnosis more than low blood pressure or a fast heart rate in isolation.
Treatment of shock is based on the likely underlying cause.[2] An open airway and sufficient breathing should be established.[2] Any ongoing bleeding should be stopped, which may require surgery or embolization.[2] Intravenous fluid, such as Ringer's lactate or packed red blood cells, is often given.[2] Efforts to maintain a normal body temperature are also important.[2] Vasopressors may be useful in certain cases.[2] Shock is both common and has a high risk of death.[3] In the United States about 1.2 million people present to the emergency room each year with shock and their risk of death is between 20 and 50%
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
An aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign bone tumor characterized by blood-filled cavities separated by bone or fibrous tissue. It most commonly affects long bones in people under 30 years old. This case report describes a rare aneurysmal bone cyst located in the cervical spine of a 13-year-old girl who presented with neck pain. Imaging showed an osteolytic lesion of the C2 spinous process. The cyst was surgically excised and pathology confirmed the diagnosis. Following halo cast immobilization, the girl recovered with no recurrence at her 2-year follow-up.
Barcelona clinic liver cancer (bclc) staging
This document discusses the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma. The BCLC staging system stratifies patients into 5 stages (0, A, B, C, D) based on tumor characteristics, liver function, physical status, and performance status. The stages determine first-line treatment options including surgical resection, liver transplantation, local ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, sorafenib, or palliative care. The BCLC staging system aims to predict outcomes and guide treatment selection. It is recommended by major liver organizations and has been validated in multiple studies.
Early gastric cancer
Early Gastric Carcinoama:
Definition,
Etiology, risk factors,
Pathogenesis,
Japanese endoscopic classification,
Endoscopic diagnosis,
Management- EMR, ESD
Recent advances and future prospects
Leg ulcer
The document discusses the approach and classification of leg ulcers. It begins by defining a leg ulcer and classifying them as non-specific, specific, or malignant. The main causes of leg ulcers are then discussed, including venous insufficiency (80-85% of cases), arterial disease, neuropathy, infection, trauma, and malignancy. Diagnostic evaluation of a leg ulcer involves obtaining a thorough history and physically examining the ulcer, surrounding skin, and vascular and neurological systems. Key distinguishing features of venous versus arterial ulcers are also provided.
Colonic neoplastic polyps
This document summarizes colonic neoplastic polyps. It defines polyps and classifies them based on their appearance, size, and whether they have stalks. Adenomas are the most common type of polyp and can be tubular, tubulovillous, or villous based on histology. Dysplasia is also classified from mild to severe. Risk of malignancy increases with polyp size over 1cm, villous histology, higher dysplasia grade, or presence of advanced pathology. Dietary and lifestyle factors can influence polyp risk. Initial treatment is full colonoscopy and polyp removal. Follow-up depends on features of the polyp.
Non hodgkins lymphoma nandhu
This document provides an overview of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), including:
1. NHL is a heterogeneous group of malignant diseases of the lymphoid system that is defined and has varying epidemiology, classification, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and treatment.
2. NHL is classified in several systems, most recently the WHO system from 2008, which categorizes NHL into B-cell and T/NK-cell lymphomas that can be indolent or aggressive.
3. Specific subtypes like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma have unique characteristics and clinical presentations.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
1. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arise from neuroendocrine cells throughout the body and share features like secretory granules and hormone production. Pancreatic NETs (PNETs) comprise 1-2% of pancreatic tumors.
2. PNETs can be functional, producing symptoms from hormone hypersecretion, or nonfunctional. Major functional types are insulinomas, gastrinomas, VIPomas, and glucagonomas. Nonfunctional PNETs are usually larger and have worse prognosis than functional tumors.
3. Treatment involves surgical resection for localized disease. For advanced or metastatic disease, options include somatostatin analogs, hepatic artery embolization, targeted drugs, and
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
The document discusses chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- CLL is characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of small, mature lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues. It most commonly affects elderly adults.
- Diagnosis is based on blood cell counts and immunophenotyping of lymphocytes. Prognosis depends on factors like clinical stage, genomic abnormalities, and biomarker expression levels.
- Treatment involves chemotherapy, chemoimmunotherapy, targeted therapies, and supportive care. The appropriate treatment approach depends on a patient's risk
Lipoma by manzoor
Lipomas are benign fatty tumors that are most common in adults aged 40-60 years. They are soft, mobile, and usually painless masses located under the skin or in deeper tissues. The most common type is a conventional lipoma composed of mature adipocytes. Liposarcoma is a malignant fatty tumor composed of primitive lipoblast cells. It typically occurs in deep tissues of thighs and retroperitoneum in older adults. Prognosis depends on histologic subtype, with well-differentiated and myxoid types having better outcomes than pleomorphic liposarcoma.
Simple bone cyst
Simple bone cysts, also known as unicameral bone cysts, are benign bone lesions of unknown cause that typically occur in the metaphysis of long bones like the proximal humerus and femur in children and adolescents. They appear on x-ray as areas of translucency in the bone and often cause pain, swelling or pathological fractures. Treatment involves curettage and bone grafting if the risk of fracture is high or steroid injections if the cyst is small with a low fracture risk.
Myeloproliferative neoplasms 2
1. Polycythemia vera (PV) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells without an identifiable stimulus. It commonly presents with erythrocytosis, splenomegaly, thrombosis, and pruritus.
2. The main cause of PV is a mutation in the JAK2 gene, but some patients have mutations in exon 12. Diagnosis requires tests to distinguish absolute from relative erythrocytosis. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy and medications to control symptoms and prevent complications.
3. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm involving clonal proliferation and
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Paraneoplastic syndromes are diseases or symptoms caused by cancer but not by direct local effects of tumors. They are mediated through cross-reacting antibodies, physiologically active factors, or metabolic pathway interference. Syndromes are classified as endocrine, neurological, mucocutaneous, hematological, or other. Common endocrine syndromes include Cushing's syndrome, SIADH, hypoglycemia, and hypercalcemia. Neurological syndromes are often antibody-mediated and include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Dermatological manifestations incorporate lesions like acanthosis nigricans. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and removing the underlying tumor.
Basal cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It arises from basal cells in the lower epidermis and is caused by DNA mutations in the patched gene triggered by UV radiation exposure. While it rarely metastasizes, BCC can be locally invasive if left untreated. Treatment options depend on the size, location, and type of BCC, but may include surgical excision, Mohs surgery, radiation, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, topical medications, or target therapies for advanced cases. Regular sun protection and skin self-examinations are important for prevention and early detection.
Approach to Solitary Thyroid nodule
This document provides an overview of the approach to evaluating and managing solitary thyroid nodules. It discusses the epidemiology, risk stratification, clinical and laboratory evaluation, imaging with ultrasound and scintigraphy, cytology using the Bethesda system, and management approaches for benign, indeterminate, and malignant nodules. A case example is presented of a patient with a benign nodule based on ultrasound characteristics, TIRADS score, and cytology results. Key points are that risk stratification guides evaluation and management, and a multidisciplinary team approach is important for standardized patient care.
Parathyroid tumors
This document discusses parathyroid tumors and calcium regulation by the parathyroid hormone (PTH). It covers primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, their causes, symptoms, and treatments. Key points include:
- PTH levels are regulated by calcium levels through a feedback loop involving the calcium sensing receptor.
- Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by a parathyroid adenoma and is often asymptomatic. Surgery is the only cure.
- Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency and leads to hyperplasia of all four parathyroid glands. It can be managed medically but may require surgery.
- Tert
Gist
This document provides information on gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) including their definition, epidemiology, etiology, molecular pathogenesis, genetic classification, anatomy, pathology, screening, diagnosis, staging, prognostic factors, risk stratification, management of localized, advanced, inoperable, and metastatic disease, treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, response evaluation, and follow up. GISTs are rare mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract that are driven by mutations in KIT or PDGFRA genes. Surgery is the main treatment for localized disease while advanced disease is treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Lymphoma
Lymphoma refers to tumors of the lymphatic system, specifically lymphocytes and their precursor cells. The two main types are Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. It commonly affects lymph nodes in a stepwise fashion and has a bimodal age distribution. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can involve both B and T cells and often spreads more diffusely beyond lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves an excisional lymph node biopsy. Treatment depends on disease stage and may involve chemotherapy, with or without radiation therapy. Prognosis can be determined using factors in the International Prognostic Index.
Solitary thyroid nodule
This document discusses solitary thyroid nodules (STNs), which are discrete swellings in an otherwise impalpable thyroid gland. STNs have a 10-15% risk of malignancy. They can be caused by conditions like thyroid adenomas, cysts, or carcinomas. Evaluation involves a history, exam, labs, ultrasound, scan, and FNAC. FNAC is the most useful test, but cannot always distinguish benign from malignant follicular lesions. Treatment depends on findings but may include observation, surgery, or radioiodine.
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Breast Pathology Lecture - 2013
The document discusses knowledge and wisdom, stating that knowledge alone is not sufficient and can be a burden if it does not bring joy, freedom, and integrate into life. True wisdom comes from knowledge that is grounded in experience and sets one free from ignorance and innocence. The source advocates viewing knowledge as a means to greater understanding rather than an end in itself.
Basic surgical skills
The document discusses basic surgical skills including hand washing, surgical scrubbing, gowning and gloving, instrument handling, skin preparation, draping, wound management techniques like debridement and irrigation, suturing techniques, and principles of anastomosis. It emphasizes proper technique for preventing infection, including cleaning wounds, debriding necrotic tissue, and appropriate use of antibiotics. Key factors that affect anastomotic healing are adequate blood supply, proper suture technique, and minimizing tension and ischemia at the suture line.
Breast Mastitis Fat Necrosis
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Hypertensive disease during px
This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including definitions, classifications, signs and symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of conditions such as chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and gestational hypertension. Key points include:
- Hypertension is a leading cause of maternal death. Preeclampsia accounts for 80% of hypertensive disorders and occurs more frequently in young or older primigravid women.
- Preeclampsia is defined as new hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It is a multisystem syndrome caused by abnormal placentation leading to endothelial dysfunction.
- Management involves monitoring for worsening
Obstateric emergencies
Ambo University's College of Health Sciences document outlines several obstetric emergencies including hyperemesis gravidarum, premature rupture of membranes, abortion, ectopic pregnancy, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. It describes the definition, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, complications and management of each condition. The document provides medical students and health professionals with an overview of major issues that can arise before, during, and after delivery that require emergency treatment.
Mastitis aguda puerperal 2016
Mastitis puerperal es una afección inflamatoria de la mama asociada a la lactancia, que puede presentarse con o sin infección. Generalmente ocurre en las primeras 12 semanas después del parto y se debe principalmente a estasis de leche causada por un drenaje insuficiente. Su tratamiento incluye vaciamiento eficaz de la leche, tratamiento antibiótico si hay infección, y consejería de apoyo para continuar amamantando.
Breast Abscess
This document discusses breast abscesses, which can be classified as either lactational or non-lactational. Lactational abscesses typically develop within the first 6 weeks of breastfeeding due to stagnant milk becoming infected by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus. Non-lactational abscesses include central/periareolar infections more common in young smokers, and peripheral infections sometimes associated with underlying conditions. Ultrasound can identify hypoechoic lesions indicating abscesses, which are drained via needle aspiration. Treatment involves antibiotics like flucloxacillin for lactational or clarithromycin/metronidazole for non-lactational, while established abscesses require recurrent aspiration or inc
Breast complications
Breast complications during lactation can include engorgement, cracked or retracted nipples, mastitis, breast abscesses, and lactation failure. Engorgement is caused by a buildup of milk, blood and fluids in the breast tissues due to an imbalance between milk supply and infant demand. It causes swollen, painful breasts. Mastitis is an inflammation of breast tissue that can be infectious or non-infectious. Infectious mastitis requires antibiotic treatment to prevent complications like abscesses. Breast abscesses form when mastitis is left untreated and require drainage procedures. Septic pelvic vein thrombophlebitis refers to infected blood clots in the pelvic veins that can lead to abs
Benign diseases of breast
This document summarizes several benign breast diseases. It discusses congenital abnormalities of the breast, diffuse hypertrophy during puberty, injuries from trauma, bacterial mastitis associated with lactation, Mondor's disease which is thrombophlebitis of breast veins, ductal ectasia with nipple discharge, fibroadenomas which are common lumps in young women, and phyllodes tumors which are large growths with potential for malignancy. The document provides details on clinical features and management approaches for these various benign breast conditions.
Sex hormones
This document discusses sex hormones, specifically estrogens. It notes that estrogens are synthesized in the ovaries and other reproductive organs. The three main types of estrogens are estrone, estradiol, and estriol. Estradiol is the most potent estrogen and plays important roles in sexual development and differentiation between males and females. The document provides details on the structure, biosynthesis, metabolism, and effects of estrogens on various body systems.
Surgery(surgical infections) 1-2
1. Surgical infections can occur through invasion of microorganisms following breakdown of host defenses. Common types include surgical site infections, cellulitis, and abscesses which are usually caused by bacteria on the skin and treated with antibiotics and drainage.
2. Specific infections like gas gangrene, tetanus, and necrotizing fasciitis occur when certain bacteria invade wounds. Gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens produces tissue gangrene and gas, while tetanus toxin causes painful muscle spasms. Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe soft tissue infection treated aggressively with debridement and antibiotics.
3. Preventing and properly treating wounds can reduce risk of
Mastitis
Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland caused mainly by bacterial infections entering through the teat canal. It can be clinical or subclinical and affects milk production and quality. Diagnosis involves somatic cell counts, California Mastitis Test, and culture of milk samples. Treatment depends on causative organism but includes intramammary antibiotics and supportive therapies. Prevention focuses on proper milking hygiene, teat dipping, dry cow therapy, and culling chronically infected cows. Unaddressed mastitis poses economic losses to dairy operations.
Benign breast disorders
This document provides an outline and overview of benign breast disorders and diseases. It discusses the anatomy and investigations of the breast, including mammography, ultrasound, MRI, and biopsy techniques. It covers various anatomical anomalies, injuries, and infections that can occur in the breast. It also examines benign breast disease, cysts, nipple disorders, and benign neoplasms. Key points include classifications of benign breast disorders, their presentations, pathological features, and treatment approaches.
Mastitis
Mastitis
Mastitis Affects on Profitability
Mastitis Infection
Mastitis Terminology
Mastitis Affects on Milk Composition
Mastitis
Mastitis es la inflamación de la glándula mamaria, que generalmente surge entre el 1-3% de mujeres lactantes. Puede ser causada por bacterias como estreptococos del grupo B o Staphylococcus aureus. Existen diferentes tipos como mastitis aguda (causada por el bloqueo de conductos), mastitis peri ductal (afecta a mujeres no lactantes, especialmente fumadoras), y mastitis granulomatosa (rara, causada por infecciones micobacterianas u hongos). Los síntomas incluyen dolor, enrojecimiento y fiebre
Mastitis
Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast tissue, usually caused by blocked milk ducts or bacterial infection. Symptoms include breast pain, swelling, redness, and fever. Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infectious mastitis. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, breast emptying/feeding, and drainage of abscesses. Supportive breastfeeding is important for recovery during lactation-associated mastitis.
Mastitis puerperal
Este documento resume la anatomía, definición, causas, tipos, diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la mastitis puerperal. Existen tres tipos principales: estasis de leche, mastitis no infecciosa y mastitis infecciosa. El diagnóstico se basa en el recuento celular y de colonias bacterianas en la leche. El tratamiento incluye consejería, vaciamiento eficaz de los pechos, antibióticos y medidas sintomáticas. La prevención requiere amamantamiento frec
Diseases of the breast
The document provides information about the anatomy, histology, phases, pathology, and neoplasms of the breast. It discusses the normal lobule structure and phases of the breast. It describes different types of benign and malignant pathologies including cysts, inflammation, in situ and infiltrating carcinomas. It also lists risk factors and prognostic factors for breast cancer.
Female sex hormones
This document discusses female sex hormones and their mechanisms of action. It describes the natural estrogens and progestins produced in the body, including estradiol and progesterone. It explains the menstrual cycle and how estrogens and progestins regulate growth, development, and the female reproductive system. The document also covers the clinical uses of estrogens, progestins, and their synthetic analogs in contraception, hormone replacement therapy, osteoporosis, and other conditions. It provides details on combination oral contraceptives containing estrogens and progestins and progestin-only contraceptive methods.
Diabetes mellitus part-1
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including its classification, differences between type 1 and type 2 DM, etiology, pathophysiology, and genetics. It discusses that DM is classified based on the pathogenic process causing hyperglycemia into type 1 and type 2. Type 1 DM results from beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, while type 2 DM ranges from insulin resistance with relative deficiency to a secretory defect with resistance. The document outlines the etiology and pathophysiology of both types of DM in detail. It also addresses the genetic considerations for type 1 DM.
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