This document provides a history of biotechnology from its origins thousands of years ago to modern applications. It discusses:
- Key events and discoveries from 6000 BC to the present, including the structure of DNA being discovered in 1953 and the first recombinant DNA molecule being created in 1972.
- The major periods of biotechnology history: pre-1800, 1800-1900, 1900-1953, 1953-1976, 1977-present.
- Applications of biotechnology in medicine (red), agriculture/food (green), industrial processes (white), and environment (blue).
- Modern products like insulin, monoclonal antibodies, genetically engineered crops, and the use of microbes, plants, and animals to produce therapeutic proteins.
Biotechnology is the use of biological processes and organisms to develop technologies and products. It involves using cells, molecules, and genetic information from living things to solve problems and make useful goods. Some key areas of biotechnology include agriculture, medicine, and food science. It combines fields such as genetics, molecular biology, and biochemistry. The history of biotechnology dates back thousands of years to early practices like brewing beer and using mold to treat infections, while modern biotechnology has advanced greatly since the 1950s discovery of DNA structure and the ability to genetically modify organisms.
The document provides a timeline of key developments in biotechnology from before 8000 BC to 2005. Some of the earliest developments include selective breeding of livestock around 7000 BC and the production of fermented foods like beer, wine, yogurt and cheese between 8000-3000 BC. Major milestones include Mendel's laws of inheritance in 1856, Pasteur's discovery of bacteria in fermentation in 1862, and Watson and Crick's description of DNA structure in 1953. Modern biotechnology is characterized by recombinant DNA technology starting in 1980, allowing production of medicines like insulin in bacteria. Other developments include cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1997 and completion of the human genome project in 2000.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of biotechnology from ancient times to the present. It discusses how biotechnology has evolved from traditional techniques like selective breeding and fermentation used since ancient civilizations to the modern use of recombinant DNA and genetic engineering. It outlines major milestones like the discovery of DNA's structure, development of techniques like PCR and monoclonal antibodies, and completion of the Human Genome Project. The document serves to give context around the field of biotechnology and how it has advanced over time.
The document provides a detailed history of genetic engineering and transgenics from 1859 when Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species laying the foundations for modern genetics, through key discoveries like DNA's structure in 1953 and the development of recombinant DNA techniques in the 1970s. It then outlines major milestones in genetic engineering for both research organisms and agricultural crops, including the first transgenic animals in the 1980s, approval of GM crops for commercialization in the 1990s, and ongoing advances and debates around the world.
1. The document provides an overview of the history and development of biotechnology from prehistoric times to the present.
2. It discusses early applications of biotechnology in areas like brewing beer and baking bread starting in 6000 BC. Significant advances were made between 1800-1900 with discoveries like pasteurization.
3. The 1900s saw major breakthroughs in understanding genetics including Mendel's laws of heredity and the discovery of DNA's structure. This set the stage for rapid growth of biotechnology research from 1953 onwards with recombinant DNA techniques.
Biotechnology has a long history dating back thousands of years when early humans first used microorganisms like yeast and mold. In the modern era, key developments include the discovery of DNA's structure in the 1950s, the first genetically engineered bacteria in the 1970s, and the completion of the human genome project in 2000. Biotechnology has since led to important medical advances such as insulin production and gene therapies, as well as applications in agriculture, environmental remediation, and other fields.
This document provides a history of biotechnology from 500 BC to the present. It describes early uses of microorganisms in China and Greece. Major developments include the invention of the microscope in the 16th century, the discovery of cells and bacteria in the 17th century, and the first vaccine in the late 18th century. The 20th century saw discoveries of DNA, genes, and genetic engineering. Major milestones include cloning in the 1970s-80s, the Human Genome Project in the 1980s-90s, and the sequencing of the human genome in 2001. Biotechnology now involves cloning animals, developing new drugs and vaccines, and sequencing pathogen genomes.
Biotechnology is the use of biological processes and organisms to develop technologies and products. It involves using cells, molecules, and genetic information from living things to solve problems and make useful goods. Some key areas of biotechnology include agriculture, medicine, and food science. It combines fields such as genetics, molecular biology, and biochemistry. The history of biotechnology dates back thousands of years to early practices like brewing beer and using mold to treat infections, while modern biotechnology has advanced greatly since the 1950s discovery of DNA structure and the ability to genetically modify organisms.
The document provides a timeline of key developments in biotechnology from before 8000 BC to 2005. Some of the earliest developments include selective breeding of livestock around 7000 BC and the production of fermented foods like beer, wine, yogurt and cheese between 8000-3000 BC. Major milestones include Mendel's laws of inheritance in 1856, Pasteur's discovery of bacteria in fermentation in 1862, and Watson and Crick's description of DNA structure in 1953. Modern biotechnology is characterized by recombinant DNA technology starting in 1980, allowing production of medicines like insulin in bacteria. Other developments include cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1997 and completion of the human genome project in 2000.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of biotechnology from ancient times to the present. It discusses how biotechnology has evolved from traditional techniques like selective breeding and fermentation used since ancient civilizations to the modern use of recombinant DNA and genetic engineering. It outlines major milestones like the discovery of DNA's structure, development of techniques like PCR and monoclonal antibodies, and completion of the Human Genome Project. The document serves to give context around the field of biotechnology and how it has advanced over time.
The document provides a detailed history of genetic engineering and transgenics from 1859 when Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species laying the foundations for modern genetics, through key discoveries like DNA's structure in 1953 and the development of recombinant DNA techniques in the 1970s. It then outlines major milestones in genetic engineering for both research organisms and agricultural crops, including the first transgenic animals in the 1980s, approval of GM crops for commercialization in the 1990s, and ongoing advances and debates around the world.
1. The document provides an overview of the history and development of biotechnology from prehistoric times to the present.
2. It discusses early applications of biotechnology in areas like brewing beer and baking bread starting in 6000 BC. Significant advances were made between 1800-1900 with discoveries like pasteurization.
3. The 1900s saw major breakthroughs in understanding genetics including Mendel's laws of heredity and the discovery of DNA's structure. This set the stage for rapid growth of biotechnology research from 1953 onwards with recombinant DNA techniques.
Biotechnology has a long history dating back thousands of years when early humans first used microorganisms like yeast and mold. In the modern era, key developments include the discovery of DNA's structure in the 1950s, the first genetically engineered bacteria in the 1970s, and the completion of the human genome project in 2000. Biotechnology has since led to important medical advances such as insulin production and gene therapies, as well as applications in agriculture, environmental remediation, and other fields.
This document provides a history of biotechnology from 500 BC to the present. It describes early uses of microorganisms in China and Greece. Major developments include the invention of the microscope in the 16th century, the discovery of cells and bacteria in the 17th century, and the first vaccine in the late 18th century. The 20th century saw discoveries of DNA, genes, and genetic engineering. Major milestones include cloning in the 1970s-80s, the Human Genome Project in the 1980s-90s, and the sequencing of the human genome in 2001. Biotechnology now involves cloning animals, developing new drugs and vaccines, and sequencing pathogen genomes.
This document provides a history of biotechnology from 500 BC to the present. It describes early uses of microorganisms for things like antibiotics and crop rotation dating back to ancient China and Greece. Major milestones include the development of microscopy in the 16th-17th centuries, discoveries of cells and bacteria in the 17th century, and early vaccines in the late 18th century. The 20th century saw major advances like understanding of DNA, genes, and genetic engineering which enabled the first genetically engineered bacteria, plants, and animals in the 1970s-1980s. The 1990s saw advances like gene therapy and cloning, and the 2000s completion of the human genome project.
This document outlines major developments in biotechnology from 8000 BCE to present day, including early uses of microbes in food production, discovery of antibiotics and vaccines, understanding of genetics and DNA, and advances like recombinant DNA techniques, monoclonal antibodies, stem cells, cloning, sequencing the human genome, and creating synthetic organisms. It shows how biotechnology has evolved from early applications to become a complex scientific field utilizing living systems to address problems.
This document provides information on the syllabus for the course ABT 301 Plant Biotechnology. The course covers 4 units: 1) basics of plant tissue culture, 2) applied plant tissue culture, 3) basic molecular biology, and 4) recombinant DNA technology and genetic transformation. Unit 1 discusses concepts of plant tissue culture, history, media, sterilization techniques, and different culture types. Unit 2 focuses on applications like micropropagation and secondary metabolite production. Unit 3 covers topics in molecular biology like DNA structure and gene expression. Unit 4 discusses techniques in genetic engineering like vector construction and plant transformation methods.
Robert Hooke first observed cells under a microscope in the 1600s and coined the term "cell". Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes. Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and established that microorganisms are present everywhere and can contaminate previously sterile environments. Robert Koch developed methods to isolate and grow bacteria in pure culture in the late 1800s, establishing the germ theory of disease and identifying the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.
This document provides an overview of DNA and genetics. It discusses how DNA was established as the genetic material through experiments in the 1900s and 1950s. It describes the structure of DNA as a double helix based on the work of Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin. It also summarizes Mendel's laws of inheritance and how chromosomes package and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next. The document traces the history of genetics from early Greek philosophers through modern discoveries that have revolutionized our understanding of heredity and molecular biology.
This presentation is carrying all summary about the history of genetics that who discover genes which scientist work on it and there work summary of all these things is given here and it is very helpful for the students of genetics whether they are students of plant genetics or animals.
- Cells were first observed under a microscope in the 1600s by Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Hooke coined the term "cell" after observing plant cell walls, while Leeuwenhoek observed microorganisms.
- In the 1830s, scientists Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann established the foundations of the cell theory: that all living things are made of one or more cells, and cells are the basic unit of life.
- Advances in microscopy and staining techniques in the late 1800s allowed scientists like Flemming to observe cellular structures and processes like mitosis and meiosis in more detail.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of genetics from early theories of inheritance and reproduction to modern molecular genetics. It describes pre-Mendelian ideas such as spontaneous generation and blending inheritance. Key figures discussed include Mendel who established the laws of inheritance, Watson and Crick who discovered the DNA double helix structure, and McClintock who discovered jumping genes. The document also outlines the development of fields like cytogenetics, biochemical genetics, molecular genetics, genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting, and PCR techniques. Overall it traces the progression of genetics from early speculation to establishment as a scientific field based on experimental evidence and discovery of DNA as the genetic material.
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to develop useful products. It has been practiced for thousands of years in activities like brewing and baking but the term was coined in 1917. Modern biotechnology applies scientific techniques like genetic engineering to precisely manipulate biological processes. Key developments include the discovery of DNA's structure in 1953 and the first recombinant DNA experiments in 1973, allowing transfer of genes between organisms. Biotechnology now has important applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Biotechnology has been used for thousands of years to produce improved food and healthcare, beginning when early humans domesticated plants and animals. Modern biotechnology applies techniques such as genetic engineering to organisms on a molecular level. Key developments include understanding that DNA carries genetic information, determining the genetic code, and being able to splice genes between organisms. Biotechnology now involves engineering crops for improved nutrition, developing new medicines through microbial fermentation, and manipulating DNA in many other applications.
Recombinant DNA technology allows scientists to splice genes from different sources to create new life forms. This is done using restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase to cut and join DNA strands. Cloning technology is expected to contribute to stable food supplies and pharmaceutical production by mass replicating cells through asexual reproduction from a single donor cell or organism. While this technology enables large-scale antibiotic production and cures diseases, it also carries risks like creating cancer-causing viruses and requiring expert implementation to avoid denaturing cloned life forms. The future may see more animal and human cloning applications through further development of this technology.
This document provides an overview of biotechnology, including its definition, history, and applications. It defines biotechnology as using living organisms or their components to develop processes and products that benefit humanity. The document traces the history of biotechnology from its traditional uses in fermentation to modern applications like genetic engineering and recombinant DNA. It highlights key milestones like the discovery of DNA's structure and the development of techniques like DNA sequencing and monoclonal antibody production. The document also discusses how biotechnology has applications in areas like agriculture, medicine, and industry.
This document provides a timeline of key developments in biotechnology from 8000 BCE to 2012 CE. Some highlights include the domestication of crops and livestock in 8000-4000 BCE, the use of yeast for leavening bread and fermenting beer in 2000 BCE, the discovery of DNA's role in heredity in the mid-1800s and early 1900s, the development of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA techniques in the 1970s, the launch of the Human Genome Project in 1990, the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1997, and the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed in 2012. The timeline traces the evolution of biotechnology from early agricultural practices to modern genetic research and applications in medicine.
This document provides an overview of genetics and its history. It begins with definitions of genetics and discusses early understandings from prehistoric times through Aristotle. It then summarizes major developments like Mendel's experiments, Darwin's theory of evolution, the rediscovery of Mendel's work, and discoveries in the 20th century like DNA's structure. The document outlines molecular genetics concepts and concludes with the scope and applications of genetics like biotechnology, disease control, and conservation.
1. Genetics has a long history dating back to early animal and plant domestication where selective breeding was used to develop desirable traits.
2. Modern genetics was established in the mid-19th century through Mendel's work on inheritance in pea plants. Major advances in the 20th century included discovering that genes are located on chromosomes and determining the DNA structure.
3. Recent milestones include cloning DNA molecules and sequencing entire genomes, advancing basic research and medical applications. New techniques also raise ethical issues requiring consideration.
This document discusses the history and applications of biotechnology in sericulture and silkworms. It notes that modern biotechnology concepts emerged in the 1800s with Mendel's work on heredity. Key experiments in the early 20th century helped establish that DNA is the genetic material. The silkworm genome was fully sequenced in 2007 through collaboration between Chinese and Japanese researchers. Recent applications of biotechnology in sericulture include developing transgenic silkworms to produce other proteins and developing disease-resistant silkworm lines through techniques like RNA interference. Several commercial companies are also pursuing various methods to produce spider silk proteins at scale.
these slides are prepared for biotechnology student and it is more informative for industrial biotechnology student. Hope you people will get huge knowledge from it.
Cell culture refers to growing cells outside of their natural environment in an artificial setting. Some key developments in cell culture include Wilhelm Roux demonstrating maintenance of living cells outside the body in saline buffer in 1885, and Ross Granville Harrison developing the first techniques of cell culture in vitro using frog embryonic tissue in 1907. In the 1920s, composition of salt solutions was formulated for cell cultures. The first cell line, called the "L cell line", was established by Earle in 1948 using cells from mouse tissue. Hayflick and Moorhead defined the finite lifespan of normal human cells in 1961. Cell culture remains an important tool in biomedical research today.
Biotechnology definitions and history, biotechnology in Nepal.pptxBinod Bohara
This document provides an overview of biotechnology definitions, history, and applications in Nepal. It defines biotechnology as using living organisms to make or improve products, involving manipulating DNA. The term was coined in 1919. The document traces important developments in biotechnology from the first vaccination in 1797 to human cloning in 2003. It also outlines biotechnology initiatives and research in Nepal, including the first test tube baby in 2005 and efforts by organizations like NARC to develop virus-free potatoes and drought-tolerant rice varieties.
The document discusses the structural and functional organization of cells, including their compartmentalization into organelles. It describes the main organelles found in cells and their functions. The key organelles discussed are the nucleus, which controls cell activities; mitochondria, which generate energy; the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which help synthesize and transport molecules; lysosomes and peroxisomes, which digest and break down waste; and plastids like chloroplasts, which facilitate photosynthesis in plant cells. The document contrasts the structures of typical animal and plant cells.
The document discusses the history and development of the light microscope. It describes how early microscopists like Hooke, Malpighi, and Leeuwenhoek made important early observations and advances with simple microscopes. Later developments led to improved resolution through techniques like achromatic lenses, oil immersion, and the use of shorter wavelength light. Modern light microscopes offer various illumination and contrast enhancement methods but are ultimately limited by the wavelength of light. The electron microscope was developed to achieve even higher magnifications and resolutions below what is possible with light alone.
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This document provides a history of biotechnology from 500 BC to the present. It describes early uses of microorganisms for things like antibiotics and crop rotation dating back to ancient China and Greece. Major milestones include the development of microscopy in the 16th-17th centuries, discoveries of cells and bacteria in the 17th century, and early vaccines in the late 18th century. The 20th century saw major advances like understanding of DNA, genes, and genetic engineering which enabled the first genetically engineered bacteria, plants, and animals in the 1970s-1980s. The 1990s saw advances like gene therapy and cloning, and the 2000s completion of the human genome project.
This document outlines major developments in biotechnology from 8000 BCE to present day, including early uses of microbes in food production, discovery of antibiotics and vaccines, understanding of genetics and DNA, and advances like recombinant DNA techniques, monoclonal antibodies, stem cells, cloning, sequencing the human genome, and creating synthetic organisms. It shows how biotechnology has evolved from early applications to become a complex scientific field utilizing living systems to address problems.
This document provides information on the syllabus for the course ABT 301 Plant Biotechnology. The course covers 4 units: 1) basics of plant tissue culture, 2) applied plant tissue culture, 3) basic molecular biology, and 4) recombinant DNA technology and genetic transformation. Unit 1 discusses concepts of plant tissue culture, history, media, sterilization techniques, and different culture types. Unit 2 focuses on applications like micropropagation and secondary metabolite production. Unit 3 covers topics in molecular biology like DNA structure and gene expression. Unit 4 discusses techniques in genetic engineering like vector construction and plant transformation methods.
Robert Hooke first observed cells under a microscope in the 1600s and coined the term "cell". Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes. Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and established that microorganisms are present everywhere and can contaminate previously sterile environments. Robert Koch developed methods to isolate and grow bacteria in pure culture in the late 1800s, establishing the germ theory of disease and identifying the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.
This document provides an overview of DNA and genetics. It discusses how DNA was established as the genetic material through experiments in the 1900s and 1950s. It describes the structure of DNA as a double helix based on the work of Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin. It also summarizes Mendel's laws of inheritance and how chromosomes package and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next. The document traces the history of genetics from early Greek philosophers through modern discoveries that have revolutionized our understanding of heredity and molecular biology.
This presentation is carrying all summary about the history of genetics that who discover genes which scientist work on it and there work summary of all these things is given here and it is very helpful for the students of genetics whether they are students of plant genetics or animals.
- Cells were first observed under a microscope in the 1600s by Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Hooke coined the term "cell" after observing plant cell walls, while Leeuwenhoek observed microorganisms.
- In the 1830s, scientists Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann established the foundations of the cell theory: that all living things are made of one or more cells, and cells are the basic unit of life.
- Advances in microscopy and staining techniques in the late 1800s allowed scientists like Flemming to observe cellular structures and processes like mitosis and meiosis in more detail.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of genetics from early theories of inheritance and reproduction to modern molecular genetics. It describes pre-Mendelian ideas such as spontaneous generation and blending inheritance. Key figures discussed include Mendel who established the laws of inheritance, Watson and Crick who discovered the DNA double helix structure, and McClintock who discovered jumping genes. The document also outlines the development of fields like cytogenetics, biochemical genetics, molecular genetics, genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting, and PCR techniques. Overall it traces the progression of genetics from early speculation to establishment as a scientific field based on experimental evidence and discovery of DNA as the genetic material.
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to develop useful products. It has been practiced for thousands of years in activities like brewing and baking but the term was coined in 1917. Modern biotechnology applies scientific techniques like genetic engineering to precisely manipulate biological processes. Key developments include the discovery of DNA's structure in 1953 and the first recombinant DNA experiments in 1973, allowing transfer of genes between organisms. Biotechnology now has important applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Biotechnology has been used for thousands of years to produce improved food and healthcare, beginning when early humans domesticated plants and animals. Modern biotechnology applies techniques such as genetic engineering to organisms on a molecular level. Key developments include understanding that DNA carries genetic information, determining the genetic code, and being able to splice genes between organisms. Biotechnology now involves engineering crops for improved nutrition, developing new medicines through microbial fermentation, and manipulating DNA in many other applications.
Recombinant DNA technology allows scientists to splice genes from different sources to create new life forms. This is done using restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase to cut and join DNA strands. Cloning technology is expected to contribute to stable food supplies and pharmaceutical production by mass replicating cells through asexual reproduction from a single donor cell or organism. While this technology enables large-scale antibiotic production and cures diseases, it also carries risks like creating cancer-causing viruses and requiring expert implementation to avoid denaturing cloned life forms. The future may see more animal and human cloning applications through further development of this technology.
This document provides an overview of biotechnology, including its definition, history, and applications. It defines biotechnology as using living organisms or their components to develop processes and products that benefit humanity. The document traces the history of biotechnology from its traditional uses in fermentation to modern applications like genetic engineering and recombinant DNA. It highlights key milestones like the discovery of DNA's structure and the development of techniques like DNA sequencing and monoclonal antibody production. The document also discusses how biotechnology has applications in areas like agriculture, medicine, and industry.
This document provides a timeline of key developments in biotechnology from 8000 BCE to 2012 CE. Some highlights include the domestication of crops and livestock in 8000-4000 BCE, the use of yeast for leavening bread and fermenting beer in 2000 BCE, the discovery of DNA's role in heredity in the mid-1800s and early 1900s, the development of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA techniques in the 1970s, the launch of the Human Genome Project in 1990, the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1997, and the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed in 2012. The timeline traces the evolution of biotechnology from early agricultural practices to modern genetic research and applications in medicine.
This document provides an overview of genetics and its history. It begins with definitions of genetics and discusses early understandings from prehistoric times through Aristotle. It then summarizes major developments like Mendel's experiments, Darwin's theory of evolution, the rediscovery of Mendel's work, and discoveries in the 20th century like DNA's structure. The document outlines molecular genetics concepts and concludes with the scope and applications of genetics like biotechnology, disease control, and conservation.
1. Genetics has a long history dating back to early animal and plant domestication where selective breeding was used to develop desirable traits.
2. Modern genetics was established in the mid-19th century through Mendel's work on inheritance in pea plants. Major advances in the 20th century included discovering that genes are located on chromosomes and determining the DNA structure.
3. Recent milestones include cloning DNA molecules and sequencing entire genomes, advancing basic research and medical applications. New techniques also raise ethical issues requiring consideration.
This document discusses the history and applications of biotechnology in sericulture and silkworms. It notes that modern biotechnology concepts emerged in the 1800s with Mendel's work on heredity. Key experiments in the early 20th century helped establish that DNA is the genetic material. The silkworm genome was fully sequenced in 2007 through collaboration between Chinese and Japanese researchers. Recent applications of biotechnology in sericulture include developing transgenic silkworms to produce other proteins and developing disease-resistant silkworm lines through techniques like RNA interference. Several commercial companies are also pursuing various methods to produce spider silk proteins at scale.
these slides are prepared for biotechnology student and it is more informative for industrial biotechnology student. Hope you people will get huge knowledge from it.
Cell culture refers to growing cells outside of their natural environment in an artificial setting. Some key developments in cell culture include Wilhelm Roux demonstrating maintenance of living cells outside the body in saline buffer in 1885, and Ross Granville Harrison developing the first techniques of cell culture in vitro using frog embryonic tissue in 1907. In the 1920s, composition of salt solutions was formulated for cell cultures. The first cell line, called the "L cell line", was established by Earle in 1948 using cells from mouse tissue. Hayflick and Moorhead defined the finite lifespan of normal human cells in 1961. Cell culture remains an important tool in biomedical research today.
Biotechnology definitions and history, biotechnology in Nepal.pptxBinod Bohara
This document provides an overview of biotechnology definitions, history, and applications in Nepal. It defines biotechnology as using living organisms to make or improve products, involving manipulating DNA. The term was coined in 1919. The document traces important developments in biotechnology from the first vaccination in 1797 to human cloning in 2003. It also outlines biotechnology initiatives and research in Nepal, including the first test tube baby in 2005 and efforts by organizations like NARC to develop virus-free potatoes and drought-tolerant rice varieties.
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
3. History of Biotechnology
• The term "biotechnology" was coined in 1919 by Karl
Ereky, a Hungarian engineer.
• Traditional biotechnology has been used for
thousands of years to produce improved food and
healthcare products. Today, modern biotechnology
enables us to develop improved products more safely
and more rapidly than ever before.
4. • Examples:
• They could plant their own crops and breed
their own animals, they learned to use
biotechnology.
• The discovery that fruit juices fermented into
wine, that milk could be converted into cheese
or yogurt, or that beer could be made by
fermenting solutions of malt and hops began
the study of biotechnology
5. Periods of Biotechnology History
• Pre- 1800: Early applications and speculation
• 1800-1900: Significant advances in basic
understanding
• 1900-1953: Genetics
• 1953- 1976: DNA research, science explodes
• 1977- present: modern biotechnology
6. Biotechnology Time Lines
• 6000 BC
Yeast was used to make beer by the Sumerians and Babylonians.
• 4000 BC
The Egyptians discovered how to bake bread using yeast.
• 420 BC
Socrates (470? - 399 BC), the Greek philosopher, speculated on
why children don't always resemble their parents.
• 320 BC
Aristotle (384 - 322 BC), told his students that all inheritance
comes from the father.
7. • 1000 AD
Hindus observed that certain diseases may "run in the
family." Spontaneous Generation is the dominant
explanation that organisms arise from non-living matter.
Maggots, for example, were supposed to arise from
horsehair.
• 1630 AD
William Harvey concluded that plants and animals alike
reproduce in a sexual manner:–eggs isolated in 1800’s
• 1660-1675 AD
Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) in this period used a
microscope to study blood circulation in capillaries and
described the nervous system as bundles of fibers
connected to the brain by the spinal cord.
8. • 1673 AD
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723), was the first scientist to
describe protozoa and bacteria and to recognize that such
microorganisms might play a role in fermentation.
• 1701
Giacomo Pylarini in Constantinople practiced "inoculation"--
intentionally giving children smallpox to prevent a serious case
later in life. Inoculation will compete with "vaccination"--an
alternative method that uses cowpox rather than smallpox as
the protecting treatment--for a century.
9. • 1856
Karl Ludwig discovered a technique for keeping animal organs
alive outside the body, by pumping blood through them.
• Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) asserted that microbes are
responsible for fermentation.
• 1859
Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) hypothesized that animal
populations adapt their forms over time to best exploit the
environment, a process he referred to as "natural selection." As
he traveled in the Galapagos Islands, he observed how the
finch's beaks on each island were adapted to their food
sources.
10. • 1863
Louis Pasteur invented the process of pasteurization, heating
wine sufficiently to inactivate microbes (that would otherwise
turn the "vin" to "vin aigre" or "sour wine") while at the same
time not ruining the flavor of the wine. 50-60℃ for half an hour.
• Anton de Bary proved that a fungus causes potato blight. A
challenge for scientists during this period was to discern
whether a microbe was the cause of, or the result of, a disease.
11. • 1865
Gregor Mendel (1822 - 1884), an Augustinian monk,
presented his laws of heredity to the Natural Science Society
in Brunn, Austria. Mendel proposed that invisible internal
units of information account for observable traits, and that
these "factors" - which later became known as genes - are
passed from one generation to the next.
12. • 1883
Emil Christian Hansen made the
first pure yeast culture for beer
production in Gamle Carlsberg
Brewery, Copenhagen, Denmark.
13. • 1900 - 1953 - Converging on DNA
• 1900 MENDEL’S WORK FINALLY TOOK ON IMPORTANCE
The science of genetics was finally born when Mendel's
work was rediscovered by three scientists - Hugo DeVries,
Erich Von Tschermak, and Carl Correns - each one
independently researching scientific literature for
precedents to their own "original" work.
• 1902 HUMAN GENETICS BORN
Walter Stanborough Sutton stated that chromosomes are
paired and may be the carriers of heredity. He suggested
that Mendel's "factors" are located on chromosomes.
14. • 1905
X AND Y CHROMOSOMES RELATED TO GENDER
• Edmund Wilson and Nellie Stevens proposed the idea that
separate X and Y chromosomes determine sex. They showed
that a single Y chromosome determines maleness, and two
copies of the X chromosome determine femaleness.
• 1905-1908
• William Bateson and Reginald Crudell Punnett, along with
others, demonstrated that some genes modify the action of
other genes.
• 1906
• Paul Erlich investigated atoxyl compounds and discovered
the beneficial properties of Salvarsan - the first
chemotherapeutic agent.
15. • 1910 BASIS OF MODERN GENETICS
Thomas Hunt Morgan proved that genes are carried on
chromosomes, establishing the basis of modern genetics.
With his co-workers, he pinpointed the location of various
fruit fly genes on chromosomes, establishing the use of
Drosophila fruit flies to study heredity.
• 1911
Thomas Hunt Morgan explained the separation of certain
inherited characteristics that are usually linked as caused by
the breaking of chromosomes sometimes during the
process of cell division. Morgan began to map the positions
of genes on the chromosomes of the fruit fly.
16. • 1938
• Proteins and DNA were studied in various labs with X-ray
crystallography.
• The term "molecular biology" was coined.
• 1941
• ONE GENE ONE ENZYME
• George Beadle and Edward Tatum experimented with
Neurospora, a mold that grows on bread in the tropics,
developing the "one-gene-one-enzyme" hypothesis: each
gene is translated into an enzyme to perform tasks within an
organism.
17. • 1950
• Erwin Chargaff found that in DNA the amounts of
adenine and thymine are about the same, as are the
amounts of guanine and cytosine. These relationships
are later known as "Chargaff's Rules" and serve as a
key principle for Watson and Crick in assessing various
models for the structure of DNA. AT ABOUT THE
SAME; GC ABOUT THE SAME.
18. • 1953 - 1976: Expanding the Boundaries of DNA
Research
• The discovery of the structure of DNA resulted in
an explosion of research in molecular biology and
genetics, paving the way for the biotechnology
revolution.
• 1953Nature magazine published James Watson's
and Francis Crick's manuscript describing the
double helix structure of DNA.
19. • 1957 CENTRAL DOGMA OF DNA- HOW DNA
MAKES A PROTEIN
• Francis Crick and George Gamov worked out the
"central dogma," explaining how DNA functions to
make protein.
• 1959
• Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod established the
existence of genetic regulation - mappable control
functions located on the chromosome in the DNA
sequence - which they named the repressor and
operon.
20. • 1972
• FIRST RECOMBINANT DNA MOLECULE
• Paul Berg isolated and employed a restriction enzyme to cut
DNA. Berg used ligase to paste two DNA strands together to
form a hybrid circular molecule. This was the first
recombinant DNA molecule.
• 1972 NIH GUIDELINES FOR RECOMBINANT DNA
• In a letter to Science, Stanford biochemist Paul Berg and
others called for the National Institutes of Health to enact
guidelines for DNA splicing.. Their concerns eventually led to
the 1975 Asilomar Conference.
21. • 1977 - Present: The Dawn of Biotech
• Genetic engineering became a reality when a man-
made gene was used to manufacture a human protein
in a bacteria for the first time.
Biotech companies and universities were off to the
races, and the world would never be the same again.
In 1978, in the laboratory of Herbert Boyer at the
University of California at San Francisco, a synthetic
version of the human insulin gene was constructed
and inserted into the bacterium Escheria coli. Since
that key moment, the trickle of biotechnological
developments has become a torrent of diagnostic and
therapeutic tools, accompanied by ever faster and
more powerful DNA sequencing and cloning
techniques.
22. • 1977
• Genentech, Inc., reports the production of the first
human protein manufactured in a bacteria:
somatostatin, a human growth hormone-releasing
inhibitory factor. For the first time, a synthetic,
recombinant gene was used to clone a protein.
Many consider this to be the advent of the Age of
Biotechnology.
• 1978
• RECOMBINANT INSULIN Genentech, Inc. and The
City of Hope National Medical Center announced
the successful laboratory production of human
insulin using recombinant DNA technology.
23. • 1980 PATENTS ALLOWED
• The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in that genetically
altered life forms can be patented a Supreme Court
decision in 1980 allowed the Exxon oil company to
patent an oil-eating microorganism.
• Kary Mullis and others at Cetus Corporation in
Berkeley, California, invented a technique for
multiplying DNA sequences in vitro by, the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR).
24. • 1983
• Eli Lilly received a license to make insulin.
• 1985
• Genetic fingerprinting enters the courtroom.
• Cal Bio cloned the gene that encodes human lung
surfactant protein, a major step toward reducing
premature birth complications.
• Genetically engineered plants resistant to insects,
viruses, and bacteria were field tested for the first
time.
• The NIH approved guidelines for performing
experiments in gene therapy on humans.
25. • 1990
• The first gene therapy takes place, on a four-year-old girl with
an immune-system disorder called ADA deficiency. The therapy
appeared to work, but set off a fury of discussion of ethics both
in academia and in the media.
• The Human Genome Project, the international effort to map all
of the genes in the human body, was launched. Estimated cost:
$13 billion. 1990 Formal launch of the international Human
Genome Project.
• Publication of Michael Crichton's novel Jurassic Park, in which
bioengineered dinosaurs roam a paleontological theme park;
the experiment goes awry, with deadly results.
26. • 1997
Researchers at Scotland's Roslin Institute report that they
have cloned a sheep--named Dolly--from the cell of an
adult ewe. Dolly the first sheep cloned by nuclear transfer
technology bearing a human gene appears later. Nuclear
transfer involves transferring the complete genetic
material (the DNA contained in a nucleus) from one cell
into an unfertilized egg cell whose own nucleus has been
removed.
.
27. RED BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Medicine and pharmaceutics
GREEN BIOTECNOLOGY:
Agriculture and food
WHITE BIOTECNOLOGY:
Industrial proccesses
BLUE BIOTECNOLOGY:
Environment
Biotecnology Application
28. Biotech Applications
• Biopolymers and Medical Devices- natural substances
useful as medical devices
• Hyaluronate- an elastic, plastic-like substance
used to treat arthritis, prevent postsurgical
scarring in cataract surgery, used for drug
delivery
• Adhesive substances to replace stitches
• Designing Drugs – using computer modeling to design
drugs without the lab- protein structure
29. • Gene Therapy – replace defective genes with functional
ones
• ADA (adenosine deaminase) deficiency
• cystic fibrosis
• Immunosuppressive Therapies – used to inhibit
rejection (organ transplants)
• Cancer Therapies -one method is antisense technology
• Vaccines – biggest breakthrough in biotechnology-
prevention of disease
30. Products of Modern Biotechnology
•There are a wide variety of products that the biotechnology field
has produced.
•More than 65% of biotech companies in the U.S. are involved in
pharmaceutical production (relating to drugs developed for
medical use).
•1982 - Genentech developed Humulin
(human insulin) to treat diabetes.
•It was the first biotech drug to be FDA
approved.
31. •There are more than 80
biotech drugs, vaccines,
and diagnostics with
more than 400 biotech
medicines in
development targeting
over 2oo diseases!
•Nearly 1/2 of new drugs
target cancer
32. Top 10 Selling Biotech Drugs
Drug Developer Function
Betaseron Chiron/Berlex Multiple sclerosis
Ceredase Genzyme Gaucher’s disease
Engerix B Genentech Hepatitis B vaccine
Epiver GlaxoSmithKlein Anti-HIV
Epogen Amgen Red blood cell enhancement
Genotropin Genentech Growth failure
Humulin Genentech Diabetes
Intron Biogen Cancer & viral infections
Neupogen Amgen Neutropenia reduction
Procrit Amgen Platelet enhancement
33. Biotech Treatments
•In the near future, it may be
commonplace for treatments to include
the use of gene therapy (an attempt to
replace a “defective” gene with a
“normal” gene) and tissue engineering
(designing & and growing tissues for
use in regenerative medicines).
•1st Genetically Modified Organism
(GMO) to produce human protein was E.
coli (pictured right) which was given
DNA to produce somatostatin (hGH -
human growth hormone - 1977)
34. Tissue plasminogen activator
•One of the first genetically
engineered (GE) products
sold was tissue
plasminogen activator (tPA)
•tPA is a blood clot
dissolving enzyme used
immediately after a heart
attack or stroke to clear
blocked vessels
35. Other Biotech Products
• Other biotech products include
proteins in:
• Home pregnancy tests
(monoclonal antibodies)
• frost-resistant strawberry
plants
• Although many are focused on
medical and agricultural applications,
some are for our own fashion
interests (specialty apparel)!
36. Genes for Jeans?
• Stonewashed jeans use
genetically engineered
enzymes (amylase &
cellulase) to create a
faded look
• Originally, pumice stones
were used (jeans washed
with the stones)
• This method damaged
the machines
37. Microbial Applications
• Bacteria & and yeast are the most
frequently used microbes
• Better enzymes and organisms for
making foods, simplifying
manufacture and production
processes, and making
decontamination processes for
industrial waste product removal
more efficient.
• Microbes used to clone and
produce batch amounts of important
proteins
38. Agricultural Applications
•Agricultural Biotechnology is
estimated to be $6 billion market
(2005), including applications such as:
• Pest-resistant plants
• Higher protein & and vitamin content
in foods
• Drugs developed and grown as plant
products
• Drought-resistant, cold-tolerant, and
higher-yielding crops
39. Plant Advantage
• The Ag-Biotech field boasts about
the plant’s advantage over microbial
biotech.
• Plant advantage refers to the fact
that the cost of producing plant
material with recombinant proteins is
often significantly lower than
bacteria
• Also, the Ag biotech may combine
with medical biotech in order to
produce drugs with molecular
pharming
40. Molecular Pharming
• Molecular pharming is the use of
genetically modified plants (or animals) as
a source of pharmaceutical products.
• These are usually recombinant proteins
with a therapeutic value.
• This is an emerging but very challenging field that requires:
•manipulation (at the genetic engineering level) of protein
glycosylation (addition of polysaccharide chain)
•subcellular protein targeting in plant cells
41. Animal Applications
•Animals can be used as bioreactors!
•Many human therapeutic proteins are
needed in massive quantities (>100s of
kgs), so scientists create female transgenic
animals to express therapeutic proteins in
milk.
• Goats, cattle, sheep, & chickens are sources of antibodies (protective proteins that
recognize & destroy foreign material)
•Transgenic refers to containing genes from another source
42. Dolly
In 1996, Dolly sheep became the first cloned animal created by the somatic cell
nuclear transfer process.
• Born: July 5, 1996
• Announced: February 22, 1997
• Died: February 14, 2003
• Dolly was cloned from a cell taken from
a six-year-old ewe
• She became the center of much
controversy that still exists today
44. Human Clone
• Britain grants embryo cloning patents and
became the first country in the world to
grant a patent covering cloned early-stage
human embryos. The decision ignited new
controversy among biotechnology critics
even though the Geron Corporation, the
company licensed to use the patent, has
no intention of creating cloned humans.
45. Knock Outs
• Basic research in biotech uses knock-out
experiments, which are very helpful for
learning about the function of a gene.
• A knock-out is created when an active gene
is replaced with DNA that has no functional
information.
• Without the gene present, it may be possible
to determine how the gene affects the
organism (its function)
46. Aquatic Applications
•Aquaculture is a common aquatic application of biotech.
•Aquaculture is the process of raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions for food
sources.
• Products include:
• transgenic salmon (increased growth rates)
•disease-resistant oysters
• vaccines against viruses that infect aquatic
species
•Overall, aquatic organisms are thought to be rich & valuable sources for new genes, proteins,
& metabolic processes.
47. Medical Applications
• Medical applications of biotech include preventative, diagnostic, and
treatment.
• The Human Genome Project is very useful within this field.
• Gene therapy and stem cell technologies are
two up-and-coming fields within the medical area
of biotech.
• Stem cell technologies include immature cells
that have the potential to develop and specialize
into a variety of other cell types.
48. Forensic Applications
•DNA fingerprinting is a classic example of a forensic application. It is used
most commonly for law enforcement and crime scene investigation (CSI).
•It was first used in 1987 to convict a rapist in England.
Other applications of DNA fingerprinting
include:
• identifying human remains
• paternity tests
• endangered species (reduces poaching)
• epidemiology (spread of disease )
49. Environmental Applications
• The major environmental use is for bioremediation.
• Bioremediation is the use of biotech to process or degrade a variety of
natural and manmade products, especially those contributing to pollution
• Therefore, cleaning up environmental hazards
produced by industrial progress is a major
application of this type of biotechnology.
• There is a strong tie to microbial biotech (since
many microbes are helpful for this area).
50. Bioremediation
• Bioremediation can be defined as any process that
uses microorganisms or their enzymes to return the
environment altered by contaminants to its original
condition.
51. ENVIRONMENT
• Environmental biotechnology has become another
area of extensive work due to the dangers brought
about by increasing levels of environmental pollution.
• A lot of hard work is being done to protect our
environment. In this field, the job of a biotechnologist
spans from checking industrial air pollution levels,
and treatment of industrial waste to recycling sewage
sludge.
52. Oil Spill
•In the 1970s, the first U.S. GMO patent was granted to a scientist for a strain of
bacteria capable of degrading components in crude oil.
•In 1989, the Exxon Valdez
oil spill in Alaska used
Pseudomonas species (oil-
degrading bacteria) to clean
up the spill
•It was 3x faster & without
increased environmental
effects
53. Waste Management
Environmental Pollution is a
major problem
Landfills are becoming full
Old dump sites are creating
problems
Waste is piling up
Sewage and chemical disposal
is a constant problem
54. Genetically altered bacteria are
used to feed on oil slicks and
spills
Bacteria are being developed to
decompose or deactivate dioxin,
PCBs, insecticides, herbicides,
and other chemicals
Bacteria are under development
to convert solid wastes into
sugars and fuel
55. • Photo of mouse growing a "human ear" - a shape
made of cartilage
56. Genetically Modified Food
• Can animal genes be jammed into plants? Would
tomatoes with catfish genes taste fishy? Have you
ever eaten a genetically modified food? The
answers are: “yes”, “no” and almost definitely “yes”
• Despite dire warnings about "Frankenfoods“, there
have been no reports of illness from these products
of biotechnology.
60. Approved Biotech Products
• 1982: FDA approves genetically engineered human
insulin
• 1986: Orthoclone OKT3 (Muromonab-CD3) approved for
reversal of kidney transplant rejection.
• 1986: first recombinant vaccine approved- hepatitis
• 1987: Genentech gets approval for rt-PA (tissue
plasminogen activatior) for heart attacks
61. Focus on “Famous” Biotech Product:
Insulin
• Insulin:
• Insulin is a hormone, and therefore, a protein.
• Insulin was the first hormone identified (late 1920's) which won the
doctor and medical student who discovered it the Nobel Prize (Banting
and Best).
• They discovered insulin by tying a string around the pancreatic duct of
several dogs.
• Note that there are other hormones produced by different types of cells
within pancreatic islets (glucagon, somatostatin, etc) but insulin is
produced in far greater amounts under normal conditions making the
simple approach used by Banting and Best quite successful.
62. • The first successful insulin preparations came from
cows (and later pigs). The pancreatic islets and the
insulin protein contained within them were isolated
from animals slaughtered for food in a similar but
more complex fashion than was used by our doctor
and med-student duo.