This presentation on "Cell Cycle regulation" takes you to the cell cycle describing the stages and checkpoints involved providing some of the evidences of cell cycle regulation. Then we will move to cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases and the mechanism they follow.
This journey in regulation of cell cycle will take a halt after a general discussion of positive and negative cell cycle regulators.
Thankyou.
Cell cycle refers to the set of events through which a cell grows, replicates its genome, and ultimately divides into two daughter cells through the process of mitosis.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/cell-cycle-assays.htm
cellcycle,cell cycle regulation,phases of cell cycle,cell injury,etiology of cell injury,mechanism of cell injury,apoptosisand necrosis,autophagy,cell death
This slideshow contains various stages of cell cycle regulation, cell cycle checkpoints and their proteins involved in regulation. Cell cycle checkpoints transition phases.
Cell cycle refers to the set of events through which a cell grows, replicates its genome, and ultimately divides into two daughter cells through the process of mitosis.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/cell-cycle-assays.htm
cellcycle,cell cycle regulation,phases of cell cycle,cell injury,etiology of cell injury,mechanism of cell injury,apoptosisand necrosis,autophagy,cell death
This slideshow contains various stages of cell cycle regulation, cell cycle checkpoints and their proteins involved in regulation. Cell cycle checkpoints transition phases.
Cell cycle regulation presentation by me and my colleagues. Not the Best work but still it will give a general idea about DNA damage checkpoints, roles of Cdk-Cyclin complexes, Rb proteins, ATM&ATR kinases, p51, etc.
Reference : Nature reviews & The Cell a molecular approach. (cooper)
Introduction
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
Overexpression of cyclin D1
Loss of p16 Function
Loss of signalling Contributes to abnormal cell proliferation and malignancy
Summary
Questions
Basic Cell cycle regulation suitable for undergraduate students.
This presentation has been started from the basics to enable easy understanding. It covers all the details of cell cycle regulation in yeast as well as higher eukaryotes.
By using flow cytometry, staining dyes are needed. Creative Bioarray can choose different dyes to perform the assays, including propidium iodide (PI), BrdU, 7-amino actinomycin-D (7-AAD), Hoechst 33342 and 33258, and 4’6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), based on the customer’s applications or requirements.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/cell-cycle-assays.htm
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
This presentation on "Cell Cycle regulation" takes you to the cell cycle describing the stages and checkpoints involved providing some of the evidences of cell cycle regulation. Then we will move to cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases and the mechanism they follow.
This journey in regulation of cell cycle will take a halt after a general discussion of positive and negative cell cycle regulators.
Thankyou.
Cell cycle regulation presentation by me and my colleagues. Not the Best work but still it will give a general idea about DNA damage checkpoints, roles of Cdk-Cyclin complexes, Rb proteins, ATM&ATR kinases, p51, etc.
Reference : Nature reviews & The Cell a molecular approach. (cooper)
Introduction
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
Overexpression of cyclin D1
Loss of p16 Function
Loss of signalling Contributes to abnormal cell proliferation and malignancy
Summary
Questions
Basic Cell cycle regulation suitable for undergraduate students.
This presentation has been started from the basics to enable easy understanding. It covers all the details of cell cycle regulation in yeast as well as higher eukaryotes.
By using flow cytometry, staining dyes are needed. Creative Bioarray can choose different dyes to perform the assays, including propidium iodide (PI), BrdU, 7-amino actinomycin-D (7-AAD), Hoechst 33342 and 33258, and 4’6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), based on the customer’s applications or requirements.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/cell-cycle-assays.htm
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
This presentation on "Cell Cycle regulation" takes you to the cell cycle describing the stages and checkpoints involved providing some of the evidences of cell cycle regulation. Then we will move to cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases and the mechanism they follow.
This journey in regulation of cell cycle will take a halt after a general discussion of positive and negative cell cycle regulators.
Thankyou.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Cell Cycle
• Cell cycle: Sequence of events by which cell
duplicates its genome and divides into two
daughter cells
• In prokaryotic cells, there is a large circular DNA
and therefore, the cell cycle occurs via a process
termed as binary fission. In eukaryotic cells,
there are multiple strands of DNA coiled together
on histone proteins to give chromosomes, there
are two main phases:
Interphase (G1, S and G2 phases)
M-phase (Mitosis phase) / Meosis
3. INTERPHASE
• The longest phase. In a typical human cell, out of the
90h, interphase lasts for 89h.
• It is the resting phase of the cell (Resting refers to the
rest from division. But, the cells in the interphase are
metabolically active).
• The metabolic activities are high in this phase.
• Cell grows during this phase.
• mRNA and rRNA are synthesized.
• Chromosomes duplicates into two chromatids. The
centrioles duplicates into two. Thus two centrioles are
formed. The centrospheres of centrioles, microtubules
arise. These microtubules form asters.
• It consists of 3 sub-stages. They are
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
4. M PHASE (MITOSIS)
• G2 cells are divided into two daughter cells which may enter the cycle again at G1
phase or come out of the cycle to G0 phase.
• Mitosis is the distribution of the two sets of chromosomes into two separate and
equal nuclei.
• This is the division phase. During this phase the cell divides. This phase has a short
duration. A typical human cell cycle has duration of 90h. Of these the M phase has
duration of 45 to 60min. This phase has two sub-phases called karyokinesis and
cytokinesis.
• Karyokinesis refers to the cell division of nucleus into two daughter nuclei. It has 4
sub-stages,namely prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
• Cytokinesis refers to the cell division of the cytoplasm resulting in two daughter
cells.
1) Pro phase- mitotic spindle formation
2) Meta phase- metaphase plate
3) Ana phase- mitotic apparatus
4) Telo phase- cytokinesis
6. CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS
(RESTRICTION POINTS)
• These are the cell cycle control mechanisms in eukaryotic
cells. These checkpoints verify whether the processes at
each phase of cell cycle have been accurately completed
before progression into the next phase.
• There are three main checkpoints that control the cell
cycle in eukaryotic cells.
G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
M- checkpoint
7. Major Checkpoints of the Cell
Cycle Control System
E.g. Oocytes
Differentiating cells
8. G1 Checkpoint:
This checkpoint is present at the end of the G1 phase and before S phase.
This checkpoint helps in taking the decision of whether the cell should divide,
delay division, or enter a resting phase (Go phase). If there are unfavourable
conditions for the cell division, then this restriction point restrict the
progression to the next phase by passing the cell to Go phase for an extended
period of time.
This restriction point is mainly controlled by the action of the CKI-p16 (CDK
inhibitor p16).The inhibited CDK not bind with cyclin D1, hence there is no cell
progression.
Active cyclin D-cdk complexes phosphorylate retinoblastoma protein (pRb) in the
nucleus.
• Un-phosphorylated pRb acts as an inhibitor of G1 by preventing E2F-mediated
transcription.
• Once pRb gets phosphorylated, E2F activates the transcription of cyclins E and
A, which then interacts with CDK2 to allow for G1-S phase transition.
• This brings the cell to the end of the first checkpoint (unphosphorylated Rb
inhibits the E2F).
9. G2 Checkpoint
• This restriction point is located at the end of the G2 phase. This checks the number of
factors which
• are essential for the cell division.
• Maturation-promoting factor or mitosis promoting factor or M-phase promoting factor-
(MPF) is a protein composed of cyclin-B and CDK-1. This protein promotes the G2 phase into
the entrance of M-phase. MPF is activated at the end of G2 by a phosphatase (Chk) which
removes an inhibitory phosphate group added earlier.
• The main functions of MPF in this restriction point are:
a. Triggers the formation of mitotic spindle.
b.Promotes chromosome condensation.
c. Causes nuclear envelop breakdown.
• If there are any damages are noticed in this restriction point, then the phasphatase not
activate the
• MPF, resulting in the arrest of cell cycle in G2 phase till the repair of the damaged DNA. This
prevents the transfer of defected DNA into the daughter cells.
10. M-Checkpoint:
This occurs at metaphase.
Anaphase-promoting complex (APC) regulates this checkpoint.This is
• also called spindle checkpoint.
This checks whether all chromosomes are properly attached to the
spindle or not.This also governs the alignment of the chromosomes and
integrity of the spindles. If there are mistakes then it delays the cell in
entering into anaphase from metaphase.
12. Evidence for a Maturation (or Mitosis)
Promoting Factor (MPF)
13. Cell cycle regulators
• The cell cycle is regulated by cycles.
1. Cyclins
2. cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
3. cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs).
1. CYLCLINS:
• Their concentration varies during the cell cycle. Cyclins are the family of proteins which
regulates the cell cycle.
• There are several types of cyclins that are active in different parts of the cell cycle
and causes phosphorylation of CDK.
• There are also several “orphan” cyclins for which no CDK partner has beenidentified.
• For example, cyclin F is an orphan cyclin that is essential for G2/Mtransition.
• There are two main groups of cyclins.
14. 2. Cyclin-Dependent kinases (CDKs)
• These are a family of protein kinases that regulates the cell cycle.
• They are present in all known eukaryotic cells.
• Inactive on their own but becomes active when attached to cyclins.
15. 3. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors (CDKIs)
• CDKI is a protein which inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK).
• Cell cycle progression is negatively controlled by cyclin-
dependent kinase inhibitors (called CDIs, CKIs or CDKIs).
• These are involved in cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase.
CDKI
p 16
p 15
p 18
p 19
p 21
p 27
CDK 4, CDK6
CDK4
CDK4,CDK6
CDK4,CDK6
CYCLIN E1, CDK2 CDK3,
CDK4, CDK2,CYCLIN E1
p 57 CYCLIN E1, CDK2
16. POSITIVE REGULATORS
• Are those which control the changes necessary for cell division.
• They include:-
◦ Cyclins
◦ Cyclin-dependent kinases(cdks)
◦ Polo-like kinases
17. NEGATIVE REGULATORS
Are those which control the positive regulators.
They include :-
◦ Rb proteins
◦ P53 gene
◦ Inhibitors of cdks - which are of 2 types
Ink family (Inhibitors of kinases)
P19 ,P15
CIP family (cdks inhibitory proteins)
P21, P57
18. 1.Rb Proteins
• Rb protein was initially identified as the product of the prototype
tumor- suppressor gene, RB.
• The products of tumor-suppressor genes function in various ways to
inhibit progression through the cell cycle (loss-of-function mutations
in RB are associated with the disease hereditary retinoblastoma. )
• A child with this disease inherits one normal RB+ allele from one
parentand one mutant RB- allele from the other. If the RB + allele in any
of the trillions of cells that make up the human body becomes mutated
to a RB-allele, then no functional protein is expressed and the cell or
one of its descendants is likely to become cancerous. Also, in most
human cancer cells Rb function is inactivated, either by mutations in
both alleles of RB, or by abnormal regulation of Rb phosphorylation.
• Rb protein is one of the most significant substrates of mammalian G1
cyclin-CDK complexes. Phosphorylation of Rb protein at multiple sites
prevents its association with E2Fs, thereby permitting E2Fs to activate
transcription of genes required for entry into S phase.
19. • E2F stimulates its own expression and that of cyclin E and CDK2,
positive cross-regulation of E2F and cyclin E-CDK2 produces a rapid rise
of both activities in late G1.
• They accumulate, S-phase cyclin-CDK and mitotic cyclin-CDK complexes
maintain Rb protein in the phosphorylated state throughout the S, G2,
and early M phases.
• After cells complete anaphase and enter early G1 or G0, the fall in cyclin-
CDK levels leads to dephosphorylation of Rb by unopposed phosphatases.
As a consequence, hypophosphorylated Rb is available to inhibit E2F
activity during early G1 of the next cycle and in G0-arrested cells.
• Unphosphorylated Rb protein binds to E2Fs, converting them into
transcriptional repressors.
• Phosphorylation of Rb by cyclin D-CDK4/6 in mid G1 liberates E2Fs to
activate transcription of genes encoding cyclin E, CDK2, and other
proteins required for the S phase.
20. 2.p53 Protein:
DNA damage leads to the activation of the gene regulatory protein p53,
which stimulates the transcription of several genes.
One of these encodes a CKI proteins p21,which binds to G1/S-Cdk and
S-Cdk and inhibits their activites, thereby helping to block entry into S
phase.
In a normal cell p53 is inactivated by its
negative regulator, mdm2. Upon DNA
damage or other stresses, various
pathways will lead to the dissociation of
the p53 and mdm2 complex. Once
activated, p53 will induce a cell cycle
arrest to allow either repair and survival
of the cell or apoptosis to discard the
damaged cell. How p53 makes this choice
is currently unknown.
22. 3. Inhibitors of CDKs
• The activities of mammalian cyclin-CDK complexes also are regulated by CDK inhibitors
(CIPs), which bind to and inhibit each of the mammalian cyclin-CDK complexes, and
INK4 proteins, which block passage through G1 by specifically inhibiting CDK4 and
CDK6.
• CIP FAMILY (CDKS INHIBITORY PROTEINS)
• Three related CIPs—p21CIP, p27KIP2, and p57KIP2—inhibit cyclin A-CDK2 activity and
must be degraded before DNA replication can begin.
• p21CIP plays a role in the response of mammalian cells to DNA damage.
• INK FAMILY (INHIBITORS OF KINASES)
• A second class of cyclin-CDK inhibitors called INK4s (inhibitors of kinase 4)
includes several
• small, closely related proteins that interact only with CDK4 and CDK6 and thus
function
• specifically in controlling the mid-G1 phase.
• Binding of INK4s to CDK4/6 blocks their interaction with cyclin D and hence their
protein kinase activity. The resulting decreased phosphorylation of Rb protein prevents
transcriptional activation by E2Fs and entry into the S phase. One INK4 called p16 is a
tumor suppressor.