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MMB1 Lecture 1: Introduction to Biotechnology
This document provides an introduction and overview of biotechnology, including definitions of key terms and an historical timeline of important developments in the field. It begins with definitions of biotechnology and genetic engineering. It then outlines the timeline of biotechnology from early domestication and farming in Mesopotamia through modern developments like recombinant vaccines, cloning, and the human genome project. The document concludes with a note about an upcoming meeting to level off on the material.
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MMB1 Lecture 1: Introduction to Biotechnology
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY MBB 1Lecture 1 Definition of Terms Historical Timeline Marilen P. Balolong, 2014 (Adapated from the lectures of AVHallare)
- 2. LECTURE OUTLINE Important Concepts andDefinitions Historical Timeline
- 3. LECTURE OUTLINE Important Concepts andDefinitions Historical Timeline
- 4. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS BIOTECHNOLOGY Utilizetechniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA), to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the host organism Deal with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to humans
- 5. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS BIOTECHNOLOGY “Anytechnological application that uses biological systems, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products for specific use” (The UN Convention on Biological Diversity) !
- 6. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS GENETICENGINEERING The techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA), to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the host organism www.scienceclarified.com
- 7. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RESTRICTION ENZYMES Enzymesthat are used to cut DNA segment at a specific site are called restriction enzymes www.gizmodo.co.uk
- 8. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS EXONUCLEASES& ENDONUCLEASES Enzymes that remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA molecule Enzymes that make cuts at specific positions within the DNA molecule www.fastbleep.com www.fastbleep.com
- 9. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS PLASMID Autonomouslyreplicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA of any bacteria en.wikipedia.org
- 10. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS VECTORS Maybe plasmid DNA or viruses that can act as vehicle to transfer the piece of DNA attached to it ! en.wikipedia.org
- 11. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS ORIGINOF REPLICATION (ORI) A specific DNA sequence which is responsible for initiating replication is called origin of replication en.wikipedia.org
- 12. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS PALINDROMICNUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES The palindrome in DNA is a sequence of base pairs that reads same on the two strands when orientation of reading is kept the same europeisnotdead.com www.funnyjunk.com www.promega.com
- 13. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS GEL ELECTROPHORESIS Thetechnique which is used to separate fragments of DNA en.wikipedia.org
- 14. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS TRANSFORMATION The procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium ! www.boundless.com
- 15. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS INSERTIONAL INACTIVATION Insertinga recombinant DNA within coding sequence of a functional gene which makes that gene inactive (unable to express) ! ! www.discoverbiotech.com
- 16. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS SELECTABLE MARKER Agene e n c o d i n g d e s i r a b l e information useful in identifying and eliminating non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants ! ! ! www.isaaa.org
- 17. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS MICRO- INJECTION Atechnique in which recombinant DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of an animal cell ! ! ! www.gfmer.ch
- 18. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS GENEGUN OR BIOLISTICS A method by which p l a n t cells are bombarded with high velocity micro-particles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA ! ! ! ! naturalnewsblog.blogspot.com
- 19. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS BIOREACTOR Vesselsin which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products, individual enzymes, etc., using microbial plant, animal or human cells ! ! ! ! ! www.iaibiopharma.com
- 20. LECTURE OUTLINE Important Concepts andDefinitions Historical Timeline
- 21. 8000-4000 BC MESOPOTAMIA Humansbegan FARMING and animal DOMESTICATION Potatoes were first cultivated for food “Selective Breeding” www.world-class-education.org
- 22. 2000 BC Biotechnology usedto leaven bread and ferment beer, using yeast (Egypt) Production of cheese, fermentation of wine begins (Sumeria, China, Egypt) dfwnl.com
- 23. 500 BC First antibiotic:Moldy soybean curds (tofu) used to treat boils (China) www.haaretz.com
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- 25. 1797: FIRST VACCINATION EdwardJenner takes pus from a cowpox lesion, inserts it into an incision on a boy's arm www.medelita.com
- 26. 1830-1833 1830: Proteins are discovered 1833:Discovery and isolation of first enzymes beautifulproteins.blogspot.com
- 27. 1857: PASTEUR ANDHIS CONTRIBUTIONS Louis Pasteur proposes that microbes cause fermentation He later conducts experiments that support the germ theory of disease www.sciencemuseum.org.uk
- 28. 1859: CHARLES DARWIN& BIOTECHNOLOGY Charles Darwin publishes the theory of evolution by natural selection www.abc.net.au
- 29. 1865: THE BIRTHOF GENETICS Gregor Mendel discovers the laws of inheritance by studying flowers in his garden historiadenuestroperuydelmundo.blogspot.com
- 30. 1915: THE PHAGES Phageswere discovered: virus that infects bacteria en.wikipedia.org
- 31. 1927: CHROMOSOMAL DEFECTS Herman Muller discoversthat radiation causes defects in chromosomes en.wikipedia.org
- 32. 1928: THE ANTIBIOTICSERA Sir Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin by chance (Penicillium mold kills bacteria) 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine (with Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter Florey) www.biografiasyvidas.com
- 33. 1944: THE GENETIC INFORMATIONIN DNA DNA is proven to carry genetic information by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty fos.cmb.ac.lk
- 34. 1953: THE DNAMODEL James Watson and Francis Crick describe the double helical structure of DNA 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology (with Maurice Wilkins) medicine150.mdhs.unimelb.edu.au
- 35. 1955: INSULIN SEQUENCE Theamino acid sequence of insulin is discovered by Frederick Sanger www.bio.davidson.edu
- 36. 1958: THE SICKLECELL DISEASE DNA is made in a test tube for the first time Sickle cell disease is shown to occur due to a change in one amino acid www.nhs.uk
- 37. 1966: THE GENETICCODE audioboo.fm The genetic code for DNA is cracked 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Marshall Nirenberg, Robert Holley and Har Gobind Khorana)
- 38. 1971: RESTRICTION ENZYMES Discoveryof restriction enzymes that cut and splice genetic material very specifically occurs This opens the way for gene cloning www.simzymes.com
- 39. 1973-1976: “COPY &PASTE” Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer perfect genetic engineering techniques to cut and paste DNA using restriction enzymes (1973) sees the first expression of a human gene in bacteria (1976) www.businesshistory.com childofthecornx.livejournal.com
- 40. 1975: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES Georges Kohlerand Cesar Milstein develop the technology to produce monoclonal antibodies — highly specific, purified antibodies derived from only one clone of cells that recognize only one antigen 1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Neils Jerne) iiad.tamu.edu
- 41. 1981: TRANSGENICS The firsttransgenic animals are produced by transferring genes from other animals into mice The first patent for a genetically modified organism is granted — for bacteria that can break down crude oil uvo.nichd.nih.gov
- 42. 1982: GMO INSULIN Humaninsulin produced in genetically modified bacteria is the first biotech drug approved by the FDA www.sedico.net www.wonderwhizkids.com
- 43. 1983: PHOTOX MYGENES The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, which makes unlimited copies of genes and gene fragments, is conceived 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Kary Mullis) smkx.bzu.edu.cn
- 44. 1986: RECOMBINANT VACCINE &ANTI-CA DRUGS First recombinant vaccine is approved for human use: hepatitis B First anti-cancer drug is produced through biotech: interferon www.freewtc.com www.ecvv.com
- 45. 1987-1994: GMO CROPS Firstapproval for field tests of a genetically modified food plant: virus- resistant tomatoes Genetically modified tomatoes are sold in the U.S. for the first time (1994) www.genengnews.com
- 46. 1990-2002: THE HUMAN GENOMEPROJECT an international effort to maps all of the genes in the human genome is launched (1990) draft version of the human genome is published (2002) bioethics.georgetown.edu
- 47. 1997: DOLLY report thebirth of Dolly, the first animal cloned from an adult cell
- 48. 1998: STEM CELLS Humanembryonic stem cell lines are established offer hope to many because they may be able to replace diseased or dysfunctional cells
- 49. 2003: THE SEQUENCINGOF SARS SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) virus is sequenced three weeks after its discovery news.bbc.co.uk
- 50. 2004: COPY CAT www.mun.ca Thefirst cloned pet — a kitten — is delivered to its owner CopyCat (or Cc for short)
- 51. 2006: HPV VACCINE Arecombinant vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) receives FDA approval The virus causes genital warts and can cause cervical cancer powerpointparadise.com
- 52. AND THE REST…. ….ISHISTORY!
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