The cell cycle involves an interphase of growth and DNA replication followed by mitosis, where the cell divides. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that drive progression between phases. CDK activity increases upon binding to cyclins and decreases when cyclins are degraded. Growth hormones like auxins and cytokinins promote cell cycle progression by increasing cyclin and CDK expression, while abscisic acid inhibits the cell cycle. Together, these regulatory mechanisms precisely control cell division.
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
cellcycle,cell cycle regulation,phases of cell cycle,cell injury,etiology of cell injury,mechanism of cell injury,apoptosisand necrosis,autophagy,cell death
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
I have tried to make a precise presentation on protein transport, targeting and sorting into organelle's other than nucleus. Hope this might help you. Comments are welcome.
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) belong to a protein serine/threonine kinases whose activity depends on association with a noncatalytic regulatory subunit called a cyclin. Cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors are vital for progression through the cell cycle and proliferation.
cellcycle,cell cycle regulation,phases of cell cycle,cell injury,etiology of cell injury,mechanism of cell injury,apoptosisand necrosis,autophagy,cell death
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
I have tried to make a precise presentation on protein transport, targeting and sorting into organelle's other than nucleus. Hope this might help you. Comments are welcome.
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) belong to a protein serine/threonine kinases whose activity depends on association with a noncatalytic regulatory subunit called a cyclin. Cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors are vital for progression through the cell cycle and proliferation.
This presentation on "Cell Cycle regulation" takes you to the cell cycle describing the stages and checkpoints involved providing some of the evidences of cell cycle regulation. Then we will move to cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases and the mechanism they follow.
This journey in regulation of cell cycle will take a halt after a general discussion of positive and negative cell cycle regulators.
Thankyou.
This presentation on "Cell Cycle regulation" takes you to the cell cycle describing the stages and checkpoints involved providing some of the evidences of cell cycle regulation. Then we will move to cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases and the mechanism they follow.
This journey in regulation of cell cycle will take a halt after a general discussion of positive and negative cell cycle regulators.
Thankyou.
The phenomenon of signal transduction, also known as cell signaling, pertains to the intricate mechanisms that facilitate the transfer of biological information between cells. The effective coordination of diverse specialized cell types in various tissues and organs is a prerequisite for the proper functioning of complex multicellular organisms, necessitating intercellular communication. This communication must be continuous and dynamic to maintain coordination. Additionally, cell signaling pathways play a crucial role in the mechanisms of action of numerous drugs, including both local and general anesthetics. Consequently, a fundamental understanding of cell signaling mechanisms is imperative for comprehending various pathophysiologic and pharmacologic mechanisms.
Pharmacogenomics is new science about how the systematic identification of all the human genes, their products, interindividual variation, intraindividual variation in expression and function over time affects drug response/metabolism, etc.
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Molecular evolution, four class of chromosomal mutation, Negative Selection and Positive Selection, Mutations in DNA and protein, Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Evidence supporting neutral evolution, Phylogenetic trees, Methods of Tree reconstruction
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MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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3. When a cell has grown to its maximum size it divides ,
and it take place a series of changes in a newly formed
cell which involve in growth and division to form 2
daughter cells , it is called Cell cycle.
It consist of two stages,
A non dividing growing Interphase Or I Phase
A Short Dividing Mitotic/ M Phase
4.
5. The period between two mitotic divisions is called
Interphase .
It is further divisible into 3 stages:
1. • G1 phase
2. • S phase
3. • G2 phase
6.
7. G1 phase :
It is the post mitotic phase and takes place at the end of cell division
the newly formed cells accumulate the energy and prepares
themselves for the synthesis of DNA . During this , active synthesis
of RNA and protein takes place .
S phase :
It is the synthesis phase during this phase duplication of DNA and
centriole takes places. The duplication of DNA results in the
duplication of chromosomes .
G2 phase :
It is the pre- mitotic gap phase (invisible phase) the synthesis of
RNA and protein continues in this phase. The formation of macro
molecules for spindle formation takes place and the cell prepare it
self to go into the mitotic phase .
8. MITOTIC PHASE
M Phase follows the interphase. This last for a shot period compare to
interphase .During this phase two important processes occur simultaneously
they are
karyokinesis (division of nucleus) :
It results in the separation of chromosomes into two equal groups .
Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) :
It results in division of cytoplasmic components into approximately two halves.
After M phase a cell may either enter interphase to repeat the cell cycle or G0
phase to arrest the cell cycle. The cells in G0 phase may grow in size and get
differentiated .
9. A checkpoint in the
cell cycle is a critical
control point where
stop and go signals
regulate the cycle.
3 major checkpoints
are found in the G1,
G2, and M phases.
13. G1 checkpoint
• Controlled by G1 Cdks-cyclin
• G1 cyclin levels also
vary with the cell cycle
• Many additional levels of
phosphorylation,
dephosphorylation
regulate.
14. • The Cell Cycle Is Regulated by Protein Kinases.
• The mechanism regulating the progression of cells
through their division cycle is highly conserved in
evolution, and plants have retained the basic
components of this mechanism.
• The key enzymes that control the transitions
between the different states of the cell cycle, and the
entry of nondividing cells into the cell cycle, are the
cyclin-dependent protein kinases, or CDKs
15. Cell division is a vital process that requires orderly
progression .
Endogenous hormones such as auxin,cytokinins,
abscisic acid, gibberellins and brassinosteroids as
well as environmental factors all regulate progression
through the cell cycle.
cell cycle events take place with clock-like precision .
Recent studies have demonstrated that cell cycles in
plants and animals are regulated by similar mechanisms.
A group of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases
called cyclin-dependent kinases(CDKs) has been
found to play a key role in guiding the cell cycle process.
16. Four classes of cyclins :
1. G1-cyclins — help to promote passage through “ Start” or the
restriction point in late G1
2. G1/S-cyclins — bind Cdks at the end of G1 and commit the
cell to DNA replication
3. S-cyclins – binds Cdks during S phase and are required for
the initiation of DNA replication
4. M-cyclins — promote the events of mitosis
17. • Protein kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
using ATP.
• The regulated activity of CDKs is essential for the transitions
from G1 to S and from G2 to M, and for the entry of
nondividing cells into the cell cycle.
• The transition from G1 to S requires a set of cyclins ( G1
cyclins) different from those required in the transition from
G2 to mitosis, where mitotic cyclins activate the CDKs .
• CDKs possess two tyrosine phosphorylation sites: One
causes activation of the enzyme; the other causes
inactivation.
• Specific kinases carry out both the stimulatory and the
inhibitory phosphorylation
18. • Similarly, protein phosphatases can remove
phosphate from CDKs, either stimulating or inhibiting
their activity, depending on the position of the
phosphate.
• The addition or removal of phosphate groups from
CDKs is highly regulated and an important mechanism
for the control of cell cycle progression .
• Cyclin inhibitors play an important role in regulating the
cell cycle in animals, and probably in plants as well,
although little is known about plant cyclin inhibitors.
19. CDK activity can be regulated in various ways, but two of
the most important mechanisms are
(1) cyclin synthesis and destruction and
(2) the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of key
amino acid residues within the CDK protein.
20. • CDKs are inactive unless they are associated with a cyclin.
Most cyclins turn over rapidly.
• They are synthesized and then actively degraded (using ATP)
at specific points in the cell cycle.
• Cyclins are degraded in the cytosol by a large proteolytic
complex called the proteasome.
• Before being degraded by the proteasome, the cyclins are
marked for destruction by the attachment of a small protein
called ubiquitin, a process that requires ATP.
21. G2-M transition is also a major control point. Both A-type and B-type
CDKs are thought to be involved in this process.
A-type CDKs are expressed constitutively, while the plant-specific B-type
CDKs increase expression during the G2-M transition point.
CDKA and CDKB subunits interact with their respective cyclin
partners (CycA/B).
Both the expression of CDKA/B and CycA/B genes and the activity of
CDKA/B kinases are affected by plant hormones.
Auxin, GA and cytokinin increase expression of these genes, and
cytokinin can also induce removal of an inhibitory phosphate group
(T14/Y15) on CDKA/B subunits.
In an additional level of control, phosphorylation at a separate site on
CDKA/B subunits can induce activity of these subunits
22. Cell Cycle Checkpoint And Plant
Growth Regulator
Cyclin A/B by Gibberellins.
D – type Cyclin by Cytokinin
Cdk inhibitor by Abscisic acid
23. Auxin also increases the expression of CDKA;1 and mitotic
cyclins, although application of exogenous auxin alone is
not sufficient to induce cell division.
Auxin and cytokinins are both necessary for
progression through the G1-S and G2-M transitions as
demonstrated in a variety of cultured plant cells.
Cytokinin
can also increase the expression and kinase activity of
CDKA;1 by a mechanism involving removal of an inhibitory
phosphate group on the kinase.
In addition, CycD3;1 expression is also up-regulated by
cytokinins. CycD3;1 appears to be a critical regulator of
G1-S progression,
24. Cytokinin;
Cytokinins Regulate Specific Components of the Cell Cycle
Cytokinins regulate cell division by affecting the controls that
govern the passage of the cell through the cell division cycle.
Zeatin levels were found to peak in synchronized culture tobacco
cells at the end of S phase, mitosis, and G1 phase.
25. Gibberellic acid (GA) generally promotes cell
division, and during water submergence in
deepwater rice GA has been shown to induce the
expression of CycA1;1 and CDKB1;1 at the G1-S
transition. This induction is followed by an
increase in expression of mitotic B-type cyclins
.
Not all hormones promote progression through the
cell cycle, however. The stress hormone abscisic
acid (ABA) inhibits cell division under unfavorable
environmental conditions. This may occur through
up-regulation of expression of the cyclin kinase
inhibitor ICK1 and down-regulation of expression
and activity levels of CDKA;1.
26. Summary: Cell Cycle Control
A “clock” is running within the cell - of synthesis
and degradation of cyclins - which activate cyclin-dependant
kinases (Cdk’s), which activate other
proteins to cause checkpoint transitions.
The “clock” is adjusted (cyclins and Cdk’s are
regulated) by other proteins, based on:
External signals (growth factors)
Internal signals (correct completion of previous step)
27. REFERENCES
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY TAIZ AND ZEIGER
Miller CO, Skoog F, von Saltza MH, Strong F: Kinetin,
a cell division factor from deoxyribonucleic acid.
Recent Developments in Plant Cell Cycle Research Professor Ahmad
Shamsul Islam