La ciudad medieval / Medieval towns / Late Middle Ages 2º ESO bilingüe. IES "Diego Torrente Pérez"

1. UNIT 3
LA CIUDAD MEDIEVAL
MEDIEVAL TOWNS /
LATE MIDDLE AGES

2. 1. La recuperación de la vida urbana
2. Las actividades urbanas: artesanía y comercio
3. La sociedad urbana
4. El afianzamiento del poder real
5. La crisis de la Baja Edad Media (siglos XIV y XV)
6. El arte gótico. La arquitectura
7. La escultura y la pintura góticas

4. La recuperación de la vida urbana
The return of urban life

5. La recuperación de la vida urbana
•
The economical changes caused a social change.
•
We will pass from a subsistence economy to a commercial
economy.

6. La recuperación de la vida urbana
- Desarrollo de ferias.
- Puntos comerciales en ciudades (burgos)
- Aparición de
(burguesía)
una
clase
comerciante

7. Towns’ rebirth
El renacer de las ciudades
• In Europe, towns have suffered a decadence
phase during High Middle Ages.
• From the 12th century, town began to grow again.
• Medieval towns were small, the biggest ones
had around 50.000 inhabitants.
• Paris, Amberes and Florence were the biggest
towns in Europe.

8. Ciudad Medieval

9. The causes of towns’ rebirth
•
Towns began to grow again due to:
– New agricultural techniques, so peasants’ workforce was less
necessary and they had to migrate to towns.
– Commerce reactivation.
– Towns offered better life conditions, as they were not under the
control of feudal lords. Usually, people living in the towns were
free.

11. The inhabitants of the cities
•
The inhabitants of the cities were called burghers (burgueses). There
were big differences among burghers:
– Some of them were very rich, like the merchants or the owners of
big artisans workshops.
– Most of the population was formed by artisans (craftsman) and
shopkeepers. And people who worked as domestic service.
– Apart from them, there were beggars, with no work. They begged
money to live.

12. • Medieval cities were protected by high
walls.
• Streets were narrow and unpaved.
• There was usually a large square in the
centre of the city. This square had the
most important public buildings: the
cathedral, the town hall and the market
place.
• There were also palaces, hospitals,
schools and inns.

14. • In Spain, there were separated
neighbourhoods for Jewish (aljamas)
and Moorish (morerías).
• Artisans were grouped by profession in
each neighbourhood.

16. a prosperidad económica del siglo XI
nomic prosperity during the 13th cen

17. • In the 13th century, Europe had a great economic
prosperity. Life conditions improved a lot.
• Agricultural production increased in all Europe, due to
woods cutting down, swamps were dried out and new
lands could be cultivated.
• Trienal Rotation was introduced, so production could
increase.

19. • New technical
innovations were
introduced, such as
niykbiard ploughs (arado
con vertedera), horse
collars…
• In the Mediterranean
area, irrigation was used
and new farming
productswere introduced.

21. • As a consequence, food production
increased enormously and population
grew up a lot: in Europe, from 41 millions
in the year 1000 to 73 millions in the year
1300.

22. VIDADES URBANAS: ARTESANÍA Y C
CTIVITIES: ARTISAN WORKSHOPS AN

23. The development of trade and
banks.
• Trade experimented a big development from the 13th
century. Population growth increased products needs.
• Merchants and traders meet periodically in fairs (ferias)
where very different products could be found.
• Trade increase brought new banking and financial
techniques to Europe.
• Goods (mercancías) or merchandises began to be
financed with instalment contracts (letras de cambio).

24. The main trade routes
• Goods were transported by carriages.
• Long distance trade was carried out by ship:
– The Mediterraneam route joined the Italian, French
and Spanish mediterraneam cities with the Byzantine
and Muslim cities. Luxury products (silk and spices)
were imported. Fabrics (tejidos), weapons and tools
were exported.
– The Atlantic and Baltic routes: joined the ports of the
Iberian Peninsula with Northern Europe. Controlled by
the Hansa (traders from Northern Europe
association). Wool, wines, wheat were exchanged
with tin (estaño), amber (ámbar), furs (pieles) and
wood.

26. • There will be new commercial methods:
– Markets and fairs
– Money
– Credit
– The origin of the banks

27. Fairs

28. BAJA EDAD MEDIA
Ha
ns
a
COMERCIO: Aumenta por
COMERCIO
el incremento de la
población
O
IC
NT
Á
TL
A
Y
mapa
FERIAS:
Reuniones
periódicas de
mercaderes.
Ámbito
internacional
Champagne,
Medina del
Campo
O
IC
T
ÁL
B
NUEVAS
FORMAS DE
PAGO
MEDITERRÁNEO
comercio
LETRAS DE
CAMBIO
sedas

29. FERIAS:
Nace la BANCA Los
burgueses acudían a las
ferias, hacían préstamos y
gestionaban la LETRAS DE
CAMBIO
Periodical meetings of traders that lasted for 3 or
4 days. In those fairs, they exchanged a great
variety of products.
The fairs of Champagne in Francia and Medina del
Campo in Spain were the most important Fairs in
Europe.
A Fair was like a market but it lasted more days
and there were much more different products.

30. Money

31. Banks
• Their origin is in the
Lower Middle Ages.
• They are used to ask
for loans and to keep
money in a safe place.
• They had their origin
in Amberes and the
Italian cities.

32. Banks

33. Craftsmanship (artesanía)
• There was an extraordinary development of the
crafsmanship. The artisan workshops were very varied:
weavers (tejedores), coopers (toneleros), bakers
(panaderos), carpinteros (carpenters), dyers (tintoreros)
…
• They created products in small workshops. The owner
was the master artisan. The workshops were in the
same houses. They were used as shops.
• Artisans that made the same products lived on the
same street, which was named after them (calle Boteros
en San Clemente o calle de los Tintes en Cuenca,
Curtidores en Madrid…)

35. Artisan workshops. Guilds
• A guild was an association of
artisans who made the same
products.
There
were
apprentices,
artisans
and
masters in a guild.
• Each guild controlled that all
artisans respected the same
rules concerning working hours,
tools, quality and price.

36. Artisans professional categories
• There were three professional categories in artisans:
– The artisan master (maestro): he was the workshop owner. He
owned too the tools and the raw materials (materias primas).
They ruled and controlled the guilds.
– The skilled craftsman (oficial): he was the expert worker in the
workshop.
– The apprentice (aprendiz): he was a young who wanted to
learn the profession and he worked without earning a salary. He
used to lived in the master’s house and the master provided him
food.
• A skilled craftsman could become masters and open a
workshop, after passing an exam in the Guild.

37. COMPOSICIÓN DE LOS OFICIOS
MAESTRO: Dueño o del taller, el
que obtiene los beneficios.
CONTROLAN EL GREMIO
OFICIAL: Trabajador experto del
taller, recibía un salario. Podía
convertirse en maestro y abrir su
propio taller realizando una obra
maestra que debía aprobar el
gremio.
APRENDIZ: Era el que aprendía el
oficio, permanecía varios años en
el taller, sin salario, solo
aprendiendo. Vivía en casa del
maestro que también lo mantenía

38. Guilds in the city

39. “Cristóbal colocó a su hijo Pedro con el zapatero
Juan para que le enseñase el oficio del
calzado durante cinco años, a cambio del pago anual
al citado Juan de 10 sueldos y la prestación de
dos capones. Juan prometió instruir bien y fielmente
al citado Pedro, enseñándole a trabajar el cuero,
a cortar correas y tacones, a coser y a hacer todas
las cosas pertenecientes a al magisterio del citado oficio.
Cristóbal prometió pagar cada año diez sueldos en
la festividad de S. María de Agosto y entregar los
mencionados capones el día de S. Esteban, prometió
también que su hijo trabajaría bien y continuadamente
en el citado oficio, que todo beneficio que obtuviera
lo entregaría al citado Juan.”
Contrato de aprendizaje S. XIII.

40. La sociedad urbana
Urban society

41. The bourgeoisie
•People who belong to the bourgeoisie
lived in the towns and worked as
artisans or traders. They were not
dependent on a feudal lord.
• There were differences among the
bourgeoisie: the high bourgeoisie were
important traders and bankers and the
petty bourgeoisie were master artisans
and small scale traders.
• Other social groups lived in the cities,
including nobles, clergy and peasants.

42. Urban society
Pese a que esta imagen es un siglo
posterior, refleja la mentalidad de
finales de la Edad Media.

43. Urban society

44. Síntesis
Desarrollo Urbano
(siglos IX-XV)
Mercados (ferias y
crecimiento de población)
Cambios:
Burguesía: Una nueva
clase social.
-Culturales
-Políticos
-Sociales
Oficios
Gremios
Banca

45. El afianzamiento del poder real
Royal power reinforcement

46. • From the 12th century, kings reinforced their power
and spread their territories.
• As agriculture production improved, Kings could get
more taxes and have their own armies. So they could
control better the feudal lords.
• They were helped by cities (the bourgeoisie) to
remove power from nobility. So they conceded
freedom privileges to towns and fueros (special laws
for towns), so cities were free from any feudal link. In
return, burghers helped economically kings agains
the nobility.

47. The origin of Parliaments
•
At the end of 12th century and during 13th century, kings
summoned Courts and Parliaments (Cortes o Parlamentos).
•
In the Parliaments were represented the king, nobles, clergy
and cities’ representatives.
•
With those Parliaments’ meetings, kings wanted to decrease
nobility power with the bourgeoisie support.
•
They only meet when the king summoned them.
•
Their main functions were:
– Establish new taxes.
– Approve extraordinary expenses to pay wars.

48. BAJA EDAD MEDIA
• PARLAMENTO o CORTES
Reuniones convocadas por el
Rey
Están presentes: Rey, Nobles,
Clero y Representantes de la
ciudad
Los Reyes pretendían
disminuir el poder
de los nobles ayudados
por los representantes
urbanos
Funciones:
El Rey y su Corte
Establecer nuevos impuestos
Aprobar gastos extraordinarios

49. sis de la Baja Edad Media (siglos XIV
he Lower Middle Ages (14th and 15th

50. • Population in Europe decreased almost
one third from the 14th century.
• There were three calamities:
– War
– Hunger
– The Plague or the Black Death

51. WAR
• During 14th and 15th centuries there was
important wars between kingdoms. The
most important of those wars was the
Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) between
England and France. The final victory was
for France (Charles VII), even if English
occupied a large part of French territory
for many years.
• Juana de Arco standed out in that war.

53. HUNGER
• At the beginning of the 14th century there
was a serious agricultural crisis, due to
a series of bad harvests.
• During the crisis, the production of wheat
decreased, so bread began to be very
expensive.
• There was revolts in cities and in the
countryside (as they had to continue
paying taxes).

55. THE PLAGUE OR THE BLACK
DEATH
• In 1347, a terrible plague, the Black
Death devastated Europe. It was brought
from Asia on a Genoese ship. Hunger
and poor hygiene conditions
stimulated its spreading. The Black
Death killed a quarter of the population
in Europe.
• In
two
years
the
Black
Death devastated the
entire
continent. The cities suffered the worst

59. La arquitectura gótica
Gothic architecture

60. Arte Románico
Arte Gótico

61. NEW ARCHITECTURE
• Taller, lighter buildings become popular.
• In cities, many Gothic buildings began to
be constructed including palaces, town
halls and especially cathedrals.
• Gothic architecture used the pointed arch,
big stained glass windows, and buttresses
or flying buttersses to reinforce the walls.

62. La escultura gótica
Gothic sculpture

63. • Gothic sculpture was used to decorate
churches and cathedrals.
• It was more realistic than the
Romanesque style and the figures were
usually represented in scenes.

64. La pintura gótica

65. • Gothic painting was very religious. The
scenes had depth and people showed
emotions.
Figure,
landscapes
and
buildings were painted using a lot of detail.
• As Gothic cathedrals included many
stained glass windows, there was much
less wall space for paintings than in
Romanesque churches. For this reason,
many paintings were made on the wooden
tables and alterpieces behind the altar.